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As EU law is more complex, different types of applicability have to be developed, in particular on the validity and the direct applicability of the act. As the work for restructuring such a huge database as EUR-Lex is quite high, a (semi)automatic solution has to be developed in order to pursue this approach. Additional research is necessary for deining the various layers of validity and applicability. tERmINOLOGy At present, four instruments of terminology are available in EUR-Lex: the Eurovoc thesaurus, classiication headings, subject matters and case-law directory code. the best legal quality can be found in the case-law directory code. quite useful classes of legislation are available with the classiication headings. the Eurovoc thesaurus has its usefulness in general searching. however, weaknesses are evident in legal searches due to an insuficient number of legal concepts. thus, Eurovoc should be extended with a lexical ontology that contains the required high number of legal terms. A conceptual structure must also be developed for these terms. Such an instrument would greatly improve linguistic support for searching. Deinitions of and relations between the concepts would help lay users and less-experienced lawyers. Such a terminology could be used for a reinement of queries, cross-linguistic retrieval and a multipurpose dictionary. So far, lexical ontologies on European law have been limited to speciic purposes (e.g. the LOIS project). A full-scale lexical ontology would require a high level of resources that need a stronger focus of lawyers on terminology questions. thus, hopes rest on (semi)automatic analysis in order to extract the suficient number of concepts from a representative text corpus. CONCLUSIONS today, EUR-Lex is an excellent text provider but an insuficient metacontent provider. the main reason is that legal ontologies are insuficiently developed for such a large application. It is not advisable to move immediately to a full-scale legal ontology. Intermediate steps are very helpful and much easier to take. Examples are the described navigators: legislative/juridical, citations, layers of the legal order and terminology. 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 148 6-12-2007 15:14:03
WORKSHOP REfERENCES Bench-Capon, t. J. m. and Visser, P. R. S., ‘Ontologies in legal information systems: the need for explicit speciications of domain conceptualisations’, Proceedings of the 6th ICAIL (melbourne, Victoria, AU, 1997), ACm Press, New york, Ny, 1997, pp. 132–141. Berners-Lee, t. et al., ‘the semantic web’, Scientific American, Vol. 284 (05/2001), Scientiic American Inc., New york, Ny, 2001, pp. 34–43. Breuker, J. and hoekstra, R., ‘Direct: ontology-based discovery of responsibility and causality in legal case descriptions’, Proceedings of the 17th JURIX (Berlin, DE, 2004), IOS Press, Amsterdam et al., NL, 2004. Brüninghaus, S. and Ashley, K. D., ‘Improving the representation of legal case texts with information extraction methods’, Proceedings of the 8th ICAIL (St. Louis, mO, 2001), ACm Press, New york, Ny, 2001, pp. 42–51. Casanovas, P., Biasiotti, m. A., francesconi, E. and Sagri, m. t. (eds), Proceedings of LOAIt 07, II. workshop on legal ontologies and artiicial intelligence techniques, ICAIL-07 workshop, Stanford, CA, 2007. Dini et al., ‘Cross-lingual information retrieval using a wordNet architecture’, Proceedings of the 10th ICAIL (Bologna, It, 2005), ACm Press, New york, Ny, 2005, pp. 163–167. Gonçalves, t. and quaresma, P., ‘Is linguistic information relevant for the classiication of legal texts?’, Proceedings of the 10th ICAIL (Bologna, It, 2005), ACm Press, New york, Ny, 2005, pp. 168–176. Gruber, t. R., ‘A translation approach to portable ontology speciications’, Knowledge Acquisition, Vol. 5/2 (1993), Academic Press, London et al., 1993, pp. 199–220. hachey, B. and Grover, C., ‘A rhetorical status classiier for legal text summarisation’, Proceedings of the ACL-04 text Summarization Branches Out workshop (Barcelona, ES, 2004), pp. 35–42. hafner, C. D., An information retrieval system based on a computer model of legal knowledge, UNI Research Press, Ann Arbor, 1977. hirst, G., ‘Ontology and the lexicon’, in S. Staab and R. Studer (eds), Handbook on ontologies, Springer, Berlin-heidelberg, DE, 2004, pp. 210–229. Koivunen, m.-R. and miller, E., ‘w3C semantic web activity’, Proceedings of the Semantic web Kick-off Seminar (helsinki, fI, 2001), hIIt Publications 2002/1, helsinki, fI, 2002, pp. 27–-43, available free at http://www.w3.org/2001/12/semwebin/w3csw. Kralingen, R. w. van, ‘frame-based conceptual models of statute law’, Ph.D. thesis, University of Leiden, the hague, NL, 1995. 148 | 149 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 149 6-12-2007 15:14:03
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Speeches and proceedings 25th anniv
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25 YEARS OF ONLINE THE EVENT 25 ANN
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INTRODUCTION APRèS LA PUBLICAtION
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wORKShOP Legal XmL — Use of XmL f
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Cette énumération des participant
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sion a fait de l’initiative «mie
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II. «mIEUX LéGIféRER» Et L’AC
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• et L. E. Allen, spécialiste de
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La création d’un réseau de coop
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Stele so weit nähern, dass er den
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nicht autorisierte Abschrift der of
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„Die Anforderungen und Bedingunge
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hat, „Zugänglichkeit und Verstä
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Old testament. this passage is set
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this checkpoint is given a Priority
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knowledge of the law. Adults, child
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It is a dificult task to predict th
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MEETING OF THE COUNCIL WORKING PART
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SOUVENIRS D’UNE DÉLÉGUÉE NATIO
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EUR-LEX TODAY AND TOMORROW After mo
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DOCUMENT ANALYSIS AND LEGAL INFORMA
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LIFE AS A CELEX HOST INtRODUCtION I
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CONCLUSIONS first, I would like to
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En tant que déléguée de la Grèc
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LEGAL XML — USE OF XML FOR THE PR
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