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Table 1. Leaf and wood breakdown rates (k, yr -1 ) utilized to estimate organic matter supply rates within Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves. Litter type Species k (yr -1 ) Reference Leaves Post oak (Quercus stellata) 7.3 Brown & Schram, 1982 Sorb (Sorbus aucuparia) 0.4 Galas et al., 1996 Alder (Alnus incana) 0.7 Galas et al., 1996 Moss (Polytrichum sp.) 1.1 Galas et al., 1996 White oak (Quercus alba) 2.9, 3.3 Brussock et al., 1998 White oak (Quercus alba) 1.1 - 9.5 Simon & Benfield, 2001 Red maple (Acer rubrum) 0.4 - 3.1 Venarsky et al., 2012a Wood White oak (Quercus alba) 1.5 - 2.4 Simon & Benfield, 2001 Various (23 species) 0.02 - 3.1 Spanh<strong>of</strong>f & Meyer, 2004 123
Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies (AE) and net production efficiencies (NPE) used to estimate resource demand by Orconectes australis in Hering, Limrock, and Tony Sinks caves. Habitat Species AE NPE Reference Cave Orconectes inermis Leaf material - 0.10 Chironomid - 0.85 Weingartner, 1977 Surface Panulirus homarus (spiny lobster) 0.43-0.66 Rathinam et al., 2009 (Table 3)** Procambarus clarkii 0.39-0.74 Gutierrez-Yurrita & Montes, 2001 (Table 2)** Cherax tenuimanus 0.54-0.81 Villarreal, 1991 (Table 4)** Various (8 crayfish species) 0.09-0.75 Momot, 1995 (Table 3) **NPE calculated following Benke & Wallace (1980) 124
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
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streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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More recent observational and exper
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of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
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the two end-members. This conservat
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crop organic matter significantly i
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macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
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and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
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these factors, the stable isotope a
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surface streams. Thus, it is likely
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subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
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populations. Journal of Applied Eco
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Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
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Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
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Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
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Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
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Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98: differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126: 100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152: characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154: characteristics, highly efficient p
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