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deals with fruit plantations, it should be classiied in the second group. the third group is relevant if, for instance, materials for furniture are discussed. the fourth group is based on a metaphoric application of the term; it deals with electricity or artiicial illumination. 2. mEthODOLOGICAL PARtICULARItIES Of tEXt mINING the methodologies of text mining include technologies developed in the context of computer linguistics or linguistic informatics. Actually it is underlined that text mining has led to a revival of the corresponding ideas and features. In particular, mathematical and statistical approaches are supposed to be of high importance. the identiication of so-called stop words — functional words which describe relations between terms without having a special meaning of their own — and the calculation of word frequencies are of basic interest. they contribute to the analysing of those patterns which are essential to the relevant meaning of the text. the methods may be paraphrased, as done by hippner and Rentzmann (2006): (text) ‘mining methoden: Nachdem terme aus den textdokumenten extrahiert worden sind und die textuellen Daten somit eine Struktur erhalten haben, können Verfahren angewandt werden, die aus dem klassischen Data mining bekannt sind: texte können automatisch vorgegebenen Kategorien zugeordnet werden (Klassiikation) oder sie können so gruppiert werden, dass ähnliche texte zusammengeführt werden (Segmentierung). Ebenso kann das gemeinsame Auftreten von termen analysiert werden (Abhängigkeitsanalyse).’ ( 2 ) In an extension of the abovementioned example, this could lead to the recognition of ‘pear’ (Birne) being a central term of the document. It is, however, still not known which of the different meanings is concerned. Ontologies could help to take other terms into account as well, and to inally arrive at a clear document classiication. the network of an ontological description of the concepts around Birne is certainly much more complex than this illustration might express: ( 2 ) translation: ‘text-mining methods: After the extraction of expressions from text documents thus giving textual data a structure, methods can be applied which are wellknown from classical data-mining: texts can be associated to predeined categories (classiication) or they can be grouped in a way that similar texts are brought together (segmentation). It is also possible to analyse the existence of expressions in common (analysis of dependencies).’ 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 154 6-12-2007 15:14:05
WORKSHOP In order to create more eficient ontologies, the granularity has to be much iner. thus the distinction between wood that is used for construction and wood which normally is not used in this context could be clearer, as the number of direct links could be reduced. In the abovementioned example this distinction is made by means of multiple links from the central term: ‘pear’, ‘oak’ and ‘beech’ have links to ‘tree’ as well as to ‘wood’ whereas ‘apple’ is only related to ‘tree’. It is obvious that one of the main problems of this approach is the availability of corresponding ontologies. In fact, onomasiological dictionaries which have been created together with knowledge schemata in the last decades could be of high interest ( 3 ). Unfortunately the cooperation between the classical linguistic lexicography and modern computer-assisted and oriented research is not always very intensive. the research for linguistic patterns is also supported by the use of thesauri. the distinction between main terms and synonyms or near-synonyms ( 3 ) See, for example, the onomasiological dictionary project of the Romance languages by henri Vernay (1991). 154 | 155 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 155 6-12-2007 15:14:05
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Speeches and proceedings 25th anniv
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25 YEARS OF ONLINE THE EVENT 25 ANN
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INTRODUCTION APRèS LA PUBLICAtION
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wORKShOP Legal XmL — Use of XmL f
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Cette énumération des participant
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sion a fait de l’initiative «mie
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II. «mIEUX LéGIféRER» Et L’AC
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• et L. E. Allen, spécialiste de
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La création d’un réseau de coop
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Stele so weit nähern, dass er den
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nicht autorisierte Abschrift der of
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„Die Anforderungen und Bedingunge
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hat, „Zugänglichkeit und Verstä
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Old testament. this passage is set
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this checkpoint is given a Priority
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knowledge of the law. Adults, child
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It is a dificult task to predict th
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MEETING OF THE COUNCIL WORKING PART
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SOUVENIRS D’UNE DÉLÉGUÉE NATIO
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EUR-LEX TODAY AND TOMORROW After mo
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DOCUMENT ANALYSIS AND LEGAL INFORMA
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LIFE AS A CELEX HOST INtRODUCtION I
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CONCLUSIONS first, I would like to
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En tant que déléguée de la Grèc
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LEGAL XML — USE OF XML FOR THE PR
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WORKSHOP • publishing technologie
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WORKSHOP • NiR and the NiR editor
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WORKSHOP 3. SCOPE the expected resu
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WORKSHOP gestützt auf die Verordnu
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WORKSHOP Arithmetic Poetry. Ameri
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WORKSHOP Metadata fields collected
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ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING OF LEGISLATIO
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WORKSHOP the working group has focu
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WORKSHOP • the integrity of a rec
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