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approximation. SF = size-frequency, MR = mark-recapture, GM = growth model, VBGF = von Bertalanffy growth function ........................................................... 95 TABLE 5.1 TABLE 5.2 TABLE 5.3 TABLE 5.4 TABLE 5.5 TABLE 5.6 Leaf and wood breakdown rates (k, yr -1 ) utilized to estimate organic matter supply rates within Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves ........................................ 123 Assimilation efficiencies (AE) and net production efficiencies (NPE) used to estimate resource demand by Orconectes australis in Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves ......................................................................................................... 124 Mean (standard error) macroinvertebrate biomass (mg dry mass m -2 ) from core samples in Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves .......................................... 125 Mean capture rate (range), % crayfish recaptured (range), population size (error) from Program MARK, biomass (95% confidence interval), production (95% confidence interval), and production:biomass (95% confidence interval) of Orconectes australis within Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves. Significant differences among caves are indicated by different letters. AFDM = ash-free dry mass.................................................................................................................... 127 Estimates of mean wood and leaf supply rates, macroinvertebrate production, and crayfish demand in Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves. All values are g ash free dry mass m -2 yr -1 . Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence intervals . 128 Estimates of biomass (g ash -ree dry mass [AFDM] m -2 ), production (g AFDM m -2 yr -1 ) and production:biomass ratios (P:B) from surface and cave crayfish populations. Dry weight was assumed to be 30% of wet weight and AFDM as 64% of dry mass. The AFDM conversion factor was estimated using data from Orconectes australis .......................................................................................... 129 xiii
LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box and whisker plot of organic matter (OM) abundance in four cave streams in northeastern Alabama and southeastern Tennessee, U.S.A. Grey boxes are the 25 th and 75 th percentile and whiskers are 5 th and 95 th percentiles. The dashed and solid lines within each box are the mean and median, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) among caves are indicated by different letters. (b) Time series of OM abundance in each cave. Vertical dashed line separates incubation periods: left = incubation period 1 (Jan to Jul 2008), right = incubation period 2 (Jul to Dec 2008, or to Jan 2009 for Tony Sinks Cave ........................................ 34 FIGURE 2.2 Mean (±1 SE) macroinvertebrate biomass per g ash-free dry mass (AFDM) of leaf litter remaining in litter bags placed in four cave streams in northeastern Alabama and southeastern Tennessee, U.S.A. (a, b) Coarse-mesh litter bags containing maple and corn litter, respectively. (c, d) Fine-mesh litter bags containing maple and corn litter, respectively. Vertical dashed line separates incubation periods: left = incubation period 1 (Jan to Jul 2008), right = incubation period 2 (Jul to Dec 2008, or to Jan 2009 for Tony Sinks Cave) ......................................................... 35 FIGURE 2.3 Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination plot of macroinvertebrate litter bag communities from four cave streams in northeastern Alabama and southeastern Tennessee, U.S.A. Data points are based on log 10 -transformed macroinvertebrate biomass data that were averaged across stations within each cave (see text) ...................................................................................................... 36 FIGURE 2.4 Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination plots based on log 10 -transformed biomass of six taxa that contributed 79 to 87% to the overall dissimilarity among all pair-wise cave comparisons between cave sites. The diameter of each circle is proportional to the taxon’s biomass in each cave. (a) Oligochaeta, (b) Tanypod genus A, (c) Caecidotea, (d) Tanypod genus B, (e) Lirceus and (f) Polypedilum. Stress = 0.05 for all figures .................................................................................. 37 FIGURE 2.5 Box and whisker plot of litter breakdown rate (k, d -1 ) of corn (a) and red maple (b) in coarse- and fine-mesh bags in four cave streams in northeastern Alabama and southeastern Tennessee, U.S.A. Boxes are the 25 th and 75 th percentile and whiskers are 5 th and 95 th percentiles. The dashed and solid line within each box is the mean and median, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) among caves and mesh sizes are indicated by different letters. Note that different case letters do not indicate significant differences between litter types ...................... 38 xiv
Page 1 and 2: THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
Page 7 and 8: NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
Page 9 and 10: AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
Page 11 and 12: laboratory work and was an excellen
Page 13: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
Page 17 and 18: FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
Page 19 and 20: chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
Page 21 and 22: ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
Page 23 and 24: CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
Page 25 and 26: community structure in cave “pits
Page 27 and 28: communities and how variation in co
Page 29 and 30: the different source locations was
Page 31 and 32: of natural-log transformed data (%
Page 33 and 34: peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
Page 35 and 36: Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
Page 37 and 38: per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
Page 39 and 40: ags was the greater retention of li
Page 41 and 42: Historically, limited resource inpu
Page 43 and 44: Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
Page 45 and 46: Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
Page 47 and 48: Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66:
crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68:
macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70:
and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72:
these factors, the stable isotope a
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surface streams. Thus, it is likely
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subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
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populations. Journal of Applied Eco
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Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
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Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
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Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
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Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
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Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
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individuals, he predicted that it w
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A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
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differences in size structure among
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and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
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Estimates of life span for O. austr
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available size-classes were well re
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References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
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Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
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Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
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Table 2. Estimated life span (years
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Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
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Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
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CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
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following incidental inputs of orga
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Temperature data were not available
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minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
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100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
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Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
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Discussion The energy-limitation hy
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crayfish captured in most months we
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systems is likely high, especially
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function of microbial films in grou
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Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
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Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
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Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
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Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
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Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
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Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150:
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
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characteristics (e.g., higher growt
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characteristics, highly efficient p
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