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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report Marine Ecosystems Research Department populations directly and indirectly incorporate substances ejected from the seafloor, and are thought to contribute significantly to the circulation of these ejected substances. Making use of deep-sea research systems such as submersibles and ROVs, this research aims to clarify the interrelationship between substances ejected from within the earth and deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems, and the basic physiological and ecological characteristics of deep-sea chemosynthetic populations. From May to July , geochemical, microbiological and zoological investigations were conducted using the submersible 'Shinkai ' at a hydrothermal vent field, the Hatoma Knoll in the Okinawa Trough, and a methane seep field, the Kuroshima Knoll (Fig. ) off Sakishima Islands. The purpose of this investigation included; ) geochemical analysis of water at vent communities and vent fluids, ) physical environmental factor analysis at vent communities and vent fluids, ) estimation of energy sources for vent ecosystems, ) biodiversity of vent communities, ) estimation of biomass of vent communities, ) estimation of productivity of vent communities, ) relationships of biomass and productivity between microbial communities and benthic communities, ) comparisons between the Kuroshima Knoll and the Hatoma Knoll, ) physiological and embryological studies of vent benthic species. Data and samples collected during the investigation are now being analyzed. Fig. 6 Bathymodiolus short-type dominated community associated with methane seep in the Hatoma Knoll. Research on the characteristics of the deep seawater in Suruga Bay and the cascade method of deep seawater utilization Period: FY-FY Shizuoka Prefecture is carrying out the project for the effective utilization of deep seawater in Suruga Bay. In September the Prefecture installed intake facilities for surface water (depth of m) and deep water (depths of m and m), and began distributing the water to private companies and households. The objectives of this research are to contribute to the efficient promotion of the project, and to the establishment of practical deep seawater utilization technology. To this end, we are working together with Shizuoka Prefecture to deploy analysis and observation systems, research deep seawater near the Suruga Bay intake and its surrounding area, and examine the cascade method for the effective use of deep seawater. The following are the major research results for fiscal . (a) Characteristics of deep seawater In October we conducted surveys in and around the deep seawater intake area using CTD and also through vertical multilayer water sampling. Our use of an altimeter in CTD observations enabled us to measure down to five meters directly above the seafloor. In relation to the issue of suspended matter, the vertical distribution of the attenuation coefficient (Fig. ; high values indicate high turbidity) calculated from a flux transmissometer fitted to the CTD system tends to show a high attenuation coefficient in water shallower than m and water between a depth of m and the seafloor (m). Similarly, the vertical distribution of suspended matter concentration (Fig. ) in seawater collected in the same cast as this measurement shows a high reading in water shallower than m and water deeper than m. Deep seawater intakes are established at depths of m and m, and the opening that draws in seawater is m above the seafloor. Therefore water with relatively high concentrations of suspended matter is 52
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Marine Ecosystems Research Department taken in. However, the concentration of dissolved organic carbon is not high directly above the seafloor. Therefore, when utilizing this seawater on land, depending on its usage, clean water can be obtained by filtering out only the suspended matter, so this is an area that should be examined. We examined a method of analyzing trace constituents in deep seawater using the SPring- synchrotron radiation facility. We have quantified metal concentrations twice in the past with this facility and noise reduction has been an issue, so we tightened the measuring conditions and collected clean water to measure for metals. These measurements will be carried out in the future. (b) Examination of the cascade method Every week since September we have collected deep seawater pumped up by the intake facility and measured nutrient concentrations to determine the environmental effect of discharging deep seawater. This fiscal year we continued measuring suspended matter concentrations. From this, we found that the concentration of suspended matter tends to rise immediately following a typhoon. We plan to continue measurements to determine the characteristics of deep seawater intake facilities. Study on bio-remediation of the eutrophicated semi-closed estuary (Nagasaki) Period: FY-FY This cooperative research with Nagasaki Prefecture is aimed at studying measures for the fundamental and sustainable remediation of the closed sea area (remove eutrophicating substances such as N and P from the estuary). This year we carried out an environmental survey of the test sea area in preparation for the start of the test next fiscal year, and confirmed an hypoxic event during summer that completely wiped out oysters on lines. We confirmed the optimum placement of oyster rafts and aeration pipes through numerical simulation, and calculated the necessary aeration volume and air compressor capacity. From our measurements we determined that oxygen consumption of the water mass in the test area and at the surface of the seafloor sediment was, respectively, . and .gO m - day - , and we also found out the carbon subsidence flux (average of .gCm - day - , average primary production of .gCm - day - ). In January we deployed oyster rafts in the test area and began oyster cultivation (Fig. ). Before the summer stratification period we will set up an aeration system for next fiscal year, and finish setting up the purification system. Attenuation coefficient Concentration of suspended matter (mg.l -1 ) 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 100 100 200 200 Depth (m) 300 400 Depth (m) 300 400 500 500 600 600 700 700 Fig. 7 Vertical distribution of attenuation coefficient in the deep seawater intake area. Measured on October 22, 2002 offshore Yaezu, Shizuoka Prefecture. Fig. 8 Vertical distribution of suspended matter in the deep seawater intake area. Measured on October 22, 2002 offshore Yaezu, Shizuoka Prefecture. 53
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