Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism - Physiological Reviews

1212 MARKUS WYSS AND RIMA KADDURAH-DAOUK Volume 80
1104. WILCE MCJ, BOND CS, DIXON NE, FREEMAN HC, GUSS JM,
LILLEY PE, AND WILCE JA. Structure and mechanism of a prolinespecific
aminopeptidase from Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad
Sci USA 95: 3472–3477, 1998.
1105. WILKEN B, RAMIREZ JM, PROBST I, RICHTER DW, AND
HANEFELD F. Creatine protects the central respiratory network
of mammals under anoxic conditions. Pediatr Res 43: 8–14, 1998.
1106. WILLIAMS MH AND BRANCH JD. Creatine supplementation and
exercise performance: an update. J Am Coll Nutr 17: 216–234,
1998.
1107. WILLIAMSON P, DROST D, STANLEY J, CARR T, MORRISON S,
AND MERSKEY H. Localized phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance
spectroscopy in chronic schizophrenic patients and normal controls.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 48: 578, 1991.
1108. WINDISCHBAUER A, GRIESMACHER A, AND MÜLLER MM. In
vitro effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on human umbilical
endothelial cells. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 32: 279–284,
1994.
1109. WISEMAN RW AND KUSHMERICK MJ. Creatine kinase equilibration
follows solution thermodynamics in skeletal muscle. 31 P
NMR studies using creatine analogs. J Biol Chem 270: 12428–
12438, 1995.
1110. WISSER H AND KNOLL E. Enzymatisches Verfahren der Kreatininbestimmung.
Internist 28: 123–127, 1987.
1111. WITTWER AJ AND WAGNER C. Identification of the folate-binding
proteins of rat liver mitochondria as dimethylglycine dehydrogenase
and sarcosine dehydrogenase. Purification and folate-binding
characteristics. J Biol Chem 256: 4102–4108, 1981.
1112. WITTWER AJ AND WAGNER C. Identification of the folate-binding
proteins of rat liver mitochondria as dimethylglycine dehydrogenase
and sarcosine dehydrogenase. Flavoprotein nature and enzymatic
properties of the purified proteins. J Biol Chem 256:
4109–4115, 1981.
1113. WOGAN GN, PAGLIALUNGA S, ARCHER MC, AND TANNEN-
BAUM SR. Carcinogenicity of nitrosation products of ephedrine,
sarcosine, folic acid, and creatinine. Cancer Res 35: 1981–1984,
1975.
1114. WOLFF DJ AND LUBESKIE A. Inactivation of nitric oxide synthase
isoforms by diaminoguanidine and N G -amino-L-arginine. Arch Biochem
Biophys 325: 227–234, 1996.
1115. WOLOSKER H, PANIZZUTTI R, AND ENGELENDER S. Inhibition
of creatine kinase by S-nitrosoglutathione. FEBS Lett 392: 274–
276, 1996.
1116. WONG KT, DICK D, AND ANDERSON JR. Mitochondrial abnormalities
in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Neuromuscular
Disorders 6: 163–166, 1996.
1117. WONG T. Studies on creatine determination by �-naphthol-diacetyl
reaction. Anal Biochem 40: 18–28, 1971.
1118. WOOD JM, HANLEY HG, ENTMAN ML, HARTLEY CJ, SWAIN JA,
BUSCH U, CHANG C-H, LEWIS RM, MORGAN WJ, AND
SCHWARTZ A. Biochemical and morphological correlates of
acute experimental myocardial ischemia in the dog. IV. Energy
mechanisms during very early ischemia. Circ Res 44: 52–61, 1979.
1119. WOZNICKI DT AND WALKER JB. Utilization of cyclocreatine
phosphate, an analogue of creatine phosphate, by mouse brain
during ischemia and its sparing action on brain energy reserves.
J Neurochem 34: 1247–1253, 1980.
1120. WU AHB. Creatine kinase isoforms in ischemic heart disease. Clin
Chem 35: 7–13, 1989.
1121. WU RW, TUCKER JD, SORENSEN KJ, THOMPSON LH, AND FEL-
TON JS. Differential effect of acetyltransferase expression on the
genotoxicity of heterocyclic amines in CHO cells. Mutat Res 390:
93–103, 1997.
1122. WU S, WHITE R, WIKMAN-COFFELT J, SIEVERS R, WENDLAND
M, GARRETT J, HIGGINS CB, JAMES T, AND PARMLEY WW. The
preventive effect of verapamil on ethanol-induced cardiac depression:
phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance and high-pressure
liquid chromatographic studies of hamsters. Circulation 75:
1058–1064, 1987.
1123. WYSS M, FELBER S, SKLADAL D, KOLLER A, KREMSER C, AND
SPERL W. The therapeutic potential of oral creatine supplementation
in muscle disease. Med Hypotheses 51: 333–336, 1998.
1124. WYSS M, SMEITINK J, WEVERS RA, AND WALLIMANN T. Mito-
chondrial creatine kinase: a key enzyme of aerobic energy metabolism.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1102: 119–166, 1992.
1125. WYSS M AND WALLIMANN T. Creatine metabolism and the consequences
of creatine depletion in muscle. Mol Cell Biochem 133:
51–66, 1994.
1126. XIE Y-W AND WOLIN MS. Role of nitric oxide and its interaction
with superoxide in the suppression of cardiac muscle mitochondrial
respiration. Involvement in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation.
Circulation 94: 2580–2586, 1996.
1127. XU CJ, KLUNK WE, KANFER JN, XIONG Q, MILLER G, AND
PETTEGREW JW. Phosphocreatine-dependent glutamate uptake
by synaptic vesicles. A comparison with ATP-dependent glutamate
uptake. J Biol Chem 271: 13435–13440, 1996.
1128. XUE G-P AND SNOSWELL AM. Disturbance of methyl group metabolism
in alloxan-diabetic sheep. Biochem Int 10: 897–905, 1985.
1129. XUE G-P AND SNOSWELL AM. Developmental changes in the
activities of enzymes related to methyl group metabolism in sheep
tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem 83: 115–120, 1986.
1130. XUE G-P, SNOSWELL AM, AND FISHLOCK RC. Quantitative study
on creatine metabolism in sheep tissues. Biochem Int 16: 623–628,
1988.
1131. YAMAMOTO K, OKA M, KIKUCHI T, AND EMI S. Cloning of the
creatinine amidohydrolase gene from Pseudomonas sp. PS-7. Biosci
Biotechnol Biochem 59: 1331–1332, 1995.
1132. YAMAMOTO Y, SAITO A, MANJI T, NISHI H, ITO K, MAEDA K,
OHTA K, AND KOBAYASHI K. A new automated analytical method
for guanidino compounds and their cerebrospinal fluid levels in
uremia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 24: 61–68, 1978.
1133. YAMASHITA H, OHIRA Y, WAKATSUKI T, YAMAMOTO M,
KIZAKI T, OH-ISHI S, AND OHNO H. Increased growth of brown
adipose tissue but its reduced thermogenic activity in creatinedepleted
rats fed �-guanidinopropionic acid. Biochim Biophys
Acta 1230: 69–73, 1995.
1134. YANAGISAWA H, MANABE S, KITAGAWA Y, ISHIKAWA S, NA-
KAJIMA K, AND WADA O. Presence of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline
(MeIQx) in dialysate from patients with
uremia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 138: 1084–1089, 1986.
1135. YANOKURA M, SAWAI Y, AND TSUKADA K. The uptake of creatine
by various tissues from a mouse bearing tumor cells. Biochim
Biophys Acta 797: 94–98, 1984.
1136. YANOKURA M AND TSUKADA K. Decreased activities of glycine
and guanidinoacetate methyltransferases and increased levels of
creatine in tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 104:
1464–1469, 1982.
1137. YASUDA M, SUGAHARA K, ZHANG J, AGETA T, NAKAYAMA K,
SHUIN T, AND KODAMA H. Simultaneous determination of creatinine,
creatine, and guanidinoacetic acid in human serum and
urine using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical
ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 253: 231–235,
1997.
1138. YASUDA T, FUKASAWA M, OHMINATO M, MAEBA T, OZAWA S,
OWADA S, AND ISHIDA M. The effect of guanidino compounds on
the membrane fluidity of the cultured rat mesangial cell. In: Guanidino
Compounds in Biology and Medicine, edited by P. P. De
Deyn, B. Marescau, V. Stalon, and I. A. Qureshi. London: Libbey,
1992, p. 293–299.
1139. YATIN SM, AKSENOV M, AND BUTTERFIELD DA. The antioxidant
vitamin E modulates amyloid �-peptide-induced creatine kinase
activity inhibition and increased protein oxidation: implications
for the free radical hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurochem
Res 24: 427–435, 1999.
1140. YEN G-C AND DUH P-D. Antimutagenic effect of methanolic extracts
from peanut hulls. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60: 1698–
1700, 1996.
1141. YOKOZAWA T, CHUNG HY, DONG E, AND OURA H. Confirmation
that magnesium lithospermate B has a hydroxyl radical-scavenging
action. Exp Toxicol Pathol 47: 341–344, 1995.
1142. YOKOZAWA T, DONG E, AND OURA H. Proof that green tea tannin
suppresses the increase in the blood methylguanidine level associated
with renal failure. Exp Toxicol Pathol 49: 117–122, 1997.
1143. YOKOZAWA T, FUJITSUKA N, AND OURA H. Production of methylguanidine
from creatinine in normal rats and rats with renal
failure. Nephron 56: 249–254, 1990.