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Table 6. Estimates of biomass (g ash -ree dry mass [AFDM] m -2 ), production (g AFDM m -2 yr -1 ) and production:biomass ratios (P:B) from surface and cave crayfish populations. Dry weight was assumed to be 30% of wet weight and AFDM as 64% of dry mass. The AFDM conversion factor was estimated using data from Orconectes australis. Habitat Species Biomass Production P:B Reference Cave Orconectes australis 0.080-0.862 0.021-0.335 0.27-0.39 This study Orconectes inermis 0.052 0.027 0.53 Weingartner, 1977 Surface Orconectes virilis 0.129 0.155 1.1 Mitchell & Smock, 1991 Orconectes punctimanus 0.129 0.384 Brewer et al., 2009 Cambarus bartonii 0.706-1.7 0.028-0.961 0.58 Huryn & Wallace, 1987b; Mitchell & Smock, 1991; Roell & Orth, 1992; Griffith et al., 1996 Paranephrops planifrons 0.429-2.3 0.512-2.18 0.95-1.2 Parkyn et al., 2002 Orconectes ozarkae 0.211 1.15 Brewer et al., 2009 Cambarus immunis 1-6 Lydell, 1938 Pacifastacus leniusculus 2.56 Mason, 1975 Orconectes luteus 0.949 4.2 Brewer et al., 2009 Paranephrops zealandicus 4-33 2-11 0.33-0.43 Whitmore & Huryn, 1999 Various (8 species) 0.106-70 0.384-177 0.3-5.9 Momot, 1984 129
Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot of organic matter (left y-axis) and macroinvertebrate biomass (right y-axis) in Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves. Grey boxes are the 25 th and 75 th percentile and whiskers are the 5 th and 95 th percentiles. The dashed and solid lines within each box are the mean and median, respectively. (B) Biomass (left y-axis) and secondary production (right y-axis) estimates for Orconectes australis in Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves. Bars are 95% confidence intervals. AFDM = ash-free dry mass. Significant differences (P < 0.05) indicated by different letters. Note that different case letters do not indicate significant differences. 130
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
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streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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More recent observational and exper
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of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
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the two end-members. This conservat
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crop organic matter significantly i
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macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
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and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
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these factors, the stable isotope a
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surface streams. Thus, it is likely
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subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
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populations. Journal of Applied Eco
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Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
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Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
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Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
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Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
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Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
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individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98: differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126: 100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152: characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154: characteristics, highly efficient p
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