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Simon K.S. & Benfield E.F. (2001) Leaf and wood breakdown in cave streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 20, 550-563. Simon K.S. & Benfield E.F. (2002) Ammonium retention and whole-stream metabolism in cave streams. Hydrobiologia, 482, 31-39. Simon K.S. & Buikema A.L. (1997) Effects of organic pollution on an Appalachian cave: changes in macroinvertebrate populations and food supplies. American Midland Naturalist, 138, 387-401. Simon K.S., Pipan T. & Culver D.C. (2007) A conceptual model of the flow and distribution of organic carbon in caves. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 69, 279-284. Sinton L.W. (1984) The macroinvertebrates in a sewage-polluted aquifer. Hydrobiologia, 119, 161-169. Sket B. (1999) The nature of biodiversity in hypogean waters and how it is endangered. Biodiversity and Conservation, 8, 1319-1338. Smith G.A., Nickels J.S., Kerger B.D., Davis J.D., Collins S.P., Wilson J.T., Mcnabb J.F. & White D.C. (1986) Quantitative characterization of microbial biomass and community structure in subsurface material: a prokaryotic consortium responsive to organic contamination. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 32, 104-111. Spänhoff B. & Meyer E.I. (2004) Breakdown rates of wood in streams. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 23, 189-197. Venarsky M.P., Benstead J.P. & Huryn A.D. (2012a) Effects of organic matter and season on leaf litter colonisation and breakdown in cave streams. Freshwater Biology, 57, 773-786. Venarsky M.P., Huryn A.D. & Benstead J.P. (2012b) Re-examining extreme longevity of the cave crayfish Orconectes australis using new mark–recapture data: a lesson on the limitations of iterative size‐at‐age models. Freshwater Biology, 57, 1471-1481. Villarreal H. (1991) A partial energy budget for the Australian crayfish Cherax tenuimanus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 22, 252-259. Weingartner D. (1977) Production and trophic ecology of two crayfish species cohabiting an Indiana cave. Ph. D., Michigan State University. White G.C. & Burnham K.P. (1999) Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study, 46 (Suppl). Whitledge G.W. & Rabeni C.F. (1997) Energy sources and ecological role of crayfishes in an Ozark stream: insights from stable isotopes and gut analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 54, 2555-2563. 121
Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life history and production of Paranephrops zealandicus in a forest stream, with comments about the sustainable harvest of a freshwater crayfish. Freshwater Biology, 42, 467-478. 122
Page 1 and 2:
THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
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streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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More recent observational and exper
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of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
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the two end-members. This conservat
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crop organic matter significantly i
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macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
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and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
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these factors, the stable isotope a
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surface streams. Thus, it is likely
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subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
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populations. Journal of Applied Eco
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Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
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Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
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Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
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Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98: differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126: 100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152: characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154: characteristics, highly efficient p
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