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example by using cos (α) instead of the angle α. An inverted value is often used to express a low distance; in that case a value of 1 signals the complete identicalness of the vectors (Dörre, Gerstl and Seiffert, 2004, pp. 491–2). Indexing enforced by computer linguistic technologies Simple lists of word forms turned out to be rather ineffective because terms are only recognised if they correspond exactly to the registered occurrence. Computer linguistics have developed algorithms which allow text forms to be reduced to basic forms, normally the nominative singular for nouns and the ininitive for verbs. this process is generally known as lemmatisation and groups together all word forms found in a text document under the corresponding forms which introduce articles in a dictionary. Although lemmatisation is already an important step in various kinds of analyses, it is not always satisfying when trying to extract information. words — or even lemmata — are supposed to represent the same concept if their roots are the same. the following table gives an example, and distinguishes between formal roots for which the ending morpheme is suppressed, text forms, lexical roots or lemmata, and the root of the term. Text form Lexical root (lemma) Formal root Root absorb absorbed absorbing absorb absorbs absorber absorbers absorber absorbable absorbably absorbable absorbance absorbances absorbance absorbancy absorbancies absorbancy absorbent absorbents absorbent absorbently absorption absorptions absorption absorptive absorptively absorptive Source: ferber, 2003, p. 43. absorb absorbab absorbanc absorbent absorption absorptiv absorb 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 160 6-12-2007 15:14:06
WORKSHOP the success of the implementation depends on the language. for English, for example, there are very eficient algorithms for lemmatisation as well as for the reduction to roots. Other languages are more complicated, in particular those which function with discontinued word forms such as German and Dutch. Der Mann holt den Koffer am Bahnhof ab ⇒ abholen In other languages there are not only modiications of the beginning or end, but there are inlexions as well. In any case, these computer linguistic technologies are auxiliaries for retrieval approaches, which are based on Boolean methods or even go much further. Classiication this method is supposed to be the oldest one, particularly because it was, and still is, used in libraries. the text objects are classiied according to the themes they deal with. most of these systems have a hierarchical structure. One of the most sophisticated classiication systems is the Universal Decimal Classiication, which in its core version consists of over 56 000 terms accompanied by another 13 000 common auxiliaries. the latter cover subjects such languages, etc. the complete system currently contains about 220 000 terms. the system was created by two Belgian librarians at the end of the 19th century. An important characteristic of this system is that various categories may be linked to each other. thus it is possible to treat quite sophisticated research requests. this is an extract from the Universal Decimal Classiication. 0 Generalia 00 Prolegomena. fundamentals of knowledge and culture. Computer science 001 Science and knowledge in general. Organisation of intellectual work 002 Documentation. Books. writings. Authorship 003 writing systems and scripts. Including: signs and symbols 004 Computer science and technology. Computing 004.2 Computer architecture 004.3 Computer hardware 004.4 Software 004.5 human–computer interaction >>> 160 | 161 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 161 6-12-2007 15:14:06
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Speeches and proceedings 25th anniv
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25 YEARS OF ONLINE THE EVENT 25 ANN
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INTRODUCTION APRèS LA PUBLICAtION
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wORKShOP Legal XmL — Use of XmL f
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Cette énumération des participant
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sion a fait de l’initiative «mie
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II. «mIEUX LéGIféRER» Et L’AC
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• et L. E. Allen, spécialiste de
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La création d’un réseau de coop
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Stele so weit nähern, dass er den
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nicht autorisierte Abschrift der of
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„Die Anforderungen und Bedingunge
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hat, „Zugänglichkeit und Verstä
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Old testament. this passage is set
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this checkpoint is given a Priority
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knowledge of the law. Adults, child
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It is a dificult task to predict th
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MEETING OF THE COUNCIL WORKING PART
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SOUVENIRS D’UNE DÉLÉGUÉE NATIO
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EUR-LEX TODAY AND TOMORROW After mo
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DOCUMENT ANALYSIS AND LEGAL INFORMA
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LIFE AS A CELEX HOST INtRODUCtION I
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CONCLUSIONS first, I would like to
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En tant que déléguée de la Grèc
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LEGAL XML — USE OF XML FOR THE PR
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WORKSHOP • publishing technologie
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WORKSHOP • NiR and the NiR editor
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WORKSHOP 3. SCOPE the expected resu
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WORKSHOP gestützt auf die Verordnu
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WORKSHOP Arithmetic Poetry. Ameri
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WORKSHOP Metadata fields collected
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WORKSHOP tion of the common metadat
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ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING OF LEGISLATIO
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WORKSHOP the working group has focu
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WORKSHOP • the integrity of a rec
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WORKSHOP 3. LEGISLAtIVE ISSUES CONC
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