Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism - Physiological Reviews

July 2000 CREATINE AND CREATININE METABOLISM 1191
AND NICOLAY K. Dextran strongly increases the Michaelis constants
of oxidative phosphorylation and of mitochondrial creatine
kinase in heart mitochondria. Eur J Biochem 254: 172–180, 1998.
281. GERBITZ K-D, GEMPEL K, AND BRDICZKA D. Mitochondria and
diabetes. Genetic, biochemical, and clinical implications of the
cellular energy circuit. Diabetes 45: 113–126, 1996.
282. GERCKEN G AND SCHLETTE U. Metabolite status of the heart in
acute insufficiency due to 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Experientia
24: 17–19, 1968.
283. GHOSH A, RONNER P, CHEONG E, KHALID P, AND MATSCHIN-
SKY FM. The role of ATP and free ADP in metabolic coupling
during fuel-stimulated insulin release from islet �-cells in the
isolated perfused rat pancreas. J Biol Chem 266: 22887–22892,
1991.
284. GIDEON P, HENRIKSEN O, SPERLING B, CHRISTIANSEN P,
OLSEN TS, JORGENSEN HS, AND ARLIEN-SOBORG P. Early time
course of N-acetylaspartate, creatine and phosphocreatine, and
compounds containing choline in the brain after acute stroke. A
proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Stroke 23: 1566–
1572, 1992.
285. GIOVANNETTI S, CIONI L, BALESTRI PL, AND BIAGINI M. Evidence
that guanidines and some related compounds cause haemolysis
in chronic uraemia. Clin Sci 34: 141–148, 1968.
286. GITOMER WL, FRANCO-CABRERA BD, AND STOREY CJ. Phosphate
free perfusion prevents washout of tissue creatine in Langendorff
perfused rabbit heart. Biochem Int 26: 637–644, 1992.
287. GNAIGER E AND WYSS M. Chemical forces in the cell: calculation
for the ATP system. In: What is Controlling Life? 50 Years After
Erwin Schrödinger’s What is Life?, edited by E. Gnaiger, F. N.
Gellerich, and M. Wyss. Innsbruck, Austria: Innsbruck Univ. Press,
1994, p. 207–212.
288. GODFRAIND T AND SALEH MM. Action of creatinol-O-phosphate
on the contractility changes evoked by hypoxia and ischemia in
rat isolated heart. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 34: 968–972, 1984.
289. GOLD LS, SLONE TH, MANLEY NB, AND AMES BN. Heterocyclic
amines formed by cooking food: comparison of bioassay results
with other chemicals in the Carcinogenic Potency Database. Cancer
Lett 83: 21–29, 1994.
290. GOLDMAN R AND MOSS JX. Synthesis of creatine in nephrectomized
rats. Am J Physiol 197: 865–868, 1959.
291. GOLDMAN R AND MOSS JX. Creatine synthesis after creatinine
loading and after nephrectomy. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 105: 450–
453, 1960.
292. GOMI T, TANIHARA K, DATE T, AND FUJIOKA M. Rat guanidinoacetate
methyltransferase: mutation of amino acids within a common
sequence motif of mammalian methyltransferase does not
affect catalytic activity but alters proteolytic susceptibility. Int
J Biochem 24: 1639–1649, 1992.
293. GONDA O AND QUASTEL JH. Effects of ouabain on cerebral
metabolism and transport mechanisms in vitro. Biochem J 84:
394–406, 1962.
294. GONELLA M, BARSOTTI G, LUPETTI S, AND GIOVANNETTI S.
Factors affecting the metabolic production of methylguanidine.
Clin Sci Mol Med 48: 341–347, 1975.
295. GONZALEZ AM AND UHL GR. “Choline/orphan V8–2-1/creatine
transporter” mRNA is expressed in nervous, renal and gastrointestinal
systems. Mol Brain Res 23: 266–270, 1994.
296. GOODERHAM NJ, MURRAY S, LYNCH AM, EDWARDS RJ, YA-
DOLLAHI-FARSANI M, BRATT C, RICH KJ, ZHAO K, MURRAY
BP, BHADRESA S, CROSBIE SJ, BOOBIS AR, AND DAVIES DS.
Heterocyclic amines: evaluation of their role in diet associated
human cancer. Br J Clin Pharmacol 42: 91–98, 1996.
297. GORDON A, HULTMAN E, KAIJSER L, KRISTJANSSON S, ROLF
CJ, NYQUIST O, AND SYLVÉN C. Creatine supplementation in
chronic heart failure increases skeletal muscle creatine phosphate
and muscle performance. Cardiovasc Res 30: 413–418, 1995.
298. GOTTSCHALK EM, HIPPE H, AND PATZKE F. Creatinine deiminase
(EC 3.5.4.21) from bacterium BN11: purification, properties
and applicability in a serum/urine creatinine assay. Clin Chim
Acta 204: 223–238, 1991.
299. GOUDEMANT J-F, VANDER ELST L, VAN HAVERBEKE Y, AND
MULLER RN. 31 P NMR kinetics study of cardiac metabolism
under mild hypoxia. J Magn Reson B106: 212–219, 1995.
300. GRAHAM BH, WAYMIRE KG, COTTRELL B, TROUNCE IA,
MACGREGOR GR, AND WALLACE DC. A mouse model for mitochondrial
myopathy and cardiomyopathy resulting from a deficiency
in the heart/muscle isoform of the adenine nucleotide
translocator. Nature Genet 16: 226–234, 1997.
301. GRAZI E, MAGRI E, AND BALBONI G. On the control of arginine
metabolism in chicken kidney and liver. Eur J Biochem 60: 431–
436, 1975.
302. GREEN AL, HULTMAN E, MACDONALD IA, SEWELL DA, AND
GREENHAFF PL. Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle
creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans.
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 271: E821–E826, 1996.
303. GREEN AL, SIMPSON EJ, LITTLEWOOD JJ, MACDONALD IA, AND
GREENHAFF PL. Carbohydrate ingestion augments creatine retention
during creatine feeding in humans. Acta Physiol Scand
158: 195–202, 1996.
304. GREENFIELD RA AND SWAIN JL. Disruption of myofibrillar energy
use: dual mechanisms that may contribute to postischemic
dysfunction in stunned myocardium. Circ Res 60: 283–289, 1987.
305. GREENHAFF PL. The nutritional biochemistry of creatine. J Nutr
Biochem 8: 610–618, 1997.
306. GREENHAFF PL, BODIN K, HARRIS RC, HULTMAN E, JONES
DA, MCINTYRE DB, SODERLUND K, AND TURNER DL. The influence
of oral creatine supplementation on muscle phosphocreatine
resynthesis following intense contraction in man (Abstract).
J Physiol (Lond) 467: 75P, 1993.
307. GREENHAFF PL, BODIN K, SODERLUND K, AND HULTMAN E.
Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine
resynthesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 266:
E725–E730, 1994.
308. GREENHAFF PL, CONSTANTIN-TEODOSIU D, CASEY A, AND
HULTMAN E. The effect of oral creatine supplementation on
skeletal muscle ATP degradation during repeated bouts of maximal
voluntary exercise in man (Abstract). J Physiol (Lond) 476:
84P, 1994.
309. GREGOR P, NASH SR, CARON MG, SELDIN MF, AND WARREN
ST. Assignment of the creatine transporter gene (SLC6A8) to
human chromosome Xq28 telomeric to G6PD. Genomics 25: 332–
333, 1995.
310. GRIESE M, PERLITZ V, JÜNGLING E, AND KAMMERMEIER H.
Myocardial performance and free energy of ATP-hydrolysis in
isolated rat hearts during graded hypoxia, reoxygenation and high
K e � -perfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol 20: 1189–1201, 1988.
311. GRIFFITHS GR AND WALKER JB. Accumulation of analog of
phosphocreatine in muscle of chicks fed 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine
(cyclocreatine). J Biol Chem 251: 2049–2054,
1976.
312. GRINDSTAFF PD, KREIDER R, BISHOP R, WILSON M, WOOD L,
ALEXANDER C, AND ALMADA A. Effects of creatine supplementation
on repetitive sprint performance and body composition in
competitive swimmers. Int J Sports Nutr 7: 330–346, 1997.
313. GROSS MD, EGGEN MA, SIMON AM, AND VAN PILSUM JF. The
purification and characterization of human kidney L-arginine:glycine
amidinotransferase. Arch Biochem Biophys 251: 747–755,
1986.
314. GROSS MD, SIMON AM, JENNY RJ, GRAY ED, MCGUIRE DM,
AND VAN PILSUM JF. Multiple forms of rat kidney L-arginine:
glycine amidinotransferase. J Nutr 118: 1403–1409, 1988.
315. GROSS WL, BAK MI, INGWALL JS, ARSTALL MA, SMITH TW,
BALLIGAND J-L, AND KELLY RA. Nitric oxide inhibits creatine
kinase and regulates rat heart contractile reserve. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 93: 5604–5609, 1996.
316. GUDBJARNASON S, MATHES P, AND RAVENS KG. Functional
compartmentation of ATP and creatine phosphate in heart muscle.
J Mol Cell Cardiol 1: 325–339, 1970.
317. GUERRERO-ONTIVEROS ML AND WALLIMANN T. Creatine supplementation
in health and disease. Effects of chronic creatine
supplementation in vivo: downregulation of the expression of
creatine transporter isoforms in skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Biochem
184: 427–437, 1998.
318. GUIMBAL C AND KILIMANN MW. A creatine transporter cDNA
from Torpedo illustrates structure/function relationships in the