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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change Depth (m) Depth (m) -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300 -350 -390 Nov 2000 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300 Dec Jan 2001 Zonal curent LPF (5dy) Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 2002 Meridional curent LPF (5dy) Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 rial regions of the North Pacific Ocean, the eastern region of the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean, in collaboration with Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan Coast Guard, Hokkaido University, and Tokyo University of Fisheries (Fig. and ). -350 -60 -390 Nov 2000 Dec Jan 2001 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 2002 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul -80 Fig. 4 Time-depth sections of the zonal (top panel) and meridional (bottom panel) currents obtained from 20-months ADCP mooring at 90E on the equator. 0 Salinity [psu] 37 100 36 Depth [m] 200 300 35 400 500 60E 70E 80E 90E Fig. 5 Example of the salinity distribution along the VOS XCTD line in the northern Indian Ocean. Ocean Data View 34 33 Fig. 6 Deployment locations of Argo floats in the North Pacific deployed by JAMSTEC in FY 2002. We also continued wide area XBT/XCTD observations using fishing vessels. These XBT/XCTD observations are being operated in collaboration with Japan Meteorological Agency and National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries. (II) The Subsurface and the Middle Layer Ocean Variation Research Group / Argo Group We aim to elucidate the subsurface and the middlelayer ocean variation mechanisms - believed to be the major factors influencing climatic changes in years to several decades cycle - on a Pacific-wide scale. Along these lines, we have been undertaking Argo float deployment jointly with the JAMSTEC Ocean Observation and Research Department since FY. After determining efficient (optimum) release points through numerical-model simulations, we deployed a total of floats in FY in the subarctic to equato- Fig. 7 Deployment locations of Argo floats in the Indian and Southern Ocean deployed by JAMSTEC in FY 2002. 161
JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change Quality control of Argo float data is one of most important missions of our group. We have used the method developed by PMEL/NOAA as the standard delayed-mode quality control procedure for Argo salinity data. Examining and evaluating this method along with a lot of test calculations, we came to the conclusion that we should use more sophisticated climatological dataset to obtain better results on applying PMEL's method. We are now performing additional tests to obtain higher-quality float data, and preparing a new sophisticated dataset of the Pacific Ocean in cooperation with PMEL. Using Argo float data and other hydrographic data, we have been studying the role of mesoscale eddies on the formation and transport of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water and the characteristics of the North Pacific Central Mode Water in relation to the frontal structure. For the effective use of sparsely distributed Argo data, we have been developing a D-VAR data assimilation system on the basis of MOM (GFDL) in cooperation with researchers of FRSGC. We carried out an identical twin experiment to verify that the developed assimilation system performs satisfactorily. We held an Argo symposium in the spring meeting of the Japan Oceanographic Society and reported on the current state of Argo and discussed its future vision. (III) Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment The Kuroshio is one of the major currents in the world, and plays an important role in the pole-ward heat transport as a western boundary current of the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Our goal is to improve the accuracy of numerical prediction models for global climate change by observational study on the variation mechanism of volume transport and path of the Kuroshio south of central Japan. It is believed that the northward current in the southeast of Nansei Islands (Ryukyu Current System) and the Kuroshio in the East China Sea meet south of Kyushu, and form the Kuroshio to the south of Shikoku and Honshu Islands. However, due to the mesoscale eddies coming frequently from the east of the Kuroshio Extension region, there are still several open questions on the Ryukyu Current System. For examining its mean state and seasonal variation, and elucidating the effects of mesoscale eddies and bottom topography on its driving and variation mechanism, we have been conducting intensive surveys in the southeast of Okinawa Island since . We succeeded in estimating for the first time the mean volume transport of the Ryukyu Current System in the southeast of Okinawa Island to be . Sv ( Sv = m /s) from November to August . This result was published in the international journal "Geophysical Research Letters" in January (Zhu et al., ). In June , PIES (Pressure gauge equipped Inverted Echo Sounder) were deployed in the southeastern shelf slopes of Okinawa and Amami-Oshima Islands from the R/V Mirai in co-operation with OORD of JAMSTEC, and recovered in December by the S/V Yokosuka together with the current meters deployed in November by the T/V Keitenmaru of Kagoshima University. During the Yokosuka cruise, we also deployed PIES in the southeastern shelf slope of Amami-Oshima Island; PIES, ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) and two DACM (-Dimensional Acoustic Current Meter) in the southeastern shelf slope of Okinawa Island; and PIES and RCM (Recording Current Meter) in the southeastern shelf slope of Miyakojima Island collaborating with OORD/JAMSTEC and Kagoshima University, as well as CPIES (current meter equipped PIES) and PIES in the East China Sea Kuroshio region collaborating with the University of Rhode Island (Fig. ). In addition to the hydrographic surveys, CTD (Conductivity, Temperature and Depth Meter) with LADCP (Lowered ADCP), XBT (eXpendable BathyThermograph) or XCTD (eXpendable CTD) observations were conducted in June (R/V Mirai), September (T/S Kakuyomaru of the Nagasaki 162
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