TITLE PAGE - acumen - The University of Alabama

More documents

Recommendations

Info

cores was processed identically. Organic matter was dried at 60˚C to constant mass and combusted at 500˚C for 6 h. Combusted material was wetted, re-dried and weighed. The difference between oven-dried mass and ash mass was used to estimate the ash-free dry mass (AFDM) of organic matter. For water samples, concentrations of NH + 4 -N were measured using the orthophthaldialdehyde fluorometric method (Holmes et al., 1999 as modified by Taylor et al., 2007). Concentrations of NO 3¯-N were measured using ion chromatography (Dionex ICS 2000 Ion Chromatograph; APHA, 1998). Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations were quantified using the ascorbic acid method (Murphy & Riley, 1962). Macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level (usually genus for insects and molluscs, class or order for microcrustaceans). Because species-level identifications were not made, no all specimens were classified definitively into hypogean (caveadapted species) or epigean (surface species) groups. Specimens were identified as hypogean when: i) they could be identified to genus, ii) they lacked eye structures, and iii) the genus was known to contain hypogean species. The insect taxa (Table 1) identified in this study have previously been reported from caves (e.g. Brussock, Willis & Brown, 1988; Simon & Benfield, 2001), but are probably epigean species able to survive in cave streams (Romero, 2009). Body lengths of macroinvertebrates were measured to the nearest mm. Biomass was estimated using published length-mass relationships (Calow, 1975; Culver et al., 1985; Leeper & Taylor, 1998; Benke et al., 1999; Doroszuk et al., 2007; Lemke & Benke, 2009; Huntsman et al. 2011a). Taxa were categorized into functional feeding groups after Merritt, Cummins & Berg (2008). Data analysis Differences in benthic organic matter abundance among caves and sampling dates were assessed using two-way ANOVA. Litter breakdown rate (-k) was calculated by linear regression 13
of natural-log transformed data (% AFDM remaining) against elapsed days. A k-coefficient was estimated for each litter species and mesh type at each station. A paired t-test was used to compare breakdown rates (k-coefficients) of corn and maple litter. Differences in breakdown rates among mesh sizes, incubation periods and caves within each litter type were assessed using three-way ANOVA. Three-way ANOVAs were run separately for the two litter species. Following all ANOVAs, a Bonferroni pair-wise post hoc comparison was conducted. Within each litter species, mesh size and incubation period, simple linear regression was used to assess the effect of i) organic matter abundance on macroinvertebrate biomass and breakdown rate, and ii) macroinvertebrate biomass on breakdown rate. Data were transformed (log 10 +1) as needed to meet the assumptions of statistical analyses. All parametric analyses were conducted using Data Desk version 6.1 (Data Description Inc., 1996). Three multivariate techniques in PRIMER (Version 6, Plymouth Marine Labs, Plymouth UK; Clarke & Warwick, 2001) were used to compare macroinvertebrate community structure within and among caves: analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) ordinations and similarity percentages (SIMPER). Similarity matrices were first computed using the Bray-Curtis coefficient on log 10 -transformed biomass data. A series of twoway nested ANOSIMs was then conducted in order to reduce the number of factors in the original data set, with each single factor (litter type, mesh size, incubation period, sampling date and station identity) nested within the cave factor. Ultimately, none of these five factors significantly affected community structure within each cave (see Results). Consequently, for each cave the biomass of each taxon was averaged from each station (i.e. across litter types, mesh sizes and incubation periods) and compared this reduced data set to the original using the RELATE routine in PRIMER. The station-level mean taxon biomass data was used in all 14
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21 and 22: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29: the different source locations was
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43 and 44: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 45 and 46: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82:
Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84:
Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92:
CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94:
individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96:
A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98:
differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100:
and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102:
Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104:
available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106:
References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108:
Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112:
Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120:
following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122:
Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124:
minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126:
100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128:
Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130:
Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132:
crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134:
systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136:
function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138:
Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142:
Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146:
Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152:
characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154:
characteristics, highly efficient p
show all

TITLE PAGE - acumen - The University of Alabama

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?