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Simon, K. & Benfield, E. (2002) Ammonium retention and whole-stream metabolism in cave streams. Hydrobiologia, 482, 31-39. Simon, K., Benfield, E. & Macko, S. (2003) Food web structure and the role of epilithic biofilms in cave streams. Ecology, 84, 2395-2406. Simon, K.S. & Buikema, A.L. (1997) Effects of organic pollution on an Appalachian cave: changes in macroinvertebrate populations and food supplies. American Midland Naturalist, 138, 387-401. Simon, K.S., Pipan, T. & Culver, D.C. (2007) A conceptual model of the flow and distribution of organic carbon in caves. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 69, 279-284. Sinton, L.W. (1984) The macroinvertebrates in a sewage-polluted aquifer. Hydrobiologia, 119, 161-169. Sket, B. (1999) The nature of biodiversity in hypogean waters and how it is endangered. Biodiversity and Conservation, 8, 1319-1338. Smith, G.A., Nickels, J.S., Kerger, B.D., Davis, J.D., Collins, S.P., Wilson, J.T., McNabb, J.F. & White, D.C. (1986) Quantitative characterization of microbial biomass and community structure in subsurface material: a prokaryotic consortium responsive to organic contamination. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 32, 104-111. Swan, C.M., Jensen, P.D., Dively, G.P. & Lamp, W.O. (2009) Processing of transgenic crop residues in stream ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 1304-1313. Taylor, B.W., Keep, C.F., Hall Jr, R.O., Koch, B.J., Tronstad, L.M., Flecker, A.S. & Ulseth, A.J. (2007) Improving the fluorometric ammonium method: matrix effects, background fluorescence, and standard additions. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 26, 167-177. Wallace, J.B., Vogel, D.S., Cuffney, T.F. (1986) Recovery of headwater stream from an insecticide-induced community disturbance. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 5, 115-126. Wallace, J.B., Eggert, S., Meyer, J.L. & Webster, J. (1999) Effects of resource limitation on a detrital-based ecosystem. Ecological Monographs, 69, 409-442. Webster, J.R. & Benfield, E.F. (1986) Vascular plant breakdown in freshwater ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17, 567-594. Webster, J.R., Benfield, E.F., Hutchens, J.J., Tank, J.L., Golladay, S.W. & Adams, J.C. (2001) Do leaf breakdown rates actually measure leaf disappearance from streams? International Review of Hydrobiology, 86, 417-427. 29
Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinvertebrate biomass (mg dry mass) in leaf packs incubated in four cave streams in northeastern Alabama and southeastern Tennessee, U.S.A. Note: *** indicates hypogean (i.e. cave-adapted) taxa and ^^^ indicates potential shredder taxa. Big Mouth Jess Elliot Salt River Tony Sinks Nematoda < 0.001 (
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21 and 22: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43 and 44: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 45: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98:
differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100:
and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102:
Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104:
available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106:
References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108:
Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112:
Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120:
following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122:
Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124:
minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126:
100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128:
Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130:
Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132:
crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134:
systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136:
function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138:
Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142:
Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146:
Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152:
characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154:
characteristics, highly efficient p
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