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of knowledge and the relationships between those concepts. A lexical legal ontology consists of an enlarged thesaurus using knowledge representation techniques of informatics. for a legal database as a textual representation, an ontology means extension with semantic data allowing automated reuse of this information. REASONS fOR A NEw APPROACh USING ONtOLOGIES In 1971, the customers of CELEX were information oficers, irst those within European institutions and later also those of external clients. the technology was cumbersome but a workable strategy existed. Information oficers with a high knowledge and experience of structured data (in those days in the form of card indices) were combined with new technology: an electronic database and new search options designed according to ‘old’ search options. thus, a new form of searching was created, that, together with the excitement of going online, was considered a form of magic. As information oficers were the clients, only information hints were expected, not the presentation of all relevant information as documents in full text. Users took it for granted that results had to be checked and not all information hints would be really useful. In 2006, the situation has changed completely. the customers are now professionals or citizens. technology has greatly improved although the main concept has remained unchanged. typical users do not have suficient experience with structured data. Internet search engines such as Google are setting the new standard. with a keyword search, suficiently relevant documents should be presented irst following a good ranking algorithm. Users are now lawyers and citizens that are able to ‘google’ but do not know the particularities of legal research suficiently well due to the different text corpus and search environment. Nowadays, users prefer ‘ready-to-use’ results with high accuracy and quality and would like to avoid time-consuming and dificult interpretations of search results. Additional features have to be user-oriented and the output properly represented. moving into these ‘intelligent’ features constitutes the main challenge for EUR-Lex for the coming years. A comparison with the more developed database on legislative procedures called PreLex ( 3 ) may be illustrative. In comparison with EUR-Lex, PreLex pro- ( 3 ) website: http://www.prelex.europa.eu. 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 138 6-12-2007 15:14:02
WORKSHOP duces a ‘magic result’. the whole legislative history of a regulation or a directive is represented in full and presented in a visually attractive way with hyperlinks to all relevant documents. this ‘intelligent’ output is the result of additional manual work but not of automatic restructuring of data. the challenge is therefore to achieve a similar result with an enlarged EUR-Lex database. Adding metadata to this huge text corpus and introducing ‘intelligent’ interpretation of these documents and data should add ‘magic results’ like those of PreLex. Legal ontologies can provide the knowledge required to structure legal knowledge properly. the existing CELEX/EUR-Lex data structures could serve as a starting point for improvement. Due to space constraints, the question of improved visualisation is not dealt with. It should be noted that without good visualisation, the advantages of ontologies would remain invisible and thus unused. CELEX/EUR-LEX DAtA StRUCtURES One should remember the starting point of knowledge structuring in EU law, the famous CELEX/EUR-Lex data structure (Schweighofer, 1995/2000). ten main indices and 80 ields had to be addressed in the dificult search language mistral (e.g. :txt austria+:title &:crossref 157030 &:sub environment). Nowadays, the commands are replaced by a user-friendly search menu called EUR-Lex simple search. Another pillar was the CELEX document number, e.g. 1[19]57e030 for Article 30 of the EEC treaty. the CELEX number is still used in EUR-Lex for document identiication number and cross references between documents. moreover, documents can be direct linked today via hyperlink, e.g. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:11957E030:<strong>EN</strong>:htmL ( 4 ). the CELEX structure is focused on documentation. the ield structure insuficiently relects user needs for a result-oriented output of EUR-Lex. thus, the structure must be gradually enlarged in order to allow ‘intelligent’ results from the EUR-Lex database using legal ontologies. ( 4 ) for more information see the EUR-Lex guidelines for linking documents (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/tools/help_syntax.htm). 138 | 139 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 139 6-12-2007 15:14:02
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Speeches and proceedings 25th anniv
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25 YEARS OF ONLINE THE EVENT 25 ANN
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INTRODUCTION APRèS LA PUBLICAtION
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wORKShOP Legal XmL — Use of XmL f
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Cette énumération des participant
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sion a fait de l’initiative «mie
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II. «mIEUX LéGIféRER» Et L’AC
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• et L. E. Allen, spécialiste de
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La création d’un réseau de coop
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Stele so weit nähern, dass er den
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nicht autorisierte Abschrift der of
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„Die Anforderungen und Bedingunge
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hat, „Zugänglichkeit und Verstä
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Old testament. this passage is set
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this checkpoint is given a Priority
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knowledge of the law. Adults, child
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It is a dificult task to predict th
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MEETING OF THE COUNCIL WORKING PART
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SOUVENIRS D’UNE DÉLÉGUÉE NATIO
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EUR-LEX TODAY AND TOMORROW After mo
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DOCUMENT ANALYSIS AND LEGAL INFORMA
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LIFE AS A CELEX HOST INtRODUCtION I
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CONCLUSIONS first, I would like to
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En tant que déléguée de la Grèc
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LEGAL XML — USE OF XML FOR THE PR
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