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Figure 4. Growth models for Orconectes australis from Shelta Cave. Black and grey solid lines are a reconstruction of Cooper’s (1975) maximum and mean growth models. The black dotted lines are the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals and the black dashed line is the mean for the growth model that was constructed using a subset of Cooper’s (1975) data and this study’s modeling technique [see Methods: Cooper’s (1975) growth models]. The pooled size-frequency distribution for the population is plotted to the right of the growth model. To the left of the sizefrequency distribution is a box and whisker plot. The box represents the 25th and 75th percentile with the mean (dashed line) and median (solid line); whiskers are error bars; dots are the 5th and 95th percentiles. 99
CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMICS IN A CAVE STREAM ECOSYSTEM Abstract In cave ecosystems, energy limitation is hypothesized to be the primary factor influencing evolutionary and ecological processes. In this study, the energy-limitation hypothesis was tested by comparing the energetic demands of the obligate cave crayfish Orconectes australis to resource supply rates in three separate cave systems with varying quantities of food resources (i.e. organic matter and macroinvertebrate prey). Crayfish population size, biomass, and secondary production were estimated using a 5+-year mark-recapture data set from each cave. Crayfish demand was compared to resource supply rates using the trophic basis of production approach. Several different energetic scenarios were modeled that included different crayfish diets and resource supply rates. Detrital storage and macroinvertebrate biomass covaried among caves, ranging from 22 to 132 g AFDM m -2 and 27 to 320 mg AFDM m -2 , respectively. Crayfish population sizes (1311 to 5044 individuals), biomass (80 to 862 mg AFDM m -2 ) and secondary production (21 to 335 mg AFDM m -2 yr -1 ) mirrored the patterns in resource availability among caves, providing further support for the energy-limitation hypothesis. Energetic models constructed using a crayfish diet based on plant detritus only indicated that crayfish demand would be lower than supply rates. However, models based on a macroinvertebrate prey diet indicated that the crayfish populations would consume nearly all macroinvertebrate prey production within each cave. Collectively, the results from this study provide robust support for the energy-limitation hypothesis, but also show that cave ecosystems 100
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
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streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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More recent observational and exper
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of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
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the two end-members. This conservat
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Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
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Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
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Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
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Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
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Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
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Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152: characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154: characteristics, highly efficient p
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