KYRGYZSTAN TODAY Policy briefs on - Department of Geography

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2. Tax administration. Tax administration reform is needed to balance the rights of tax payers and tax authorities, to decrease corruption in tax authorities, and to increase the efficiency of fiscal officers. The following measures should be taken to reorganize the Tax Service: • optimize organizational structure and functions; • introduce modern information technologies; • exclude conditions for corruption in fiscal bodies by reducing their contacts with tax payers through the “one window” approach for registering entities and submitting their tax reports; • submit tax reports through electronic communication channels; • reduce the number of tax checks as a way to assess risks of tax non-payments by operating entities; • optimize the system so it is also applied to large taxpayers. 3. Frequent and unreasonable checks. Many potential advantages of a market economy have not been realized because enterprises that engage in commercial activities are exposed to repeated checks, and face many requirements from various authorities, all of whom issue more than one check for the same aspects of an enterprise’s activities. Numerous and inconsistent tax instructions and rules are subject to constant change. Discrepancies of the current Tax Code provides tax inspectors, auditors, and tax police officers with the opportunity to “hunt for rent” from taxpayers. 4. Imperfections of the legislative and legal normative bases. The newly-developed Tax Code has not been adopted for more than two years. Quite often, statutory acts contradict each other or are duplicated. In general, the legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic complies with principles of market economy and the economic strategy, which the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic has developed. However, the implementation process complicates more than promotes the development of a market economy. The key problem in promoting the rule of law is the excessive intervention from the State in private business, as well as failure to observe the law. 5. Instability and unpredictability of the business regulation policy. There is low transparency in the ways that the State makes its decisions on legal and economic regulations. These impact the market environment and the rights and interests of businessmen, on the one hand, and the complexity of permit and license procedures and imperfection of business tax administration, on the other hand. The resulting uncertainty makes business activities more complicated and increases the costs. Serious obstacles arise as state bodies duplicate their activities while granting permissions. During recent years, the scope of paid services that public authorities render has constantly increased. In reality, public authorities make their own business while rendering paid services. In addition, state structures have the right to establish norms, and then control on their own their performance; this leads to conflicts of interests. Officials are always developing laws that maintain their own supervisory functions and, thus, justify the existence of the public authorities themselves. That was the way many departmental normative legal provisions had been accepted, and are now accepted. Legal provisions have been developed in interest of the state structures managed by the authors of these projects and then the same state bodies and structures supervise and render the newly-introduced paid services. The register of permission documents issued by state bodies amounts to around 100 different permit names. The actual quantity of all departmental permissive documents, sublicenses, confirmation papers, 166
and other similar is ten times greater, and their considerable role mismatches the force of current legislation. Instructions issued by various ministries and departments also need to be improved. 6. Reducing and improving licensing and permissive procedures. The newlyintroduced licensing, or its cancellation for some types of activities, can take place to meet the following criteria: • environment protection, property and life security, health care; • state security; • implementation of state monopoly; • law and order maintenance. The introduction of license procedures, or new license requirements and conditions, should not unreasonably limit the freedom of businesses. The areas of technical regulation in the Kyrgyz Republic, which constitutes more than 70 percent of the state regulatory system, is also seen by the business community as overflowing with absolutely unnecessary requirements. However, some actions are already in effect to help improve the situation. Thus, on December 1, 2004, the KR Law on Basic Technical Regulation in the Kyrgyz Republic came into force. A five-year period of transition for technical regulations in the form of laws is called for by the document. After December 1, 2009, those state requirements that were introduced by departments but which have been not replaced with relative technical regulations will be cancelled. 7. Customs administration. The main objective of improving customs administration should create conditions that are as favorable as possible for mobilizing the foreigneconomic activity of operating entities in Kyrgyzstan, and bringing a substantial flow of investments into the national economy. The customs administration procedure is given in Table 3. Table 3 Indicator Kyrgyzstan Region OECD Export documents (quantity) 13 7.1 4.5 Export period (days) 64 29.7 10.7 Export costs (US$/container) 3,000 1,649.1 1,069.1 Import documents (quantity) 13 8.3 5.1 Import period (days) 75 31.7 11.4 Import costs (US$/container) 3, 250 1 822.2 1132.7 Measures to increase the efficiency and transparency of customs duty administration include: • simplify customs procedures and checks on the border; • arrange customs registration, control, information exchange, collection, and analysis as well as allow the possibility of submitting import and export declarations in an electronic form; • ensure transparency of customs services by granting to all concerned access to the information they need, by developing partnership between the Customs Service and the business community, as well as arranging unimpeded and prompt information exchange between the Custom Service of Kyrgyzstan and its major trading partners. 167
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Social Research Center American Uni
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The Social Research Center (SRC) at
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What needs to be studied is whether
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policy, but on the politics of loya
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them set up with the sole aim of ac
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has been made. As democratization i
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For a country where the main active
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seemingly happen to form regionally
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• Support the development of self
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synonymous with civil society. Thes
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and to the fact that it is popularl
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in a politically-advanced society w
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Galina Plakhotnikova, Aida Kurbanov
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For such individuals, personal sati
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to focus on donors’ priorities, w
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Sheradil Baktygulov, Independent Ex
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By having good knowledge and unders
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In this context, the Kyrgyz state v
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6. Produce a training program for g
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among decision-makers and in genera
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200. This means that about USD 20 m
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New Middle Classes Classes are anta
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References and Sources 1. Bates R.
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There were attempts to build the pa
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Kyrgyzstan, they did not have a cle
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impossible. Even though the Moldova
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Summing up, it should be emphasized
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24. Romedi Arkvint’s Speech//Kiev
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- national programs and projects; -
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awareness of implementation of thes
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also tried to participate in develo
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and its regional programs, to devel
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development in both urban and rural
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the participants of public hearings
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Social Development as the spokesper
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Nookatbek Idrisov, Director of the
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membership fees, donations, grants)
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and (2) the Law on Charity doesn’
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6. To change numbering of items in
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its founders, members, participants
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and property at its balance-sheet v
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Kanykey Jailobaeva, PhD Candidate a
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NGOs to involve the government and
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over the implementation of its init
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His advice on the legislative basis
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presence of those major elements of
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arises; this problem is now apparen
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not a decision-maker, but rather
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Some believe and argue that Kyrgyz
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Central and Eastern European and Ba
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the vocational-education system sho
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force and its profile, since all th
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is employed in jobs that do not req
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educational institutions elaborate
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naturally expect to return to their
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emittances for granted at the backb
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Global Donor Platform for Rural Dev
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Page 123 and 124: Recommendations • Improve the imm
Page 125 and 126: In Kyrgyzstan, there are the Spirit
Page 127 and 128: Following are some examples of mode
Page 129 and 130: Timur Kozukulov, Senior lecturer, r
Page 131 and 132: 2. These problems are also typical
Page 133 and 134: Shakhnoza Madaeva, Candidate of phi
Page 135 and 136: women). About 50 percent of student
Page 137 and 138: 3. International institutions and i
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Page 141 and 142: you from a single person created of
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Page 145 and 146: Types and scale of judicial corrupt
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Page 149 and 150: other indirect features of judicial
Page 151 and 152: albeit very unlikely. However, many
Page 153 and 154: Many factors contribute to this cor
Page 155 and 156: also collapsed, and the academic co
Page 157 and 158: To university students: 1. To chang
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Page 161 and 162: authority to levy tax backlogs with
Page 163 and 164: Kubanychbek Omuraliev, Independent
Page 165: On the subject of barriers, it is a
Page 169 and 170: participation in economic activitie
Page 171 and 172: • adopt laws that recognize and p
Page 173 and 174: Emil Nasritdinov. Discrimination of
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