Zemes un vides zinātnes Earth and Environment Sciences - Latvijas ...
Zemes un vides zinātnes Earth and Environment Sciences - Latvijas ... Zemes un vides zinātnes Earth and Environment Sciences - Latvijas ...
100 ADVANCES IN PALAEOICHTHYOLOGY from the Pavāri site were for the first time excavated by Lyubov Lyarskaya in 1970, and the geological setting of the Ketleri Formation was defined and stratigraphical conclusions were made together with Lyudmila Savvaitova (Lyarskaya and Savvaitova 1974). In subsequent years excavations were organised by L. Lyarskaya (in 1973), and by E. Lukševičs in cooperation with palaeontologists from the Natural History Museum of Latvia, Museum of Natural History (London), Palaeontological Institute (Moscow), Cambridge University, Institute of Petroleum Geology (Novosibirsk), in 1988, 1989, 1991, 1995, and finally in 2001, adding significantly to the vertebrate material. Some palaeoecological clues analysing the faunal composition and taphonomical features of the Ketleri and Pavāri localities have been made previously (Lukševičs 1992), and notes on the faunal composition were published together with the first description of Ventastega (Ahlberg, Lukševičs and Lebedev 1994). The fossil assemblage of the Pavāri site is important for the understanding of palaeoecology of the Late Devonian vertebrates in the Baltic palaeobasin. Now the Pavāri locality is a Nature Monument still under active study; some sedimentological and taphonomical studies were carried out there in 2001, 2002 and 2004 by the authors of this article. The present paper provides a more complete description of the geology, taphonomy and faunal composition of the Pavāri site. Material and methods The Ketleri Formation is distributed only in southwestern Latvia and northwestern Lithuania, cropping out only along the northern margin of its distribution in Latvia. Two localities of the Ketleri Formation are particularly rich in vertebrate fossils: the Ketleri site at the river Venta near the former Ketleri hamlet and the Pavāri site at the river Ciecere opposite the former Pavāri hamlet. The Pavāri site is located in the southern corner of the Kuldīga district, in western Latvia (Fig. 1). The best fossils come from the Pavāri site, where more than a thousand specimens of fossil vertebrates were excavated during several field seasons. Vertebrate fossils were collected mainly to examine the faunal composition of the assemblage and the morphology of the various taxa, but in 1988 and 2001, also to collect taphonomic and sedimentological information. More than 900 specimens have been determined to the generic/species level. The distribution, sorting, orientation, state of preservation, and wearing of vertebrate remains have also been studied. Data on spatial distribution, sorting and azimuthal orientation of fossil bones and skeletal fragments were collected in 1988 and 2001; totally 325 measurements of the orientation of fossil bones were taken. More than 800 specimens stored at the Natural History Museum of Latvia were examined to detect the state of preservation and wearing of bones. A complete grain size analysis of seven rock samples from the Ketleri Formation was carried out. The content of clay and silt was detected using the pipette method at the Laboratory of Quaternary Environment and Laboratory of Soil Research at the Faculty of Geographic and Earth Sciences of University of Latvia. Sand particles were sieved at the laboratory of the Institute of Silicate Technology at the Riga Technical University using a set of „Fritsch” sieves „Analysette 3PRO”. MS Excel was used to run the statistical analysis of the data. Variation and cumulative curves were drawn to illustrate the granulometric composition of the rocks, and the coefficient of sorting and
E. Lukševičs, I. Zupiņš. Sedimentology, fauna, and taphonomy of Pav āri 101 Fig. 1. Map of vicinities of Skrunda showing fossil sites (1, Pavari; 2, Ketleri) within the Ketleri Formation. Abbreviations for stratigraphic units: ktl ng, Nigrande Member; ktl pv, Pavari Member; ktl vr, Varkali Member; sn, Snikere Fm; tr, Tervete Fm; D 3 šk, Škervelis Fm; žg, Žagare Fm, all Upper Devonian, Famennian; C lt, Letiža Fm, Carboniferous; P – Naujoji Akmene Fm, Permian; J kl 2+3 , Middle and Upper Callovian; J pp, Papile Fm, Lower Callovian?, Jurassic. asymmetry and excess of the curves were calculated. These data were compared to Buller’s-McManus’s plot (Tucker 1988) of genesis of sandy rocks. Much attention was paid to the sedimentological structures of the rocks. The main portion of the fossil material from both Ketleri and Pavāri is kept at the Natural History Museum of Latvia, Riga, collection No. 57 (Ketleri) and No. 81 (Pavāri), and some specimens were deposited at the Museum of Natural History (London). The abbreviation LDM is used in the text designating the collection of the Natural History Museum of Latvia. Geological setting and lithology Devonian deposits are widespread in the territory of the Baltics cropping out in a sub- Quaternary surface in southern and eastern Estonia, most of the territory of Latvia and northern Lithuania. They also lie below younger rocks in south-west Latvia and are exposed in most of Lithuania, apart from its very southern margin where the deposits
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E. Lukševičs, I. Zupiņš. Sedimentology, fa<strong>un</strong>a, <strong>and</strong> taphonomy of Pav āri<br />
101<br />
Fig. 1. Map of vicinities of Skr<strong>un</strong>da showing fossil sites (1, Pavari; 2, Ketleri) within the Ketleri<br />
Formation. Abbreviations for stratigraphic <strong>un</strong>its: ktl ng, Nigr<strong>and</strong>e Member; ktl pv, Pavari Member;<br />
ktl vr, Varkali Member; sn, Snikere Fm; tr, Tervete Fm; D 3<br />
šk, Škervelis Fm; žg, Žagare Fm, all<br />
Upper Devonian, Famennian; C lt, Letiža Fm, Carboniferous; P – Naujoji Akmene Fm, Permian;<br />
J kl 2+3<br />
, Middle <strong>and</strong> Upper Callovian; J pp, Papile Fm, Lower Callovian?, Jurassic.<br />
asymmetry <strong>and</strong> excess of the curves were calculated. These data were compared to<br />
Buller’s-McManus’s plot (Tucker 1988) of genesis of s<strong>and</strong>y rocks. Much attention was<br />
paid to the sedimentological structures of the rocks.<br />
The main portion of the fossil material from both Ketleri <strong>and</strong> Pavāri is kept at the<br />
Natural History Museum of Latvia, Riga, collection No. 57 (Ketleri) <strong>and</strong> No. 81 (Pavāri),<br />
<strong>and</strong> some specimens were deposited at the Museum of Natural History (London). The<br />
abbreviation LDM is used in the text designating the collection of the Natural History<br />
Museum of Latvia.<br />
Geological setting <strong>and</strong> lithology<br />
Devonian deposits are widespread in the territory of the Baltics cropping out in a sub-<br />
Quaternary surface in southern <strong>and</strong> eastern Estonia, most of the territory of Latvia <strong>and</strong><br />
northern Lithuania. They also lie below yo<strong>un</strong>ger rocks in south-west Latvia <strong>and</strong> are<br />
exposed in most of Lithuania, apart from its very southern margin where the deposits
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