El Salvador - GFDRR

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114 | El Salvador: Damage, Loss, and Needs Assesment worsened prospects or made them more negative. As a result, the evaluations indicate the opportunities to change policy directions, improve previous structural conditions, and generate significant changes in risk management. A summary of these evaluations, conducted by CEPAL, is presented below. TABLE 45. SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENTS MADE BY CEPAL IN EL SALVADOR Event Earthquake (5.6 on the Richter scale) on June 19; drought in July and August, and storm from September 16 to 20. Earthquake (5.4 on the Richter scale). Hurricane Mitch (sustained winds of up to 144 knots or 285 km/h at time of highest intensity and precipitation exceeding 600 mm). January 13 (tectonic earthquake, 7.6 on the Richter scale), February 13 (independent event, 6.6 on the Richter scale). Drought with effects mainly on Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador Torrential rains, Tropical Storm Stan and eruption of Ilamtepec volcano, October 2005 Population affected Total effects (2007 constant value) External Year Deaths Direct Total Damages Losses effect 1982 600 20,000 1,828 1,395 432 548 1986, Oct. 10 1 200 520,000 7,293 5,526 1,767 1,459 1998, Oct. 23 – Nov. 4 240 84,316 549 240 309 103 2001, Jan. – Feb. 1 241 2,351,886 5,476 3,410 2,066 1,059 2001 35 600,000 234 0 234 80 2005 69 72,141 383 172 211 107 TOTAL 23 3,385 3,648,343 15,763 10,743 5,020 3,357 Average per event 564 608,057 2,627 1,791 837 559 Source: Evaluations by CEPAL. Climate change models forecast that El Salvador will be subjected to warming and a trend toward drought. It is expected to receive more frequent heat waves, periods of drought and less intense rains, as well as increasing sea levels, as is predicted for the rest of Mesoamerica. It is known that the interannual variability of climate, whether from the Pacific or the Atlantic, explains a significant amount of the total variation in precipitation in the Caribbean and Central America. The combination of the abovementioned likely impacts of climate change, together with the possibility of greater frequency of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), would aggravate existing health problems as well as the social and economic challenges that affect El Salvador. El Salvador has adopted the recommendations of the strategic objectives and priority actions of the “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters.” 52 With the objective of supporting countries in monitoring and compliance with the Hyogo 52 World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held from January 18 to 22, 2005, Kobe, Oigo, Japan. http://www.unisdr.org/ eng/hfa/docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf
V. RISK MANAGEMENT | 115 Framework for Action, a series of 22 indicators have been prepared which, when implemented, measure each country’s progress in terms of compliance with said Framework. After these indicators are applied to national conditions, the indicator of the Hyogo Framework for Action shows, as a result for the issue of Risk Management nationwide, a value of 48.2% 53 of progress toward the achievement of the Framework for Action’s targets. This denotes a certain amount of progress in compliance with the five targets, but systematic actions and genuine commitment are needed in order to introduce risk management as an integral part of planning and executing national development plans, strategies and programs. B. LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK El Salvador has developed a sound legal and institutional framework for disaster risk management (DRM). The Civil Defense Law, created by Legislative Decree No. 498 of April 8, 1976, called for the creation of the Civil Defense System as an essential part of National Defense for “the purpose of protecting and helping the population to overcome the consequences of public disasters or catastrophes”. The primarily reactive focus of the Civil Defense System in the event of natural disasters turned out to be insufficient for adequate DRM. For the purpose of improving the country’s capacity to manage the risks of disasters and of manmade threats, the “Civil Protection and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Law” was enacted by Legislative Decree No. 777 of August 18, 2005 (Law No. 777). The new law mandated the creation of the National System of Civil Protection and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation “as an interrelated, operationally decentralized set of public and private agencies that will be responsible for formulating and executing the respective work plans for Civil Protection, and work plans for prevention and management of risks of disasters and for mitigation of their impacts.” This law repealed the Civil Defense Law and the Law of Procedures for Declaring a National Emergency (created by Legislative Decree No. 44 of July 29, 1988) and defined a new mechanism for the declaration of a State of Emergency, assigning the National Civil Defense Commission the authority to propose to the President of the Republic the need for such a declaration. To ensure the sustainability of the Civil Defense System, Law 777 also ordered the creation of a fund for Civil Protection and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, giving the Ministry of the Interior the authority to request resources from this fund to finance measures to cope with emergencies caused by disasters. The National Civil Protection System (the System) is composed of the National Commission for Civil Protection and Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (the National Commission), and the Departmental, Municipal and Community Commissions for Civil Protection (Law No. 777, art. 10). The System’s objectives include: incorporating in development plans the prospective management of disasters; preparing and updating risk maps at each organizational level of the system; preparing and coordinating plans and actions to raise awareness and inform the population about possible catastrophic events; designing and executing Civil Protection plans to respond to catastrophic events; and maintaining cooperative relationships with similar agencies on an international basis. 53 This value was obtained from the National Report on Progress in the Implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action, prepared by D-SNET. Report Period: 2007–2009. Available at http://www.preventionweb.net/
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El Salvador - GFDRR

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