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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report Marine Ecosystems Research Department Linking research on the symbiosis mechanism with field research of coral reefs where symbiosis takes place will enable us to grasp the true state of coral reefs, and, at the same time, provide basic data for facilitating their recovery. For this research, we are therefore coordinating on-site environmental studies at coral reefs and research into the mechanism of symbiosis. In fiscal we carried out research on the symbiosis mechanism that sustains coral reefs and environmental changes around coral reefs in Sekisei Lagoon (Fig. ), Japan's largest coral reef, to build a research base for enhancing the research structure, and to understand the phenomenon in which symbiotic systems collapse, as can be seen in coral bleaching. We collected coral samples and measured the physical environment at the survey sites shown in Figure . From this, we were able to gain a broad understanding of the Sekisei Lagoon circulation pattern (Fig. ). We are also analyzing the DNA of the coral we sampled (Fig. ). The results of our studies will be presented in scientific journals, and at conferences and symposiums both in Japan and overseas. Mesopelagic Biology Program Period : FY- The Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) established a federally-funded program beginning in fiscal year to survey the mesopelagic and benthopelagic communities around Japan. This program combines the unique technology of the submersibles at JAMSTEC with experience gained from similar mesopelagic studies elsewhere. Such submersibles are invaluable to study the delicate gelatinous midwater fauna that, although extremely abundant, cannot be sampled using conventional net tows. Fig. 1 Sekisei Lagoon (Japan's largest coral reef located between Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island) Fig. 3 Schematic view of the circulation pattern in Sekisei Lagoon Fig. 2 Symbiosis and environment survey points in Sekisei Lagoon Fig. 4 Sampled coral (left: Acropora tenuis; right: Favia pallida) 50
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Marine Ecosystems Research Department Biological sampling equipment such as slurp gun systems have been redesigned and adapted for use on the JAMSTEC submersibles and other forms of biological sampling equipment, such as the gate sampler, have been newly developed in-house in conjunction with overseas colleagues from UCLA, UNE and MBARI. Working databases of the midwater fauna of Sagami Bay, the Japan Sea, and the waters above the Japan Trench have been developed. Limited midwater research has been carried out inhouse at JAMSTEC since . Sagami Bay has been the principle target area for midwater studies at JAM- STEC during this period. Dives made during and in Sagami Bay yielded a working database and taxonomic list. This database resulted in three manuscripts (Hunt and Lindsay, ; Hunt and Lindsay, ; Lindsay et al., ). In -, limited dives were also carried out in other areas around Japan and comparison was made with the Sagami Bay database. This allowed basic characterization of the Japanese fauna and has helped target oceanographic areas of scientific interest for future in-depth surveys. Dives in Sagami Bay were also made during - and these yielded greater insights into the species diversity, vertical distributions and overall ecology of the bay. A large amount of effort during these first six years has gone into developing or otherwise acquiring biological (slurp guns, gate samplers, D-sampler hydraulic systems) and physico-chemical (CTD-DO, turbidity and chlorophyll a sensors) sampling gear, facilities to maintain midwater animals (on-board and lab-based planktonkreisels, coolers), lab equipment (night vision scopes, video-recordable microscopes, camera equipment, a DNA-sequencer), and otherwise laying the groundwork for a world-class mesopelagic biology program. In fiscal we conducted surveys in Sagami Bay (SHINKAI ), Suruga Bay (SHINKAI ) and offshore Sanriku (ROV HYPER-DOLPHIN). We surveyed several water masses with different environmental parameters to clarify the relationship between the Fig. 5 Tiburonia granrojo, of the new sub-family Tiburoniinae habitat environment (water temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen) and the composition of fauna communities off the Sanriku coast. From this series of dives we discovered that the faunal composition of the Oyashio system, Kuroshio system and the transition region are significantly different. Comparing the composition of mesopelagic and benthopelagic communities in Sagami Bay and Suruga Bay has revealed significant differences in community composition, even though the bays are geographically close. These results were presented in scientific journals, and at conferences and symposiums both in Japan and overseas. We described Tiburonia granrojo, filmed and collected by the ROV HYPER-DOLPHIN, as a new subfamily, new genus and new species, in the journal Marine Biology in collaboration with colleagues at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. This was also introduced by the journal Nature and reported on TV and in newspapers in Japan and overseas. Studies on Deep-sea Ecosystems Period : FY- Apart from photosynthesis-based ecosystems, ocean ecosystems include chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, which are formed on the ocean floor through the ejection of hydrothermal fluid and cold seeps. Of particularly large scales are the hydrothermal vent populations and cold seep populations in deep-sea areas. Maintaining a large biomass, these 51
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