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References American Public Health Association (APHA) (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American Public Health Association Washington, DC. Benfield, E., Webster, J., Tank, J. & Hutchens, J. (2001) Long-term patterns in leaf breakdown in streams in response to watershed logging. International Review of Hydrobiology, 86, 467- 474. Benke, A.C., Huryn, A.D., Smock, L.A. & Wallace, J.B. (1999) Length-mass relationships for freshwater macroinvertebrates in North America with particular reference to the southeastern United States. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 18, 308-343. Benstead, J.P. & Huryn A.D. (2011) Extreme seasonality of litter breakdown in an arctic springstream is driven by shredder phenology, not temperature. Freshwater Biology, 56, 2034- 2044. Brussock, P., Willis, L. & Brown, A. (1988) Leaf decomposition in an Ozark cave and spring. Journal of Freshwater Ecology, 4, 263-269. Calow, P. (1975) Length-dry weight relationships in snails: some explanatory models. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 41, 357-375. Canton, S.P. & Martinson, R.J. (1990) The effects of varying current on weight loss from willow leaf packs. Freshwater Biology, 5, 413-415. Clarke, K.R. & Warwick, R.M. (2001) Changes in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation (PRIMER-E), 2nd edn. Plymouth, United Kingdom. Cooney, T.J. & Simon, K.S. (2009) Influence of dissolved organic matter and invertebrates on the function of microbial films in groundwater. Microbial Ecology, 58, 599-610. Crenshaw, C.L., Valett, H.M. & Tank, J.L. (2002) Effects of coarse particulate organic matter on fungal biomass and invertebrate density in the subsurface of a headwater stream. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 21, 28-42. Culver, D.A., Boucherle, M.M., Bean, D.J. & Fletcher, J.W. (1985) Biomass of freshwater crustacean zooplankton from length-weight regressions. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42, 1380-1390. Culver, D.C. (1982) Cave life: evolution and ecology. Harvard University Press, Massachusetts. Culver, D.C., Kane, T.C. & Fong, D.W. (1995) Adaptation and natural selection in caves: the evolution of Gammarus minus. Harvard University Press, Massachusetts. 25
Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The biology of caves and other subterranean habitats. Oxford University Press, New York. Cummins, K., Spengler, G., Ward, G., Speaker, R., Ovink, R., Mahan, D. & Mattingly, R. (1980) Processing of confined and naturally entrained leaf litter in a woodland stream ecosystem. Limnology and Oceanography, 25, 952-957. Data Description, Inc. (1996) Data Desk ver. 6.1. Ithaca, NY, USA. Datry, T., Malard, F. & Gibert, J. (2005) Response of invertebrate assemblages to increased groundwater recharge rates in a phreatic aquifer. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24, 461-477. Dobson, M. & Hildrew, A.G. (1992) A test of resource limitation among shredding detritivores in low order streams in southern England. Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 69-77. Doroszuk, A., Te Brake, E., Crespo-Gonzalez, D. & Kammenga, J.E. (2007) Response of secondary production and its components to multiple stressors in nematode field populations. Journal of Applied Ecology, 44, 446-455. Eggert, S.L. & Wallace, J.B. (2003) Litter breakdown and invertebrate detritivores in a resourcedepleted Appalachian stream. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 156, 315-338. Ellis, B.K., Stanford, J.A. & Ward, J.V. (1998) Microbial assemblages and production in alluvial aquifers of the Flathead River, Montana, USA. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 17, 382-402. Engel, A.S., Porter, M.L., Stern, L.A., Quinlan, S. & Bennett, P.C. (2004) Bacterial diversity and ecosystem function of filamentous microbial mats from aphotic (cave) sulfidic springs dominated by chemolithoautotrophic “Epsilonproteobacteria”. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 51, 31-53. Farnleitner, A.H., Wilhartitz, I., Ryzinska, G., Kirschner, A.K.T., Stadler, H., Burtscher, M.M., Hornek, R., Szewzyk, U., Herndl, G. & Mach, R.L. (2005) Bacterial dynamics in spring water of alpine karst aquifers indicates the presence of stable autochthonous microbial endokarst communities. Environmental Microbiology, 7, 1248-1259. Galas, J., Bednarz, T., Dumnicka, E., Starzecka, A. & Wojtan, K. (1996) Litter decomposition in a mountain cave water. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 138, 199-211. Graening, G.O. & Brown, A.V. (2003) Ecosystem dynamics and pollution effects in an Ozark cave stream. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39, 1497-1505. Greenwood, J.L., Rosemond, A.D., Wallace, J.B., Cross, W.F. & Weyers, H.S. (2007) Nutrients stimulate leaf breakdown rates and detritivore biomass: bottom-up effects via heterotrophic pathways. Oecologia, 151, 637-649. 26
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21 and 22: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 45 and 46: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94:
individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96:
A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98:
differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100:
and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102:
Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104:
available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106:
References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108:
Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112:
Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120:
following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122:
Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124:
minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126:
100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128:
Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130:
Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132:
crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134:
systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136:
function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138:
Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142:
Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146:
Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152:
characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154:
characteristics, highly efficient p
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