25.10.2012 Views

Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism - Physiological Reviews

Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism - Physiological Reviews

Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism - Physiological Reviews

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

July 2000 CREATINE AND CREATININE METABOLISM 1189<br />

<strong>and</strong> creatine phosphate augment ATP <strong>and</strong> magnesium-dependent,<br />

Fc�RI-mediated activation of phospholipase C in RBL cell ghosts.<br />

J Immunol 151: 3199–3205, 1993.<br />

197. DRINGEN R, VERLEYSDONK S, HAMPRECHT B, WILLKER W,<br />

LEIBFRITZ D, AND BRAND A. <strong>Metabolism</strong> of glycine in primary<br />

astroglial cells: synthesis of creatine, serine, <strong>and</strong> glutathione.<br />

J Neurochem 70: 835–840, 1998.<br />

198. DUFFY TE, HOWSE DC, AND PLUM F. Cerebral energy metabolism<br />

during experimental status epilepticus. J Neurochem 24:<br />

925–934, 1975.<br />

199. DUNCAN CJ. Dystrophin <strong>and</strong> the integrity of the sarcolemma in<br />

Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Experientia 45: 175–177, 1989.<br />

200. DUNCKER DJ, SCHULZ R, FERRARI R, GARCIA-DORADO D,<br />

GUARNIERI C, HEUSCH G, AND VERDOUW PD. “Myocardial<br />

stunning” remaining questions. Cardiovasc Res 38: 549–558, 1998.<br />

201. DUNN JF, BANNISTER N, KEMP GJ, AND PUBLICOVER SJ. Sodium<br />

is elevated in mdx muscles: ionic interactions in dystrophic<br />

cells. J Neurol Sci 114: 76–80, 1993.<br />

202. DUNN JF, FROSTICK S, BROWN G, AND RADDA GK. Energy<br />

status of cells lacking dystrophin: an in vivo/in vitro study of mdx<br />

mouse skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 1096: 115–120,<br />

1991.<br />

203. DUNN JF, TRACEY I, AND RADDA GK. Exercise metabolism in<br />

Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a biochemical <strong>and</strong> [ 31 P]-nuclear<br />

magnetic resonance study of mdx mice. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol<br />

Sci 251: 201–206, 1993.<br />

204. DUNN SR, GABUZDA GM, SUPERDOCK KR, KOLECKI RS,<br />

SCHAEDLER RW, AND SIMENHOFF ML. Induction of creatininase<br />

activity in chronic renal failure: timing of creatinine degradation<br />

<strong>and</strong> effect of antibiotics. Am J Kidney Dis 29: 72–77, 1997.<br />

205. DYKENS JA, WISEMAN RW, AND HARDIN CD. Preservation of<br />

phosphagen kinase function during transient hypoxia via enzyme<br />

abundance or resistance to oxidative inactivation. J Comp Physiol<br />

B Biochem Syst Environ Physiol 166: 359–368, 1996.<br />

206. DZEJA PP, ZELEZNIKAR RJ, AND GOLDBERG ND. Adenylate<br />

kinase: kinetic behavior in intact cells indicates it is integral to<br />

multiple cellular processes. Mol Cell Biochem 184: 169–182, 1998.<br />

207. EAGLE GR AND SCOPES RK. Inhibition of muscle phosphorylase<br />

a by natural components of the sarcoplasm. Arch Biochem Biophys<br />

210: 540–548, 1981.<br />

208. EARNEST CP, ALMADA AL, AND MITCHELL TL. High-performance<br />

capillary electrophoresis-pure creatine monohydrate reduces<br />

blood lipids in men <strong>and</strong> women. Clin Sci 91: 113–118, 1996.<br />

209. EARNEST CP, SNELL PG, RODRIGUEZ R, ALMADA AL, AND<br />

MITCHELL TL. The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on<br />

anaerobic power indices, muscular strength <strong>and</strong> body composition.<br />

Acta Physiol Sc<strong>and</strong> 153: 207–209, 1995.<br />

210. EBADI M, SRINIVASAN SK, AND BAXI MD. Oxidative stress <strong>and</strong><br />

antioxidant therapy in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 48:<br />

1–19, 1996.<br />

211. EDWARDS RHT. Energy metabolism in normal <strong>and</strong> dystrophic<br />

human muscle. In: Pathogenesis of Human Muscular Dystrophies,<br />

edited by L. P. Rowl<strong>and</strong>. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica,<br />

1977, p. 415–429.<br />

212. EDWARDS RJ, MURRAY BP, MURRAY S, SCHULZ T, NEUBERT<br />

D, GANT TW, THORGEIRSSON SS, BOOBIS AR, AND DAVIES DS.<br />

Contribution of CYP1A1 <strong>and</strong> CYP1A2 to the activation of heterocyclic<br />

amines in monkeys <strong>and</strong> human. Carcinogenesis 15: 829–<br />

836, 1994.<br />

213. EGGLETON P AND EGGLETON GP. The inorganic phosphate <strong>and</strong><br />

a labile form of organic phosphate in the gastrocnemius of the<br />

frog. Biochem J 21: 190–195, 1927.<br />

214. EICHLER EE, LU F, SHEN Y, ANTONACCI R, JURECIC V, DOG-<br />

GETT NA, MOYZIS RK, BALDINI A, GIBBS RA, AND NELSON DL.<br />

Duplication of a gene-rich cluster between 16p11.1 <strong>and</strong> Xq28: a<br />

novel pericentromeric-directed mechanism for paralogous genome<br />

evolution. Hum Mol Genet 5: 899–912, 1996.<br />

215. EISENBRAND G AND TANG W. Food-borne heterocyclic amines.<br />

Chemistry, formation, occurrence <strong>and</strong> biological activities. A literature<br />

review. Toxicology 84: 1–82, 1993.<br />

216. ELEFF SM, BARKER PB, BLACKBAND SJ, CHATHAM JC, LUTZ<br />

NW, JOHNS DR, BRYAN RN, AND HURKO O. Phosphorus magnetic<br />

resonance spectroscopy of patients with mitochondrial cy-<br />

topathies demonstrates decreased levels of brain phosphocreatine.<br />

Ann Neurol 27: 626–630, 1990.<br />

217. ELGEBALY SA, ALLAM ME, HOUSER S, HASHMI F, FOROUHAR<br />

F, AND MIANO D. Cyclocreatine inhibits neutrophil accumulation<br />

in the myocardium of a canine model of coronary artery occlusion<br />

<strong>and</strong> reperfusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266: 1670–1677, 1993.<br />

218. ELGEBALY SA, ALLAM ME, ROSSOMANDO F, CORDIS GA, FO-<br />

ROUHAR F, FARGHALY A, AND KREUTZER DL. Cyclocreatine<br />

inhibits the production of neutrophil chemotactic factors from<br />

isolated hearts. Am J Pathol 137: 1233–1241, 1990.<br />

219. ELGEBALY SA, WEI Z, TYLES E, ELKERM AF, HOUSER SL,<br />

GILLIES C, AND KADDURAH-DAOUK R. Enhancement of the<br />

recovery of rat hearts after prolonged cold storage by cyclocreatine<br />

phosphate. Transplantation 57: 803–806, 1994.<br />

220. ELLINGTON WR. Arginine kinase <strong>and</strong> creatine kinase appear to<br />

be present in the same cells of an echinoderm muscle. J Exp Biol<br />

158: 591–597, 1991.<br />

221. ELLINGTON WR. Phosphocreatine represents a thermodynamic<br />

<strong>and</strong> functional improvement over other muscle phosphagens. J<br />

Exp Biol 143: 177–194, 1989.<br />

222. EMERY AEH. Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Genetic aspects,<br />

carrier detection <strong>and</strong> antenatal diagnosis. Br Med Bull 36: 117–<br />

122, 1980.<br />

223. ENDO H AND TAKAHASHI K. Identification <strong>and</strong> property of the<br />

mutagenic principle formed from a food-component, methylguanidine,<br />

after nitrosation in simulated gastric juice. Biochem Biophys<br />

Res Commun 54: 1384–1392, 1973.<br />

224. ENDO H, TAKAHASHI K, AND AOYAGI H. Screening of compounds<br />

structurally <strong>and</strong> functionally related to N-methyl-N�-nitro-<br />

N-nitrosoguanidine, a gastric carcinogen. Jpn J Cancer Res 65:<br />

45–54, 1974.<br />

225. ENGELHARDT M, NEUMANN G, BERBALK A, AND REUTER I.<br />

<strong>Creatine</strong> supplementation in endurance sports. Med Sci Sports<br />

Exercise 30: 1123–1129, 1998.<br />

226. ENNOR AH AND MORRISON JF. Biochemistry of the phosphagens<br />

<strong>and</strong> related guanidines. Physiol Rev 38: 631–674, 1958.<br />

227. ENNOR AH AND ROSENBERG H. The determination <strong>and</strong> distribution<br />

of phosphocreatine in animal tissues. Biochem J 51: 606–610,<br />

1952.<br />

228. EPPENBERGER-EBERHARDT M, RIESINGER I, MESSERLI M,<br />

SCHWARB P, MÜLLER M, EPPENBERGER HM, AND WALLI-<br />

MANN T. Adult rat cardiomyocytes cultured in creatine-deficient<br />

medium display large mitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions<br />

enriched for creatine kinase. J Cell Biol 113: 289–302, 1991.<br />

229. ESDERS TW AND LYNN SY. Purification <strong>and</strong> properties of creatinine<br />

iminohydrolase from Flavobacterium filamentosum. J Biol<br />

Chem 260: 3915–3922, 1985.<br />

230. FALLON J, MATTHEWS RT, HYMAN BT, AND BEAL MF. MPP �<br />

produces progressive neuronal degeneration which is mediated<br />

by oxidative stress. Exp Neurol 144: 193–198, 1997.<br />

231. FATTERPAKER P, MARFATIA U, AND SREENIVASAN A. Influence<br />

of folic acid <strong>and</strong> vitamin B 12 on formation of creatine in vitro<br />

<strong>and</strong> in vivo. Nature 167: 1067–1068, 1951.<br />

232. FEBBRAIO MA, FLANAGAN TR, SNOW RJ, ZHAO S, AND CAREY<br />

MF. Effect of creatine supplementation on intramuscular TCr,<br />

metabolism <strong>and</strong> performance during intermittent, supramaximal<br />

exercise in humans. Acta Physiol Sc<strong>and</strong> 155: 387–395, 1995.<br />

233. FEEBACK DL, LOCKLEAR I, AND BRUMBACK RA. Metabolic<br />

myopathy produced by dinitrofluorobenzene inhibition of creatine<br />

phosphokinase. J Neurol Sci 88: 219–228, 1988.<br />

234. FELL V, POLLITT RJ, SAMPSON GA, AND WRIGHT T. Ornithinemia,<br />

hyperammonemia, <strong>and</strong> homocitrullinuria. A disease associated<br />

with mental retardation <strong>and</strong> possibly caused by defective<br />

mitochondrial transport. Am J Dis Child 127: 752–756, 1974.<br />

235. FELTON JS AND GENTILE JM. Special issue “Mutagenic/carcinogenic<br />

N-substituted aryl compounds.” Mutat Res 376: 1–272, 1997.<br />

236. FELTON JS AND KNIZE MG. Heterocyclic-amine mutagens/carcinogens<br />

in foods. In: Chemical Carcinogenesis <strong>and</strong> Mutagenesis I,<br />

edited by C. S. Cooper <strong>and</strong> P. L. Grover. Berlin: Springer, 1990, p.<br />

471–502.<br />

237. FELTON JS AND KNIZE MG. New mutagens from cooked food. In:<br />

Mutagens <strong>and</strong> Carcinogens in the Diet, edited by M. W. Pariza,

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!