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When examining the frequency histogram for Hering Cave, however, it is immediately apparent that the largest size-classes account for a very small percentage (~5%) of the total population. Thus, both from an ecological and conservation perspective, the majority of population dynamics (e.g. production, reproduction and mortality) occurred within the smaller size-classes and on much shorter time scales than would be expected from only the largest size-classes (Fig. 3). The longevity of O. australis: a new perspective Single species are often used as benchmarks to illustrate biological theories or define a particular ecosystem. Examples include the use of Galápagos finches to illustrate evolution via natural selection or the status of the red-eyed tree frog (Agalychnis callidryas [Cope]) as a “poster-species” for conservation of Central American rainforests. Previously, the 100+-year life span of O. australis was used to illustrate how evolution can shape extreme life histories in obligate cave species and to focus conservation efforts on cave ecosystems. However, the reexamination of Cooper’s (1975) data, coupled with new life-history information, strongly suggest that O. australis is not a “centenarian” species. While the new estimates from this study are substantially lower than Cooper’s (1975), they remain impressive, however. The life span of O. australis is 4 to 20× longer than any other crayfish within the same genus, which continues to provide an excellent example of potential K-selected life-history evolution in an obligate cave species. This study also emphasizes the importance of interpreting the life-history information of long-lived species within the context of both population structure and methodological limitations. Using a minority (e.g. the largest or oldest individuals) to interpret the dynamics of an entire population will misrepresent the time-scale over which important life history events (e.g. reproduction) occur and potentially influence the development of species-specific management strategies. 87
References Anonymous (1999) Cave Science News. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 61, 150. Baker A.M., Stewart P.M. & Simon T.P. (2008) Life history study of Procambarus suttkusi in southeastern Alabama. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 28, 451-460. Bergquist D.C., Williams F.M. & Fisher C. (2000) Longevity record for deep-sea invertebrate. Nature, 403, 499-500. Bodnar A. (2009) Marine invertebrates as models for aging research. Experimental gerontology, 44, 477-484. Bormann I. (2010) DigitizeIt version 1.5.8b. www.digitizeit.de. Buhay J.E. & Crandall K.A. (2005) Subterranean phylogeography of freshwater crayfishes shows extensive gene flow and surprisingly large population sizes. Molecular Ecology, 14, 4259-4273. Burnett K.F., McGregor S.W., O’Neil P.E. & Blackwood R. (2004) Characterizing potential environmental impacts to an endangered species habitat in karst waters. Proceedings of the 9th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, pp. 671-682. Cooper A.S. & Cooper R.L. (2004) Growth of stygobitic (Orconectes australis packardi) and epigean (Orconectes cristavarius) crayfishes maintained in laboratory conditions. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science, 65, 108-115. Cooper J.E. (1975) Ecological and behavioral studies in Shelta Cave, Alabama, with emphasis on decapod crustaceans. PhD Thesis, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. Cooper J.E. & Cooper M.R. (1978) Growth, longevity, and reproductive strategies in Shelta Cave crayfishes. National Speleological Society Bulletin, 40, 97. Culver D.C. (1982) Cave life: evolution and ecology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. Culver D.C. (2005) Life history evolution. In: Encyclopedia of Caves (Eds D.C. Culver & W.B. White), pp. 346-349. San Diego, California, USA. Dennard S., Peterson J.T. & Hawthorne E.S. (2009) Life history and ecology of Cambarus halli (Hobbs). Southeastern Naturalist, 8, 479-494. Deval M.C., Bӧk T., Ateş C. & Tosunoğlu Z. (2007) Length-based estimates of growth 88
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
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Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
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Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
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Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
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Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
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Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
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Page 99 and 100: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 101 and 102: Estimates of life span for O. austr
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Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
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Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
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Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
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Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
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Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
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Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
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