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electronic signature is an electronic signature which meets the following requirements. • It is uniquely linked to the signatory. • It is capable of identifying the signatory. • It is created using means that the signatory can maintain under his or her sole control. • It is linked to the data to which it relates in such a manner. the directive is technology-neutral but in practice this deinition refers mainly to electronic signatures based on a public key infrastructure (PKI). this technology uses encryption technology to sign data, which requires a public and a private key. In addition, there is a third form of electronic signature mentioned in Article 5(1), which the directive did not give a term of its own but which for the purposes of this report will be called ‘qualiied electronic signature’. this consists of an advanced electronic signature based on a qualiied certiicate and created by a secure-signature-creation device and needs to comply with the requirements in Annexes I, II and III of the directive. An example of the use of qualiied electronic signature is in the Austrian database of authentic legislation (BGBL Autentisch), where there are four formats available: htmL, PDf, word and authentic XmL text. In the Austrian service, the digital signature can be viewed and veriied separately. Electronic document An electronic document is deined as ‘data that is recorded or stored on any medium in or by a computer system or other similar device and that can be read or perceived by a person or a computer system or other similar device. It includes a display, printout or other output of that data.’ Oficial electronic version Is a version of the law published in electronic form and recognised by the national authorities as an oficial electronic document. the oficial electronic version may have a similar status to the paper version of law. the status of the electronic version can be based on a speciic act, administrative procedure or other authorisation. the oficial electronic version can be equal to the paper version of the legal gazette or (as in some countries) the electronic version can be the only oficial version. 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 106 6-12-2007 15:13:52
WORKSHOP 3. LEGISLAtIVE ISSUES CONCERNING LEGAL GAZEttES — thE RELAtION Of thE ELECtRONIC VERSION tO thE PAPER VERSION 3.1. The legal status of the electronic legal gazette the member States of the European forum of Oficial Gazettes have different approaches to the legal status of the electronic legal gazette. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH the traditional approach to the deinition of the legal status has been that the paper version is the only authentic and legally valid version of the legal gazette. In addition, it has been possible to publish unoficial, unauthentic electronic versions of the legal gazette, mostly for information purposes and for easier access to the materials of the legal gazette. Usually these electronic gazettes are available in htmL or PDf formats. Nowadays the traditional approach is still valid in a large number of European countries. THE BALANCED APPROACH the balanced approach in the deinition of the legal status made progress in the late 1990s in a number of countries. In the balanced approach, the paper version and the electronic version have equal legal status. however, if there is a difference in the content of the paper version and the electronic version, the paper version is usually the only authentic one. In France, the electronic publication of the authenticated oficial journal has acquired a status equivalent with the paper version since 1 June 2004, and, by coming out at the same time as the paper version, it constitutes the oficial publication of legal acts. the electronic oficial journal is not identical with the paper journal, due to the question of anonymising regulatory acts relating to the status of individuals. Name changes or naturalisation are sensitive issues and therefore notices or acts including information on name changes or naturalisation are not published digitally. Another example of this balanced approach is the Estonian act on the legal gazette (Riigi Teataja) from 1999. the act (paragraph 1) states the following. • the Riigi Teataja is the oficial publication of the Republic of Estonia. the Riigi Teataja shall be published on paper as printed matter and electronically on the Internet. • Legislation, notices and other documents published in the Riigi Teataja which is on paper and in electronic form have equal legal force, unless this act provides otherwise. 106 | 107 01_2007_5222_txt_ML.indd 107 6-12-2007 15:13:52
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Speeches and proceedings 25th anniv
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25 YEARS OF ONLINE THE EVENT 25 ANN
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INTRODUCTION APRèS LA PUBLICAtION
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wORKShOP Legal XmL — Use of XmL f
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Cette énumération des participant
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sion a fait de l’initiative «mie
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II. «mIEUX LéGIféRER» Et L’AC
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• et L. E. Allen, spécialiste de
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La création d’un réseau de coop
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Stele so weit nähern, dass er den
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nicht autorisierte Abschrift der of
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„Die Anforderungen und Bedingunge
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hat, „Zugänglichkeit und Verstä
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Old testament. this passage is set
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this checkpoint is given a Priority
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knowledge of the law. Adults, child
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It is a dificult task to predict th
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MEETING OF THE COUNCIL WORKING PART
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SOUVENIRS D’UNE DÉLÉGUÉE NATIO
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EUR-LEX TODAY AND TOMORROW After mo
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MEETING OF THE COUNCIL WORKING PART
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WORKSHOP the success of the impleme
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WORKSHOP Thesauri thesauri are cont
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WORKSHOP knowledge which are reusab
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WORKSHOP fuhr, Norbert. 2004. Infor
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WORKSHOP Oberle, Daniel; Staab, Ste
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En tant que déléguée de la Grèc
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PRESS REVIEW / REVUE DE PRESSE " 17
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