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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report Frontier Research System for Global Change tend to increase on the warmer flank of major ocean fronts and decrease on the colder flank (Figure ). b. Theme : Regional Ocean Influences Research projects under Theme were conducted to do the following: understand Kuroshio-path dynamics; analyze mean states and mesoscale variability of the Kuroshio-Oyashio system (KOS) by using satellite altimeter, drifters, historical data, and an eddy-resolving model; model pathways between subtropical and subpolar gyres; improve and apply data-assimilation schemes for analyzing the KOS and mode waters; describe detailed circulations of the North and South Pacific lowlatitude boundary currents (LLWBCs) by using historical, existing, and model data; simulate LLWBCs and their climatic variability; study regional circulation and variability of the Indonesian Throughflow with a focus on variations in its vertical structure; and capture the oceanic response in the eastern Indian Ocean to active and break periods during the monsoon onset. Other studies included the influence of ocean stirring and mixing caused by eddying flows on the marine ecosystem; the damping of TIWs through negative atmospheric feedback; the monsoon's effect on the partitioning of North Equatorial Current transport into the Mindanao Current and Kuroshio and on the water-mass distribution between the tropical and subtropical North Pacific. Theme- researchers have also been closely involved in the establishment of the Asia-Pacific Data- Research Center (APDRC). c. Theme : Asian-Australian Monsoon System Theme- researchers investigated the following areas: the nonlinearity of El Niño and La Niña; the effect of thermocline and ocean-zonal-advective feedback on the time scales of various Pacific coupled modes; the impact of the late 's basic-state shift in the Pacific Ocean on different components of the 40N Sea Surface Temperature (a) 1998 (b) 2001 35N 140E 30N 130E 140E 130E 30N 130E 140E 130E 140E 15 18 21 24 ˚C Surface Winds 40N (c) 1998 (d) 2001 35N 5 6 7 8 9 m / s Fig.23 April to June mean fields in SST and surface wind speed for 1998 (panels a and c) and for 2001 (panels b and d) based on TRMM Microwave Imager data sets. The shift between Kuroshio's straight (panel a) and meandering path (panel b) is accompanied by large differences in SST. The high wind speed over the straight warm SST path is markedly reduced when the warm water is replaced by cool water in the meandering path. 142
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Frontier Research System for Global Change Asian-Australian monsoon; the effect of air-sea interactions in the warm-pool region on the Asian summer monsoon; and the influence of the Asian-Australian and the South American monsoons on SST in the tropical Pacific. Other projects studied the development of tropical cyclones by analyzing satellite data and -D high-resolution atmospheric model simulations; spatial and temporal structures of the tropospheric biennial oscillation; mechanisms underlying the northward propagation of the boreal summer intra-seasonal oscillation; relationships between ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole by analyzing observations and solutions to numerical modeling studies; and a realistic simulation of the East Asian summer monsoon with the IPRC Regional Climate Model, which was also used to simulate and understand the atmospheric circulation and climate in the eastern tropical Pacific. Intra-seasonal, annual, and interannual events in the Asian- Australian Monsoon region were simulated with the latest version of the ECHAM atmospheric model. Theme- researchers also worked on the development of a suite of hierarchical coupled models, which is becoming a powerful and indispensable tool for understanding monsoon variability and the complex atmosphere-ocean-land interactions of the Asian- Australian Monsoon System. The suite includes a fully coupled GCM, a hybrid coupled model, an intermediate coupled atmospheric model, and the IPRC Regional Climate Model. d. Theme : Impacts of Global Environmental Change Accomplishments in Theme include the following studies: the response of a troposphere-stratospheremesosphere GCM to dynamical perturbations imposed in the stratosphere, allowing an unambiguous demonstration of a dynamical downward coupling of the large-scale stratospheric circulation to the surface climate; global climate sensitivity and feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM simulations (Figure a and b); and the analysis of output from very highresolution global atmospheric models. e. The Asia-Pacific Data-Research Center (APDRC) A goal of the APDRC is to make the large and diverse climate data sets and products manageable and easy to access. To serve massive model-derived products from supercomputers such as the Earth Simulator, the APDRC has been increasing its storage capacity this year, as well as developing the "sister server" concept, whereby servers at other institutions store parts of the data sets, but users will be able to access the diverse data sets seamlessly at the APDRC site. The transfer of the IPRC server systems (LAS, EPIC, and CAS) to Japanese servers has therefore been a major effort this year. Offerings on the APDRC servers have been expanded and provide access to WOCE CTD stations, Upper Ocean Thermal profiles, and current-meter records as well as Argo profiles from the Global Data Assembly Centers at US GODAE and IFREMER, France. The EPIC server has been configured to allow easy sampling of information by region, time, and float, and creates graphic representations of the sampled data (Figure a). Plans have been made for participation in evaluating and serving the GODAE products, which, with the help of ocean data-assimilation models, will provide frequently and at high spatial resolution, real-time and forecast of temperature, salinity, sea level, and currents. The APDRC is already serving the assimilationbased products from JPL–ECCO, NOAA–GFDL, and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) products (Figure b). Finally, the APDRC has been assisting the Integrated Modeling Research Program (under Toshiyuki Awaji) in establishing an international data network for its Earth Simulator data reanalysis from the s by conducting data analyses and providing quality control and value-added information. For the Integrated Modeling Research Program and the Earth Simulator Center collaboration, the APDRC's data serving capacity based on the LAS, CAS, and GDS infrastructure should become invaluable for serving the large model output. 143
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