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the aim of fOLaw was the organisation and interconnection of legal knowledge, in particular with regard to conceptual information retrieval. It contained six basic categories of legal knowledge: normative knowledge, metalegal knowledge, world knowledge, responsibility knowledge, reactive knowledge and creative knowledge. fOLaw was used in follow-up projects. the central dificulty of fOLaw proved to be the modelling of ‘world knowledge’. the knowledge gained from fOLaw was used in the e-court project and in the development of a core legal ontology, LRI-Core (Breuker and hœkstra, 2004). within the framework of this project, a lexible, multilingual information retrieval system using heterogeneous sources (audio, video, text) was developed in the ield of criminal procedure. Recent projects on legal ontologies are focused on vocabulary, thesauri and lexical ontologies (Casanovas et al. 2007, LOAIt workshop). POtENtIAL Of LEGAL ONtOLOGIES for legal subsumption, factual conditions of an applicable rule have to be clariied and checked. Legal ontologies should consist of a full description of the world that would also constitute a statement of all factual situations for a possible applicability of a norm. this knowledge representation would contain objects and events from the world, its attributes and relations, and deinitions and classes. A representation of the legal order comprises all concepts of the legal system providing a conceptual description and structuring of the legal order. Applicability of a rule could be indicated by directly linking a norm to factual situations described in the world ontology. with such an ontology, an electronic commentary could be established containing a full description of a norm with extensive links to related documents. further, it would provide the basis for automatic legal reasoning. In artiicial intelligence and law, the main problem has always been the scaling-up, e.g. the move from a small to a reasonably big application. Legal ontologies are no exception to this fact. the state of the art has to be described as still experimental (Casanovas et al., 2007). therefore, a full ontological representation of EUR-Lex cannot be advised as the theory has not suficiently developed. however, interesting potential exists for ontological representations in small and medium-sized sub-documentations of EUR-Lex. Such smaller applications could be much more easily implemented and might show the way to an ontological representation of the legal order. further, the present 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 144 6-12-2007 15:14:03
WORKSHOP focus on text representation and Boolean searching could be maintained but going far beyond existing uses of legal ontologies like cross-lingual information retrieval or input reinement. the main difference to existing features of EUR-Lex would be an automated reuse of an advanced knowledge representation (e.g. extended EUR-Lex ield structure). Semantic data would be interpreted and then presented in a user-friendly output. Support would be provided for the major legal task of interpretation and legal reasoning. DEVELOPmENt OPtIONS fOR ONtOLOGIES IN EU LAw A general transformation of EUR-Lex data into an ontological knowledge representation could not be recommended as the theory of legal ontologies is not yet suficiently developed and the scaling-up problem seems to be too dificult. thus, small full-scale projects should be envisaged. Such projects should be practical, take into account user needs and require limited additional data acquisition. further, automated information representation and interpretation should be feasible at a high level. the focus should be on solving problems in live situations for professionals and lay users. At present, navigators through the wealth of information seem to be the best solution. As such, the ideas behind the following navigators should be presented in more detail: legislative, citations, layers of the legal order and terminology. LEGISLAtIVE NAVIGAtOR As mentioned, PreLex and its counterpart, Œil, the Legislative Observatory maintained by the European Parliament ( 10 ), are ine information tools of the legislative process. with some metadata and intelligent output, EUR-Lex may also achieve a similar quality to these two specialised databases. At present, a search for a particular Commission proposal shows the status of the proposal and — in combination with a cross-reference search — related documents, e.g. resolutions of the European Parliament, opinions of the European Economic and Social Committee. Documents not covered by EUR-Lex but by PreLex are Commission staff working documents, Council working documents, press releases of the Commission, the Council, the European ( 10 ) website: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/. 144 | 145 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 145 6-12-2007 15:14:03
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Speeches and proceedings 25th anniv
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25 YEARS OF ONLINE THE EVENT 25 ANN
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INTRODUCTION APRèS LA PUBLICAtION
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wORKShOP Legal XmL — Use of XmL f
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Cette énumération des participant
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sion a fait de l’initiative «mie
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II. «mIEUX LéGIféRER» Et L’AC
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• et L. E. Allen, spécialiste de
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La création d’un réseau de coop
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Stele so weit nähern, dass er den
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nicht autorisierte Abschrift der of
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„Die Anforderungen und Bedingunge
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hat, „Zugänglichkeit und Verstä
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Old testament. this passage is set
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this checkpoint is given a Priority
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knowledge of the law. Adults, child
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It is a dificult task to predict th
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MEETING OF THE COUNCIL WORKING PART
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SOUVENIRS D’UNE DÉLÉGUÉE NATIO
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EUR-LEX TODAY AND TOMORROW After mo
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DOCUMENT ANALYSIS AND LEGAL INFORMA
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LIFE AS A CELEX HOST INtRODUCtION I
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CONCLUSIONS first, I would like to
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En tant que déléguée de la Grèc
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LEGAL XML — USE OF XML FOR THE PR
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WORKSHOP • publishing technologie
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WORKSHOP • NiR and the NiR editor
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WORKSHOP tors, thus providing the o
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WORKSHOP 3. SCOPE the expected resu
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WORKSHOP gestützt auf die Verordnu
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WORKSHOP which describe general com
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WORKSHOP Arithmetic Poetry. Ameri
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