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Figure 2. (A) Organic matter supply rate and (B) macroinvertebrate production in Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves with crayfish demand based on diets of organic matter and macroinvertebrates, respectively. (C) Organic matter and (D) macroinvertebrate surpluses in Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves. AFDM = ash-free dry mass. Asterisks indicate significant differences between resource supply rates and macroinvertebrate production and crayfish demand (e.g. non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals). 131
CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due to the lack of photosynthetic primary production and limited surface connectivity that reduces the quantity and quality of detrital inputs (e.g. leaves, wood, and dissolved organic carbon), cave ecosystems have been considered energy-limited. The perception of energy limitation is at the very core of conceptual models describing the trophic dynamics, community structure, and evolutionary processes in cave ecosystems (Culver et al. 1995; Graening and Brown 2003; Simon et al. 2007). However, the energy dynamics within and among cave ecosystems have traditionally been described qualitatively and have rarely been quantified and correlated with population-, community-, or ecosystem-level processes (but see Simon & Benfield 2001, 2002; Cooney & Simon 2009; Huntsman et al., 2011a, b), which has hindered the development of quantitative models describing how energy availability influences cave ecosystem processes. This limited body of knowledge on cave ecosystem energy dynamics is in stark contrast to that of surface ecosystems, in which numerous studies have described how the quantity, quality, and type of detrital inputs influence both ecosystem processes and the structure of micro-, meio-, and macro-faunal communities (see Moore et al. 2004). This dissertation begins to close this knowledge gap by exploring how energy availability influences cave ecosystem processes at multiple organizational levels (e.g., ecosystem-, community-, and population-level) and time scales (e.g., ecological vs. evolutionary). Chapter Two explored the relationships among organic matter biomass, macroinvertebrate community structure and litter breakdown rates. Organic matter biomass 132
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
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streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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More recent observational and exper
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of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
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the two end-members. This conservat
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crop organic matter significantly i
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macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
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and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
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these factors, the stable isotope a
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surface streams. Thus, it is likely
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subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
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populations. Journal of Applied Eco
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Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
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Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
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Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
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Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
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Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
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individuals, he predicted that it w
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A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
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Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
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Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126: 100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147: Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 151 and 152: characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154: characteristics, highly efficient p
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