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ecological- and evolutionary- time scales. In Chapter 2, the linkages among organic matter abundance (i.e. a surrogate for energy availability), the structure of litter macroinvertebrate communities, and litter breakdown rates are examined during two seasonal periods in four cave streams. The energy-limitation hypothesis is experimentally tested in Chapter 3 by tracking the changes in a single cave-stream community following a reach-scale detritus amendment. Finally, Chapters 4 and 5 utilize a 5+-year mark-recapture data set on the obligate cave crayfish Orconectes australis to first re-describe the species’s life history characteristics (e.g., life span and time-to-maturity) and examine whether limited energy-availability has influenced a K- selected life history, and to, second, use the trophic basis of production approach (sensu Benke & Wallace, 1980) to examine how the energetic demands of Orconectes australis (Rhoades) compare to resource availability and turnover rates. Collectively, these chapters represent the most robust test of the energy-limitation hypothesis in cave ecosystems to date. References Benke A.C. & Wallace J.B. (1980) Trophic basis of production among net-spinning caddisflies in a southern Appalachian stream. Ecology, 61, 108-118. Cooney T.J. & Simon K.S. (2009) Influence of dissolved organic matter and invertebrates on the function of microbial films in groundwater. Microbial ecology, 58, 599-610. Culver D.C., Kane T.C. & Fong D.W. (1995) Adaptation and natural selection in caves: the evolution of Gammarus minus, Harvard University Press Culver D.C. & White W.B. (2005) Encyclopedia of Caves, Elsevier Academic Press, New York, New York, U.S.A. Datry T., Malard F. & Gibert J. (2005) Response of invertebrate assemblages to increased groundwater recharge rates in a phreatic aquifer. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 24, 461-477. Engel A.S., Porter M.L., Stern L.A., Quinlan S. & Bennett P.C. (2004) Bacterial diversity and ecosystem function of filamentous microbial mats from aphotic (cave) sulfidic springs dominated by chemolithoautotrophic “Epsilonproteobacteria”. FEMS microbiology 3
ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Culver D.C. (2005) Diversity patterns in Europe. In: Encyclopedia of Caves. (Eds D.C. Culver & W.B. White), pp. 196-201. Elsevier Academic Press, New York. Graening G.O. & Brown A.V. (2003) Ecosystem dynamics and pollution effects in an Ozark cave stream. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 39, 1497-1507. Huntsman B.M., Venarsky M.P. & Benstead J.P. (2011a) Relating carrion breakdown rates to ambient resource level and community structure in four cave stream ecosystems. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 30, 882-892. Huntsman B.M., Venarsky M.P., Benstead J.P. & Huryn A.D. (2011b) Effects of organic matter availability on the life history and production of a top vertebrate predator (Plethodontidae: Gyrinophilus palleucus) in two cave streams. Freshwater Biology, 56, 1746-1760. Hüppop K. (2001) How do cave animals cope with the food scarcity in caves? In: Ecosystems of the World; Subterranean Ecosystems. (Eds H. Wilkens & D.C. Culver & W.F. Humphreys), pp. 159-188, Vol. 30. Elsevier, New York. Hüppop K. (2005) Adaptation to low food. In: Encyclopedia of Caves. (Eds D.C. Culver & W.B. White), pp. 4-10. Elsevier Academic Press, New York. Juberthie C. (2001) The diversity of the karstic and pseudokarstic hypogean habitats in the world. In: Ecosystems of the World; Subterranean Ecosystems. (Eds H. Wilkens & D.C. Culver & W.F. Humphreys), pp. 17-39, Vol. 30. Elsevier, New York. Madsen E.L., Sinclair J.L. & Ghiorse W.C. (1991) In situ biodegradation: microbiological patterns in a contaminated aquifer. Science, 252, 830-833. Notenboom J., Plénet S. & Turquin M. (1994) Groundwater contamination and its impact on groundwater animals and ecosystems. In: Groundwater ecology. (Eds J. Gibert & D.L. Danielopol), pp. 477-504. Academic Press, San Diego, USA. Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) The trophic basis of subsurface ecosystems. In: Ecosystems of the World; Subterranean Ecosystems. (Eds H. Wilkens & D.C. Culver & W.F. Humphreys), pp. 231-250, Vol. 30. Elsevier, New York. Racovitza E.G. (1907) Essai sur les problemes biospeologiques. Archive de zoologie experimentale et generale, 6, 371-488. Simon K.S. & Buikema A.L. (1997) Effects of organic pollution on an Appalachian cave: changes in macroinvertebrate populations and food supplies. American Midland Naturalist, 138, 387-401. 4
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43 and 44: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 45 and 46: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72:
these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74:
surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76:
subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
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populations. Journal of Applied Eco
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Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82:
Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84:
Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
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Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
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Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
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individuals, he predicted that it w
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A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
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differences in size structure among
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and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102:
Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104:
available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106:
References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
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Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110:
Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
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Table 2. Estimated life span (years
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Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
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Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
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CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
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following incidental inputs of orga
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Temperature data were not available
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minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
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100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
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Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
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Discussion The energy-limitation hy
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crayfish captured in most months we
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systems is likely high, especially
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function of microbial films in grou
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Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
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Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
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Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
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Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
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Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
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Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152:
characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154:
characteristics, highly efficient p
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