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Big Mouth Cave, 2% in Jess Elliot Cave, 9% in Salt River Cave and 17% in Tony Sinks Cave (Table 1). The nested two-way ANOSIMs (factors nested within each cave) of the entire biomass data set (n = 800) showed that the following five variables did not significantly affect community structure within each cave (P > 0.05): incubation period (R-statistic = 0.02), mesh size (Rstatistic = 0.04), station identity (five per cave, R-statistic = 0.01), litter species (R-statistic = 0.01) and date within incubation period (R-statistic = 0.11). The reduced data set for each cave obtained by averaging the biomass of each taxon from both litter species, mesh sizes and incubation periods across each station was very similar to the original data set (RELATE, Spearman’s rho = 0.70, P < 0.05). Animal community structure differed significantly among caves (R-statistic = 0.65, P = 0.001), with pair-wise ANOSIM (R-statistics = 0.53 to 0.90, P = 0.008 to 0.016) and nMDS both indicating significant differences in community structure (Fig. 3). Six taxa accounted for 79 to 87% of the overall dissimilarity among all pair-wise cave comparisons (Fig. 4). Lirceus (Isopoda) occurred only in Tony Sinks Cave, which also contained an unusually high biomass of macroinvertebrates, particularly Oligochaeta and Polypedilum (Fig. 4). Among the remaining caves, Salt River Cave had a high biomass of Tanypodinae genus A and Polypedilum, while Tanypodinae genus B was the dominant taxon in Jess Elliot Cave. Macroinvertebrate biomass in Big Mouth Cave was dominated by Caecidotea (Fig. 4). The biomass of Caecidotea (Isopoda), the only member of this group of taxa classified as hypogean, was similar among caves (Fig. 4). Litter breakdown rates The breakdown rate of corn litter in coarse mesh bags (mean 0.007 d -1 , range 0.004 to 0.012) was, on average, double that in fine mesh bags (mean 0.003 d -1 , range 0.002 to 0.004; 17
Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of red maple litter in coarse mesh bags (mean 0.004 d -1 , range 0.001 to 0.012) was, on average, four times faster than that in fine mesh bags (mean 0.001 d -1 , range 0.001 to 0.003; Figs. 5a, b). Breakdown rates within each mesh size were similar between incubation periods in each cave (three-way ANOVA post-hoc pair-wise comparisons, P > 0.05), allowing incubation periods within each mesh size and cave to be pooled. Two-way ANOVAs conducted on cave and mesh size gave similar results for both corn and red maple litter: cave (F 3,72 = 13.7, P < 0.001 for both litter types), mesh size (F 1,72 = 349 and 100, corn and maple, respectively, P < 0.001), and cave × mesh-size interaction (F 3, 72 = 4, P < 0.02 for both litter types). Breakdown rates of leaf litter in fine-mesh bags were slower than those in coarse-mesh bags (Fig. 5). The average corn litter breakdown rate (k = 0.005 d -1 ) was faster than that of red maple (k = 0.003 d -1 ; Fig. 5 [paired t-test (79) = 14.1, P < 0.001]). Corn litter breakdown rate was similar among caves for each mesh size (P > 0.05, Fig. 5a), except for fine-mesh bags in Big Mouth Cave (P = 0.03). While the fine-mesh bags containing corn litter in Big Mouth Cave had a statistically slower breakdown rate, the size of the difference (~0.001 day -1 ) was small (Fig. 5a). Maple litter breakdown rate was less consistent than that of corn litter (Fig. 5b). Maple in fine-mesh bags had a similar rate among caves (P > 0.05), and the rate was also similar to that in coarse-mesh bags in Big Mouth and Jess Elliot caves (P > 0.05). Breakdown of maple litter in coarse-mesh bags was fastest in Salt River and Tony Sinks caves and slowest in Big Mouth and Jess Elliot caves (P > 0.05). Mean organic matter abundance per cave was not a significant predictor of breakdown rates of either litter type or mesh size (F 1,2 = 0.05 to 4.93, r 2 = 2 to 71%, P = 0.2 to 0.9). Furthermore, mean 18
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21 and 22: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43 and 44: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 45 and 46: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92:
CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
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individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96:
A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98:
differences in size structure among
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and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102:
Estimates of life span for O. austr
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available size-classes were well re
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References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
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Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
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Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
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Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
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following incidental inputs of orga
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Temperature data were not available
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minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
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100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
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Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
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Discussion The energy-limitation hy
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crayfish captured in most months we
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systems is likely high, especially
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function of microbial films in grou
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Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
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Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
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Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
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characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154:
characteristics, highly efficient p
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