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Simon K.S., Pipan T. & Culver D.C. (2007) A conceptual model of the flow and distribution of organic carbon in caves. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 69, 279-284. Sinton L.W. (1984) The macroinvertebrates in a sewage-polluted aquifer. Hydrobiologia, 119, 161-169. Sket B. (1999) The nature of biodiversity in hypogean waters and how it is endangered. Biodiversity and Conservation, 8, 1319-1338. Smith G.A., Nickels J.S., Kerger B.D., Davis J.D., Collins S.P., Wilson J.T., Mcnabb J.F. & White D.C. (1986) Quantitative characterization of microbial biomass and community structure in subsurface material: a prokaryotic consortium responsive to organic contamination. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 32, 104-111. Van Brahana J. (2003) Aquifers, Karst. In: Encyclopedia of Water Science. (Eds B.A. Stewart & T.A. Howell), pp. 37-40. Marcel Dekker, New York, New York, U.S.A. Wilkens H., Culver D.C. & Humphreys W.F. (2001) Ecosystems of the World; Subterranean Ecosystems, Elsevier, New York, New York, U.S.A. 5
CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER AND SEASON ON LEAF LITTER COLONIZATION AND BREAKDOWN IN CAVE STREAMS Abstract Low organic matter availability is thought to be a primary factor influencing evolutionary and ecological processes in cave ecosystems. Links among organic matter abundance, macroinvertebrate community structure and breakdown rates of red maple (Acer rubrum) and corn litter (Zea mays) in coarse- (10 × 8 mm) and fine-mesh (500-µm) litter bags over two seasonal periods were examined in four cave streams in the southeastern U.S.A. Organic matter abundance differed among cave streams, averaging from near zero to 850 g ash-free dry mass m - 2 . Each cave system harboured a different macroinvertebrate community. However, community structure was similar among caves, with low shredder biomass (2-17% of total biomass). Corn litter breakdown rates (mean k = 0.005 d -1 ) were faster than red maple (mean k = 0.003 d -1 ). Breakdown rates in coarse-mesh bags (k = 0.001-0.012 d -1 ) were up to three times faster than in fine-mesh bags (k = 0.001-0.004 d -1 ). Neither invertebrate biomass in litter bags nor breakdown rates were correlated with the ambient abundance of organic matter. Litter breakdown rates showed no significant temporal variation. Epigean (surface-adapted) invertebrates dominated biomass in litter bags, suggesting that their effects on cave ecosystem processes may be greater than hypogean (cave-adapted) taxa, the traditional focus of cave studies. The functional diversity of cave communities and litter breakdown rates are broadly similar to those found in previous litter breakdown studies in cave streams, suggesting that the factors that control organic 6
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43 and 44: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 45 and 46: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74:
surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76:
subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78:
populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80:
Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82:
Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84:
Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92:
CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
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individuals, he predicted that it w
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A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98:
differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100:
and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102:
Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104:
available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106:
References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108:
Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112:
Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118:
CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
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following incidental inputs of orga
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Temperature data were not available
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minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
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100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128:
Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130:
Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132:
crayfish captured in most months we
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systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136:
function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138:
Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142:
Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146:
Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152:
characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154:
characteristics, highly efficient p
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