History of the Collection of Physical Anthropology in the Natural ...

Bull. Soc. Suisse d’Anthrop. 8(1), 41-53.
History of the Collection of Physical Anthropology in the Natural History
Museum Basel, Switzerland
Felix Wiedenmayer and Gerhard Hotz
Sources, Contents and Curation
The Anthropology Department was founded in October, 1908, by decree of the City Council,
as part of the Museum of Ethnology (Völkerkundemuseum) Basel. In the same Museum the
Swiss Society of Anthropology was founded twelve years later by Fritz Sarasin from Basel,
Eugène Pittard from Geneva, and Otto Schlaginhaufen from Zurich. The earliest collections
were those assembled since 1822, particularly in the Institute of Anatomy of Basel
University, chiefly by the anatomists Carl Gustav Jung (1794-1864), Wilhelm His-Vischer
(1831-1904), Ludwig Rütimeyer (1825-1895), and Julius Kollmann (1834-1918). They
constituted the reference for the classical work Crania Helvetica by W. His and L. Rütimeyer
(1864), and for further publications by J. Kollmann, who particularly investigated the
problem of pygmies and the origin of man. These collections were later enlarged by the
anatomists Hansen Kelly Corning and Eugen Ludwig. The collections of the Anatomy
Institute, comprising about 380 skulls of almost all races, were incorporated in to the
anthropological collection of this museum in l975.
A further important source for the present collection was the rich skeletal material collected
by ethnologists of the Völkerkundemuseum during expeditions partly dedicated to physical
anthropology overseas. First, from 1883 on, were the cousins Paul and Fritz Sarasin (1856-
1929 and 1859-1942), who investigated in Ceylon/Sri Lanka and brought back photographs
and skeletal material of the Wedda, Tamil, Singhalese and Rodiy. They later traveled in Celebes/Sulawesi,
where they discovered the Toala pygmies, and at last in New Caledonia and in
the Loyalty Islands. Their finds were described in important monographs (F. Sarasin, 1905; F.
Sarasin, 1916-1922; P. and F. Sarasin, 1892-93; P. and F. Sarasin, 1905). Their collections,
comprising some 200 objects, were donated to the Völkerkundemuseum in 1942. Of unique
significance are 42 Wedda skeletons and the two only surviving Toala skeletons.
Similar expeditions were carried out by Felix Speiser (1880-1949) in the New Hebrides (now
Vanuatu), the Santa Cruz-Islands, in New Britain, and along the Sepik River in Papua New
Guinea; by Paul Wirz in Indonesia, particularly in Irian Jaya; by Eugen Paravicini in the
Solomon Islands ; and by Alfred Bühler in New Ireland, the Admirality Islands, Timor and its
neighbouring islands. Their collections, containing some 1200 skulls and skeletons, were first
kept in an external storage (cellar), but finally were transferred to the Völkerkundemuseum in
1943.
At this time, various institutes of the University of Basel (notably those of anatomy, pathology,
hygiene, and dentistry), and the Historical Museum collected human skeletal remains
sporadically found during construction work in Basel and its surroundings. This ungainly
41

Wiedenmayer/Hotz, History of the Collection...
Fig. 1: View into the Anthropological Collection in the present storage area “K2”.
situation was changed in 1946 by a decree of the City Council, granting the Völkerkundemuseum
the sole rights to store human skeletal remains. At about this time, construction work
in Basel had much increased. In cooperation with locally based archaeologists (Rudolf Laur-
Belart of the Historical Museum, Rudolf Moosbrugger and Rolf d’Aujourd’hui of Archäologische
Bodenforschung des Kantons Basel-Stadt), much skeletal material and its documentation
came to be housed in the Völkerkundemuseum.
The most important excavation sites on city grounds, with hundreds of graves, are two lateceltic
settlements (Jud, 1995), a late-roman to early medieval cemetery (Fellmann Brogli et
al., 1992), an Alamannic cemetery (Giesler-Müller, 1992), a Franconian cemetery (Martin,
1976), late medieval finds from excavations in seven churches (Kaufmann, 1987), and a Jewish
cemetery of the 13th and 14th centuries (Kollmann and Kahnt, 1885; Bay, 1942 and
unpublished; Teuber, 1942). The human remains of the last-mentioned excavation were
42

Bull. Soc. Suisse d’Anthrop. 8(1), 41-53.
afterwards reinterred in the present Israelitic Cemetery in Basel, after their anthropological
study by Roland Bay. The artifacts of all these sites are kept in the Historical Museum and in
the Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt.
Due to lack of space and facilities for study, all the physical-anthropological collections were
transferred from the Völkerkundemuseum to the Naturhistorisches Museum in 1971, where
they are now kept in K2, a spacious, modern, bomb-proof and air-conditioned underground
storage area.
The Interkantonale Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Anthropologie (IAG, Intercantonal Cooperative
for Anthropology), in which twelve Cantonal Services of Archaeology of Switzerland participated
(cantons AG, BL, BS, BE, FR, GR, LU, SG, SH, SO, TG, ZG), moved from Berne to
Basel in 1973 and was then led by Bruno Kaufmann, former Assistent of Roland Bay. Generally,
a shift towards an interest in historical anthropology could be observed throughout Switzerland.
With the accession of the above-mentioned collection from the Institute of Anatomy in 1975,
palaeopathology gained importance as one of the research topics with the cooperation of the
retired pathologist Siegfried Scheidegger (1903-1989, Professor of Anatomy and Pathology at
the University of Basel).
Three further more important collections have been incorporated from 1988 onwards:
1. In 1988 and 1989, following the planning of a park in the centre of the city, part of a former
cemetery of the City Hospital (Spitalfriedhof St. Johann) had to be excavated. The cemetery
was in use from 1845 to 1868. Of a total of 2561 deceased patients buried therein, 1061
skeletons were excavated, documented and measured. From these, 221 individuals were selected
for preservation and some 400 skulls and postcranial parts with pathological lesions.
40
30
females
males
20
10
0
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
age unknown
age class (year)
Fig. 2: Demography of the Spitalfriedhof Collection (67 female, 126 male; 27 individuals with un–
known age).
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Wiedenmayer/Hotz, History of the Collection...
Most individuals died aged 20-39; females show a maximum in the age class 30 to 39 years,
whereas the males point out a maximum in the age group 20 to 29 years. Over 80% of the
1061 deceased could be identified by means of a death register and the chronological succession
of the burials. Thus, names, ages, professions, origin and cause of death are known. Even
the developments of sickness are documented.
2. The Galler Collection on skeletal pathology is on permanent loan from the Institute of Pathology
of the University of Zurich. The Galler collection consists of 597 mostly macerated
bone specimens of all major pathological categories. Figures 3 gives an overview of the demography
of the Galler collection. The oldest part of the Galler Collection dated back to the
time of the foundation of the University of Zurich (1833). An important part of the Galler
collection comprises patients from the area of Zurich, and was assembled in the first half of
the 20th century following autopsies at the Department of Pathology, University Hospital
Zurich. This institution served for a rural and urban population of approximately one million
persons. 216 of the specimens are male, 177 female and the rest of unknown sex (specimen
mostly dating back to the beginning of the collection). Most individuals died aged 50-79; females
show a maximum in the age class 60 to 69 years, whereas the males show a maximum
in the age group 50 to 59 years. The two oldest individuals, both females, were aged 92 and
99 years. Two males and two females of the Galler collection are of unknown age. Furthermore,
some children (eight males and three females) and young adults (eleven males and six
females) are represented.
The collection was known to specialists in Switzerland and abroad already while housed in
Zurich. Its international knowledge increased with the publication of the influential textbook
50
distribution of female and mal individuals per age class
40
females
males
30
20
10
0
0-9
10-19
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
age unknown
age class (year)
Fig. 3: Demography of the Galler Collection (216 males, 177 females; 204 individuals with unknown
age / sex).
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Bull. Soc. Suisse d’Anthrop. 8(1), 41-53.
by Ortner and Putschar, 1985, in which several photographs of Galler objects are reproduced
(numbers with the prefix IPAZ). It has attracted several visiting palaeopathologists from
Switzerland and the USA, to study various pathological conditions represented.
Fig. 4: Dysmelia of the extremities. Split of the right femur from the middle onwards. Congenital
absence of both tibiae with hypoplastic fibulae. Phocomelia of both foots, on both sides are only one
toe developed (male specimen, 49 years old; Galler-Nr. 222).
Objects from this collection are regularly used in workshops in this museum, twice yearly for
university students and professionals also from other Swiss cantons and from Germany, led
45

Wiedenmayer/Hotz, History of the Collection...
by the palaeopathologists Dr. Thomas Böni, Orthopädische Universitätsklinik Balgrist, Zurich
and Prof. Kurt W. Alt, Institut für Anthropologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz,
Germany. Damages done to various objects are in need of repair by a qualified preparator.
Efforts are under way to obtain financial support to this aim from a sponsor.
3. The anthropological material from the estate of Roland Bay. It comprises a collection of
various primate skulls; casts of important skulls and postcranial parts of extinct hominids
known in his lifetime; books, series of journals, and reprints; manuscript notes and slides for
lectures, notes for published and unpublished articles (including many standard sheets of
measurements and drawings of skulls); and copious professional correspondence.
Unfortunately, the continuity of curation and research at the former Department of Anthropology
of this museum has been disrupted by reorganisation and frequent changes in personnel.
The first curator of physical anthropology, from 1908 to 1942, was Fritz Sarasin, assisted
by Felix Speiser (both mentioned above). He was succeeded by Roland Bay (1909-1989, in
office from 1943 to 1980). Next came Bruno Kaufmann (mentioned above), a student of R.
Bay, who was active in running the IAG until recently. Both R. Bay and B. Kaufmann served
as volunteers (not as civil servants like the curators in other departments), R. Bay having been
professor of dentistry at the University of Basel, and B. Kaufmann supporting himself from
consulting, grants, and work with the IAG. Due to the savings program developed by the city
government at that time, the Department of Anthropology of this museum was closed on
31/12/1991, B. Kaufmann thus losing his position. He has since been working as the head of
the Anthropological Research Institute in Aesch (BL) near Basel.
According to Bay and Kaufmann (1980), remains of over 10’000 individuals were kept in the
museum’s collection. The card catalogue of accessions, complementing the accessions register
(book), kept until 1970 by R. Bay, lists only 2346 items. The first writer has added descriptions
of further 2292 individual skeletal remains to the accessions register between 1994
and 2001. In 1998, he began transferring the earlier entries in the manuscript register and card
file (beginning with No 1, entered in 1904) into a special computer file (ANTHROPO.DBF,
program dBASE 5.0 for windows). This now comprises data on 1856 individuals, covering
about 18% of our total of holdings. The structure of this computer file comprises 34 fields
(parameters), including localities, race, collectors/excavation data, literature and unpublished
notes, archaeology, biography, preservation, anatomy, size, anomalies, pathology (separately
for cranial, dentition, and postcranial), diagnosis, trauma, remarks, and location in storage.
Today, the registration of the skeletal materials is continued using structure from the Archäologische
Bodenforschung. Much of he historical material from Basel City grounds, still
stored here, awaits sorting and cataloguing, while other such skeletons are temporarily kept in
one of the facilities of the Archäologische Bodenforschung for eventual washing.
An agreement to employ an Assistant Curator on a 20%-40% basis, to maintain an emergency
level of curation, was made between this museum, the Archäologische Bodenforschung, and
the city government (Department of Education) at the time the Department of Anthropology
was closed. In 1992-3 this position was held by the anthropologist Andreas Cueni, who was
followed by the palaeontologist Felix Wiedenmayer, who was in office from 1/12/1993 to
30/11/2001. His successor is the anthropologist Gerhard Hotz.
From 1992 to 2000, the anthropologist Hansueli F. Etter was appointed as curator/adviser
(volunteer) of our Anthropological Collection, in conjunction with his appointment as Lec-
46

Bull. Soc. Suisse d’Anthrop. 8(1), 41-53.
turer in Anthropology at the University of Basel (Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte). His
assistant was Marianne Lörcher.
Our special library comprises over 500 catalogued books (by authors only), more than 500
catalogued reprints, and catalogued series of eight journals. Further components, yet uncatalogued,
are: A complete documentation of the excavation of the Hospital Cemetery St. Johann;
the library and collection of manuscripts and slides from the estate of Roland Bay, already
mentioned; and a series of books, journals and reprints left on loan by Hansueli F. Etter.
Research
According to Bay and Kaufmann (1980), these activities then centred on four themes: Races,
palaeoanthropology, historical anthropology, and palaeopathology. The first of these stems
from Paul and Fritz Sarasin’s pioneering work. The research on pigmies was gradually expanded
to comprise other groups, notably the Bushmen of South Africa. Along the same lines,
work on material from the Indo-West-Pacific Region still seeks cooperation with the Völkerkundemuseum.
Palaeoanthropology, set off with the study of the Weddas, was revived after the Sarasins by
Bruno Kaufmann (1973). Since 1970, new lines of research in palaeoanthropology have ensued,
with field work in Morocco, South Africa, Portugal (mesolithic sites), and the surroundings
of Basel (in cooperation with the Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte).
Efforts in historical and prehistoric anthropology have centred on the local and regional history
of Basel, and so far yielded an accurate picture of the succession and distribution of types
from the late La Tène period (Celts) to the Galloromans, the Alamannic and Franconians of
the early medieval period, the populace of late medieval times to the present. The accent is on
medieval anthropology.
In palaeopathology, an area of research was the one of defects in jaws and teeth (R. Bay and
his students in cooperation with the Institute of Dentistry of the University; Kuhn 1973,
Thuerkauf 1973, Blum 1976, Büel 1976, Harsch 1976, Stern 1976, Crellmann 1977, Furtwängler
1978, Moor 1978, Gobalet, 1979, Raemy 1979). Such investigations comprised pathology
of the jaws, dental caries, paradentosis, anomalies in jaws and teeth, and injuries
found in various people having inhabited Switzerland during the past 2000 years. The research
by S. Scheidegger dealt with palaeopathological examinations of historical and prehistorical
skeletons of Switzerland, as well as with the palaeohistological study of naturally or
artificially preserved medieval corpses. He was particularly interested in the symptoms of
arthritis, syphilis and cancer (Scheidegger, 1980, 1982a, 1982b). Scheidegger and Kaufmann
were responsible for the successful exhibition Diagnose am Skelett, 1984, in our museum.
The guidebook prepared for this exhibition (Kaufmann, Scheidegger and Schoch, 1984), besides
palaeopathology, also displays other aspects of research based on our collection. Further
exhibitions were carried out by Bruno Kaufmann, for example: 1975 Kleinwüchsige Völker
(Kaufmann 1974), 1977 Buschmänner (in cooperation with the South African Museum Cap
Town; N.N. 1976), 1979 Freiburger Gräberfelder (in cooperation with the cantonal service
of Archaeology in Freiburg/Fribourg; Schwab et al. 1978), 1981 Leibersheim und Gumefens –
Leben und Sterben im Spätmittelalter (in cooperation with the Historical Museum Mülhausen
(F) and the cantonal service of Archaeology in Freiburg/Fribourg; Kaufmann et al. 1981),
47

Wiedenmayer/Hotz, History of the Collection...
1988/89 Wege zum Menschen – Trampelpfade der Evolution, 1992 Die Mesolithiker – Menschen
der Mittleren Steinzeit.
Another collaborator of B. Kaufmann, Gyula Skultéty, specialised in plastic reconstructions
of heads.
Since 1992, Hu. F. Etter and M. Lörcher have concentrated on cataloguing, indexing, and describing
the skeletons of the St. Johann cemetery (Lörcher, 2000). In the context of an exhibition
in this museum, in 1993, based on this material, they have prepared a guide-book (Etter
et al., 1993) showing the importance of this collection in respect to social, economical, industrial
and medical aspects of the local and regional history of Basel and its populace in the
mid-19 th Century (Krummenacher 1991, Minotti 1991). The collection is unique in being
complemented by an original register, initiated by Carl Gustav Jung, then chief physician of
the City of Basel and its hospital, of the patients deceased in the hospital between 1845 and
1868, with personal, biographical and medical data (see above). The guide-book also contains
notes on the significance of the Galler Collection (see above). The latter is particularly well
documented in two recent dissertations (Schmid, 1994; Amsler, 1994).
Currently two research topics are under way: The first deals mainly with palaeopathologies
(including palaeoepidemiology) and palaeodemography. The second projects seeks further
interdisciplinary cooperation with the Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte and the Archäologische
Bodenforschung.
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and drawings of 53 skulls from his own excavation in 1937, and of 11 skulls from
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Wiedenmayer/Hotz, History of the Collection...
Rütimeyer L., His W. 1864
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Versuch einer Anthropologie der Insel Celebes. Zweiter Teil: Die Varietäten des Menschen
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Thanks
The assistance of Liselotte Meyer in compiling the list of references is gratefully acknowledged.
Anschrift
Felix Wiedenmayer
Naturhistorisches Museum Basel
Augustinergasse 2
Postfach
CH-4001 Basel
Tel: +41-61-266 55 31, Fax: +41-61-266 55 46
Gerhard Hotz
Naturhistorisches Museum Basel
Anthropologische Sammlung
Augustinergasse 2
Postfach
CH-4001 Basel
E-mail: gerhard.hotz@bs.ch
Tel: +41-61-266 55 45, Fax: +41-61-266 55 46
53

Impressum
Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie
Bulletin de la Société Suisse d’Anthropologie
herausgegeben von der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie (SGA/SSA)
mit Unterstützung der Schweizerischen Akademie der Naturwissenschaften (SANW)
Redaktion ad interim:
Andreas Cueni, Gerhard Hotz
Korreferentin (textes français):
Isabelle Gemmerich, Brugg
Layout:
Andreas Cueni, Kriens
Bezugsort:
Gerhard Hotz, Naturhistorisches Museum, Augustinergasse 2, CH-4001 Basel
Tel. 061 266 55 45 / Fax 061 266 55 46
E-mail: gerhard.hotz@bs.ch
Herstellung: Atelier d’Impression de l’Université de Genève
Couverture: Montage Isabelle Gemmerich d’après un dessin original de Lucrezia Bieler-Beerli
(Zürich) pour l’exposition du Musée d’Anthropologie de l’Université de Zürich
Erscheinungsweise: Vom Bulletin der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Anthropologie erscheinen in
der Regel zwei Hefte pro Jahr (Frühjahr, Herbst), die zusammen einen Band bilden.
ISSN 1420 - 4835