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Norrocky M.J. (1991) Observations on the ecology, reproduction and growth of the burrowing crayfish Fallicambarus (Creaserinus) Fodiens (Decapoda: Cambaridae) in North-central Ohio. American Midland Naturalist, 125, 75-86. Parkyn S.M., Collier K.J. & Hicks B.J. (2002) Growth and population dynamics of crayfish Paranephrops planifrons in streams within native forest and pastoral land uses. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 36, 847-861. Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) The trophic basis of subsurface ecosystems. In: Ecosystems of the World; Subterranean Ecosystems Vol. 30 (Eds H. Wilkens, D.C. Culver, & W.F. Humphreys), pp. 231-249. New York, New York, USA. Price J.O. & Payne J.F. (1984) Size, age, and population dynamics in an r-selected population of Orconectes neglectus chaenodactylus Williams (Decapoda, Cambaridae). Crustaceana, 46, 29-38. R Development Core Team (2008) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org. Reynolds J.T. (2002) Growth and reproduction. In: Biology of freshwater crayfish (Eds D. Holdich), pp.152-184. Blackwell Science, Oxford, United Kingdom. Scalici M., Chiesa S., Scuderi S., Celauro D. & Gibertini G. (2010) Population structure and dynamics of Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) in a Mediterranean brackish wetland (Central Italy). Biological Invasions, 12, 1415-1425. Streever W.J. (1996) Energy economy hypothesis and the troglobitic crayfish Procambarus erythrops in Sim's Sink Cave, Florida. American Midland Naturalist, 135, 357-366. Vogt G. (2012) Ageing and longevity in the Decapoda (Crustacea): A review. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 251, 1-25. Voituron Y., de Fraipont M., Issartel J., Guillaume O. & Clobert J. (2011) Extreme lifespan of the human fish (Proteus anguinus): a challenge for ageing mechanisms. Biology Letters, 7, 105-107. Wanamaker A., Heinemeier J., Scourse J., Richardson C., Butler P., Eiriksson J. & Knudsen K. (2008) Very long-lived molluscs confirm 17th century AD tephra-based radiocarbon reservoir ages for north Icelandic shelf waters. Radiocarbon, 50, 399-412. Weingartner D.L. (1977) Production and trophic ecology of two crayfish species cohabiting an Indiana cave. PhD Thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. 91
Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Life history and production of Paranephrops zealandicus in a forest stream, with comments about the sustainable harvest of a freshwater crayfish. Freshwater Biology, 42, 467-478. Ziuganov V., Miguel E., Neves R.J., Longa A., Fernández C., Amaro R., Beletsky V., Popkovitch E., Kaliuzhin S. & Johnson T. (2000) Life span variation of the freshwater pearl shell: a model species for testing longevity mechanisms in animals. AMBIO, 29, 102-105. 92
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
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Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98: differences in size structure among
Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126: 100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
Page 151 and 152: characteristics (e.g., higher growt
Page 153 and 154: characteristics, highly efficient p
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