El Salvador - GFDRR

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118 | <strong>El</strong> <strong>Salvador</strong>: Damage, Loss, and Needs Assesment Pillar 1: Risk Identification and Evaluation For the effective identification and reduction of disaster risks and the promotion of a culture of resilience, it is necessary to understand the hazards and the physical, social, economic and environmental factors of vulnerability to disasters faced by the population, as well as the processes of change in hazards and vulnerability factors in the short and long terms, in order to adopt timely measures in terms of this knowledge. It is necessary to develop, improve and expand systems of disaster risk indicators and of vulnerability at national, departmental, municipal and local levels that allow the responsible authorities to analyze, predict and model the impact of disasters on social, economic and environmental conditions, and to disseminate the results among the responsible authorities, citizens and exposed populations. It is also necessary to standardize methodologies and terminologies for the assessment of risks and the dissemination of studies, as well as to keep information from being scattered. Efforts must be made to coordinate the conduction of studies with educational strategies. To achieve this target, it is necessary, among other things, to periodically update and widely disseminate risk maps and related information among responsible authorities, citizens in general, and exposed communities in language that is accessible to all sectors of the population and particularly to the most vulnerable sectors. Pillar 2: Risk Mitigation to Reduce Exposure to Natural Hazards Civil Protection manages an early warning system to save lives and move the population away from zones of immediate risk. Among non-physical measures, it is necessary to strengthen and maintain early warning systems in order to be able to warn exposed people in a timely, clear and effective manner, taking into account the demographic features, gender, culture, way of living and other specific characteristics of the populations involved, providing clear guidance on how to act in the event of an alert and contributing to the effectiveness of interventions by those in charge of handling disaster situations and by other authorities. In recent years, the monitoring system throughout the country, which forms the basis for the chain of information on natural hazards, has been affected by various disasters. Monitoring points have been reduced and have not been restored. It is necessary to reestablish and maintain rainfall monitoring stations in exposed populations in order to monitor the hourly intensities of precipitation and to adopt plans to evacuate exposed homes when critical levels of rainfall are reached. The stations should be operated by local authorities who are trained to deal with critical situations. The data should also be available in real time in the Bureau of the National Service for Territorial Studies (D-SNET) of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARN). Likewise, it is necessary to strengthen the capacities of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, and in particular those of the Bureau of the National Service for Territorial Studies, for the development of skills with regard to improving the understanding of risks, monitoring phenomena of climate and natural origin, disseminating information, incorporating risk management in development plans,
V. RISK MANAGEMENT | 119 programs and projects, establishing guidelines for land use and environmental planning, and providing scientific-technical support for the design, installation and operation of early warning systems. Finally, it is necessary to reinforce and streamline coordination and communication mechanisms among D-SNET, the National Commission for Civil Protection and the Bureau of Civil Protection so that these institutions can be strengthened and can work in synergy on risk management activities. One very important aspect is to ensure that the Bureau of Civil Protection and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation has priority, immediate access to D-SNET’s information and technical personnel, eliminating any administrative barrier that could reduce Civil Protection’s ability to access and integrate critical information in its decision-making processes in order to warn the population of the possibility of a natural threat. Structural measures to reduce exposure to lahars, landslides and floods that may be suggested based on experience and the current situation in the country include: a) b) c) Establishing physical protection measures in Verapaz, San Vicente and Guadalupe. Relocating houses located in the most exposed zones to zones of lesser risk. Improving the drainage systems of roads and highways to avoid erosion and damage to road fill. More specifically, the following measures, focused on places and types of work, are recommended. Lahars on the San Vicente (Chinchontepec) Volcano 56 Canalization combined with deflecting walls in the lower part of slopes as the most appropriate measure for larger lahars. Other measures in the upper parts of slopes do not appear to be feasible. For Verapaz and Guadalupe, preliminary safety measures are proposed, to be conducted jointly by D-SNET/MOP. A deflecting wall in Verapaz is proposed, with a height of no less than 10 meters and a length of 850 meters. The material resulting from the excavation of sediment now deposited in the canal could be used for filling. Preliminary NGI calculations indicate that the approximate cost of this work would be US$3 million, including the construction of a new bridge. It is vitally important to carry out work to clear the materials deposited in the canal following each rainy season in order to maintain its capacity. The major challenge is to keep large volumes from accumulating behind the retaining wall, reducing its effective height. In Guadalupe the excavation of the riverside canal should be accompanied by the restoration of sufficient transverse space. In a preliminary manner, it is suggested that the riverbed area be expanded to at least 100 m 2 . It is necessary to excavate the other river courses that were saturated by lahar materials. Since nearly all of Verapaz is exposed to new events, a decision should be made to gradually move it toward a less risky location, approximately 100 meters to the east. This move should take into account social and environmental considerations in order to minimize its impact. For Tepetitán, a decision was made 56 Further studies are needed to establish all intervention costs. Only the US$3 million for immediate construction of a deflecting wall are taken into account.
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El Salvador Damage, Loss, and Needs
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El Salvador - GFDRR

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