TITLE PAGE - acumen - The University of Alabama

More documents

Recommendations

Info

(±1 mm; snout-vent length for salamanders and ocular carapace length for crayfish) and released after sampling was completed. In the laboratory, invertebrates were removed from the core-samples, identified to the lowest practical taxonomic level and measured to the nearest 1-mm. Biomass was estimated using length-mass relationships (Calow, 1975; Culver et al., 1985; Leeper & Taylor, 1998; Benke et al., 1999; Doroszuk et al., 2007; Lemke & Benke, 2009; Huntsman et al. 2011a and b). Taxa were categorized into functional feeding groups after Merritt et al. (2008). Taxa were also assigned to either an obligate-cave or facultative-cave life history categories. Obligate cave species were identified by their lack of eyes and pigment. Some taxa could not be placed into either category (e.g. oligochaetes, cyclopoids, harpacticoids, ostracods, nematodes, and cladocerans), however. Organic matter from each sample was dried at 60˚C to constant mass, weighed and combusted at 500˚C for 6 h. Combusted material was wetted, re-dried and weighed. The difference between oven-dried mass and ash mass was used to estimate the ash-free dry mass (AFDM) of organic matter. Food web analysis For stable isotope analyses, samples of particulate detritus and consumer tissues were collected from both study reaches every 1-2 months following the litter amendment. Samples were transported to the laboratory on ice. Invertebrates were sorted the following day, lyophilized, and stored at -20˚C until analysis for stable isotope composition (Marine Biological Laboratory, Stable Isotope Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA and Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, U.S.A.). Data for each consumer group from the manipulated reach was analyzed using a standard linear mixing model (two-source, singleisotope) with the δ 13 C of corn litter and the δ 13 C of the same consumer in the reference reach as 45
the two end-members. This conservative approach to calculating contribution of novel carbon to consumer biomass has been used successfully in similar additions of C4-plant carbon (e.g., Wilcox et al. 2005). Data analyses Changes in both standing crop organic matter and organismal biomass before and after the litter amendment were assessed using an unreplicated BACI analysis (Stewart-Oaten et al. 1986; Schroeter et al. 1993). For each parameter of interest, the mean monthly value from the control reach was subtracted from the corresponding monthly manipulation reach value (e.g. monthly effect size). Then, either a Student’s paired t-test or a Wilcoxon signed-rank test (for non-normally distributed data) was used to compare the mean monthly effect sizes before and after the litter amendment. Three multivariate techniques were used to compare macroinvertebrate community structure from the core samples among study reaches before and after the litter addition: analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) ordination and similarity percentages (SIMPER). Similarity matrices were first computed using the Bray-Curtis coefficient on untransformed biomass data. The original data set (n = 400) was reduced by averaging samples within each month and study reach (n = 40). First, we used nMDS to generate graphical summaries of the relationships in community structure between reaches. Bubble plots were incorporated into the nMDS ordinations to illustrate trends in community composition and taxon biomass between reaches. Second, we performed one-way ANOSIMs to test for an effect of reach identity on community structure. Finally, we used the SIMPER routine to identify those taxa that contributed disproportionately to the overall dissimilarity in community structure 46
Page 1 and 2:
THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4:
ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6:
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8:
NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10:
AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21 and 22: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43 and 44: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 45 and 46: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98: differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120:
following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122:
Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124:
minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126:
100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128:
Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130:
Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132:
crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134:
systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136:
function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138:
Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142:
Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146:
Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152:
characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154:
characteristics, highly efficient p
show all

TITLE PAGE - acumen - The University of Alabama

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?