Preventive Resettlement of Populations at Risk of Disaster - GFDRR

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Bibliography INSIVUMEH (Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología de Guatemala). Sf. Evaluación del alud tipo Lahar que soterró al cantón de Panabaj y afectación del cantón de Tzanchag. insivumeh. MAGA (Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación), Unidad de Planificación Geográfica y Gestión de Riesgo, Laboratorio de Información Geográfica. 2005. Atlas temático de las cuencas hidrográficas de la República de Guatemala. Ministerio de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. 2007. Estudio de evaluación de impacto ambiental del desarrollo habitacional ChokMuc 2, arquitecto Pedro José Asturias (Colegiado 454). CONRED (National Coordination for Disaster Reduction). 2008. Tomado del artículo escrito por Alberto Ramírez E. del diario Prensa Libre de la edición del día lunes 29 de diciembre de 2008: 4 y 5. ONU (Organización de las Naciones Unidas, CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe), SEGEPLAN ( Secretaría de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia de Guatemala). 2005. Efectos en Guatemala de las lluvias torrenciales y la tormenta tropical Stan. Octubre. FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación), SEGEPLAN ( Secretaría de Planificación de la Presidencia). 2006. Base metodológica del Sistema Nacional de Planificación Estratégica Territorial (SINPET – SEGE- PLAN). Guatemala: SEGEPLAN, FAO. ———. 2006. Marco conceptual del Sistema Nacional de Planificación Estratégica Territorial (SINPET – SEGEPLAN). Guatemala: SEGEPLAN, FAO. SEGEPLAN (Secretaría de Planificación de la Presidencia). 2006. Guía de facilitación de la planificación estratégica territorial (PET) y Plan de Desarrollo Municipal. SEGEPLAN – Sistema Nacional de Planificación Estratégica Territorial, SINPET, Gobierno de Guatemala. Programa Nacional de Reconstrucción. 2007. Informe anual de reconstrucción 2007: de la crisis a la emergencia, de la emergencia a la reconstrucción, de la reconstrucción a la transformación para el desarrollo. Gerencia de la Vicepresidencia de la República de Guatemala. PET (Planificación Estratégica Territorial). 2006. Cuenca del Lago de Atitlán; Consejo de Desarrollo Departamental de Sololá. 106 Preventive Resettlement of Populations at Risk of Disaster: Experiences from Latin America
Chapter 7 Comparative Analysis of the Case Studies By Sergio Carmona and Elena Correa This chapter presents a comparative analysis and the main conclusions from the cases studied in the earlier chapters. It is expected that the lessons learned in these experiences could be useful to guide other resettlement programs designed to reduce the risk of disasters. 1. Urbanization, Risk and Vulnerability One conclusion involves the factors that give rise to human settlements in high-risk areas. In Argentina, Brazil and Colombia, rapid urbanization without proper land use planning, policies to provide housing for the poor and supervision of settlements in at-risk areas, led lowincome and marginalized segments of the population to build houses in prone risk areas. Poor people settle in areas that are either at-risk or unsuitable for human settlement because they have no other options. For example, in Guatemala, when the most appropriate area for resettlement after the devastation from Tropical Storm Stan was selected, it was the one traditionally occupied by the Mayans until they were forcibly removed during the Spanish conquest and colonial period. In addition, human settlements in at-risk areas exacerbate exposure to hazards and their impacts because of the lack of basic infrastructure, which, even when it exists, is built by settlers without construction standards or technical assistance. That was evident in Brazil and Colombia. For example, in São Paulo, when families living on the banks of streams discharged wastewater and solid waste into the waterways, this caused sedimentation and increased the likelihood of flooding. In Colombia, when settlers excavated land on slopes to build houses and roads, discharged wastewater, and deforested the Andean forest, these activities contributed to erosion and landslides—confirmed by a study commissioned by the Capital District of Bogotá, as part of its plan to rehabilitate the high-risk areas. Poverty is another factor that intensifies the marginal populations’ vulnerability to risks. In all the cases, the population was at or beneath the poverty line, which made them doubly vulnerable, as they could not satisfy basic needs and confront emergencies. In many cases, these settlements are considered “illegal” because they do not comply with urban development regulations and families lack the legal titles requested by governmental agencies to build basic infrastructure. This creates a vicious circle with severe consequences for these groups and the city as a whole. Some efforts are underway to break that pattern through programs such as São Paulo’s “urbanization of favelas” and Bogotá’s comprehensive slum upgrading program. They involve (a) providing legal titles to land where there are no hazards, (b) identifying at-risk zones, (c) establishing mitigation measures, including resettlement, if exposure to the risk cannot be otherwise reduced, and (d) improving urban infrastructure—all of which integrate these settlements with the formal city. Lessons from the cases indicate the importance of landuse planning and strengthening institutions—to make the planning possible, as well as developing inclusion policies for the poor, so they, too, can access adequate, safe houses. This lesson is especially pertinent given the rapid urbanization growth. By 2007, half the world’s population lived in cities (UN-Habitat, 2007). And, while the urban population is expected to increase from 0.8 billion to one billion from 2010-2050 in developed countries, the number is expected to soar in developing countries, from 2.7 billion to 5.4 billion. 1 If such 1 See World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision; World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision. Chapter 7 Comparative Analysis of the Case Studies 107
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Contents Abbreviations ............
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9. Lessons Learned During the Reloc
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10. The Transition from the Informa
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Table 6.2. Institutions Involved in
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Chapter 3 CIA COAH-INA CONAE EM-DAT
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NEPO NUDEC PPDC PROCAV SEHAB SINDEC
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CIAAP COCODE COE COMUDE CONRED DICA
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Foreword Latin America and the Cari
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options to resettle the population,
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Figure 1.1. Occurrence of Geologica
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Figure 1.4. Percentage of Deaths by
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words, 72.2 percent of the deaths w
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(Figure 1.8). In that same period,
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Ecuador and Peru) are estimated to
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the solid waste discharged into the
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Figure 1.13. The Hyogo Framework fo
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grinding poverty and weak governanc
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———. 2009a. Global Assessment
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■■ for the population affected
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Mechanisms for consulting and negot
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Photo: Willie Heinz/IDB
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Figure 3.1. Percentage of the Urban
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the unit again, to the National Dir
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ity to floods within the participat
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ecame active subjects in transformi
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These agreements could have been te
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unable to do the actual constructio
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4.10 Use Made of Reclaimed Flood-ri
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The self-effort and mutual assistan
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References Arnold, Margaret. 2004.
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The most significant natural disast
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■■ Organize and coordinate SIND
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canalizing streams, and carrying ou
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4. Profile of the Population The fa
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In this option, families were tempo
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lished when PROCAV II was launched
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Page 81 and 82: Chapter 5: Colombia Nueva Esperanza
Page 83 and 84: Table 5.1 Effects of the Five Sever
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Page 87 and 88: SDPAE includes 25 institutions in t
Page 89 and 90: Initially, the amount assessed due
Page 91 and 92: Table 5.3. Participation of Capital
Page 93 and 94: Figure 5.4 Types of Houses BUILT WI
Page 95 and 96: Table 5.6 Continuation Activities E
Page 97 and 98: 7.2 Support for Moving to the New H
Page 99 and 100: in municipalities in the Andean, Ca
Page 101 and 102: were maintained. The teams of profe
Page 103 and 104: 12. Lessons Learned Because the res
Page 105: Bibliography Alcaldía Mayor de Bog
Page 108 and 109: worst threat, followed by tropical
Page 110 and 111: In its prevention activities, CONRE
Page 112 and 113: 4.3 Disaster Risk Management Model
Page 114 and 115: This integrated and culturally sens
Page 116 and 117: 4. Consequences of Tropical Storm S
Page 118 and 119: To that end, the Santiago Atitlán
Page 120 and 121: Table 6.2. Continuation Component C
Page 122 and 123: tion Commission consisting of the l
Page 124 and 125: ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ Cultura
Page 126 and 127: ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■
Page 130 and 131: emarkable growth is not accompanied
Page 132 and 133: synergies created to overcome one o
Page 134 and 135: and status: They went from being in
Page 136 and 137: eligious beliefs - converged to cre
Page 138 and 139: Glossary * Acceptable risk The leve
Page 140 and 141: Hazard A dangerous phenomenon, subs
Page 142 and 143: About the Authors and Contributors
Page 144: Preventive Resettlement of Populati
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