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Chapters Four and Five utilized a 5+-year mark-recapture data set on the cave-adapted crayfish Orconectes australis to explore how energy availability has shaped its evolutionary history and population dynamics. Time-to-maturity, age-at-first-reproduction, and longevity of O. australis were substantially longer than those estimated for most crayfish species, indicating evolution of a K-selected life history. Chapter Five found that biomass and secondary production of O. australis were positively related to resource availability. Energetic models indicated resource deficits were not present, but that nearly all prey production is necessary to support each O. australis population. Thus, inter- and intra-specific competition for resources within caves is likely high. Collectively, Chapters Four and Five provide the first quantitative explanation of why K-selected life histories are an evolutionary advantage to obligate cave taxa like O. australis. iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS mg g Milligrams Grams µg Microgram g -1 km m m -2 cm cm -2 L L -1 mm Per gram Kilometer Meter Per square meter Centimeter Per square centimeter Liter Per liter Millimeter µm Micrometer yr(s) yr -1 month -1 d d -1 h o C Years(s) Per year Per month Day Per day Hour Degrees Celsius iv
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21 and 22: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43 and 44: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 45 and 46: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56:
Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58:
streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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More recent observational and exper
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of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
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the two end-members. This conservat
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crop organic matter significantly i
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macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
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and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
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these factors, the stable isotope a
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surface streams. Thus, it is likely
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subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
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populations. Journal of Applied Eco
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Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
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Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
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Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
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Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
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Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
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individuals, he predicted that it w
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A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
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differences in size structure among
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and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
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Estimates of life span for O. austr
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available size-classes were well re
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References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
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Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
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Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
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Table 2. Estimated life span (years
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Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
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Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
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CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
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following incidental inputs of orga
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Temperature data were not available
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minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
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100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
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Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
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Discussion The energy-limitation hy
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crayfish captured in most months we
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systems is likely high, especially
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function of microbial films in grou
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Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
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Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
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Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
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Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
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Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
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Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
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CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
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characteristics (e.g., higher growt
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characteristics, highly efficient p
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