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Cave were used to generate the conversion factor by regressing OCL against TCL (n = 925, r 2 = 0.98; OCL = 0.79(TCL) – 0.40). Results Hering, Limrock and Tony Sinks caves A total of 3812 crayfish were marked in Hering (919 individuals), Limrock (943) and Tony Sinks (1950) caves. The longest period between a mark and recapture date for a single crayfish was more than 5 years (1920 days). Growth models were constructed using 78 (37 males and 41 females) crayfish in Hering Cave, 112 (47 males and 65 females) in Limrock Cave and 97 (46 males and 51 females) in Tony Sinks Cave (Fig. 1). The 95% confidence intervals for male and female growth models overlapped within each cave, indicating sex-specific growth rates were similar (data not shown). Growth trajectories were generally similar among caves, with the 95% confidence intervals estimated for the Tony Sinks Cave overlapping those estimated for Hering and Limrock caves (Fig. 2). The models for Hering and Limrock caves overlapped little during model years 1 to 4, suggesting growth rates were only marginally similar during this peak growth period. Average daily water temperature in all caves was approximately 13.0˚C and showed little annual variation (standard deviation of average daily water temperature: ±1˚C). The smallest mature male (Form I; 12-13 mm OCL), female (obvious cement glands; ~16 mm OCL), and ovigerous female (ova or young present; 19-21 mm OCL) were similar in size among caves (Fig. 3). Males in Tony Sinks Cave reached maturity earlier (~2.5 years) than those of Hering and Limrock caves (~3.5 years; Fig. 3, Table 1). Females matured earliest in Hering Cave (3.5 years) and latest in Limrock Cave (5.1 years). Age-at-first-reproduction was also earliest in Hering (4.6 years) and latest in Limrock (6.4 years). The largest male (35.7 mm OCL) and female (33.3 mm OCL) crayfish were collected from Hering Cave, while the largest males 81
and females in Tony Sinks Cave were 25 and 29 mm OCL, respectively, and were 33 and 29 mm OCL in Limrock Cave. Due to the asymptote produced by the growth models, only minimum life span could be estimated (Fig. 3, Table 1). Minimum male life span was shortest in Tony Sinks Cave (11+ years) and longest in Hering Cave (22+ years). Minimum female life span was shortest in Limrock Cave (15.5 years) and longest in Hering and Tony Sinks caves (22+ years). Minimum life span could not be confidently estimated in all caves because the growth models reached an asymptote before they intersected with the size of the largest male and female. Size-frequency distributions were constructed for crayfish populations in each cave using data pooled from 2005-2011. Pairwise comparisons revealed no significant differences in sizestructure among Hering, Limrock and Tony Sinks caves (K-S test, P > 0.05; differences between Hering and Tony Sinks caves were marginally significant, P = 0.05, Fig. 3). More than 70% of males and 50% of females from all caves were mature (Fig. 3, Table 1). The male:female ratio indicated a positive bias toward females in all caves (Table 1; male:female = 0.76 to 0.89). Ninety-five percent of the individuals comprising populations in Hering and Limrock caves were estimated to be ≤13 years old. In Tony Sinks Cave, 95% of the population was ≤8 years old (Fig. 3). Twenty-five percent of the population was ≤4 years old in Tony Sinks Cave, ≤6 years old in Limrock Cave, and ≤4 years old in Hering Cave. Analysis of Cooper’s (1975) data from Shelta Cave When the modeling technique used in this study was applied to Cooper’s (1975) data, it produced similar results to those of his original mean and maximum growth models (Fig. 4). The smallest mature male (Form I) reported by Cooper (1975) in Shelta Cave had a TCL of 21 mm (Cooper, 1975, pp. 157 and 205). Time-to-maturity for this individual was estimated at 4 to 8 years using Cooper’s models and 6 to 21 years using this study’s models (Fig. 4). The smallest 82
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97: differences in size structure among
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126: 100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
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CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
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characteristics (e.g., higher growt
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characteristics, highly efficient p
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