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estimated by multiplying biomass by a conservative production:biomass relationship of 5 (Benke & Huryn, 2007). Variability in estimates of NPE, mean annual standing crop organic matter, mean annual macroinvertebrate biomass, and mean organic matter breakdown rates were accounted for by calculating 1000 means using the bootstrapping procedure described above for crayfish growth. Diet-specific crayfish demand was then compared to organic matter supply rates and macroinvertebrate secondary production using a two-sample randomization test (Manly, 1991). To determine whether resource deficits or surpluses existed, the bootstrapped data sets for dietspecific crayfish demand were subtracted from the bootstrapped data sets for organic matter supply rates and macroinvertebrate secondary production. Results Water temperature Average daily water temperature in all caves was approximately 13˚C and showed little annual variation (standard deviation of average daily water temperature: ±1˚C). Standing crop organic matter and macroinvertebrate biomass Standing crop organic matter was highest in Tony Sinks (132 g AFDM m -2 ) and lowest in Hering (22 g AFDM m -2 ), but differed only between Tony Sinks and Hering (F 2, 168 = 3.42, P = 0.03; Fig. 1A). Standing crop organic matter did not vary among sampling dates (F 3,168 = 0.43, P = 0.73) and the cave × date interaction was not significant (F 6,168 = 1.30, P = 0.26). As mean quantity of resources increased among caves, resource aggregations became larger and patchier, which increased the spatial variability in resource availability (Fig. 1A). Macroinvertebrate biomass was highest in Tony Sinks (320 mg AFDM m -2 ) and lowest in Hering (27 mg AFDM m - 2 ) and was significantly different among all caves (F 2, 166 = 39.55, P < 0.001; Fig. 1A; Table 3). 109
Macroinvertebrate biomass varied significantly among sampling dates (F 3,166 = 6.80, P < 0.001) but did not vary within each cave (cave × date: F 6,166 = 1.12, P = 0.35). Crayfish production A total of 3812 crayfish were marked in Hering (919 individuals), Limrock (943), and Tony Sinks (1950) caves over the 5+-year study. Growth models were constructed using 78 (37 males and 41 females) crayfish in Hering Cave, 112 (47 males and 65 females) crayfish in Limrock Cave, and 97 (46 males and 51 females) crayfish in Tony Sinks Cave. Monthly capture rates of crayfish were highly variable within each cave and on average were lowest in Hering (35 individuals) and highest in Tony Sinks (71 individuals; Table 4). The mean percent of recaptures each month was also highly variable, being lowest in Tony Sinks (20%) and highest in Limrock (39%; Table 4). The reduced mark-recapture data set (e.g., ~46 months or 3.8 years) used in the Program MARK analyses included a total of 3600 crayfish: Hering (775), Limrock (910), Tony Sinks (1915). Crayfish population size estimates using Program MARK were lowest in Hering (1311) and highest in Tony Sinks (5044; Table 4). Crayfish biomass was significantly different among all caves and was lowest in Limrock (80 mg AFDM m -2 ) and highest in Tony Sinks (862 mg AFDM m -2 ; Fig. 1B; Table 4). Crayfish production was also significantly different among all caves and was lowest in Limrock (21 mg AFDM m -2 yr -1 ) and highest in Tony Sinks (335 mg AFDM m -2 yr -1 ; Fig. 1B; Table 4). Crayfish biomass turnover (e.g., P:B) was lower in Hering (0.28) and Limrock (0.27) caves than in Tony Sinks (0.39; Table 4). Size-frequency distributions among years within each cave were similar (K-S test, P > 0.05), indicating that population structure was similar among sampling years. 110
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
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streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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More recent observational and exper
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of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
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the two end-members. This conservat
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crop organic matter significantly i
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macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
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and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
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these factors, the stable isotope a
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surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98: differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
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Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152: characteristics (e.g., higher growt
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