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Griffiths, N.A., Tank, J.L., Royer, T.V., Rosi-Marshall, E.J., Whiles, M.R., Chambers, C.P., Frauendorf, T.C. & Evans-White, M.A. (2009) Rapid decomposition of maize detritus in agricultural headwater streams. Ecological Applications, 19, 133-142. Gulis, V. & Suberkropp, K. (2003) Leaf litter decomposition and microbial activity in nutrientenriched and unaltered reaches of a headwater stream. Freshwater Biology, 48, 123-134. Hieber, M. & Gessner, M.O. (2002) Contribution of stream detrivores, fungi, and bacteria to leaf breakdown based on biomass estimates. Ecology, 83, 1026-1038. Holmes, R.M., Aminot, A., Kérouel, R., Hooker, B.A. & Peterson, B.J. (1999) A simple and precise method for measuring ammonium in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 56, 1801-1808. Huntsman, B.M., Venarsky, M.P. & Benstead, J.P. (2011a) Relating carrion breakdown rates to ambient resource level and community structure in four cave stream ecosystems. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 30, 882-892. Huntsman, B.M., Venarsky, M.P., Benstead, J.P. & Huryn, A.D. (2011b) Effects of organic matter availability on the life history and production of a top vertebrate predator (Plethodontidae: Gyrinophilus palleucus) in two cave streams. Freshwater Biology, 56, 1746-1760. Jones, J.B. (1997) Benthic organic matter storage in streams: influence of detrital import and export, retention mechanisms, and climate. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 16, 109-119. Juberthie, C. (2001) The diversity of the karstic and pseudokarstic hypogean habitats in the world. In: Ecosystems of the World: Subterranean Ecosystems. (Eds H. Wilkens, D.C. Culver & W.F. Humphreys), pp. 17-39. Elsevier, New York. Krauss, G., Sridhar, K., Jung, K., Wennrich, R., Ehrman, J. & Bärlocher, F. (2003) Aquatic hyphomycetes in polluted groundwater habitats of Central Germany. Microbial Ecology, 45, 329-339. Leeper, D. & Taylor, B. (1998) Abundance, biomass and production of aquatic invertebrates in Rainbow Bay, a temporary wetland in South Carolina, USA. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 143, 335-362. Lemke, A. & Benke, A.C. (2009) Spatial and temporal patterns of microcrustacean assemblage structure and secondary production in a wetland ecosystem. Freshwater Biology, 54, 1406- 1426. Madsen, E.L., Sinclair, J.L. & Ghiorse, W.C. (1991) In situ biodegradation: microbiological patterns in a contaminated aquifer. Science, 252, 830-833. 27
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Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21 and 22: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96:
A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98:
differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100:
and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102:
Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104:
available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106:
References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108:
Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112:
Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120:
following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122:
Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124:
minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126:
100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128:
Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130:
Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132:
crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134:
systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136:
function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138:
Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142:
Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146:
Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152:
characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154:
characteristics, highly efficient p
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