Preventive Resettlement of Populations at Risk of Disaster - GFDRR

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Introduction Rapid and unplanned urbanization have compounded vulnerabilities to natural disasters in the Latin American and the Caribbean Region (LAC). As a preventive measure, resettlement has been carried out in some LAC countries in recent years. The analysis and dissemination of the results of this strategy to countries worldwide is relevant and timely given the millions of people exposed to natural hazards, especially in developing nations. This was the main motivation for preparing the Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala case studies presented in this publication. Chapter I analyzes global natural disaster trends and their impacts. It also studies these trends in LAC and the principal factors that increase the vulnerability to natural disasters. Statistics on the occurrence of disasters, and especially their increasing impact in terms of loss of life and livelihoods, and overall economic losses, underscore the growing importance of disaster risk reduction frameworks at global and regional levels. The chapter concludes with a description of the strategic frameworks and institutional development that are been developed in the region. Chapter II analyzes resettlement as a risk reduction measure and describes the objectives and methodology of the cases studied. The next four chapters present the findings of each. In those countries, either due to the impacts of major disasters such as in Colombia and Guatemala, or to recurrent events, such as floods in Argentina and Brazil, risk reduction plans include preventive resettlement. Each case presents the country context, the area where the study was conducted, the geographical distribution of the population, the principal natural hazards to which it is exposed, the major disasters faced, and the specific risk management model applied. The Argentina case presents the results from a housing subprogram, a non-structural component of the flood protection program carried out in 120 localities in seven provinces from 1997-2006. This subprogram forms part of an ongoing strategy to reduce the risk of floods that was adopted in 1993, during which 11,911 families have been resettled. This case is an example of resettlement based on Assisted Self-construction and Mutual Assistance Housing Construction. This approach involved the efforts of federal, provincial, and local governments, as well as beneficiaries and construction material suppliers working together in a decentralized, participatory process. The Brazil case involved a resettlement program implemented in the second stage of the Streams Canalization Program (PROCAV II) in São Paulo, from 1995-2007. This program is one of a series of efforts to control the flooding that has wreaked havoc on the city of São Paulo for the past two decades. PROCAV II resettled 5,137 families, almost double the 2,585 resettled in PROCAV I. The case illustrates the various xviii Preventive Resettlement of Populations at Risk of Disaster: Experiences from Latin America
options to resettle the population, including large housing complexes, new dwellings built in risk-free areas in the same neighborhoods, exchanges of houses between families whose homes were at risk and others whose were not, but who preferred to move to the housing complexes and cash compensation. The Colombia case involved the resettlement of 1,074 families in Bogotá within a rehabilitation, reconstruction and sustainable development plan for the high-risk Nueva Esperanza zone, which began in 2005. Its three components are: the environmental and at-risk land reclamation, the strengthening of social organization and community participation, and resettlement. This case illustrates a comprehensive approach to resettlement, which required strong inter-institutional coordination. It also presents different housing options including: the construction of new dwellings, the partnerships with private construction companies and grassroots housing organizations, and the purchase of homes on the market with the technical, legal and social support of the entity responsible for the program. In the Guatemala case, the approach was part of a government policy of reconstruction with transformation developed after the Tropical Storm Stan disaster. The comprehensive approach to risk management applied during reconstruction included preventive resettlement of at-risk families. The study describes the experience of the districts (cantones) of Panabaj and Tz’anchaj, in the municipality of Santiago Atitlán, Department of Sololá, where 915 families were resettled since 2007. This experience demonstrates the importance of community participation, of cultural aspects including inter-cultural negotiations, institutional commitment to innovative practices in urban development and housing design, and the achievements in rebuilding confidence in the State and strengthening the social fabric. Each case highlights experiences that can be replicated, from identifying at-risk populations to the post-resettlement phase. The examples describe different methodological and management tools for future processes, and key lessons about wise and unwise actions taken. The cases also raise various questions for further research to enhance both knowledge and practices in human resettlement. The studies are summaries of technical papers written by various consultants. The full technical papers are available upon request. As noted in the Forward, this paper seeks to provide useful material for the design and implementation of resettlement programs as part of comprehensive disaster risk management strategies. The lessons can be applied by institutions and governments, professionals working in the field, and at-risk communities. Introduction xix
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Page 5 and 6: Contents Abbreviations ............
Page 7 and 8: 9. Lessons Learned During the Reloc
Page 9 and 10: 10. The Transition from the Informa
Page 11 and 12: Table 6.2. Institutions Involved in
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 3 CIA COAH-INA CONAE EM-DAT
Page 15 and 16: NEPO NUDEC PPDC PROCAV SEHAB SINDEC
Page 17 and 18: CIAAP COCODE COE COMUDE CONRED DICA
Page 19: Foreword Latin America and the Cari
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.1. Occurrence of Geologica
Page 26 and 27: Figure 1.4. Percentage of Deaths by
Page 28 and 29: words, 72.2 percent of the deaths w
Page 30 and 31: (Figure 1.8). In that same period,
Page 32 and 33: Ecuador and Peru) are estimated to
Page 34 and 35: the solid waste discharged into the
Page 36 and 37: Figure 1.13. The Hyogo Framework fo
Page 38 and 39: grinding poverty and weak governanc
Page 40 and 41: ———. 2009a. Global Assessment
Page 42 and 43: ■■ for the population affected
Page 44 and 45: Mechanisms for consulting and negot
Page 46 and 47: Photo: Willie Heinz/IDB
Page 48 and 49: Figure 3.1. Percentage of the Urban
Page 50 and 51: the unit again, to the National Dir
Page 52 and 53: ity to floods within the participat
Page 54 and 55: ecame active subjects in transformi
Page 56 and 57: These agreements could have been te
Page 58 and 59: unable to do the actual constructio
Page 60 and 61: 4.10 Use Made of Reclaimed Flood-ri
Page 62 and 63: The self-effort and mutual assistan
Page 64 and 65: References Arnold, Margaret. 2004.
Page 66 and 67: The most significant natural disast
Page 68 and 69: ■■ Organize and coordinate SIND
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canalizing streams, and carrying ou
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4. Profile of the Population The fa
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In this option, families were tempo
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lished when PROCAV II was launched
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housing, they more readily accepted
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Chapter 5: Colombia Nueva Esperanza
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Table 5.1 Effects of the Five Sever
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B. Capital District of Bogotá Bogo
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SDPAE includes 25 institutions in t
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Initially, the amount assessed due
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Table 5.3. Participation of Capital
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Figure 5.4 Types of Houses BUILT WI
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Table 5.6 Continuation Activities E
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7.2 Support for Moving to the New H
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in municipalities in the Andean, Ca
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were maintained. The teams of profe
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12. Lessons Learned Because the res
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Bibliography Alcaldía Mayor de Bog
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worst threat, followed by tropical
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In its prevention activities, CONRE
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4.3 Disaster Risk Management Model
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This integrated and culturally sens
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4. Consequences of Tropical Storm S
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To that end, the Santiago Atitlán
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Table 6.2. Continuation Component C
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tion Commission consisting of the l
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Cultura
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■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■
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Bibliography INSIVUMEH (Instituto N
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emarkable growth is not accompanied
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synergies created to overcome one o
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and status: They went from being in
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eligious beliefs - converged to cre
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Glossary * Acceptable risk The leve
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Hazard A dangerous phenomenon, subs
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About the Authors and Contributors
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Preventive Resettlement of Populati
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