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area using wetted stream area estimates. For each cave, yearly size-frequency distributions were constructed and compared for annual variability using pairwise Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests. K-S tests were performed in program R version 2.14.0 (R Development Core Team, 2008). Secondary production Annual crayfish production for each size-class was estimated using the following formula: where G = annual instantaneous growth rate (g g -1 AFDM yr -1 ) and = mean biomass (g AFDM m -2 ; Huryn & Wallace, 1987a). Variation in growth rates and biomass was accounted for in these analyses using a bootstrapping technique (see Efron & Tibshirani, 1993; Whitmore & Huryn, 1999). For G, the annual growth rates were randomly resampled with replacement and a regression equation was then calculated for the size-specific annual growth rate of the randomly generated data. This procedure was replicated 1000 times. For , the estimated variance for the population sizes provided by Program MARK was entered into the Normal Distribution function in Microsoft Excel 2010 and 1000 random population sizes were generated. Each randomly generated population was then distributed among size-classes using the cumulative size-frequency distribution. This approach allowed the calculation of annual production for different year-classes, which were then summed to estimate total annual production. Estimates of P and were compared among caves using pairwise twosample randomization tests (Manly, 1991). Trophic basis of production Because gut content analyses were not conducted during this study, upper and lower limits of resource demand for O. australis were estimated by assuming that they consumed either 107
100% organic matter (i.e., maximum amount of organic carbon directly consumed) or 100% macroinvertebrates (i.e., minimum amount of organic carbon directly consumed). Demand was estimated by dividing the annual production of O. australis by the product of diet-specific (e.g. organic matter or macroinvertebrate) assimilation efficiency (AE) and net production efficiency (NPE; Benke & Wallace, 1980). Estimates of AE and NPE were acquired from the literature for both surface and cave crayfish fed diets similar to those found in natural habitats (e.g. organic matter or macroinvertebrates; Table 2). Resource supply rate (g m -2 yr -1 ) was estimated assuming that i) the standing crops of organic matter and macroinvertebrate biomass did not vary through time and ii) that the resources incorporated (e.g., consumption and assimilation) into consumer biomass or lost through respiration or downstream export are replaced (i.e., steady state conditions). These assumptions appear to be valid given the low amount of variation in monthly estimates of organic matter and macroinvertebrate biomass reported for three cave sites in Venarsky et al. (2012a) and Chapter 3 of this dissertation. During the processing of core samples, standing crop organic matter was not partitioned into different categories (e.g. wood or leaves). Thus, minimum and maximum annual organic matter supply rates were estimated by assuming that all organic matter was either leaf-litter (e.g. maximum supply rate) or wood (e.g. minimum supply rate). Organic matter supply rate was then estimated as the product of mean annual organic matter biomass and average annual breakdown rate of leaf-litter or wood. Breakdown rates of leaves and wood were acquired from the literature (Table 1). Breakdown rates for leaves were from cave streams (Table 1) and wood rates were from surface and cave streams. Annual secondary production of macroinvertebrates was 108
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
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streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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More recent observational and exper
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of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
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the two end-members. This conservat
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crop organic matter significantly i
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macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
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and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
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these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98: differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152: characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154: characteristics, highly efficient p
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