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mature (cement glands) and ovigerous (presence of ova or young) females reported in Cooper (1975) were 31 mm (Cooper, 1975, p. 236) and 37 mm (Cooper, 1975, p. 244) TCL, respectively. Time-to-maturity estimated using Cooper’s models for a 31 mm TCL female was 11 to 19 years, while estimates using this study’s models ranged from 11 to 34 years (Fig. 4). Age-at-first-reproduction estimated using Cooper’s models for a 37 mm TCL female was 14 to 31 years, while an age of 16+ years was estimated using this study’s models (Fig. 4). The largest specimen of O. australis reported for Shelta Cave (Cooper, 1975, p. 157) was 47 mm TCL. While this specimen exceeded the upper 95% confidence limit of this study’s models, Cooper’s (1975) models estimated an age of 38+ years (Fig. 4). The majority of individuals that Cooper (1975) used to estimate monthly growth rates were substantially larger than those from Limrock, Hering and Tony Sinks caves (Fig. 1). The size-frequency distribution in Shelta Cave was similar to Hering (K-S test, P >0.05), but different from Limrock and Tony Sinks (K-S test, P = 0.03). This was probably caused by the disproportionate representation of larger size classes in Shelta Cave (Figs. 3 and 4). The modal TCL of O. australis in Shelta Cave was 38 mm (Fig. 4), while the modal TCL for Limrock, Hering and Tony Sinks caves ranged from 21 to 26 mm (16 to 20 mm OCL, Fig. 3). Ninety-five percent of the population in Shelta Cave was estimated to be ≤32 years old using Cooper’s (1975) mean model and ≤24 years in age using Cooper’s (1975) maximum model and the upper 95% confidence interval this study’s models (Fig. 4). Cooper’s (1975) models predicted that 25% of the population was ≤10 years in age, while this study’s models predicted that 25% of the population would be ≤20 years in age. Discussion A reevaluation of the life history of O. australis 83
Estimates of life span for O. australis from this study are substantially lower than Cooper’s (1975) estimate of 37 to 176 years, indicating that his trepidation regarding these estimates was warranted. The results of this study suggest a more accurate estimate of the life span for O. australis is
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THE INFLUENCE OF ENERGY AVAILABILIT
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ABSTRACT Detritus from surface envi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS m
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NC IL ON U.K. VIAT VIE Fig. North C
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AIC K-S Akaike information criterio
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laboratory work and was an excellen
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LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 TABLE 2.2
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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 (a) Box
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FIGURE 4.3 Growth models for Orcone
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chemolithoautotrophy-based systems;
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ecology, 51, 31-53. Gibert J. & Cul
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CHAPTER 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIC MATTER
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community structure in cave “pits
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communities and how variation in co
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the different source locations was
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of natural-log transformed data (%
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peak in organic matter in Big Mouth
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Figs. 5a, b). The breakdown rate of
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per litter bag. Similarly, Huntsman
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ags was the greater retention of li
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Historically, limited resource inpu
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Culver, D.C. & Pipan, T. (2009) The
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Merritt, R.W., Cummins, K.W. & Berg
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Table 1. Mean (1 S.D.) macroinverte
Page 49 and 50: Table 2. Mean (±1 S.D.) daily temp
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1. (a) Box and whisker plot
Page 53 and 54: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Box and whisker plot of l
Page 57 and 58: streams, while the obligate-cave sp
Page 59 and 60: More recent observational and exper
Page 61 and 62: of netting (mesh size 2.5×1.5-cm)
Page 63 and 64: the two end-members. This conservat
Page 65 and 66: crop organic matter significantly i
Page 67 and 68: macroinvertebrate biomass to levels
Page 69 and 70: and surface streams (20-35,000 g m
Page 71 and 72: these factors, the stable isotope a
Page 73 and 74: surface streams. Thus, it is likely
Page 75 and 76: subsides to ecosystem dynamics have
Page 77 and 78: populations. Journal of Applied Eco
Page 79 and 80: Poulson T.L. & Lavoie K.H. (2001) T
Page 81 and 82: Wood P., Gunn J. & Perkins J. (2002
Page 83 and 84: Table 2. Mean (±1 standard deviati
Page 85 and 86: Table 2. Continued Chironomini Para
Page 87 and 88: Figure 1. Mean (bars are standard e
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3. Non-metric multidimension
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 4 REXAMINING EXTREME LONGEI
Page 93 and 94: individuals, he predicted that it w
Page 95 and 96: A phylogeographic study by Buhay &
Page 97 and 98: differences in size structure among
Page 99: and females in Tony Sinks Cave were
Page 103 and 104: available size-classes were well re
Page 105 and 106: References Anonymous (1999) Cave Sc
Page 107 and 108: Huryn A.D. & Wallace J.B. (1987) Pr
Page 109 and 110: Whitmore N. & Huryn A.D. (1999) Lif
Page 111 and 112: Table 2. Estimated life span (years
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1. Annual growth increment (
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3. Growth models for Orconec
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 5 CONSUMER-RESOURCE DYNAMIC
Page 119 and 120: following incidental inputs of orga
Page 121 and 122: Temperature data were not available
Page 123 and 124: minimum (Venarsky et al., 2012b). A
Page 125 and 126: 100% organic matter (i.e., maximum
Page 127 and 128: Macroinvertebrate biomass varied si
Page 129 and 130: Discussion The energy-limitation hy
Page 131 and 132: crayfish captured in most months we
Page 133 and 134: systems is likely high, especially
Page 135 and 136: function of microbial films in grou
Page 137 and 138: Crustacean Biology, 4, 35-54. Momot
Page 139 and 140: Whitmore N. & Huryn A. (1999) Life
Page 141 and 142: Table 2. Assimilation efficiencies
Page 143 and 144: Table 3. Continued Tanypodinae 0.03
Page 145 and 146: Table 5. Estimates of mean wood and
Page 147 and 148: Figure 1. (A) Box and whisker plot
Page 149 and 150: CHAPTER 6 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS Due t
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characteristics (e.g., higher growt
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characteristics, highly efficient p
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