KYRGYZSTAN TODAY Policy briefs on - Department of Geography

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urban migration gives rise to a more diversified non-farm economy, and can thus result in positive transformation rather than a desperate coping strategy. Development of small towns and investment in rural infrastructure and services Small and medium-sized towns are important intermediary points along ruralto- urban continuums, linking both urban and rural areas. Combined with vital rural infrastructure they provide social and economic services that not only make a return of migrants more likely but also offer non-migrants access to health care, childcare and education. Migration mainstreaming Mainstreaming migration means systematically taking migration-specific factors into consideration in the planning, implementation and evaluation of programmes, projects and measures and encouraging collaborations among institutions that are formally in charge of migration issue and others who are not. Monitoring and evaluation The permanent settlement paradigm not only define policy but also data collection systems. Thus data systems have to capture contemporary movement of people (internally and internationally) providing the basis for safe policy making and monitoring and evaluation. Challenges and trade offs None of these recommendations are targeted at significantly reducing migration or a complete lifting of migration controls. Rather, the proposal suggests new policy mixes of policy instruments and control tools, shifting from physical exclusion and border securing towards facilitating circular migration within and outside of the country. Even more, the recommendations take a life-time perspective on migration and acknowledge the multilocal settings of many households and the different generations involved in Kyrgyzstan. Taking into consideration the complexity of migration trade-offs between policy recommendations and realties are unavoidable. For example, accepting migration as a reality, and encouraging circular migration negative impacts on integration and family life, do not dissolve but need to be facilitated in the best possible way. Moreover temporary migration programmes may fall short when incentive structures change, family ties are newly established or a second and third generation of migrants occurs. However, even if innovative policies might not fully solve some of the major dilemmas of current migration regimes, it reduces the social and economic costs of migration for individuals and administrative control mechanisms, and paradoxical consequences of current regulations, alike. What is also needed but a challenge to achieve is a broad consensus on goals and instruments of migration policy, which implies agreements on regional and global scale. References Development Research Center on Migration, Globalisation & Poverty (2005): Defining, Measuring and Influencing Sustainable Return. Briefing No. 3, July 2005. Sussex, GB. 112
Global Donor Platform for Rural Development (2007): Mind the Gap: How to Improve Rural- Urban Linkages to Reduce Poverty. Platform <strong>Policy</strong> Brief. No. 1, October 2007. IMISCOE (2006): Innovative Concepts for Alternative Migration Policies. No. 1.Vienna. Mansoor A. and B. Quillin (2006): Migration and Remittances: Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Washington: World Bank. Rannveig Agunias, D. & Newland, K. (2007): Circular Migration and Development: Trends, <strong>Policy</strong> Routes, and Ways Forward. <strong>Policy</strong> Brief, April 2007. Migration <strong>Policy</strong> Institute (MPI): Washington D.C., USA. Sadowskaja, J. (2008): Neue Tendenzen der Arbeitsmigration in Zentralasien (Recent Trends in Labour Migration in Central Asia). In: Zentralasien Analysen, No. 3. www.laender-analysen.de/zentralasien, pp. 2-6. Thieme, S. & Barbora, S. (2008): The Other Silk Road. Documentary 35 minutes (DVD). NCCR North-South & Panos South Asia. UNDP & CIS (2005): Central Asia Human Development Report 2005. Bratislava, Slovakia. Author’s contact Dr. Susan Thieme, University of Zurich, Switzerland, susan.thieme@geo.uzh.ch http://www.geo.unizh.ch/human/aboutus/homepages/suthieme/index.shtml Acknowledgements The author has been conducting research on migration and multi-local livelihoods in Kyrgyzstan and migrant’s destinations Moscow and Almaty since 2006. This research received support from the National Centre of Competence in Research North-South (NCCR North-South), with financial assistance from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). 113
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Social Research Center American Uni
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The Social Research Center (SRC) at
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What needs to be studied is whether
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policy, but on the politics of loya
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them set up with the sole aim of ac
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has been made. As democratization i
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For a country where the main active
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seemingly happen to form regionally
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• Support the development of self
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synonymous with civil society. Thes
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and to the fact that it is popularl
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in a politically-advanced society w
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Galina Plakhotnikova, Aida Kurbanov
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For such individuals, personal sati
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to focus on donors’ priorities, w
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Sheradil Baktygulov, Independent Ex
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By having good knowledge and unders
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In this context, the Kyrgyz state v
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6. Produce a training program for g
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among decision-makers and in genera
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200. This means that about USD 20 m
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New Middle Classes Classes are anta
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References and Sources 1. Bates R.
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There were attempts to build the pa
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Kyrgyzstan, they did not have a cle
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impossible. Even though the Moldova
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Summing up, it should be emphasized
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24. Romedi Arkvint’s Speech//Kiev
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- national programs and projects; -
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awareness of implementation of thes
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Kubanychbek Omuraliev, Independent
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On the subject of barriers, it is a
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and other similar is ten times grea
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participation in economic activitie
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• adopt laws that recognize and p
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Emil Nasritdinov. Discrimination of
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