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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
J apan Marine Science and Technology Center
CONTENTS
Preface 1
Outline of Activities 3
Research Activities
Deep Sea Research Department 19
Marine Technology Department 25
Ocean Observation and Research Department 33
Marine Ecosystems Research Department 49
Computer and Information Department 65
Frontier Research System for Extremophiles 67
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE) 87
Frontier Research System for Global Change115
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change159
OD21 Program Department 171
International Continental Scientific Drilling Program 179
The Earth Simulator Center 181
Mutsu Research Group 185
Research Support Activities
Computer and Information Service 191
Training and Education Service 199
Research Support Department 203
Research Evaluation 211
Appendix A
Research Achievements 217
Appendix B
Organization Chart 279
Appendix C
Scientific & Technological Staff 281
Appendix D
Support Staff 287
Appendix E
Budget289
Appendix F
PATENT 291

Preface
In summer the World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg on the African continent,
the birthplace of humankind, while also marks the tenth anniversary of the Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit,
so for the international community, global environmental problems are still a very compelling concern. In summer
, Washington DC hosted the Earth Observation Summit where participating countries began examining cooperation
and the systematic implementation of earth observation.
Before we can hope to resolve global environmental problems, we must first gain an accurate understanding of
the true state of the earth, build up our scientific knowledge about the unknown global systems and mechanisms,
then devise accurate predictions and formulate the necessary countermeasures based on this. Much is therefore
expected of JAMSTEC in its capacity as a leading marine science and technology test and research organization,
and we are committed to giving back to the wider community our observation achievements from our fleet of
oceanographic research vessels, observation buoys, manned research submersibles and unmanned vehicles, and our
analysis achievements from such systems as the Earth Simulator.
Against this backdrop, this year all facilities of the Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences were completed, and in
August we held the opening ceremony with Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Minister Toyama
as our special guest. Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences will make a significant contribution to a broad range of
research aimed at resolving global environmental issues through its four roles as an R&D and operation center for
the Earth Simulator, a research center encompassing the Frontier Research System for Global Change and other
organizations, a comprehensive information center for JAMSTEC, and a center for distributing the fruits of our
research on the oceans and earth to society.
In September we invited the directors of of the world's major ocean research institutions to take part in an
international symposium under the theme of "Ocean science in the st century" to commemorate JAMSTEC's th
anniversary. The results of the discussions were summarized and conveyed to the world in the Yokosuka Statement.
In October the Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX) was inaugurated. CDEX will operate the deep-sea
drilling vessel CHIKYU, which is currently under construction and scheduled for completion in , and provide
strong support for the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) to start in October .
In November the analysis program for the Earth Simulator, which commenced full-scale operations in March,
won the Gordon Bell Award. The Gordon Bell Awards are highly prestigious awards given in recognition of
outstanding achievements in practical scientific and technical computing.
From April JAMSTEC will be reborn as an independent administrative institution, and with this we are determined
to advance our research into ocean and earth science and technology even more positively and efficiently.
This annual report outlines JAMSTEC's programs during fiscal , and we hope it will give you a better understanding
of our activities and the kind of research and development we carry out. We
at JAMSTEC look forward to your continuing support and cooperation.
November
Takuya Hirano
President
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Outline of Activities
Overview
To promote ocean development in our country, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) continued
to carry out a variety of activities during FY (ending March , ) in close cooperation with domestic
and foreign organizations concerned. These activities included research and development efforts, education and
training services, information services, and construction, improvement and shared use of facilities and equipment.
Details of these activities are described below.
1. Research and development activities
JAMSTEC carries out its R&D activities under categories
of Research Project; Category , Research Project;
Category or Personal Research depending on the objective,
content and progress status of these activities. JAM-
STEC has established a flexible R&D system under
which to conduct research according to the plan drawn up
at the beginning of each fiscal year, that enables creative
research based on researcher's own initiatives or adjustment
to the situation change. In addition, JAMSTEC
carries out Commissioned Research and Cooperative
Research at the request from, and with the cooperation
of, other domestic and foreign organizations.
The R&D activities that JAMSTEC carried out for
FY are summarized below:
() Research Project; Category
JAMSTEC carries out important, large-scale or
comprehensive R&D projects as Research Project;
Category to make contributions to the economic and
social development and the improvement of marine
science and technology. In FY, JAMSTEC carried
out Research Project; Category as listed in Table .
() Research Project; Category
As Research Project; Category , JAMSTEC carries
out R&D projects to further develop the basic results
obtained from Personal Research and other researches
that may possibly develop into future Research
Project; Category . In FY, JAMSTEC carried
out Research Project; Category as listed in Table .
() Personal Research
As Personal Research, JAMSTEC carries out
research projects based upon individual researchers'
spontaneous conceptions to maximize their abilities,
or those that might develop into Research Project;
Category or Researches Project; Category in the
future. In FY, JAMSTEC carried out Personal
Research as listed in Table .
() Commissioned Research and Cooperative Research
As Commissioned Research, JAMSTEC carries out
research projects involving marine science and
technology, which are commissioned by other organizations
to JAMSTEC and whose implementation
JAMSTEC considers will benefit its own interests. In
FY, JAMSTEC carried out commissioned
Research as listed in Table .
As Cooperative Research, JAMSTEC carries out
research projects in which high-level results are likely
to come, while reduction in costs and required time
is expected by sharing R&D resources with other
organizations. In FY, JAMSTEC carried out
Cooperative Research as listed in Table .
2. Education and Training Activities
JAMSTEC provides education and training to
disseminate the results of its R&D efforts widely to
the world, and contribute to the human resources
development essential to advance marine science and
technology in Japan. In fiscal JAMSTEC conducted
training in diving skills and diving operations
management, the Science Camp for high school students,
the Marine Science School for elementary, secondary
and high school students, university students
and high school teachers with the support of the Japan
Foundation, and the Asia-Western Pacific Ocean
Research Network program for invited researchers and
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Outline of Activities
technicians from countries in Asia and the Western
Pacific Ocean region.
3. Activity Related to Information Services
JAMSTEC continued to collect the indispensable
marine science and technology literature (e.g., books,
journals, conference publications, and technical reports)
published world wide, and published a broad range of
reports on its research achievements for dissemination
both in Japan and overseas. JAMSTEC also distributed
its own publication Blue Earth to major libraries throughout
Japan, and to the public on a paid subscription basis,
and created the Hyper Ocean-Earth Encyclopedia web
site to foster a greater interest in and understanding
of marine and earth science among young people.
In addition, JAMSTEC continued expanding its ocean
database, and operating its supercomputer systems.
4. Operation of the JAMSTEC Fleet
JAMSTEC owns and operates the following vessels
to undertake the programs and services mentioned
above– ,m research submersible system (manned
research submersible SHINKAI , support vessel
NATSUSHIMA, and land servicing site), ,m class
ROV DOLPHIN-K, ,m class Deep Sea ROV
KAIKO, ,m class ROV HYPER-DOLPHIN,
research vessel KAIYO, ,m research submersible
system (manned research submersible SHINKAI ,
support vessel YOKOSUKA, and land servicing site),
deep sea research vessel KAIREI, and oceanographic
research vessel MIRAI. The operations of these vessels
in fiscal are outlined below. In fiscal the
manned research submersible SHINKAI ceased
operations, and the ,m class ROV DOLPHIN-K
completed its operations.
() NATSUSHIMA
In fiscal NATSUSHIMA was at sea for a total
of days providing operational support for
SHINKAI , DOLPHIN-K, HYPER-DOLPHIN
and UROV-K.
() KAIYO
In fiscal KAIYO was at sea for a total of
days providing operational support for HYPER-
DOLPHIN, and conducting various surveys and deepsea
towing missions.
() YOKOSUKA
In fiscal YOKOSUKA was at sea for a total of
days providing operational support for SHINKAI
, and also conducting independent research.
() KAIREI
In fiscal KAIREI was at sea for a total of
days providing operational support for KAIKO, and
also conducting independent research and surveys on
the subsurface structure.
() MIRAI
Continuing on from fiscal , MIRAI completed
five joint-use missions in fiscal , and was at sea
for a total of days.
() SHINKAI
SHINKAI completed dives around the
Nansei Islands, Suruga Bay, Sagami Bay, Nankai
Trough, and Izu-Ogasawara.
() SHINKAI
SHINKAI completed dives around the
Chishima Trench, Nankai Trough, Sagami Bay,
Suruga Bay, Nansei Islands, Hawaii Islands, and Java-
Sunda Trench.
() DOLPHIN-K
DOLPHIN-K completed a total of dives for
preliminary site surveys for SHINKAI , and for
research in Kagoshima Bay.
() HYPER-DOLPHIN
HYPER-DOLPHIN completed dives in offshore
Sanriku, Sagami Bay, offshore Tokachi, Nansei
Islands, and Suruga Bay.
() KAIKO
KAIKO completed a total of dives in the sea
areas around Japan, including the Northwest Pacific
Ocean, offshore Kushiro-Tokachi, Japan Trench, and
Nankai Trough, and in the Mariana Trench and in the
sea area to the west of the Philippines.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Outline of Activities
Table 1 Research Project; Category 1
Subject Period Department
1 Research on imaging technology FY1998-2002 Marine Technology Department
2 Research on power sources FY1998-2002 Marine Technology Department
3 Research on underwater acoustic technology FY1998-2002 Marine Technology Department
4 Research on measuring and sensor technology FY1998-2002 Marine Technology Department
5 Research on ocean sensors for mounting on FY1998-2004 Marine Technology Department
stratospheric platforms
6 Research and development of autonomous FY1998-2004 Marine Technology Department
underwater vehicle
7 Research on ocean bottom dynamics FY1998- Deep Sea Research Department
8 Support for deep-sea research FY1996- Research Support Department
9 Development and facilitation of the multidisciplinary FY1996- Deep Sea Research Department
deep-sea real-time observation network system
10 Research and development of coral reef recovery techniques FY2001-2002 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
11 Meso-pelagic Biological Survey Program FY2000- Marine Ecosystems Research Department
12 Research on deep-sea ecosystems FY1997- Marine Ecosystems Research Department
13 Research and development of technologies to FY1989-2003 Marine Technology Department
utilize ocean energy
14 Research and development of coastal environments and FY1998-2005 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
their utilization
15 Tropical Ocean Climate Study FY2001-2006 Ocean Observation and Research
Department
16 Observation and research relating to Pacific Ocean heat FY2001 Ocean Observation and Research
and material transport through ocean general circulation
Department
and their changes
17 Arctic Ocean climate studies FY1991-2006 Ocean Observation and Research
Department
18 Research on the chemical environment and its changes in FY2001 Ocean Observation and Research
the ocean (formerly: Biogeochemical study of ocean material
Department
cycles)
19 Time-series observational study in the North Pacific FY2000-2005 Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
Research Group 1
20 Research on the past changes of the marine environment FY1999- Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
Research Group 1
21 Support for ocean observational research FY1996- Research Support Department
22 Promotion of Ocean Drilling in the 21st Century FY1990- OD21 Program Department
23 Frontier Research System for Global Change FY1997- Frontier Research Promotion Department
24 Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change FY1999- Frontier Research Promotion Department
25 Frontier Research System for Extremophiles FY2001- Frontier Research Promotion Department
26 Operation of the Bio-Venture Center FY2001- Frontier Research Promotion Department
27 Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution FY2001- Frontier Research Promotion Department
28 Promotion of the Earth Simulator Project FY2001- Computer and Information Department,
Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Outline of Activities
Table 2 Research Project; Category 2
Subject Period Department
1 Integrated solid earth research in Java-Sunda Trenches FY2000-2002 Deep Sea Research Department
around Indonesia
2 Study on development of oceanic arc FY2000-2002 Deep Sea Research Department
(IzuOgasawaraMariana)
3 Research on the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology FY1998-2002 Marine Technology Department
in Ice-covered Sea Area
Table 3 Personal Research
Subject Period Department
1 Study on sea bottom gamma ray measurement by manned FY1998-2002 Deep Sea Research Department
and unmanned submersibles
2 Research on Early Detection of Tsunami and Crustal FY1999-2002 Deep Sea Research Department
Deformation using Cabletype Observation Equipment
3 Feasibility study on the methane flux monitoring in the area FY2000-2002 Deep Sea Research Department
of gas hydrate distribution
4 Basic study on Geophysical measurements in drillholes FY2000-2002 Deep Sea Research Department
5 Study of crustal generation and deformation in FY2000-2002 Deep Sea Research Department
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
6 Seismic approach for oceanic upper mantle structure FY2001-2003 Deep Sea Research Department
7 Development of core-log data integration for geological FY2001-2003 Deep Sea Research Department
analysis in borehole
8 Isotope geochemical study on magmatic processes beneath FY2001-2003 Deep Sea Research Department
seafloor spreading centers
9 Research of the characteristics of seismic waveform observed FY2001-2003 Deep Sea Research Department
in the seafloor
10 Study on electrical potential mapping and monitoring on FY2001-2003 Deep Sea Research Department
the sea floor
11 Basic study on thermal and hydrological monitoring in boreholes FY2001-2003 Deep Sea Research Department
12 A study of broad band seismometer system for seafloor FY2001-2004 Deep Sea Research Department
earthquake observation
13 Geological and geophysical study of the Mariana Basin FY2002-2004 Deep Sea Research Department
14 Elucidation of the sedimentation system in FY2002-2004 Deep Sea Research Department
the Oyashio-Kuroshio mixing area
15 Tsunamis caused by slow earthquakes FY2002-2004 Deep Sea Research Department
16 Development of ocean bottom electrometer FY2002-2004 Deep Sea Research Department
17 Study for the formation of the back-arc basins FY2002-2004 Deep Sea Research Department
18 Research on electromagnetic pulse subsurface exploration FY2002-2004 Marine Technology Department
systems
19 Research on high-performance (low specific gravity, high strength) FY2001-2004 Marine Technology Department
buoyancy material
20 Study on high-frequency measurement of oceanic CO2-system FY2000-2002 Ocean Observation and Research
parameters
Department
21 Preliminary study on the mass and heat distribution being FY2000-2002 Ocean Observation and Research
associated with the ocean general circulation
Department
22 Study on measurement of chlorofluorocarbons and its applying FY2000-2003 Ocean Observation and Research
for oceanography
Department
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Outline of Activities
23 Research on paths of ENSO signals from mid-latitude to FY2002-2006 Ocean Observation and Research
tropical region in the Pacific Ocean
Department
24 Study on the measurement of the tropical rainfall over the ocean FY2002-2004 Ocean Observation and Research
Department
25 Research on the evaluation of deep sea water quality FY2000-2002 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
26 Studies on the transport process of coral eggs and larvae in FY2001-2003 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
coral reef region
27 Search for micro-pore filters available for use under high FY2001-2003 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
temperature and high pressure conditions
28 Study on the uptake of various elements using Porites corals FY2001-2003 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
29 Research on phenotypes of dendritic demersal organisms FY2002-2004 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
30 Research on the relationship between shape, swimming and FY2002-2004 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
stomach contents in jellyfish species
31 Establishment of methods to analize the genomesize using FY2002-2003 Marine Ecosystems Research Department
fluorophotometry
32 Basic research on marine environmental changes and FY2002-2004 Mutsu Institute for Oceanography Research
response by calcareous plankton Group 1
Table 4 Commissioned Research
Subject Period Consignor JAMSTEC Dept.
1 Unzen Volcano: International cooperative research FY1999-2004 Ministry of Education, Deep Sea Research Department
with scientific drilling for understanding eruption
Culture, Sports, Science
mechanisms and magmatic activity
and Technology
2 International cooperative research on the global FY1998-2002 Ministry of Education, Ocean Observation and
mapping of carbon cycle and its advancement
Culture, Sports, Science Research Department
and Technology
Subject Period Partners JAMSTEC Dept.
1 Basic research on network observation for FY1999-2002 Earthquake Research Deep Sea Research Department
seismological and geodetic applications on
the ocean floor
Institute, the University
of Tokyo
2 The research of electric field fluctuation FY2000-2002 National Research Deep Sea Research Department
measurement by the submarine cable
Institute for Earth
Science and Disaster
Prevention (NIED)
3 Observation-methodological study on FY2000-2002 Earthquake Prediction Deep Sea Research Department
geoelectromagnetic fluctuations acquired
Research Center,
in deep sea
Table 5 Cooperative Research
Institute of Oceanic
Research and
Development Tokai Univ.
4 Research of the performances of sea floor boreholes FY2001-2003 Earthquake Research Deep Sea Research Department
employed for seismo-geodetic observation
Institute,
the University of Tokyo
5 Study on application of deep sea radioactivity FY2001-2003 Japan Atomic Energy Deep Sea Research Department
detector and on method of data analysis
Research Institute
and Japan Marine
Science Foundation
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Outline of Activities
6 Research for improving low frequency responses FY2001-2003 Oki Electric Industry Deep Sea Research Department
from optical fiber seismographs (formerly: Basic
Co., Ltd.
research for the improvement on low frequency
responses from optical fiber seismic sensors)
7 Study on dynamic behavior of marine flexible pipe FY2000-2002 Research Institute for Marine Technology Department
Applied Mechanics of
Kyushu University, Ship
Research Institute
Ministry of Transport
and Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Ltd.
8 Research on the monitoring technology for FY2000-2003 Central Research Marine Technology Department
the hydro thermal plume
Institute of
Electric Power Industry
9 Development of an AUV-ROV hybrid underwater FY2001-2004 KOWA CORPORATION Marine Technology Department
vehicle for use in shallow water The research of
electric field fluctuation measurement by
the submarine cable
10 Research on gas storage using nano-materials FY2002-2004 Japan Steel Works, Ltd. Marine Technology Department
11 Research on heat-resistant suppression bellows FY2002-2004 Mitsubishi Heavy Marine Technology Department
for cultivation devices;
Industries, Ltd. Kobe
Shipyard and
Machinery Works
12 Study on sensitive and precise analysis of FY1999-2002 National Institute for Ocean Observation and
radionuclides in oceanic samples
Environmental Studies Research Department
13 Observational research on variability of FY1998-2002 Ocean Research Institute, Ocean Observation and
intermediate and deep ocean circulation the University of Tokyo Research Department
14 Study on estimation of basin-scale CO 2 fluxes in FY2000-2004 Meteorological Ocean Observation and
the North Pacific Research Institute Research Department
15 Vicarious calibration study of the ocean color FY2001-2003 NASDA and EORC Ocean Observation and
sensor GLI in the East China Sea
Research Department
16 Study on oceanic radiocarbon in FY2001-2003 Mutsu Establishment, Ocean Observation and
the western North Pacific and adjacent seas Japan Atomic Energy Research Department
Research Institute
17 Research on effective utilization of thermal energy FY2000-2002 Geological Survey of Marine Ecosystems
using deep sea water and hot spring water Hokkaido Research Department
18 Research on long-term rearing of mid-water animals FY2000-2002 Monterey Bay Marine Ecosystems
Aquarium Research Research Department
Institute
19 Research on the spawning characteristics of FY2000-2002 Ocean Research Marine Ecosystems
the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) Institute, Research Department
the University of Tokyo
20 Study on the property of deep seawater in FY2000-2002 Toyama Prefectural Marine Ecosystems
Toyama Bay Fisheries Research Research Department
Institute and Toyama
Institute of Health
21 Study on the functional use of deep seawater for FY2001-2003 Kikkoman Corporation, Marine Ecosystems
applications on industry SUNSTAR INC., Research Department
Suntory Ltd. and
NISSUI, Ltd.
22 Study of high capacity real-time communication FY2001-2005 NASDA Research Support Department
technology link to ground and the ocean
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Outline of Activities
23 Long-term ocean bottom electromagnetic FY2002-2003 Earthquake Research Deep Sea Research Department
observation around the Nankai subduction zone
Institute,
University of Tokyo
24 Exploration of ocean bottom microstructures in FY2002-2003 Ocean Research Deep Sea Research Department
the Nankai Trough
Institute,
University of Tokyo
Activities of Major Establishments
1. Yokosuka Headquarters
() Outline of Yokosuka Headquarters' Activities
In fiscal , to celebrate the th anniversary
of JAMSTEC, in September Yokosuka Headquarters
invited the directors of the world's major ocean
research institutions to take part in an international
symposium and a roundtable conference on ocean
research in the st century. The symposium and conference
were originally planned for the preceding
year, but because of the terrorist attacks in the U.S.,
they were postponed. The roundtable conference
adopted the Yokosuka Statement, which indicates the
direction of ocean research in the future. In October
JAMSTEC established the Center for Deep Earth
Exploration to operate and manage the deep-sea
drilling vessel CHIKYU, the primary drilling vessel in
the Japan-U.S.-led Integrated Ocean Drilling Program
(IODP).
() Land and Building
(a) Land
In April , the central Government invested
in kind, in JAMSTEC, a piece of nationally owned
land of ,.m in Yokosuka city, Kanagawa
Prefecture. An ,.m portion of the reclamation
work, which had been under way on the seaside of the
JAMSTEC site since fiscal , was completed in
fiscal . In fiscal , JAMSTEC purchased a
piece of land: .m , from the central Government,
and in May , the second-stage reclamation work
of ,.m was completed.
Because the level of the reclaimed land, and that of
the existing ground, differed, the level of the existing
site was raised, during a period from fiscal to fiscal
. During a period from fiscal to fiscal
, environmental conservation measures were
taken. In fiscal JAMSTEC purchased a
,.m plot of land, and in fiscal purchased
an adjacent plot of ,.m to bring the total land
area of Yokosuka Headquarters to ,.m .
(b) Building
As may be noted from Table , buildings have been
added since , one after another. In fiscal ,
there were research buildings of various purposes,
with a total floor area of ,.m . In fiscal
JAMSTEC purchased the Marine Ecosystems
Research Building (old Information and Power Source
Building) from Fuyo General Lease Co., Ltd.
Table 6 Research Facilities of Yokosuka Headquarters
Building Total floor Year for construction
area (m 2 )
Diving Simulator Building 1,586.64 Fiscal 1972
Maintenance Building (old Sea Area Research Building) 484.37 Fiscal 1972
Marine Training Building 584.88 Fiscal 1972
Modified in fiscal 1980
Modified in fiscal 1980
Modified in fiscal 1992
Marine Engineering Experiment Building 3,000.00 Fiscal 1972-73
Modified in fiscal 1994
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Outline of Activities
Diving Training Building 1,595.84 Fiscal 1973
Modified in fiscal 1995
Gas Bank Building 345.60 Fiscal 1973
Modified in fiscal 1978
Waste Treatment Building 153.90 Fiscal 1973
Marine Science and Technology Building (old Exhibition Building/ 2,249.93 Fiscal 1974
old Headquarters Building)
Modified in fiscal 2000 (earthquake
resistance reinforcement)
Hyperbaric Experiment Water Tank Building 622.33 Fiscal 1975
Common Use Building (old Numerical Analysis Building) 796.50 Fiscal 1976
Modified in fiscal 1995
Ecosystems Experiment Building (old Animal Experiment Building) 202.05 Fiscal 1977
754.84 Expanded in Fiscal 1979
Maintenance Yard for Research Submersible Vessel 1,220.73 Fiscal 1983
Expanded in fiscal 1991
Warehouse for Marine 123.84 Fiscal 1984
Expanded in fiscal 1993
Transformer Building for the Research Submersible Vessels 72.00 Fiscal 1987
Maintenance Yard
Deep-sea Research Building 5,639.82 Fiscal 1993
Ocean Research Building 1,981.80 Fiscal 1994
Maintenance Yard for Remotely Operated Vehicles 493.51 Fiscal 1995
Marine Ecosystems Research Building (old Information and 1,124.32 Fiscal 1995
Power Source Building) Purchased in fiscal 2001
Frontier Research Building 1,980.00 Fiscal 1996
Guard House 25.11 Fiscal 1996
New Prefabricated Building 99.37 Fiscal 1996
Chemical Wastewater Temporary Storage Building 19.59 Fiscal 1997
Special High-Voltage Power Receiving Station 458.54 Fiscal 1998
Canteen (Shin-kai Tei) 484.70 Fiscal 1999
Marine Technology Research Building 2,073.23 Fiscal 1999
Headquarters Building (new Headquarters Building) 3,366.23 Fiscal 1999
Headquarters International Exchange Facility Modified in fiscal 2000
Main Building North Wing (old Annex Building) 4,819.85 Expanded in Fiscal 2000
Others (set) 873.41
Total 37,232.93
2. Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
() Outline of Activities of the Mutsu Institute for
Oceanography
(a) Outline of the Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
JAMSTEC established the Mutsu Office, its first
local office, in October in Sekinehama of Mutsu
City, Aomori Prefecture, on a site facing the sea of the
Tsugaru Strait. This is because the "MIRAI", an ocean
and earth research vessel, would continue using
Sekinehama Port, the home port of the Mutsu, a
nuclear-powered vessel. The local office supported the
research activities of the "MIRAI". Notably, the local
office was engaged in operation management of the
"MIRAI", analysis of samples collected by the
"MIRAI", and interpretation of the analytical results.
Based on the performance and expectation of roles to
be played in clarifying the global environmental
change, the Mutsu Office was restructured in October
10

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Outline of Activities
, that was two years after creating the Mutsu
Institute for Oceanography.
The Institute functions as the home port for the
"MIRAI", and operates such facilities as an administration
building, observation equipment and machinery
maintenance shop, sample analysis facility, and a
facility for promoting research exchanges. The
Institute is also responsible for maintenance and repair
of observation systems on TRITON buoys, collection
and management of observation data, various kinds of
tests on ARGO floats before deployment under the
ARGO Plan, and pretreatment of seawater for determining
age by radioactive carbon ( C). The Institute
has also installed an array of analytical instruments
including the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer,
stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer, and
electron microscopes to strengthen its function as a
base for marine science research.
With these facilities and equipments, the Institute is
undertaking research that will position it as the hub of
earth science research centering on the northern seas
such as the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean
and the Sea of Okhotsk.
(b) Public Relation Activity
The understanding and cooperation of the people
living in Mutsu City, the home port of the "MIRAI", is
indispensable for the smooth operations of the
"MIRAI", and through broad-ranging public relations
activities, Mutsu Institute for Oceanography is endeavoring
to bring the achievements and dreams of marine
science and technology to the general public, and especially
to the younger generation who represent the
future of ocean research.
In fiscal year , as in fiscal year , Mutsu
Institute for Oceanography opened its facilities at the
Sekinehama Port in Mutsu City to the general public
on Marine Day on July as a special event for
Science and Technology Week. A total of people
visited the Institute. The Institute also hosted four high
school students under the high school student internship,
and provided a valuable educational experience
for them through practical training on maintenance of
the ocean observation buoy system (Fig. ). Under an
activity entitled From the Northern Seas 2002, students
from primary, middle and high schools around
Mutsu City exchanged emails with researchers on the
"MIRAI" engaged in the time-series observational
study in the North Pacific, and on their return to port,
the researchers (from Japan, France, Germany and
USA) visited the schools to talk about the research
mission, and international cooperation and understanding
(Fig. ). The Institute also held a special seminar
given by scientific adviser Noriyuki Nasu entitled
Looking at the ocean from the Tsugaru Strait. The
seminar was attended by about people both from
the Institute and from outside. Researchers were also
Fig. 1 Internship for high school students
Fig. 2 School visit by researchers
11

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Outline of Activities
sent to primary and high schools to give presentations
for their "integrated learning periods".
(c) Building and Facility of the Mutsu Institute for
Oceanography
(i) Building
Table shows the major buildings established at
Mutsu Institute for Oceanography over the six years
from fiscal year to fiscal year . In fiscal year
, the work was focused on maintenance and repair
of the each building. In particular, environmental conditions
around the observation instrument and machinery
maintenance shop had caused the waterproof sealing on
the eastern wall to deteriorate more than expected, so
the seal sections over the entire eastern wall were
repaired to ensure the building remains waterproof.
In response to the introduction of RI equipment and
the upgrading and expansion of research systems,
power supply facilities were increased and enhanced in
the sample analysis laboratory building and the observation
instrument and machinery maintenance shop.
(ii) Facility
The hyperbaric tank installed in the observation
instrument and machinery maintenance shop at the
end of fiscal year began operating in fiscal year
primarily for weight adjustment of ARGO floats
under high pressure. In fiscal the system was
pressurized a total of times for ARGO float
adjustment (Fig. ), and operation tests of releasers for
TRITON buoys and mooring systems used in timeseries
research in the North Pacific Ocean (Fig. ).
In fiscal year Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
began establishing RI handling facilities necessary for
Fig. 3 ARGO float adjustment
(Times)
160
148
Times pressurized
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
9
0
0
0 – less than 10 10 – less than 20 20 – 25
Pressure (MPa)
Fig. 4 Use of the hyperbaric tank in fiscal 2002
Table 7 Major Buildings of the Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
Building Specifications Total floor Year for Remark
area (m 2 ) construction
Observation Instrument and Three-story steel frame structure 3,046.26 Fiscal 1995-1996
Machinery Maintenance Shop building
partly open ceiling
Administration Building Two-story reinforced concrete building 521.90 Fiscal 1996 Remodeled building
leased from the Japan
Atomic Energy
Research Institute
Sample Analysis Laboratory Two-story reinforced concrete building 1,942.59 Fiscal 1996-1997
Building
Exchange Building Three-story steel frame structure 1,547.42 Fiscal 1998
building, one-story penthouse
Dangerous Object Warehouse One-story concrete block building 21.00 Fiscal 2000
12

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Outline of Activities
observation research using radioisotopes, and in fiscal
year the Institute began operations at the RI facility
after receiving approval from the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to
use radioisotopes. Operation of the RI facility at the
Institute is shown in Table . Management of the sealed
radiation source of the radioactive instruments
(gas chromatograph ECD display and gamma ray
density meter) on the "MIRAI" was transferred from
the Safety Control Division to Mutsu Institute for
Oceanography at the end of August .
3. YOKOHAMA Institute for Earth Sciences
In July , the Subcommittee on Earth Science
and Technology of the Council for Aeronautics,
Electronics and Other Advanced Technologies, of the
former Science and Technology Agency (current
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology), issued a report, entitled "Toward the
Realization of Global Change Prediction." This report
recommended promotion of a research and development
study toward understanding and forecasting
global change, incorporating three functions: observation
research, model study, and simulation study.
In fiscal , JAMSTEC was enabled, by the third
supplementary budget for fiscal , to participate in
the Earth Simulator Project, led by the former Science
and Technology Agency. The project had actually been
promoted by the Japan Atomic Energy Research
Institute (JAERI) and the National Space Development
Agency of Japan (NASDA).
To promote the Earth Simulator Project, JAMSTEC
intended to obtain an appropriate site to construct necessary
facilities. Through mediation by the Science
and Technology Promotion Division of the Planning
Department of the Kanagawa Prefectural Government,
JAMSTEC was able to obtain the site of former
Kanagawa Prefectural Industrial Research Institute.
JAMSTEC decided to build the YOKOHAMA
Institute for Earth Sciences on this site, with the facilities
for the Earth Simulator constituting the core,
equipped with functions to disseminate information on
global change, and on the results of research work on
the ocean and the solid earth.
Table 8 RI facilities at Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
Equipment Approval details RI used View of equipment
Isotope van
Use, storage and disposal facility
(can be carried on MIRAI)
14 C
(non-sealed)
Disposal van
Disposal facility
14 C
(non-sealed)
Equipment analysis room
(2nd floor of the Sample
Analysis Laboratory Building)
Use and storage facility
137 Cs
63 Ni
(Sealed)
13

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Outline of Activities
Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences covers
a total area of ,m , and consists of the Frontier
Research Building, Exchange Building, Simulator
and Simulator Research Buildings, Refrigerator
Machine Building, and the Supercomputer Building
leased from Kanagawa Prefecture. In May the
Earth Science Museum, Information Technology
Building and Guest House were completed, marking
the end of all construction work on the planned buildings.
In August the Yokohama Institute for
Earth Sciences was officially declared open at an
opening ceremony attended by Atsuko Toyama,
Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology.
Prior to this, the Earth Simulator began operating
in March , while its application in research began
in July.
With the establishment of marine and earth science
information facilities, JAMSTEC's information-related
functions were transferred to the Information
Technology Building, enabling the integrated analysis
of marine information collected by JAMSTEC
and information on global change obtained from the
Earth Simulator, and management of these data. The
Earth Science Museum provides open public access
to marine and earth science research achievements
primarily through image displays in the display
facilities.
() Land, Building, Major Facilities of the YOKOHAMA
Institute for Earth Sciences
(i) Land
JAMSTEC began buying land from the Kanagawa
Prefectural Government in March . In fiscal
Fig. 5 General view of Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences
Table 9 Installation of Research Facilities of the YOKOHAMA Institute for Earth Sciences
Building Specifications Total floor area (m 2 ) Year for construction
Earth Simulator Building Two-story steel frame structure building 6,363 FY1999-2000
Refrigerator Machine Building One-story reinforced concrete building 525 FY1999-2000
Earth Simulator Research Building Three-story reinforced concrete building, 3,477 FY1999-2000
one-story penthouse
Frontier Research Building Four-story steel frame structure building 4,443 FY2000
Exchange Building Two-story reinforced concrete building 1,894 FY2000
Earth Science Museum Four-story reinforced concrete building 3,323 FY2001-2002
Guest House Two-story reinforced concrete building 498 FY2001-2002
Information Technology Building Six-story pre-cast concrete building of 6,118 FY2001-2002
post-compressed joints
Guard House One-story reinforced concrete building 63 FY2001-2002
Operators' room Two-story reinforced concrete building 296 FY2001-2002
Super Computer Building Three-story reinforced concrete building 1,420 Leased from Kanagawa
Prefectural Government
and upgraded in
fiscal 1999
14

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Outline of Activities
JAMSTEC purchased a plot of ,.m , bringing the
total area purchased to ,.m of a total planned
area of ,.m . The remaining land will be purchased
as funds become available in the budget.
(ii) Building
JAMSTEC began constructing buildings in fiscal
, and in fiscal completed the marine and
earth science information facilities comprising the
Information Technology Building, Earth Science
Museum and Guest House.
International exchange
Ocean observation and research must be done on a
global scale to tackle climate change and other global
environmental issues.
To contribute to our understanding of these issues
and facilitate ocean observation and research more
effectively and efficiently, JAMSTEC is building and
promoting a cooperative relationship with international
organizations, joint international programs, and
overseas research institutions.
4. Global Oceanographic Data Center (GODAC)
JAMSTEC has been commissioned to manage the
Global Oceanographic Data Center (GODAC) established
in Nago, and operations began in fiscal .
This fiscal year GODAC continued its work of digitizing
JAMSTEC's deep-sea images and research
achievements, and collecting, processing and disseminating
data on the oceans and the global environment.
GODAC is actively opening its facilities and equipment
such as its lecture rooms and educational image
systems for extracurricular classes for primary and
middle schools mainly in Okinawa's northern districts,
and for training of researchers from the Asia-Western
Pacific Ocean region. GODAC also provides tours of
its facilities for the general public and is making a
solid contribution to local tourism. GODAC functions
as a pivotal dissemination center of oceanographic and
environmental data, and is developing a rich library of
educational contents that will help promote a deeper
understanding of science and technology.
Fig. 6 General view of GODAC
1. International exchange
JAMSTEC is supporting the activities of IOC
(Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) of
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization) by sending experts as members
of the various working groups, and assessing international
trends necessary for the smooth implementation
of ocean observation and research under the application
of the Law of the Sea.
JAMSTEC participates in such organizations
as SOPAC (South Pacific Applied Geoscience
Commission), an influential body in the South Pacific,
one of JAMSTEC's main observational research areas,
and POGO (Partnership for Observation of the Global
Oceans), an important forum for the world's major
oceanographic research institutions, and sends
researchers to other marine-related international
organizations as required to contribute to and assist in
their research activities.
2. Joint international programs
JAMSTEC participates in the activities of the following
international programs.
GOOS (Global Ocean Observing System)
ODP (Ocean Drilling Program)
IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) (Start in
October )
PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organization)
CLIVAR (The Climate Variability and Predictability
Programme)
15

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Outline of Activities
InterRidge (An initiative for international cooperation
in ridge-crest studies)
InterMARGINS (The International Margins Program)
ICDP (International Continental Scientific Program)
ARGO (The Array for Real Time Geostrophic
Oceanography)
3. Intergovernmental cooperation
JAMSTEC participates in intergovernmental
research cooperation between Japan and such countries
or regions as the U.S., U.K., Australia, Canada,
China, Germany, France, Russia, and EU.
The following intergovernmental committees were
held in fiscal .
May : Japan-France Ocean Development
Committee
October : Japan-Germany Ocean Science and
Technology Panel
January : Japan-Russia Science and Technology
Cooperation Committee
February : Japan-China Science and Technology
Committee
4. Cooperation with overseas organizations
JAMSTEC is carrying out research cooperation
under memoranda and agreements concluded with
related organizations in the U.S., France, Germany,
Canada, Indonesia, India, U.K. and South Korea.
() Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)
The agreement for research cooperation was revised
in June . The two organizations are cooperating
over a wide range of research fields, including marine
geology and geophysics, polar research, biogeochemistry
and the carbon cycle, marine physics and reobservation
of the WOCE observation lines, geochemical
evolution of the solid earth, submersible engineering
and safety, and ocean bottom observation stations.
() Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO)
JAMSTEC and SIO renewed their agreement for
research cooperation in December , and are cooperating
in research into the global ocean circulation,
and the deformation of the oceanic plate in the Pacific
Ocean. In February study of thermal and material
flux at ocean bottom floor was added to the memorandum
as a new field of research cooperation.
() Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
(NOAA/PMEL)
In December the memorandum between JAM-
STEC and PMEL on observational research in the
Pacific Ocean was partially amended, and under it, the
two organizations are cooperating in the deployment of
joint international research mooring buoys in the
Tropical Pacific Ocean. When the memorandum was
renewed in December , a new provision on cooperation
regarding loss and damage to buoys was added.
() Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI)
In July JAMSTEC signed an agreement on
deep-sea scientific drilling with JOI, the ODP planning
and management organization. Under this agreement,
JAMSTEC and JOI concluded an agreement on
technical exchanges for the ODP database in . In
they signed an agreement on a science and technology
and operational information project connected
with the IWG support office.
() Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of
Columbia University
JAMSTEC signed a memorandum on research
cooperation with LDEO in December , and since
then, the two organizations have exchanged research
data in such fields as physical oceanography, marine
science, and marine solid-earth science.
() Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI)
In June JAMSTEC and MBARI signed a
memorandum on research cooperation, under which
the two organizations are cooperating in research on
chemosynthetic seep and vent communities and mid
and deepwater communities, on the development of a
video image database, and on ROV piloting methods.
() Texas A&M University (TAMU)
JAMSTEC and TAMU concluded a memorandum
16

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Outline of Activities
on research cooperation in August . Under the
memorandum, the two organizations will cooperate in
research on plate tectonics and geophysics, global
ocean circulation and climate changes, drilling and
sampling technology.
() French Research Institute for Exploitation of the
Sea (IFREMER_Institut français de recherché pour
l'exploitation de la mer)
Under the memorandum for research coopration
signed in July , JAMSTEC and IFREMER are
cooperating in research on underwater technology and
deep-sea microorganisms. Conferences were held at
JAMSTEC's Yokosuka Headquarters in June and
September . In October at a Japan-France
conference in Paris, discussions were held on submarine
technology and deep-sea observation stations, and
over the same period, a seminar on deep-sea microorganisms
was also held.
() Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine
Research (AWI)
JAMSTEC and AWI concluded a research cooperation
memorandum in , and the cooperative ties
are expected to further expand in marine research and
deep-sea microorganisms.
() Indonesian Agency for the Assessment and
Application of Technology (BPPT)
JAMSTEC has been cooperating BPPT on ocean
observation in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean under a
memorandum for research cooperation signed in .
The agreement was expanded in to a comprehensive
memorandum for research cooperation that also
included deep-sea research. In March , a conference
on research cooperation was held at JAMSTEC's
Yokosuka Headquarters.
() Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans
(DFO)
JAMSTEC and DFO signed a memorandum for
cooperation in ocean research in March . The
memorandum has facilitated discussions at symposiums
and seminars and joint observation and research
with a view to understanding the climate system in the
Arctic sea area.
() Indian National Institute of Oceanography (NIO)
In May JAMSTEC and NIO signed a memorandum
on cooperation on ocean observation research
in the Indian Ocean. Under the memorandum, they are
cooperating in the maintenance of TRITON buoys
deployed in the Indian Ocean and analysis of the data
they provide.
() Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC)
JAMSTEC and SOC signed a memorandum on
research cooperation in March . Cooperation
extends across the fields of geophysics, physical
oceanography, chemical oceanography, marine instrumentation,
and atmospheric and oceanic simulation.
() Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute
(KORDI)
JAMSTEC and KORDI signed a memorandum on
research cooperation in September . Under the
memorandum, the two institutions will cooperate in
various research fields, including marine geology and
geophysics study of trench-arc-marginal sea systems,
ocean engineering unmanned underwater vehicle,
deep-sea biological communities, utilization of deep
sea water, and microbial diversity and isolation of
deep-sea microbes.
5. Other international cooperation
In September JAMSTEC held an international
symposium and roundtable conference to commemorate
its th anniversary. JAMSTEC invited the leaders
of world's major ocean research institutions to
discuss the future of ocean science under the theme of
Ocean science in the 21st century. The discussions at
the symposium and roundtable conference were summarized
in the Yokosuka Statement.
JAMSTEC has also cooperated in research with the
following organizations, including those with which
no research cooperation memorandum or agreement
has been concluded.
University of Alaska
International Research Institute for Climate
17

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Outline of Activities
Prediction (IRI)
University of Hawaii
Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington
Costa Rica National University
6. Overseas trips, dispatch of survey teams and
researchers overseas, and hosting of foreign
researchers
7. Acceptance of foreign researchers under the
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
(JSPS) visiting researcher system, and under the
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science
and Technology (MEXT) personnel exchange
system
18

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Deep Sea Research Department
Overview
The research activities at Deep Sea Research Department are focused on better understanding of the earth's
dynamics operating in deep oceans with emphasis on active geological, geophysical, and geochemical processes evident
at and/or through the ocean floor. These processes comprise important aspects of the whole earth dynamics
because most of the plate boundaries exist beneath deep waters, where plate deformations are concentrated and energy
and material fluxes are pronounced. Our strategy is to take a multi-disciplinary approach in order to identify and
to solve problems related to these processes. We consider close access to these processes to scrutinize them to be
most important. Thus, we try to make the best use of and improve the facilities available at JAMSTEC including
manned and unmanned submersibles. In particular, significant efforts are put into establishment of seafloor observatories
to detect and monitor active geological processes and investigate their significance.
Our department has been conducting two major projects and related studies focusing on these, which are
() Ocean Floor Geodynamics, and () Observation Networks on Deep Sea Floor. The research highlights during
FY (April to March ) are; () we have concluded our surveys around the Hawaiian volcanoes to construct
a model of the growth history and landslides of these volcanoes. () Seismo-electromagnetic surveys of the
Mariana Arc-Back Arc system in collaboration with U.S. groups have entered the second year. () Significant
improvements were made to the data management system of the cabled observatories.
New staff members at DSRD during this period are Natsue Abe (petrologist), Tetsuro Hirono (geologist), Weiren
Lin (physical properties specialist), Hiroyuki Matsumoto (earthquake engineer). Eiichi Kikawa (paleomagnetist)
returned from Washington Office. A brief summary of our seafaring activities is attached at the end of this report.
Detailed scientific results are being published in outside review journals and JAMSTEC reports. During FY,
our staff members and fellows were authors of peer reviewed outside journals.
1. Ocean Floor Geodynamics
a) Gas bubbling site at Kuroshima Knoll at the
forearc of Ryukyu Arc
The role of gas hydrates as reservoir of carbon needs
to be quantified in order to understand its effect to the
global change. Around Japan, we have designated
Nankai Trough area, Sagami Bay area and the
Kuroshima Knoll site as sites for quantifying methane
seepage. Since the discovery of the clam community at
the Kuroshima Knoll in , we have found that the
site is one of the few discovered areas in the world of
active fluid venting including gas bubbling. Here, more
than gas bubbling spots were found surrounded
by Bathymodiolus colonies, and carbonate rocks
were formed by cold seeps containing methane gas.
Recently obtained reflection seismic records show
polarity reversal indicating fluid inclusion at about
m depth below the vents, which suggests gas storage
and pathway along the well-developed faults (Fig. ).
In order to quantify this flow, we deployed CAT
(Chemical and Aqueous Transport) meters jointly with
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, thermometers,
a CTD, and a current meter. These instruments were
recovered after to months of observations.
b) Hawaii Volcanoes studied by Shinkai 6500
The manned submersible Shinkai made
dives south of Hawaii Island and around Oahu during
July-September, as the final phase of the Hawaii
project that started from (Figure ). The survey
was a multi-institutional effort led by E. Takahashi
(Tokyo Inst. Technology) in order to clarify the volcano
growth history, ridges extending from volcanoes, and
volcanisms at the edge of the plume head. Hawaiian
volcanoes are known to accompany large landslides as
part of their growth history. During this survey, the
19

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Deep Sea Research Department
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Calyptogena colony
carbonate crust
Fig. 1 (a) A single-channel seismic profile on the top of
the Kuroshima Knoll. Reverse polarity and lowvelocity
zone are recognized beneath the methane
seep sites. Blue lines and brown lines are interpreted
as faults and layer boundaries, respectively.
Inset shows the area map of the Kuroshima Knoll.
(b) A CAT meter installed on a Calyptogena colony.
gathered data included geological data regarding the
landslide from Mauna Loa. An intensive survey of
submarine ridges formed by magma intrusions was
made along the Hana Ridge (Haleakala east rift zone)
extending km from the Haleakala volcano of Maui
as well as at Puna Ridge from Kilauea and at Hilo
Ridge from Mauna Kea. The change in chemical components
of the magma bodies among the volcanoes
and the ridges suggests that the magma source
changes as the volcano passes over the plume.
and passive sources (airguns and earthquakes). R/V M.
Ewing surveyed the area around ˚N using MCS and
OBS for crustal scale investigation. R/V Kaiyo
employed OBSs to shoot a transect along ˚N
25 00'
24 30'
24 00'
23 30'
23 00'
22 30'
22 00'
21 30'
c) Seismo-electromagnetic surveys of the Mariana
Arc system
The Izu-Ogasawara-Mariana arc system is an oceanic
arc system extending more than km from central
Japan southward forming the eastern edge of the
Philippine Sea. The structure of the trench-arc-backarc
system provides important information about the
formation and evolution history of the system as well
as its dynamics and mass and energy transfer budgets.
Among various cruises made to the area for marine
geological and geophysical investigations, we highlight
the ongoing Japan-U.S. collaborative study using
multi-channel seismics and ocean bottom seismographs
(short period and wide-band types) for active
21 00'
20 30'
20 00'
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201 00' 202 00' 203 00' 204 00' 205 00' 206 00' 207 00'
-5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000
-6000 -5500 -4500 -3500 -2500 -1500 -500
BATHYMETRY
Fig. 2 Bathymetric map in the underwater area of the Hawaiian
Island. JAMSTEC leads a four-year (1998, 1999, 2001, and
2003) Japan-USA collaborative survey of the underwater
flank of the Hawaiian volcanoes. This exploration utilized
manned and un-manned submersibles, dredge and pistoncorer
to sample, and ship-based sonar systems to map the
bathymetry from the seafloor. The resulting swaths reveal
the seafloor in stunning detail.
m
20

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Deep Sea Research Department
(Figure ). A larger scale electromagnetic survey was
made using ocean bottom electromagnetometers to
obtain mantle electric conductivity distribution (Figure
). In order to obtain a similar scale seismological
structure, the next survey aims to record natural earthquake
signals, which will be carried out in -.
2. Observation Networks on Deep Sea Floor
a) Development of sea floor earthquake observation
systems
JAMSTEC has continued to operate major fiber
optic cabled observation systems south off Muroto of
Shikoku Island over the Nankai Trough forearc
(a)
(b)
N
20˚
19˚
18˚
17˚
16˚
15˚
14˚
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141˚
142˚ 143˚ 144˚ 145˚ 146˚ 147˚ 148˚ 149˚ E
-10000 -8000 -6000 -5000 -4000 -3000 -2000 -1000 0
Fig. 3 (a) Map of the experimental area. A main seismic line shown by a blue line runs from the eastern end of the forearc region
to the Parece Vela basin through the Mariana arc and trough. An airgun shooting by R/V Kaiyo was limited from the eastern
end of the line to OBS#45 due to bad weather from an unexpected typhoon. We deployed 106 OBSs as shown by open
circles. All OBSs ware recovered, but six OBSs data shown by black circles were unavailable due to recorder troubles. Red
stars indicate long term OBSs retrieved during KY03-01 cruise. Contour interval is 500 m. (b) Preliminary seismic velocity
structure model obtained by the OBS experiment. Contour interval is 0.1km/s. We imaged variations of the crustal thickness
and the velocity structure. The upper figure is from forward modeling, and the lower figure from inversion using first
arrivals. The white broken line is the estimated Moho.
(a)
(b)
Site 8
Site 9
(East Mariana Trough) (Mariana Islands)
0
FLX2
(Forearc)
Depth (km)
50
100
150
200
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50 100 150
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Ohm-m
10 5
10 4
10 3
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10 1
10 0
Fig. 4 (a) Large scale electric conductivity experiment using
OBEM (ocean bottom electro-magnetometers). (b)
Two-dimensional electrical conductivity model beneath
the red rectangle in (a). White broken line is the top of
the subducting Pacific Plate inferred from seismicity.
21

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Deep Sea Research Department
(System #) and south off Hokkaido over the forearc
of the Kuril Trench (System #). System # is laid out
km long over the Nankai Earthquake fault.
System # is laid out km long over the
Tokachi-oki Earthquake fault.
Both these M-class events are historically known
to recur. The data from these observatories are telemetered
to Japan Meteorological Agency and to
Yokohama branch institute of JAMSTEC (www.jamstec.go.jp/scdc/top_e.html).
We are currently planning
to establish the third cabled system near the
Tonankai Earthquake fault area off the Kii Peninsula.
The data from System # are contributing to the
improvement of hypocenters of offshore events
(Figure ). Also, the signal quality improved after
burying the seismographs (Figure ).
Depth (km)
Depth (km)
0
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200
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200
S30E
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b) Data transfer system upgrade
A significant change was made to the existing data
transfer system for improved data management and
data access. Data from all the cabled observatory
systems operated by JAMSTEC (#, # and
Hatsushima System off Hatsushima Island, Sagami
Bay) were transformed to comply with the IP (internet
protocol) network. The seismic data are now also
telemetered to the Hi-Net system (nationwide seismic
network) operated by NIED (National Institute for
Earth Science and Disaster Prevention). Our cabled
systems include video image data and they are now
sent via a HTTPD (hypertext transfer protocol daemon)
video server. These upgrades after tests will
become routine in .
200
0 100 200 300
Distance (km)
Fig. 5 Hypocenter distribution using both off-Kushiro–Tokachi
OBS's (denoted as KOBS's hereafter) and land-based
observations during the period from 20 April 2001 to 11
March 2003. Top: Epicenters and seismic station distribution.
Square and triangular symbols respectively denote locations
of KOBS's and land-based stations used in this study. Black
line is for the route of the off-Kushiro–Tokachi cabled system
(System #2). The two left figures show vertical cross sections
of hypocentral distribution in boxed area in the top figure:
The middle left figure is for an along-trench cross section,
and bottom left for a cross-trench. Three right figures
from the top to the bottom are all cross-trench vertical sections
denoted respectively as A, B and C in the top figure.
Microseismic activity in each area differs from those in the
other areas, from a point view of the hypocenter distribution.
22

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Deep Sea Research Department
-8
Sensor noise
obs1 xh.gal
obs1 yh.gal
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-8
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obs1 xh.gal
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2000/01/06 0600-0700 JST
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2002/10/26 0400-0500 JST
Fig. 6 Improvement in signal quality after burying the cabled seismographs (Cabled Observatory System #2 off
Hokkaido). Left panel is before burying. Right panel is after burying showing improvements in frequencies
above about 0.1 Hz.
Brief summary of sea bottom surveys conducted/participated by DSRD 2002 April - 2003 March
EW0202/0203 Feb-Apr Marianas
KY02-05 Apr Japan Trench Observatory/Sagami Bay
KR02-05 Apr Izu-Ogasawara Arc
NT02-07 May-Jun Ryukyu Arc
YK02-02 May-Jun Nankai Trough
KR02-07 Jun Cable System #2
NT02-08 Jun Ryukyu Arc
KR02-08 Jun-Jul JT and WP-2 Observatories
KY02-07 Jul Sagami Bay/Cable System #2/JT Observatory
YK02-04/05 Jul Hawaii Islands
KR02-10 Jul-Aug Nankai Trough
KR02-11 Aug-Sep Nankai Trough
NT02-09 Aug-Sep Izu-Ogasawara Arc
KY02-09 Aug-Sep S Japan Sea
NT02-10 Sep Izu-Ogasawara Arc
KR02-12 Oct WP-1 Observatory
YK02-07 Oct Indonesia
KR02-14 Oct-Nov Marianas
KR02-15 Nov-Dec NW Pacific
KY02-11 Dec Ryukyu Arc
KY02-12 Dec-Jan Nankai Trough
YK02-10 Dec-Jan French Polynesia
KY03-01 Jan-Feb Marianas
NT: R/V Natsushima (mother vessel of Shinkai 2000, ROV Dolphin 3K)
KY: R/V Kaiyo (mother vessel of ROV Hyper Dolphin)
KR: R/V Kairei (mother vessel of ROV Kaiko)
YK: R/V Yokosuka (mother vessel of Shinkai 6500)
23

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Marine Technology Department
Outline and research policy
The Marine Technology Department provides the means to gain a better understanding of the ocean and the earth
through the research and development of marine research vessels and marine system such as deep-sea research submersibles,
remotely operated vehicles, and ocean observation buoys, and also the research and development of
underwater acoustic technology and other important, broadly usable and innovative technologies needed for ocean
observation. Research vessels, marine systems and technologies developed by the Department are widely used and
highly regarded by researchers not just in JAMSTEC, but from many other research institutions as well.
The Department aims at actively contributing to the advancement of the ocean and the earth science and technology
through research and development of sub-surface exploration systems for obtaining information on the earth's
interior under the deep seafloor, such as the deep-sea drilling vessel, ocean survey systems such as the autonomous
underwater vehicle capable of independently cruising long distances while gathering data on the ocean, and intelligent
robots, and basic systems for marine research or development such as ocean development equipment for effectively
utilizing vast marine resources including energy, and for protecting and improving the global environment,
and also through research and development into underwater acoustic technology, underwater power sources, sensors,
and other advanced technologies that can meet increasingly sophisticated ocean survey and research needs.
1. Research Project ; Category 1
(1) Research and development on advanced technologies
From Fiscal
(a) Research on video technology
The pictures taken by a underwater TV camera provide
a very important information to operator of a
remotely operated vehicle (ROV). To provide realistic
pictures to operators and researchers, this research
introduces the VR (Virtual reality) technology that has
recently made a great progress.
Deep-sea underwater TV cameras are covered with
protective pressure-proof glass, but distortions can
appear in the images filmed through the glass. This
fiscal year, the underwater TV image mosaicking system
developed by JAMSTEC, which corrects image
distortion and color and combines multiple images
into a single seamless image, underwent comprehensive
trials in actual ROV operations. The results of
these trials were very successful.
autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in an effort to
extend its cruising range. We are carrying out R&D
into the fuel (hydrogen gas) and oxidizing agent (oxygen
gas) used in the fuel cell.
This fiscal year we carried out connection tests to
confirm the suitability of two kinds of Metal Hydrides
(MH) (AB and BCC) in the AUV, and confirmed that
the supply of hydrogen gas for observation device of
AUV is stable even with load changes. However, we
discovered that the while the AB type MH is suitable
for use in the AUV and is easy to operate and maintain,
from the viewpoint of storage volume, it is not fit for
actual sea trials. And while the BCC type MH showed
positive results in suitability for use in the AUV and
storage volume, it is not suited to sea trials from an
operability and maintenance perspective. From this, we
produced the new AB type MH and conducted tests on
its hydrogen storage performance, release characteristics,
and connection to the AUV. The tests confirmed
that it is suited to undergo sea trials.
(b) Research on power sources
The Department is conducting research into the
use of solid Polymer Electrode Fuel Cell in the
(c) Underwater acoustic technology
We are undertaking research on communicating
with manned submersibles, un-tethered remotely oper-
25

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Technology Department
ated vehicles and deployed observation systems using
acoustic signals.
This fiscal year, we created demodulation software
that applies multi-channel DFE (Decision Feedback
Equalizer), which can utilize the space diversity
effect, to facilitate communication under environments
that contains a large multi-path mix. Sea trials
carried out in Suruga Bay showed that demodulation
is possible using -QAM multi-channel DFE
demodulator, even when there is a large multi-path.
Figure shows the channel characteristics through
chirp pulse correlated value, and Figures and
Correlated value
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Direct wave
Reflected wave
0
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Time [ms]
Fig. 1 Channel characteristics measured using chirp pulse
Constelation in training mode
4
2
0
-2
-4
-4
-2 0 2 4
Constelation in decision oriented mode
4
2
0
-2
-4 -4 -2 0 2 4
show demodulation results. From Figure we can see
that a multi-path (in this sea trial, it is a bottom
reflected wave) of about % of the direct wave is
received about ms after the direct-path. Under such
environment, when using a single-channel receiver,
errors arise as indicated in figure . If data are
demodulated using a two-channel receiver, the space
diversity effect will enable error-free data to be
received as in Figure .
(d) Measurement and sensor technology
A great deal of effort is required by operators to
control AUV attitude in marine research. As AUVs
become more highly functional, there is a greater need
to incorporate various automatic functions using highprecision
sensors and powerful computers to enhance
control over their movement. In this research we are
developing sensors capable of measuring underwater
movement with a high degree of precision. For ring
laser gyros developed as a part of this research, we
adopted conditions used for aircraft in environmental
endurance. Conditions for aircraft require much
tougher environmental performance than conditions
used for ROVs, so in fiscal we improved the performance
of the gyros by modifying a part of the environmental
conditions so they conform with the condi-
Constelation in training mode Constelation in decision oriented mode
4
2
0
-2
-4
-4 -2 0 2 4
4
2
0
-2
-4 -4 -2 0 2 4
MSE [dB]
0
-10
-20
MSE [dB]
0
-10
-20
-30
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Time [symbols]
Fig. 2 Demodulation example (single element, error: 1.2x10 -3 )
-30
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Time [symbols]
Fig. 3 Demodulation result (two elements, error free)
26

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Technology Department
stratospheric platform airship prototype, and confirmed
that it operates without any problems (Fig.).
(3) AUV research and development
From Fiscal
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are
unmanned submersibles capable of cruising underwater
independently according to a preset schedule program.
Through this research, the Department is developing
important key technologies, power source and
navigation system for AUV. JAMSTEC completed
ocean-going AUV in , the major principal particulars
and external view are shown in Table and Fig.
respectivity. The AUV was named URASHIMA,
and sea trials began in fiscal . (Hereafter, called
AUV). The AUV has capabilities of maximum operational
depth of ,m, a cruising speed of kn, and a
cruising range of km. The body is cylindrical to
minimize drag force in advance. A high-performance
power source and navigation system are essential to
Table 1 URASHIMA specifications
tions used in ROVs. In fiscal we produced an
addition gyro to that produced in fiscal , and carried
out tests on incorporating it in the inertial navigation
system. The tests resulted in a performance of less
than a half of the previous performance.
(2) Research on ocean observation sensors for
mounting on the stratospheric platform airship
system
From Fiscal
We are carrying out research aimed at deploying an
unmanned airship equipped with communication systems
in the stratosphere at an altitude of about km
for use in communication, broadcasting and global
observation.
It was decided that as a part of the initial plan,
stratospheric trials would be carried out as a millennium
project. JAMSTEC was responsible for the mission test,
and developed the mission equipment (air sampling and
measuring system) for the stratospheric platform airship
prototype. We will mount this system in the airship prototype
to take direct measurements of atmospheric CO
up to the stratosphere, and take air samples. In fiscal
we produced instruments based on prototypes produced
the previous year, and confirmed through simulation
that atmospheric CO
can be readily measured
under the assumed environments. We also fitted this
measuring system on an aircraft for high-altitude trials,
and obtained some excellent results. In addition, we carried
out tests on connecting the measuring system to the
Fig. 4 Air sampling and measuring system fitted on the airship
Dimensions
Maximum Range
Maximum Depth
Cruising Speed
Navigation
Operation Mode
Sensors
Length 10 [m]
Width 1.3 [m]
Height 1.5 [m]
Weight 7/10 [ton]
300 [km] (Fuel Cell)
100 [km] (Lithium ion battery)
3,500 [m]
3 kn (Maximum 4 kn)
Inertial Navigation System
Doppler Sonar
Homing Sonar
Autonomous
Remote (Optical, Acoustic)
Side Scan Sonar
Snap Shot Digital Camera
Forward Looking Sonar
CTDO (Conductivity, Temperature,
Depth, Dissolved Oxygen)
27

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Technology Department
the AUV cruising over long distances. For the power
source the AUV will use a Polymer Electrode Fuel
Cell (PEFC) backed up by a lithium-ion secondary battery,
and for the navigation system, we have combined
optical ring laser gyros and doppler speed meters to
minimize errors that occur in inertial navigation. The
AUV equips side scan sonar and digital camera for
seafloor imaging, and conductivity-temperature-dissolved
oxygen sensor for oceanic measurements. In
fiscal , AUV conducted a total of five diving tests
in actual sea conditions. In a long-distance autonomous
cruise trial planned so that it was cruised at maximum
power efficiency based on the results of past trials, as
shown in Figure , it completed a continuous
autonomous cruise of km, which exceeded the target
distance (km) with lithium-ion batteries. The roughly
-hour cruise confirmed that AUV could be accurately
guided with the inertial navigation system,
Doppler speed indicator, and sonar for positioning error
correction in INS. In October we replaced AUV's lithium-ion
batteries with a fuel cell system. The fuel cell
system uses hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. To increase
the safety of the hydrogen, it is stored in solid metal
138˚00'E
138˚30'E
139˚00'E
35˚00'N
35˚00'N
34˚30'N
34˚30'N
34˚00'N
34˚00'N
138˚00'E 138˚30'E 139˚00'E
Fig. 5 Deep sea cruising AUV URASHIMA
Fig. 6 Autonomous cruising route
Fig. 7 General layout of URASHIMA (after modification)
28

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Technology Department
hydride at low pressure. Figure shows the general layout
of AUV after the modification. After fiscal , we
plan to conduct sea trials with a target cruising distance
of km.
(4) Ocean energy utilization technologies
From Fiscal
As general awareness about global environmental
problems continues to rise, the use of clean inexhaustible
natural energy is again taken interest. In this
R&D project, we are focusing on wave energy in
coastal waters as natural energy from the ocean, and
have been carrying out R&D on the "Mighty Whale"
offshore floating wave power device since fiscal .
The Mighty Whale system efficiently absorbs wave
energy for effective use in coastal regions, and creates
calm waters behind the devices, enabling those areas to
be used for fishery and other marine activities. At the
end of March we completed an open sea test of a
Mighty Whale prototype (length m, width m) in
the mouth of Gokasho Bay, Nansei-cho, Watarai-gun
in Mie Prefecture. Following the completion of the
test, in June and July the floatation section was
removed from the test area and dismantled. In parallel
with the removing works, we carried out free oscillation
tests under actual sea conditions to confirm
motion characteristics of the prototype, and various
tests on structural material and component equipment
to check for durability through the test period. Along
with these works and tests, we are also analyzing and
organizing the test data gathered to date, and have
begun compiling the test results into a database.
The free oscillation test is aimed at accurately determining
the natural period including the mooring system
necessary for understanding the motion characteristics
of moored floats; there have been very few free oscillation
tests in the actual sea of large-scale moored floating
bodies such as "Mighty Whale". As shown in Figure ,
for the test we forcibly dragged the moored Mighty
Whale using a tugboat, then released it and took a timeseries
measurement of the float position. We then
(Rear)
Movement distance;
About 10m; About 10m
converted the measured positional data to movement
with six degrees of freedom around the float center of
gravity, and calculated the natural period and damping
coefficient from the time-series data.
For the future, we are planning to integrate the results
of the sea test and various other incidental tests and build
a design system for the floating wave power device.
2. Research Project ; Category 2
(1) Technologies for AUV operation in ice ocean
areas
From Fiscal
The polar region is significantly affected by global
warming, and this research looks into the measurement
technologies needed when gathering CTD, ice
thickness, and CO data in this region by AUV.
This fiscal year we continued development of the
program necessary for autonomous operation. We also
carried out a sea trial to confirm the performance of
the vehicle.
3. Personal Research
(1) Electromagnetic pulse subsurface exploration
systems
From Fiscal
180m
Tugboat (4,000 ps class)
(Front)
Seafloor (-40m)
Fig. 8 Conceptual diagram of the free oscillation test
Plate subduction and fault structures can be examined
by transmitting a strong electromagnetic pulse
into the earth's interior and measuring the reflected
echo. It also has the potential for discovering water
reservoirs and buried objects. The advantages of using
electromagnetic pulse in exploration is that it generates
more information than the conventional sound
wave or magnetic field methods used in subsurface
29

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Technology Department
exploration to date.
This fiscal year, as well as formulating the concept,
we designed and produced for trial a high-powered
pulse transmitter and a highly sensitive search coil
antenna for the receiver. We also confirmed the underwater
characteristics of the sensitive receiving search
coil antenna. And we began developing the simulation
code using FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain).
(2) High-performance (low specific gravity, high
strength) buoyancy material
From Fiscal
To improve the maneuverability and increase the
payload of manned submersibles and ROVs, these
vessels must be made smaller and lighter. The greater
the operating depth, the greater the weight of the pressure
vessel, so buoyancy material must have a low
specific gravity and high strength.
In this research, we make hollow spheres from engineering
ceramics with a high specific compressive
strength, and examining technological issues when they
are used as buoyancy material. Ceramics have a higher
compressive strength and are more corrosion-resistant
than titanium alloy and other metal material, so they are
highly suited to use under harsh environments, however,
the brittleness of ceramics has been a major barrier to
their more extensive use as structural material.
This fiscal year, we made hollow spheres with a
compression strength of more than MPa using
alumina, a kind of engineering ceramics. We also
designed a device for measuring sphericity for small
spheres, and measured the local curvature radius of the
sphere surface. Through this, we carried out a quantitative
assessment of irregularity, and examined its
relationship with compression strength.
4. Cooperative Research
(1) Dynamic behavior of flexible pipe
From Fiscal
Continuing on from last year, this fiscal year we
examined and developed theoretical analysis methods
for behavior of linear structures including riser pipes to
clarify dynamic behavior, and surveyed current flexible
pipe technology. We carried out behavior measuring
tests using test models of long linear structures
under deepwater conditions in the deep-sea simulation
tank at the National Maritime Research Institute
(NMRI), JAMSTEC's joint research partner. In the
experiment, we produced and used a Teflon line and
synthetic rubber model of the intake pipe for the airlift
pump on "Mighty Whale" offshore floating wave
power device. We measured three dimensional displacement
of each of the many measurement points set
along the long linear structure model using an image
measurement device. From the experiment we gained
important data on the behavioral characteristics of long
linear structures, and these data will be invaluable in
developing behavior analysis methods.
(2) Hydrothermal plume observation technology
From Fiscal
Observing hydrothermal plumes spouting out from
the seafloor is important for understanding the dynamics
of the earth's interior and global material circulation.
This research is mainly aimed at developing
plume chemical observation methods required for the
efficient exploration of hydrothermal plume source
and for gaining a temporal and spatial understanding
of changes in hydrothermal plumes, and in-situ observation
to confirm their effectiveness. From the results
of tests carried out last fiscal year, we determined the
dimensions of the ion-sensitive membrane and packaging
methods for ISFET specifications, and produced
a prototype. From examinations on its basic characteristics
under high hydrostatic pressure, we found out
that it is affected by pressure. We are currently checking
for causes, but one factor is that there is a problem
with the connection of semiconductor element. We
completed the design and partial production of the
SPR optical sensor test equipment. Regarding sea test
of ISFET sensor, we fitted a pH sensors, CTD, suspension
meter, and water sampler to HYPER-DOL-
30

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Technology Department
PHIN, and measured various data in hydrothermal
vent areas at Hatoma Knoll and Daiyon Yonaguni
Knoll in the waters off Okinawa.
(3) Development of an AUV-ROV hybrid submersible
for use in shallow water
From Fiscal
Oceanic data on such aspects as water temperature,
dissolved gases, and microorganisms vary significantly
in water shallower than m, so a submersible capable
of efficiently measuring data over a broad range in shallow
waters would be an important asset. To this end, we
are developing a simple submersible capable of movement
in a horizontal direction over a wide area that can
be deployed either as an AUV or ROV (Fig.).
This fiscal year we developed a small optical communication
device (NTSC image CH, high-speed
data CH, RSC communication CH), designed
and test built a small light optical fiber spooler, and
test designed a hull.
(4) Gas storage using nano-material
From fiscal
JAMSTEC is developing fuel cells to power the
autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Fuel cells use
hydrogen and oxygen, and we research on high efficiency
storage materials. This research aims at establishing
the technology for gas storage and discharge
using nano-carbon material as a fuel storage system
for fuel cells used to power AUVs etc.
This fiscal year we carried out storage evaluation
tests using kinds for hydrogen storage and kinds
for oxygen storage. From these tests, we found that
several kinds of materials showed potential as oxygen
storage materials.
(5) Heat-resistant suppression bellows for cultivation
devices
From fiscal
Cultivation devices in deep-sea microorganism
experiment systems comprise a pressure tank, cultivation
tank, and heat insulation material, and a silicon suppression
bellows is used as the suppression device in the
cultivation tank. However, problems arise in endurance,
heat resistance, and HS resistance in high-temperature
zones (˚C or more), so under current conditions, cultivation
above these temperatures is difficult.
Considering the cultivation tank is the obstacle to
effective cultivation at such high-temperatures, the
aim of this research is to develop a heat-resistant cultivation
tank (suppression bellows, internal tank) capable
of operating in temperatures as high as ˚C.
This fiscal year, we researched available heat-resistant
material, and examined concepts for a cultivation
tank capable of operating in temperatures as high as
˚C. From this, we selected concepts with different
material for the cultivation tank, and designed and
produced tanks for testing.
Fig. 9 During sea tests
Fig.10 Conceptual diagram of the thin-cable-controlled unmanned
submersible
31

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Ocean Observation and Research Department
Overview
Our research programs focus on ocean observations in support of understanding the ocean's role in global climate
change. We conduct observational cruises mainly by R/V Mirai in the following areas: western Pacific, eastern
Indian Ocean, north Pacific and Arctic Ocean. We also deploy moorings and floating buoys to monitor oceanic and
atmospheric conditions in these oceans.
To enhance our research program we complement our research efforts through cooperative institutes. We carried
out four projects, five personal researches, five cooperative researches and one commissioned research in FY .
Results of these research projects are described below.
1. Project
Theme 1: Tropical Ocean Climate Study (TOCS)
The tropical ocean is a region which receives high
heat energy; therefore a large amount of warm water is
created in that region. Since the redistribution of heat
by this warm water governs the major part of climate
change, investigation of oceanic and atmospheric variation
in the tropical ocean is important for understanding
global climate change. Actually, western tropical
Pacific and eastern tropical Indian Ocean are recognized
as important regions for the global climate; the
former for ENSO (El Niño/Southern Oscillation), the
latter for Asian monsoon and dipole mode phenomenon.
It is considered that climate in East Asia including
Japan is affected by these phenomena. Therefore
investigating the tropical ocean also helps us to understand
Japan's climate.
The objective of this project is to reveal the oceanic
and atmospheric variability concerning accumulation
and dissipation of warm water in the tropical ocean.
For that purpose we are carrying out observational
cruise, TRITON (TRIangle Trans-Ocean buoy
Network) mooring, and numerical simulation.
() Tropical Ocean Climate Study
In this fiscal year, we conducted four observational
cruises using R/Vs Mirai and Kaiyo collaborating with
NOAA/PMEL (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration/Pacific Marine Environmental
Laboratory, USA), BPPT (Badan Pengkajian Dan
Penerapan Teknologi, Indonesia), and NIO (National
Institute of Oceanography, India). As summarized in
Table , we deployed and recovered TRITON buoys
and ADCP buoys, and took rainfall measurements in
these cruises. In this report, we summarize the cruises
of KY- and MR-K.
Table 1 Summary of cruises conducted under the TOCS project FY2002.
Cruise I.D. Duration Ship Ports of call Major work
MR02-K04 2002. 6.25 - 2002. 8.22 R/V Mirai Sekinehama-Hachinohe TRITON buoy: 9 buoys deployment
-Klang(Malaysia)
7 buoys recovery
-Hachinohe-Sekinehama ADCP buoy: 2 buoys deployment
2 buoys recovery
MR02-K06 Leg1 2002.11.13 - 2002.12.16 R/V Mirai Sekinehama-Hachinohe Rainfall measurement by Doppler radar
-Guam(U.S.A)
TRITON buoy: 1 buoy recovery
MR02-K06 Leg2 2002.12.17 - 2003. 1.12 R/V Mirai Guam(U.S.A)-Chuuk(F.S.M) TRITON buoy: 8 buoys deployment
7 buoys recovery
1 buoy repair
KY02-10 2002. 9.30 - 2002.10.31 R/V Kaiyo Yokosuka-Kavieng(P.N.G) TRITON buoy: 11 buoys repair
-Koror(Palau)-Yokosuka ADCP buoy: 4 buoys deployment
5 buoys recovery
33

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Ocean Observation and Research Department
During the period of September-October , we
conducted the KY- cruise using R/V Kaiyo. The
objective of this cruise was the investigation of oceanic
conditions and maintenance of ADCP and TRITON
buoys. Hydrographic research in the western tropical
Pacific showed that a mixed layer shallower than in
normal years and high salinity in the uppermost layer.
During normal years, there is a deep mixed layer
caused by strong trade winds and low salinity caused
by active convection in the region. This shift of oceanic
condition is a result of El Niño and we succeeded in
capturing the typical feature of El Niño. It is necessary
to advance investigation about the process of this feature
using TRITON data.
In order to further understand the air-sea interaction
in the warm pool region, stationary observation using
the R/V Mirai at N, .E was carried out from
November through December . The main
objective of the cruise was to study the precipitation
mechanism of convective clouds, which plays a key
role as a heat engine of the entire globe. According
to the cloud images from the Geostationary
Meteorological Satellite (GMS) of the Japan
Meteorological Agency, super cloud clusters accompanied
by the equatorial intraseasonal oscillation,
known as Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), passed
over the observational area in the earlier period.
However, precipitation systems were not frequently
(mm)
70
60
50
40
30
320 325 330 335 340 345 350 355
Fig. 1 Time series observation of the precipitable water vapor
obtained from radiosonde sounding data. DAY326 corresponds
to 22 November 2002. Dashed lines indicate the
stationary observation period.
observed from shipboard systems such as the Doppler
radar. Figure shows the time series observation of
precipitable water vapor. After the passage of the MJO
convective region (after DAY), it decreases with
time. One interesting feature is that sudden drops in
moisture were seen at DAY- and DAY-
. By analysis of other data sets including
NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, it was shown that dry air
intruded into the observational area from the higher
latitudes. Since we conduct similar cruises at the same
location in different years, we will study these to
extract atmospheric features from the viewpoint of the
different ENSO phases.
() Development and maintenance of the TRITON
buoy network
JAMSTEC has developed and been maintaining
the TRITON surface moored-buoy network for
observing oceanic and atmospheric variability in the
western tropical Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans in
cooperation with interested Japanese and foreign
agencies and institutions. The principal scientific
objective is to understand variations of ocean circulation
and heat/salt transports with emphasis on ENSO,
the Asian monsoon, and decadal scale variability that
influences climate change in the Pacific and its adjacent
seas. In its first phase, the buoy network was
established mainly in the western tropical Pacific
Ocean, and harmonized with TAO-ATLAS array,
which is maintained by NOAA's Pacific Marine
Environmental Laboratory.
The fundamental functions of TRITON are ()
basin scale ENSO monitoring, and () measurements
of heat, freshwater, and momentum fluxes for
improving modeling capability. The scientific goals
of the TRITON project address the observational
requirements of the international research program
Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR),
a major component of the World Climate Research
Program sponsored by the World Meteorological
Organization, the International Council of Scientific
34

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Ocean Observation and Research Department
Unions, and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission of UNESCO. The TRITON project
is the CLIVAR observing system, and also contributes
to the Global Ocean Observing System
(GOOS) and Global Climate Observing System
(GCOS). We also collaborate with the Agency for the
Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT),
Indonesia, and the National Institute of Oceanography
(NIO), India.
JAMSTEC started the deployment at four TRITON
sites along E by R/V Mirai in March . The
originally planned TRITON array of sites in the
Pacific and Indian Oceans was completed in August
(Photo , Fig. ). The TRITON data combined
with TAO data are distributed through GTS (Global
Telecommunication System) and from the TRITON
web page at JAMSTEC (http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/TRITON/)
and the TAO web page at PMEL
(http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/).
TAO/TRITON data have been used widely for monitoring
the evolution of the - El Niño event
as shown in Fig. and for initializing ENSO forecast
models at operational weather and climate centers
around the world. Warm water accumulated in the
Photo 1 Scientists, marine technicians and crew on R/V Mirai celebrate
the completion of originally planed TRITON array
(August, 2002).
Fig. 2 TRITON array as of August 2002.
Five Day Zonal Wind, SST, and 20˚C Isotherm Depth Anomalies 2˚S to 2˚N Average
Zonal Wind (m s -1 ) SST (˚C) 20˚C Isotherm Depth (m)
2003 2002
2001
J
J
J
J
A
A
S
S
O
O
N
N
D
D
J
J
F
F
M
M
A
A
M
M
J
J
J
J
A
A
S
S
O
O
N
N
D
D
J
J
F
F
M
M
A
A
M
M
J
J
140˚E 180˚ 140˚W 100˚W 140˚E 180˚ 140˚W 100˚W 140˚E 180˚ 140˚W 100˚W
-8 -4 0 4 8 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-80 -40 0 40 80
TAO Project Office /PMEL/NOAA Jun 12 2003
Fig. 3 Anomalies of zonal surface wind, sea surface temperature, and 20C isotherm depth along the equator.
35

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Ocean Observation and Research Department
western tropical Pacific during the La Niña years after
El Niño. The first major westerly wind burst
occurred in June causing the equatorial jet of .
m/s and warm water convergence. This propagated as
equatorial downwelling Kelvin waves and switched
from cold phase to warm phase in the central Pacific.
Similar major westerly wind bursts occurred in
December and May , the last one induced the
strong ocean and atmosphere coupling and the coupled
system propagated slowly into the eastern pacific. In
December , the El Niño matured as the subsurface
temperature anomaly at m-m depth indicated
C warmer than normal, and the sea surface temperature
was also C warmer than normal. However the
C isotherm depth shoaled rapidly with propagation
of upwelling equatorial Kelvin waves, and the sea surface
temperature returned to normal. Thus this -
El Niño evolution indicated quite different features
from those of the - El Niño, i.e. the former one
developed slowly and moderately, but the later one
quickly developed as the largest El Niño on record.
The TRITON data will be utilized to determine what
controls such El Niño characteristics, focusing on the
surface mixing layer including salinity effect and water
mass exchange between the tropics and subtropics in
the thermocline layer.
() Numerical simulation by a high resolution model
The Recharge-Discharge Oscillator has been recognized
as one of the ENSO cycle mechanisms, and the
meridional transport of the warm water volume
(WWV) in the equatorial ocean has been investigated
as a key process. Though the interior ocean transport
has been analyzed, the transport in the western boundary
region is not fully understood because of the variable
and complicated structure of the boundary currents.
In this study, the interannual variation of the
WWV transport in the equatorial Pacific Ocean is
investigated to elucidate the role of the western boundary
currents by diagnosing a high resolution model.
The WWV is defined as the thickness from sea
surface to the depth of C isotherm and the monthly
anomaly, which is the deviation from the climatological
monthly mean, is investigated. Time series observations
of Nino sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly and
the WWV anomaly in the equatorial region (S-N)
are shown in Fig. . The model simulates the realistic
interannual variation inferred from Nino SST anomaly,
the WWV reduction in El Niño period, and the phase
lag between Nino SST anomaly and the WWV variation
as predicted in the Recharge-Discharge Oscillator
theory. To investigate the role of the boundary currents,
the WWV and the volume transport are computed in
three regions (west of E, E-W, east
of E) in the equatorial zonal band (S-N).
The schematic diagram for - El Niño is shown in
Figure .
WWV (1e20 cm3)
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Fig. 4 Time series observation of Nino3 SST anomaly (red line)
and the WWV anomaly (black line) in the equatorial region.
The WWV is determined from the depth of 20C isotherm
anomaly integrated over the basin (8S-8N, 156E-95W).
20N
15N
10N
5N
EQ
5S
10S
15S
2
1.5
6
9
1.2
0.4
28 14
-7 -2.4
14
3
15 16
20S
120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 180 160W 140W 120W 100W 80W
20N
15N
10N
5N
EQ
5S
10S
15S
1 5.5
+7.5 -13
17
3
16 15
20S
120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 180 160W 140W 120W 100W 80W
Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of the change of the WWV anomaly
(italic) in the western and interior regions and the transport
anomaly across the boundaries (black) during the 1997/98
El Niño developing period (upper panel) and during mature
to termination period (lower panel) in Sverdrup.
Nino3 SSTA
36

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Ocean Observation and Research Department
The large volume of warm water is transported up to
Sv across E between S and N from west
to east during the growing El Niño period (Fig. ,
upper panel). Most of it is supplied by equatorward
convergence of the warm water from off-equator in the
western region ( Sv), and only Sv is due to draining
of the warm water out of the equatorial region to
the west of E. After the mature state of El Niño
(Fig. , lower panel), the WWV in the western region
is restored mainly by the equatorward transport across
S in contrast to the poleward transport across N.
The transport variation in the western region shows
that the interior southward transport balances with the
western boundary northward transport at S, the
transport nearly equals that based on the Sverdrup
wind-driven theory, and the variation is in phase with
the Nino SST variation. The results in this study do
not contradict the analysis by Ueki et al. (), who
reported that the transport of the New Guinea Coastal
Current is described by the Sverdrup theory. On the
other hand, the meridional transport across N in the
interior area does not simply correlate with that in the
western area. Though the western boundary meridional
transport across N is out of phase with the interior
transport for the weak El Niño events during early
s, the equatorward (poleward) transport occurred
before (after) the mature state of the - El Niño,
in which there is the difference of / phase between
Nino SST and the transport. It is expected that data
acquisition in the western boundary region with the
TRITON buoys and moorings will provide important
information on the mechanism of the El Niño cycle.
Theme 2: A study on heat and material transport
and the variability of the Pacific/Indian Ocean general
circulation
The ocean plays a central role in climate system and
its change, which is the most fundamental environment
for human beings. However, the quantitative role
of the ocean in the climate system and its change is
not still clear. The objectives of the project are () to
obtain up-to-date snapshots of basin-scale heat and
material transport by conducting a reoccupation of
WOCE (World Ocean Circulation Experiment)
Hydrographic Programme (WHP) lines and new landto-land
hydrographic lines with high accuracy and
many variables mainly in the North Pacific, () to
quantify heat and material transport and their shortterm
variability by meso-scale eddies around the
Kuroshio in the upper ocean and by abyssal circulation
flowing into the North Pacific from the South
Pacific through the Wake Island Passage by conducting
intensive surveys, and () to analyze WOCE and
historical oceanic data including sea surface wind data
accumulated in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. From
to , by carrying out above three objectives,
we aim to reveal basin-scale changes in heat and material
transports between the s and s.
() WHP revisits
In FY, we prepared for reoccupation of WHP
lines around the Southern Hemisphere, which is
scheduled in FY. We performed instrument maintenance,
database preparation, data analysis, and made
arrangements with organizations concerned. In order
to carry out hydrographic observation with high accuracy
and many variables, we enlarged the CTD/water
sampling room of the R/V Mirai so it could hold the
-bottle frame and installed air-conditioners to keep
room temperature constant. We examined specific
characteristics regarding the ship's main gyrocompass,
a GPS gyrocompass temporally installed, and a ring
laser gyrocompass installed for Doppler radar on the
R/V Mirai to obtain accurate surface velocity from the
shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler mounted
on R/V Mirai. We verified pressure dependency of the
CTD temperature sensor using more accurate deep
ocean standard thermometer. And we examined reasonable
methods of data processing for the lowered
acoustic Doppler current profiler. Moreover, we participated
in international conferences, such as the first
conference of IOGOOS (Indian Ocean Global Ocean
37

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Ocean Observation and Research Department
Observing System) and the fourth meeting POGO
(Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans) ,
and had a research arrangement with many foreign
organizations concerned in order to realize WHP
revisits around the Southern Hemisphere.
135˚ 140˚ 145˚ 150˚ 155˚
40˚
35˚
1 m/s
(a) Wake Island Passage Experiment
In FY, we prepared for deep mooring observation
along a transect of the Wake Island Passage. We
call the deep mooring observation the Wake Island
Passage Experiment (WIPE), and it will start in .
We prepared mooring instruments and maintained
them for WIPE. Also we examined a method of in-situ
calibration of the mooring CTDs in order to acquire
accurate data. Mooring CTDs were attached to
CTD/RMS frame and CTD/RMS casts were performed
for simultaneous observation of CTD/RMS and mooring
CTDs. The mooring CTD data were compared with
more accurate CTD/RMS data to test in-situ calibration
of the mooring CTD data. Moreover, we prepared for
joint observation with Kyushu University in order to
strengthen the mooring current observation.
(b) Kuroshio Extension Experiment
An intensive observation was carried out in the
Kuroshio Extension region from April to September
. Three buoys consisting of current meters and
CTD were moored near the Kuroshio along -E,
where the first trough of the current path often stands.
An acoustic ocean tomography system was used to
monitor the change of background thermal distribution.
A total of six transceivers were deployed in April ,
and five were recovered in September. A mooring site
map of the intensive observation is shown in Fig. . In
FY the remaining transceiver and current meters
were recovered, and then data sets were made.
A temperature field was reconstructed from the
acoustic ocean tomography data using a first guess of
the sound field and an inversion technique. An example
of a calculated temperature field is shown in Fig. . The
Kuroshio off the east coast of Japan changed its path
Latitude
Latitude
30˚
Fig. 6 Mooring site map of Intensive Observation in the Kuroshio
Extension region. Circles indicate transceivers of acoustic
ocean tomography. Triangles indicate current meter mooring
sites. CTD profile measurement was made at the
southernmost current meter site. Arrows indicate sea surface
flow calculated by satellite altimetry on 7 July 2001.
The current of the Kuroshio Extension meandered and
there was a huge eddy at 144E south of the Kuroshio
Extension.
KE0516et of4 r100 or100 2 (100 m)
T6 e e c m
38
37
36
35
34
T1
33
T3
144 146T2
148 150
Longitude
T6
38
37
36
35
(500 m)
34
T1
33
T3
144 146T2
148 150
Longitude
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
T6
38
34
T1
33
T3
144 146T2
148 150
Longitude
T6
(1000 m)
38
frequently in . In the middle of May, the Kuroshio
was meandering and pitching off a huge cold eddy.
Another cold water region, seen east of N, E,
was the representation of another cold eddy which was
advecting from east to the Kuroshio Extension.
As reported in previous annual reports, especially
Latitude
Latitude
37
36
35
37
36
35
(300 m)
34
T1
33
T3
144 146T2
148 150
Longitude
Fig. 7 Temperature distribution in the Kuroshio Extension region
observed by acoustic ocean tomography system on 16
May 2001. Each panel shows the temperature at 100m
(top left), 300m (top right), 500m (bottom left) and 1000m
(bottom right). Notations T1 to T6 indicate the positions of
mooring and the lines between the transceivers indicate
sound paths.
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
38

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Ocean Observation and Research Department
fresh water was sometimes observed by the CTD profiler
moored in subtropical regions. It originated from
the subarctic region north of the Kuroshio Extension.
In FY we studied the background flow field when
the water was appearing. Sea surface current calculated
by satellite altimetry showed that there was an anticyclonic
eddy between the CTD site and the Kuroshio
Extension after late June. The southern eastward flow
of the eddy was associated with that of the Kuroshio
Extension. After the flow direction changed westward
shown in the current meter at the site, which is affected
by the eddy, the fresh water appeared early in July
(shown in Fig. ). Therefore it was suggested that the
appearance of the fresh water could be associated both
with the eddy and the inflow from the Kuroshio
Extension region.
() Monitoring of the Kuroshio and the Subtropical
Gyre
A monitoring study was made in order to evaluate
the ocean surface heat transport of the Kuroshio and
the subtropical flow. The observation was carried out
in collaborated with Tohoku University. The Kuroshio
was monitored by shipboard ADCP mounted on the
ferry Ogasawara-Maru shuttling between Tokyo and
Chichijima. Temperature sections were made
bimonthly by XBTs along the ferry track. Moreover,
we made preparations for another ADCP monitoring
by a ship that would make three round trip between
Japan and Hawaii across the western side of the subtropical
gyre in north Pacific.
Theme 3: Arctic Ocean Research
The amplitude of climate variability in the Arctic
area is the largest in the Earth climate system. For
example, the retreat of summer sea ice showed a
record value in the Arctic Ocean in (Fig. ).
Especially, the retreats in the area adjacent to the
Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean are quite
remarkable. Such a marginal region of the Arctic sea
ice would be easily affected by ice-albedo feedback.
The regional variability bears good evidence that the
Salinity: pressure gridded data
pressure (dbar)
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
38˚
2001/07/07
144˚ 146˚ 148˚ 150˚
1300
1400
06 /01 /01 07 /01 /01 08 /01 /01 09 /01 /01
day
36˚
34 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 35
500
MMP ( eastward vel.), 5/23/01-9/26/01
600
700
50
800
40
900
30
1000
20
1100
10
0
1200
-10
1300
-20
1400
-30
-40
1500
-50
1600 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 30 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 25 31 5 10 15 20 25
34˚
MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER
2001
Fig. 8 Time series of salinity profile (top left) and zonal flow profile (bottom left) at 33.1N, 146.4E, and the sea surface
flow calculated by satellite altimetry on 7 July 2001. Depth range of the CTD profiler was between 550m and 1500m.
Observation term was from 23 May to 26 September 2001. On 7 July the Kuroshio Extension flowed southeastward
and the anticyclonic eddy existed just south of the current. At that time fresh water appeared at the mooring site,
where was a southern edge of the eddy.
39

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Ocean Observation and Research Department
(a)
(b)
Sea ice concentration
on September 25
Climatology
Siberia
Sea ice concentration
on September 25
2002
Bering
Sea
Greenland
Alaska
Land
Coast
No Data
Weather
Ocean
16-21 %
22-28 %
29-35 %
36-42 %
43-49 %
50-56 %
57-63 %
64-70 %
71-77 %
78-84 %
85-91 %
92-98 %
99+ %
Land
Coast
No Data
Weather
Ocean
16-21 %
22-28 %
29-35 %
36-42 %
43-49 %
50-56 %
57-63 %
64-70 %
71-77 %
78-84 %
85-91 %
92-98 %
99+ %
Fig. 9 Distributions of sea ice concentration on September
25. (a) Climatology, (b) 2002
Arctic Ocean plays an important role in the Arctic climate
system. Therefore, we should understand the
mechanism of the Arctic climate system and the role
of the Arctic Ocean. In the Pacific side of the Arctic
Ocean, we initiated the Canada-Japan Joint observational
project, named JWACS (Joint Western Arctic
Climate Studies), from this year. In addition, we have
been conducting drifting buoy observations in collaboration
with NPEO (North Pole Environmental
Observatory) Project in the Atlantic side of the Arctic
Ocean. We could observe the oceanographic condition
which might affect sea ice condition not only in this
area but also in the downstream area. In this annual
report, we will present results of these two observational
activities in .
Figure shows the CTD and XCTD stations that
were conducted by the JWACS project in . The
observation was carried out by multi-ship operation
Latitude
82
80
78
76
74
72
70
68
66
JWACS 2002 Hydrographic Stations
JWACS 2002:
Louis S. St-Laurent
Sir Wilfrid Laurier (July)
Sir Wilfrid Laurier (September)
R/V Mirai
US/SBI
US/Chukchi
Borderland
-180 -170 -160 -150 -140 -130 -120
Longitude
Fig.10 CTD and XCTD station conducted in the JWACS 2002
observation
using R/V Mirai, CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent and
CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Also, this was the first
basin-wide observation in the western Arctic Ocean.
We distributed JWACS hydrographic station so
as to cover the spreading pathway of Pacific and
Atlantic water in the western Arctic Ocean.
Figure shows sea ice concentration on September
in climatology and in . The sea ice in the
Arctic Ocean reached record lows in September .
The pattern of the sea ice reduction is not uniform.
Reduction in the north of Bering Strait is the most
remarkable. One mass of temperature maximum water
that originated in the Pacific Ocean enters the western
Arctic Ocean via the Barrow Canyon. It is identified
with temperature maximum water with range of salinity
- psu. This water is termed "Pacific Summer
Water (PSW)". The geographical pattern of sea ice
extent would be associated with the distribution of
PSW. We focus on the influence of PSW on the sea
ice reduction in the western Arctic Ocean.
Figure shows the horizontal distribution of the
potential temperature on salinity . psu. The temperature
distribution clearly shows the existence of
two warm regions. One is near the Barrow Canyon.
The temperature near the Barrow Canyon was higher
than C. It is a new PSW that enters the western
Arctic Ocean in this summer. The other is found over
the Northwind Ridge. It is much colder than that near
40

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Ocean Observation and Research Department
Fig.11 Potential temperature distribution on salinity 31.3 psu,
which was from the JWACS 2002 observation.
Fig.12 Distribution of sea ice in the western Arctic Ocean on July
19 2002 observed by NOAA AVHRR.
the Barrow Canyon. Thus, it would be an old one that
enters in the previous summer.
Just before the JWACS observation, a symptom
of the sea ice retreat was observed from the
NOAA/AVHRR satellite image on July (Fig.).
The ice concentration over the Northwind Ridge is
much lower than the surrounding area. This implies
that sea ice in this area was just about to melt. The distribution
of PSW well corresponds to the spatial pattern
of the low sea ice concentration area. It should be
noted that the distribution of PSW controls the sea ice
extent in the western Arctic Ocean. Previous studies
suggests that sea ice reduction of the Arctic Ocean
would be strongly associated with the inflow from the
Atlantic Ocean. However, this result suggests that sea
ice reduction in the western Arctic Ocean is associated
with the inflow from the Pacific Ocean. Further study
is necessary to clarify the mechanism of sea ice decay
in the western Arctic Ocean, i.e. the PSW prevents sea
ice formation in winter and further ice melt occurs due
to ice albedo feedback for the coming summer.
In the eastern Arctic Ocean, we have been carrying
out drifting buoy (J-CAD) observations since in
collaboration with NPEO Project. In , J-CAD
was deployed on the multi-year ice in the Amundsen
Basin (.N, .E). J-CAD drifted from the
Amundsen Basin through the Arctic Mid Ocean
Ridge, the Nansen Basin, the Yermak Plateau, and the
Fram Strait, and went to the Greenland Sea. Figure
shows potential temperature-salinity diagrams in the
Amundsen Basin, over the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge,
and in the Nansen Basin observed by J-CAD . Water
mass characteristics are clearly different among the
above three regions. There are also frontal structures
at both boundaries between the Amundsen Basin and
the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge and between the Arctic
Mid Ocean Ridge and the Nansen Basin. Especially in
the Cold Halocline Layer, which prevents upward heat
(a) Amundsen Basin
(b) Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge
(c) Nansen Basin
250
250
250
3
3
3
200
200
200
2
2
2
Tpot-0 [C]
1
0
150
100
Tpot-0 [C]
1
0
150
100
Tpot-0 [C]
1
0
150
100
-1
50
-1
50
-1
50
-2
33.5 34 34.5 35
Salinity [psu]
0
-2
33.5 34 34.5 35
Salinity [psu]
0
-2
33.5 34 34.5 35
Salinity [psu]
0
Fig.13 Potential temperature-Salinity diagrams (a) in the Amundsen Basin, (b) over the Arctic Mid Ocean
Ridge, and (c) in the Nansen Basin. The data was observed by J-CAD 4.
41

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Ocean Observation and Research Department
flux from the warm Atlantic Layer, we could find differences
of the water properties among the above three
regions. The differences suggest that the water in the
Nansen Basin received an effect of stronger winter
mixing than that in the Amundsen Basin. The differences
of water characteristics also suggest that the origins
of the upper water in the Amundsen Basin, over
the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge, and in the Nansen Basin
would be the Kara Sea, the western side of the Laptev
Sea, and the eastern side of Laptev Sea (or the East
Siberian Sea), respectively.
To understand interannual variability of water mass
characteristics in the eastern Arctic Ocean, we have
examined their distributions since using the data
observed by ice-drifting buoys, icebreaker cruises,
submarine cruises, airborne hydrographic survey and
so on. Figure is one of the results in the research on
interannual variability and shows a distribution of
salinity at m depth in the early s (-).
The data of Fig. were observed by J-CAD and
NPEO hydrographic CTD survey. One of the topics of
Arctic oceanographers is surface salinization in the
84N
Eastern Arctic Ocean that would be strongly associated
with a retreat of the Cold halocline. Our results
present that such surface salinization in the Amundsen
Basin was first found in the Siberian side over the
Lomonosov Ridge, and extended its area toward the
entire Amundsen Basin in the mid and late s. The
higher salinity anomaly was still found in the central
Amundsen Basin and over the Arctic Mid Ocean
Ridge. This condition would prevent sea ice formation
due to the deepening of the winter mixed layer. On the
other hand, the anomaly was weakening over the
Lomonosov Ridge in the early s.
Theme 4: Research on chemical environment and
its changes in the ocean
() Development of at-sea chemical analysis technology
We intend to develop a new instrument for detecting
changes of chemical environment in the ocean. We
collected information to designate an automatic instrument
for the analysis of CO related species. The pCO
profiler was presented in Techno-Ocean , Osaka.
It was developed under our suggestion.
An analytical instrument to measure the dissolved
oxygen content in seawater was developed and used
in field observation. It was found that the instrument
was useful to measure large numbers of dissolved
oxygen samples.
90W
0
31.0 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0
Fig.14 Distribution of salinity at 25m depth observed by J-CAD
and NPEO hydrographic survey. Background colors show
the EWG winter climatological (1948-93) data.
() Observational study for chemical environment and
its changes in the ocean
(a) During the Mirai cruise of MR-K, we conducted
observation at E from N to N at an
interval of degree and at some stations in the northern
part of the northwestern North Pacific where we
carried out observation in the past. On board, we
measured water temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients,
total CO (TCO ), pH, total alkalinity, trace metals,
and CFCs. Additionally, temperature, salinity, fluorescence,
pCO , and TCO in surface seawater were
measured continuously along the cruise track. Figure
shows distributions of anthropogenic CO and
42

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Ocean Observation and Research Department
0
ExcessCO2 [UMOL/KG]
70
DEPTH [M]
DEPTH [M]
500
1000
1500
0
500
1000
1500
20N 25N 30N 35N 40N
CFC-11 [PMOL/KG]
20N 25N 30N 35N 40N
Ocean Data View Ocean Data View
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4
3
2
1
0
50N
30N
Ocean Data View
10N
130E 150E 170E
Fig.15 Distribution of the anthropogenic CO 2 and CFC-11 along 155E in 2003.
CFC- along E line.
(b) We measured nutrients and dissolved oxygen gas
concentrations in seawater during the JARE
Antarctic voyage abroad the R/V Tangaroa in
February . Samples for measurement of some
biogenic dissolved gases in seawater were also collected.
Methane concentrations and stable carbon isotopes
collected during the JARE Antarctic voyage in
were also analyzed.
Distributions of dissolved methane, silicate and
dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations along E
in are shown Fig.-, - and -, respectively.
High concentrations of methane were found on
the continental slope. This distribution is similar to
that of silicate. The water mass with high methane
concentration might be related to surface or shelf
water. The stable carbon isotope ratio of methane suggests
that the methane was not decomposed yet.
Higher DMS concentrations were found around
S in February , which were observed also in
the R/V Hakuho-Maru cruise conducted in January.
However, ratios between DMS, dissolved DMSP and
DIMSP were not same between the cruises. Changes
of the ratios are important to make clear the role of
phyto- and zooplankton for the formation of DMS in
surface seawater.
16-1
Depth [m]
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
16-2 0
Depth [m]
16-3 0
Depth [m]
1000
2000
3000
4000
50
100
150
200
CH4 [nmol/kg]
64˚S 62˚S 60˚S 58˚S 56˚S 54˚S
Si [µmol/kg]
66˚S 64˚S 62˚S 60˚S 58˚S 56˚S 54˚S
DMS [nmol/1]
66˚S 64˚S 62˚S 60˚S 58˚S 56˚S
Fig.16 Antarctic Sea during JARE43 observation in 2002.
16-1 Distribution of Methane along 140E.
16-2 Distribution of SiO 2 along 140E.
16-3 Distribution of DMS along 140E.
Ocean Data View
Ocean Data View
Ocean Data View
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
15
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
43

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Ocean Observation and Research Department
() Observational study for primary productivity and
biogenic gases
We carried out observation to estimate the relationship
between phytoplankton and the greenhouse effect
in the equatorial Pacific, where climate variations by
El Niño/southern oscillation (ENSO) are dominant.
Field observations were conducted by the R/V Mirai
from December to February along the
equator transect between E and W (MR-
K). The equatorial Pacific was in a condition of El
Niño during the cruise, hence the nitrate-depleted
western Pacific warm pool expanded beyond the dateline
and reached as far as W. Phytoplankton distribution
in surface seawater also shifted to the east,
then we observed the western edge of the chlorophyll
a distribution at W (Fig.). We found spatial
heterogeneity of phytoplankton caused by the transient
influx of nutrients, which fluctuates in response to
ENSO. In summary, it was clarified that ENSO influenced
both primary productivity and air-sea exchange
of CO in the equatorial Pacific.
Fig.17 Chlorophyll a map derived from SeaWiFS data (weekly
composite during 20 Jan. to 26 Jan. 2003) between 160E
and 160W, and between 20N and 20S.
32.00
10.00
1.00
0.10
0.01
2. Personal Research
Study on high-resolution measurement of carbonate
chemistry
In this study, we will improve measuring systems to
speed up analyzing CO -system parameters such as
total CO (TCO ), total alkalinity (TAlk), etc. For this
purpose, we attempt to decrease sample volumes necessary
for the measurements, and to automate the
measuring systems.
Sample volume of TAlk measurement was successfully
decreased from ml to ml. In addition, we
automated the TAlk measuring system so that samples
can be measured continuously.
For pH measurement, we developed a spectrophotometric
pH measuring system. With this system, it
became possible to improve the analytical resolution
level and precision of pH measurements compared to
the previous method (potentiometric). In addition, we
automated the system so that samples can be measured
continuously.
Pilot study on the ocean general circulation and
distributions of heat and materials
Seawater transports heat and fresh water and regulates
global climate with the atmosphere. At the same
time, seawater ionizes and mineralizes materials and
transports nutrients, carbonates and so on. These transports
are regulated by wind-driven circulations and
Ekman transports at each basin and overturning circulations
connecting the basins. Purposes of this study
are ) to obtain transport maps in the North Pacific and
the Indian Ocean averaged over a decadal time scale
using the WOCE Hydrographic Program data (WHP
one time surveys occupied during to ), the
World Ocean Database (WOD), historical
hydrographic data around the Southern Ocean, and
wind data by the NCEP reanalysis, ) to make database
combining these data set in order to estimate heat and
material transports, and ) to investigate long-term
changes of the Antarctic overturn system and the distribution
of materials using the database.
44

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Ocean Observation and Research Department
In , we carried out an inverse calculation of the
flow field based on WHP data along P, A and
I+I or I (Fig.-, -, -). Ekman fluxes were
estimated based on NCEP re-analyzed wind, and they
were added to results of the inversion to estimate
the long-term variability of AOS. Also, facilities
for the analysis of the outcomes from Beagle
were prepared.
(18-1) Flow Field (cm/s) inversion case 2 [ P06 ]
0
500
1000
Study on measurement of chlorofluorocarbons and
its application in oceanography
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are useful tracers for
understanding water circulation in surface and subsurface
layers, where influences of global warming are
expected to appear distinctly. We continued to examine
analytical methods for high quality and simultaneous
measurement of CFC-, CFC-, CFC-, and
CCl . Our new sample preparation and analysis system
were tested during MR-K, and the procedure of
CFCs analysis was modified.
1500
Depth (m)
(18-2)
Depth (m)
(18-3)
Depth (m)
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
150E 160E 170E 180 170W 160W 150W 140W 130W 120W 110W 100W 90W 80W 70W 60W
Longitude
-5 0 5
Flow Field (cm/s) inversion case 2 [ A10 ]
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
50W 45W 40W 35W 30W 25W 20W 15W 10W 5W 0 5E 10E 15E 20E
Longitude
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
-5 0 5
Flow Field (cm/s) inversion case 2 [ I04, I03 ]
Research on paths of ENSO signals from mid-latitude
to tropical region in the Pacific Ocean
For the mechanism of ENSO cycle, which drastically
influences climate changes in the world, signals
propagating from mid-latitude ocean to the western
tropical Pacific may play an indispensable role. But
the paths of the signals are unclear because a complex
current system exists in this region. Our purpose of
this research is to clarify the paths of ENSO signals
and their characteristics around the paths.
To clarify this issue, we investigated ocean currents
and variations around the western Pacific using data of
high resolution OGCM (Ocean General Circulation
Model), the TRITON buoys and Argo floats. In FY
, we carried out analyses of the OGCM data and
the XCTD observations in the western tropical Pacific.
20N
10N
5000
5500
6000
30E 40E 50E 60E 70E 80E 90E 100E 110E 120E
Longitude
EQ
-5 0 5
Fig.18-1 Current cross-section as results from the Inverse
Method (WOCE P06)
Fig.18-2 Current cross-section as results from the Inverse
Method (WOCE A10)
Fig.18-3 Current cross-section as results from the Inverse
Method (WOCE IO4, IO3)
10S
20S
120E 160E 160W 120W 80W
Fig.19 Standard deviation for monthly mean temperature field
averaging upper 300m from 1982 to 1999 in the OGCM.
To remove short time scale variations, running mean in 13
months is performed. Area with color means large standard
deviation region (> 0.04 degC).
45

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Ocean Observation and Research Department
Strong variations of temperature are seen in both
the northern and southern parts of the western tropical
Pacific (northern part: N to N, southern part:
S to S) in the OGCM data (Fig.). These areas
are the boundary between the mid-latitude and tropical
regions. This indicates the existence of the paths from
the mid-latitude Pacific. Also, we deployed sufficient
XCTD in the western tropical Pacific to analyze
hydrographic structures in the ENSO period.
Study for the better estimation of the rainfall
amount over the tropical ocean
The fresh water flux is the one of the most important
factors to understand the behavior of the tropical western
Pacific "warm water pool". We started this study
from this year to investigate the more accurate estimation
of the rainfall amount by combining different raingauges:
buoy-installed raingauges providing directmeasured
continuous data, shipborne radar including
information about the behavior of precipitating systems,
and satellite-borne sensors covering a wide area.
We started this study by obtaining observational data.
We deployed seven optional capacitance raingauges on
the TRITON buoys in addition to the operational optical
raingauges to ensure the data were measured on the
buoys. Observation of these two sensors was also carried
out on land for intercomparison. From the satellite sensor,
the TRMM/PR dataset was collected and processed
for further analyses. Using these data with the shipborne
radar data, intercomparison is done for the case of the
convectively active period of Mirai MR-K cruise.
3. Cooperative Research
Study on sensitive and precise analysis of radionuclides
in oceanic samples
The purpose of this study is to develop preparation
methods for sensitive and precise analysis of radionuclides
in organic matter of sea floor sediments by
accelerator mass spectrometry. We have developed the
preparation system, and with the system, radiocarbon
in organic matter in a small volume of sediment sample
was measured. This result gave new information
about sedimentation in the coastal sea.
Study of intermediate and deep ocean circulation
structure and its variability in the tropical Pacific
Ocean
Ocean circulation in the intermediate water layer
and deep layer driven by the subduction in the higher
latitude plays an important role in long term climate
variations through the global transport of heat and
material. The aims of this cooperative study with the
Ocean Research Institute (ORI), University of Tokyo,
are () to reveal deep water circulation passes north of
Samoan Passage, and () to reveal behavior of the
Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) off the northern
coast of New Guinea.
The deep water circulation passes north of Samoan
Passage were studied with subsurface current meter
mooring array from February -February
maintained by ORI in the Melanesian Basin and the
Wake Island Passage, and the results have already been
published. Behavior of the Antarctic Intermediate
Water (AAIW) off the northern coast of New Guinea
was investigated mainly by JAMSTEC as below.
We found seasonal water variation in the AAIW
core of m- m depth layer in that the water indicated
lower temperature and lower salinity in boreal
summer season compared to the winter season.
Westward current velocities (equator-ward) at m
and m depths are also large during boreal summer.
Thus the water originated in the AAIW is more advected
during the summer season than the winter season by
the enhanced New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent
(NGCUC). We also revealed variations of volume
transport of the NGCUC and the results are consistent
with seasonal water variation, i.e. the time series of
volume transport estimated by combining the data
from moored ADCP data (covering time) and shipboard
ADCP (covering space) indicates the seasonal
variation of Sv, although it has larger intraseasonal
variation (in - day band) of Sv (Fig.).
46

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Ocean Observation and Research Department
variety of biological and physical properties. We conducted
the vicarious calibration of GLI to measure
chlorophyll a, primary productivity and colored dissolved
organic matter on board the R/V KAIYO in
March (KY-) in the East China Sea in cooperation
with NASDA.
Fig.20 Volume transport of the New Guinea Coastal
Undercurrent across 142E between 118m and 502m
depths. Daily average data and 120 days low-pass filter
data are shown.
Study on estimation of CO 2 flux in the North Pacific
The purpose of this study is to estimate CO flux in
the North Pacific by an inter-comparison of CO data
between JAMSTEC and Meteorological Research
Institute. In doing so, influences of climate variations
and changes on the CO flux are considered; these
have been ignored in previous studies.
It was observed that the eastern Bering Sea shelf
became a strong source for atmospheric CO . The
same condition has been observed since , suggesting
changes in the ecosystem in the area.
Vicarious calibration study of the ocean color sensor
GLI in the East China Sea
Ocean color sensor GLI on-board ADEOS-II was
launched in by National Space Development
Agency of Japan (NASDA). GLI observes the reflected
solar radiation from the earth's surface to estimate a
Study on oceanic radiocarbon in the western North
Pacific and adjacent seas
The purpose of this study is to evaluate water circulation
in the North Pacific and adjacent seas such as
the Japan Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, and the Bering Sea
with oceanic C and I as chemical tracers.
In FY, we carried out preparation of seawater
samples for C and I measurements. Some samples
have been measured at the Tandem Accelerator Mass
Spectrometer at Japan Atomic Energy Research
Institute.
4. Commissioned Research
Study on the application of the ocean color satellite
for the global mapping of primary productivity
Our objective in this study is to obtain the dataset
related to phytoplankton, such as chlorophyll a, primary
productivity, optical property, satellite ocean
color data, etc. by shipboard observation. These
datasets are used to improve the primary productivity
model constructed from the ocean color satellite data.
We carried out shipboard observations in phase
with satellite operation in the equatorial Pacific and
the East China Sea.
47

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Introduction
Recent marine biological research has revealed extensive biological populations of great diversity from midwater
to ocean bottom layers, and also within the earth's crust beneath the seafloor. These discoveries have altered our
whole concept of the global biosphere, and have given rise to the need to tackle the following issues:
Reconstruction of the marine ecosystem model into a dynamic model of material circulation with interaction
between photosynthetic ecosystems in shallow sea areas and chemosynthetic ecosystems primarily on the deep
seafloor.
Elucidation of marine biological evolution and the interaction between the environment and organisms.
The Marine Ecosystems Research Department will therefore finalize research on "clarifying the mechanism of
changes in marine ecosystems" in fiscal , and restructure this to the project of "Study for Understanding of
Function and Structure of the Marine Ecosystems in the Earth System" in fiscal . Viewing the earth as a system
and understanding its dynamic changes within the global ecosystem network is vital to the overall research direction
of JAMSTEC. The following are the key focus points of our research.
Clarifying the mechanism governing diversity through marine organisms (research into diversity).
Clarifying the biological functions relating to biological production and material circulation in marine ecosystems
(research into ecosystems).
We will link these to OD/IODP, which will start in , and establish methodologies and research structures
for analyzing crustal biospheres in plate boundary and hydrothermal vent zones, their biological interaction with
marine ecosystems, and material circulation. Through this, we will determine the structure of ecosystems extending
from the crust to the ocean, and their role in the global system. Regarding biological production and material circulation
in the surface layers, we are looking to undertake cooperative research with institutions whose research focus
is in this area (fishery research laboratories, universities, and the Ocean Observation and Research Department).
Research Project Category 1
Research and Development of Coral Reef Recovery
Techniques
Period: FY-
Coral reefs are rich in their diversity of marine organisms
and are unique in that while they have extremely
high levels of bioproductivity, they are oligotrophic.
What supports this high bioproductivity is the symbiotic
system formed by symbiotic microalgae typified by the
zooxanthella, and the coral and other invertebrates. In
recent years there have been frequent reports of a collapse
in this symbiotic system as seen in widespread
coral bleaching in coral reefs throughout the world, and
one of the causes of this is said to be environmental
change such as global warming and an increase in ultraviolet
radiation. In this sense, coral reefs can be seen as
a barometer of global environmental change.
Extensive field surveys have been carried out on the
connection between the environment and bleaching of
symbiotic systems such as coral and giant clams
(Tridacnidae) that underpin coral reefs, but details
about the mechanisms by which symbiotic systems
collapse, such as bleaching, have thus far remained
elusive. The reason for this is that the interaction
mechanism between the host and the microalgae symbionts
is not fully understood. For example, microalgae
secrete more than % of their photosynthetic
product into the host, but the signal (host factor) of
this is as yet not clear. To understand this collapse in
the symbiotic system, we have to shed light on the
symbiotic mechanism that sustains coral reefs, and
this in turn will help us to understand the mechanism
of chloroplast acquisition in the process of biological
evolution.
49

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Linking research on the symbiosis mechanism with
field research of coral reefs where symbiosis takes
place will enable us to grasp the true state of coral
reefs, and, at the same time, provide basic data for facilitating
their recovery. For this research, we are therefore
coordinating on-site environmental studies at coral
reefs and research into the mechanism of symbiosis.
In fiscal we carried out research on the symbiosis
mechanism that sustains coral reefs and environmental
changes around coral reefs in Sekisei Lagoon (Fig.
), Japan's largest coral reef, to build a research base for
enhancing the research structure, and to understand the
phenomenon in which symbiotic systems collapse, as
can be seen in coral bleaching. We collected coral samples
and measured the physical environment at the survey
sites shown in Figure . From this, we were able to
gain a broad understanding of the Sekisei Lagoon circulation
pattern (Fig. ). We are also analyzing the DNA
of the coral we sampled (Fig. ). The results of our studies
will be presented in scientific journals, and at conferences
and symposiums both in Japan and overseas.
Mesopelagic Biology Program
Period : FY-
The Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
(JAMSTEC) established a federally-funded program
beginning in fiscal year to survey the mesopelagic
and benthopelagic communities around Japan. This
program combines the unique technology of the submersibles
at JAMSTEC with experience gained from
similar mesopelagic studies elsewhere. Such submersibles
are invaluable to study the delicate gelatinous
midwater fauna that, although extremely abundant,
cannot be sampled using conventional net tows.
Fig. 1 Sekisei Lagoon (Japan's largest coral reef located between
Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island)
Fig. 3 Schematic view of the circulation pattern in Sekisei Lagoon
Fig. 2 Symbiosis and environment survey points in Sekisei
Lagoon
Fig. 4 Sampled coral (left: Acropora tenuis; right: Favia pallida)
50

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Biological sampling equipment such as slurp gun systems
have been redesigned and adapted for use on the
JAMSTEC submersibles and other forms of biological
sampling equipment, such as the gate sampler, have
been newly developed in-house in conjunction with
overseas colleagues from UCLA, UNE and MBARI.
Working databases of the midwater fauna of Sagami
Bay, the Japan Sea, and the waters above the Japan
Trench have been developed.
Limited midwater research has been carried out inhouse
at JAMSTEC since . Sagami Bay has been
the principle target area for midwater studies at JAM-
STEC during this period. Dives made during and
in Sagami Bay yielded a working database and
taxonomic list. This database resulted in three manuscripts
(Hunt and Lindsay, ; Hunt and Lindsay,
; Lindsay et al., ). In -, limited
dives were also carried out in other areas around Japan
and comparison was made with the Sagami Bay database.
This allowed basic characterization of the
Japanese fauna and has helped target oceanographic
areas of scientific interest for future in-depth surveys.
Dives in Sagami Bay were also made during -
and these yielded greater insights into the species
diversity, vertical distributions and overall ecology of
the bay. A large amount of effort during these first six
years has gone into developing or otherwise acquiring
biological (slurp guns, gate samplers, D-sampler
hydraulic systems) and physico-chemical (CTD-DO,
turbidity and chlorophyll a sensors) sampling gear,
facilities to maintain midwater animals (on-board and
lab-based planktonkreisels, coolers), lab equipment
(night vision scopes, video-recordable microscopes,
camera equipment, a DNA-sequencer), and otherwise
laying the groundwork for a world-class mesopelagic
biology program.
In fiscal we conducted surveys in Sagami Bay
(SHINKAI ), Suruga Bay (SHINKAI ) and
offshore Sanriku (ROV HYPER-DOLPHIN). We surveyed
several water masses with different environmental
parameters to clarify the relationship between the
Fig. 5 Tiburonia granrojo, of the new sub-family Tiburoniinae
habitat environment (water temperature, salinity and
dissolved oxygen) and the composition of fauna communities
off the Sanriku coast. From this series of
dives we discovered that the faunal composition of the
Oyashio system, Kuroshio system and the transition
region are significantly different. Comparing the composition
of mesopelagic and benthopelagic communities
in Sagami Bay and Suruga Bay has revealed significant
differences in community composition, even
though the bays are geographically close. These results
were presented in scientific journals, and at conferences
and symposiums both in Japan and overseas.
We described Tiburonia granrojo, filmed and collected
by the ROV HYPER-DOLPHIN, as a new subfamily,
new genus and new species, in the journal
Marine Biology in collaboration with colleagues at the
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. This was
also introduced by the journal Nature and reported on
TV and in newspapers in Japan and overseas.
Studies on Deep-sea Ecosystems
Period : FY-
Apart from photosynthesis-based ecosystems,
ocean ecosystems include chemosynthesis-based
ecosystems, which are formed on the ocean floor
through the ejection of hydrothermal fluid and cold
seeps. Of particularly large scales are the hydrothermal
vent populations and cold seep populations in
deep-sea areas. Maintaining a large biomass, these
51

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
populations directly and indirectly incorporate substances
ejected from the seafloor, and are thought to
contribute significantly to the circulation of these
ejected substances. Making use of deep-sea research
systems such as submersibles and ROVs, this
research aims to clarify the interrelationship between
substances ejected from within the earth and deep-sea
chemosynthetic ecosystems, and the basic physiological
and ecological characteristics of deep-sea
chemosynthetic populations.
From May to July , geochemical, microbiological
and zoological investigations were conducted using
the submersible 'Shinkai ' at a hydrothermal vent
field, the Hatoma Knoll in the Okinawa Trough, and a
methane seep field, the Kuroshima Knoll (Fig. ) off
Sakishima Islands. The purpose of this investigation
included; ) geochemical analysis of water at vent
communities and vent fluids, ) physical environmental
factor analysis at vent communities and vent fluids,
) estimation of energy sources for vent ecosystems,
) biodiversity of vent communities, ) estimation of
biomass of vent communities, ) estimation of productivity
of vent communities, ) relationships of biomass
and productivity between microbial communities and
benthic communities, ) comparisons between the
Kuroshima Knoll and the Hatoma Knoll, ) physiological
and embryological studies of vent benthic species.
Data and samples collected during the investigation
are now being analyzed.
Fig. 6 Bathymodiolus short-type dominated community associated
with methane seep in the Hatoma Knoll.
Research on the characteristics of the deep seawater
in Suruga Bay and the cascade method of deep
seawater utilization
Period: FY-FY
Shizuoka Prefecture is carrying out the project for
the effective utilization of deep seawater in Suruga
Bay. In September the Prefecture installed intake
facilities for surface water (depth of m) and deep
water (depths of m and m), and began distributing
the water to private companies and households.
The objectives of this research are to contribute to the
efficient promotion of the project, and to the establishment
of practical deep seawater utilization technology.
To this end, we are working together with Shizuoka
Prefecture to deploy analysis and observation systems,
research deep seawater near the Suruga Bay intake
and its surrounding area, and examine the cascade
method for the effective use of deep seawater.
The following are the major research results for
fiscal .
(a) Characteristics of deep seawater
In October we conducted surveys in and around
the deep seawater intake area using CTD and also
through vertical multilayer water sampling. Our use of
an altimeter in CTD observations enabled us to measure
down to five meters directly above the seafloor. In relation
to the issue of suspended matter, the vertical distribution
of the attenuation coefficient (Fig. ; high values
indicate high turbidity) calculated from a flux transmissometer
fitted to the CTD system tends to show a high
attenuation coefficient in water shallower than m and
water between a depth of m and the seafloor
(m). Similarly, the vertical distribution of suspended
matter concentration (Fig. ) in seawater collected in
the same cast as this measurement shows a high reading
in water shallower than m and water deeper than
m. Deep seawater intakes are established at depths
of m and m, and the opening that draws in seawater
is m above the seafloor. Therefore water with
relatively high concentrations of suspended matter is
52

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
taken in. However, the concentration of dissolved
organic carbon is not high directly above the seafloor.
Therefore, when utilizing this seawater on land,
depending on its usage, clean water can be obtained by
filtering out only the suspended matter, so this is an
area that should be examined.
We examined a method of analyzing trace constituents
in deep seawater using the SPring- synchrotron
radiation facility. We have quantified metal concentrations
twice in the past with this facility and
noise reduction has been an issue, so we tightened the
measuring conditions and collected clean water to
measure for metals. These measurements will be carried
out in the future.
(b) Examination of the cascade method
Every week since September we have collected
deep seawater pumped up by the intake facility and
measured nutrient concentrations to determine the
environmental effect of discharging deep seawater.
This fiscal year we continued measuring suspended
matter concentrations. From this, we found that the
concentration of suspended matter tends to rise immediately
following a typhoon. We plan to continue
measurements to determine the characteristics of deep
seawater intake facilities.
Study on bio-remediation of the eutrophicated
semi-closed estuary (Nagasaki)
Period: FY-FY
This cooperative research with Nagasaki Prefecture
is aimed at studying measures for the fundamental and
sustainable remediation of the closed sea area (remove
eutrophicating substances such as N and P from the
estuary).
This year we carried out an environmental survey of
the test sea area in preparation for the start of the test next
fiscal year, and confirmed an hypoxic event during summer
that completely wiped out oysters on lines. We
confirmed the optimum placement of oyster rafts and aeration
pipes through numerical simulation, and calculated
the necessary aeration volume and air compressor capacity.
From our measurements we determined that oxygen
consumption of the water mass in the test area and at the
surface of the seafloor sediment was, respectively, .
and .gO m - day - , and we also found out the carbon
subsidence flux (average of .gCm - day - , average
primary production of .gCm - day - ).
In January we deployed oyster rafts in the test
area and began oyster cultivation (Fig. ). Before the
summer stratification period we will set up an aeration
system for next fiscal year, and finish setting up the
purification system.
Attenuation coefficient
Concentration of suspended matter (mg.l -1 )
0
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
100
100
200
200
Depth (m)
300
400
Depth (m)
300
400
500
500
600
600
700
700
Fig. 7 Vertical distribution of attenuation coefficient in the deep
seawater intake area.
Measured on October 22, 2002 offshore Yaezu, Shizuoka
Prefecture.
Fig. 8 Vertical distribution of suspended matter in the deep seawater
intake area.
Measured on October 22, 2002 offshore Yaezu, Shizuoka
Prefecture.
53

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Fig. 9 Oyster rafts deployed for tests (made up of black buoys
and rope) and suspended oyster spats.
Personal Research
Research on evaluating deep seawater quality
Period: FY-FY
There are more than ten deep seawater pumping
facilities in Japan, and several more are due for completion
this fiscal year, while many other local governments
are currently examining plans to install these
facilities. Similar facilities are also operating overseas,
and other countries including South Korea are looking
into their establishment.
One feature of deep seawater is its purity, and this
makes it extremely useful as raw material in food and
drinking water. Today there are many products using
deep seawater on the market. In this light, deep seawater
is becoming increasing important from the perspective
of safety and reliability in relation to environmental
and dietary issues, but we do not have a clear
understanding about these aspects of deep seawater.
In this research we study deep seawater brought up
from the pumping facilities, and examine methods of
evaluating this water for harmful microbes and
endocrine disrupters (environmental hormones) to
ensure its safe utilization.
This is the final year of the project, so our evaluation
of harmful microbes and endocrine disrupters is based
on our work over the past two years. Until last fiscal
year our survey sites were limited to Japan, but this
year our survey also included South Korea. Figure
shows the survey sites and depth of the water collected.
Regarding harmful microbes, we measured the total
count and plate count, and analyzed the genetic makeup
of pathogens from human-caused contamination.
From this, we confirmed the cleanliness of deep seawater
relative to surface water.
As for endocrine disrupters, we analyzed our
research results up to last fiscal year for dioxins,
which are viewed as legally important, and highly
toxic human-caused pollutants. From this, we confirmed
that the level of dioxins in deep seawater is less
than / of the standard value (environmental standard,
and water quality standard for drinking water).
As mentioned before, deep seawater is often used as
a raw material for drinking water and food, and the
safety of deep seawater at the surveyed facilities was
confirmed by our research.
Studies on the transport process of eggs and larvae
in coral reef regions
Period: FY-FY
In recent years coral communities (species) in coral
reef regions have tended to shift northward with high
seawater temperatures, and the Kuroshio Current
Kume Island, Okinawa
Okinawa Deep Seawater
Research Institute
(15m, 612m)
Offshore Goseong,
Gangwon, South Korea
Collected by ship
Kumaishi, Hokkaido
Deep seawater
pumping facility
(5m, 330m)
Namerikawa, Toyama
Toyama Fisheries
Experimental Station
(17m, 321m)
Muroto, Kochi
Kochi Deep Seawater
Research Institute
(17m, 320-344m)
Yaizu, Shizuoka
Shizuoka Fisheries
Experimental Station
(26m, 397m, 687m)
Fig.10 Survey sites and depth of deep seawater collected.
54

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
appears to be an important environmental factor in this
phenomenon. However, it is not clear how coral eggs
and larvae are transported from coral reef regions such
as Sekisei Lagoon to offshore, nor is it clear how coral
eggs and larvae released in offshore areas make their
way to other coral reef regions.
Water flow in coral reef regions is an important environmental
factor affecting the growth, distribution and
structure of various coral populations. The northeastward
flowing Kuroshio Current passes off Japan's coral
reef region and Kuroshio path variation influences water
exchange and the transport of coral eggs and larvae.
In this study, we are classifying the long-term
Kuroshio path variations and examining the correlation
between the distribution of coral populations in
coral reefs and seawater exchange using satellite
images, water temperature distribution and oceanographic
data collected in the seas near Okinawa (from
Iriomote Island to the main island of Okinawa) over
the past years. We are also observing short-term
path variations using current meters in the coral reef
region (Sekisei Lagoon) to shed light on the process of
coral egg and larvae transportation and examine its
correlation with these path variations.
In fiscal we continued collecting information on
the state of fishing grounds for the past years and
preparing databases (for the past ten years) on water
temperature, sea level, and meteorological conditions
from Yaeyama Islands to Okinawa Island (Fig.). We
also measured the distance of the Kuroshio Current
from the shore of Sekisei Lagoon, Miyakojima Island,
and Okinawa Island over an extended period to examine
the Kuroshio path from Yaeyama Islands to Okinawa
Island (Fig.). Along with the project research, we sur-
19980505 35
20000620 35
30
30
25
25
Fig.11 Preparing the database on long-term variations in sea surface temperature from Yaeyama Islands to Okinawa.
Distance of kuroshio (km)
Temperature (˚C)
200
180 J
160
140
120
100
80
32
30
J
J J
J
J
J
28
11
26
1
1
24 1 J J
1 J
22 J
20
18
16
H
J
J
11
1
J
J JJ
J
J
1
1
1
J
1 1
11
H
J
J
11
J
J
J
J
1
11
1
J
J J J
1 SST J 100m H 200m
1
1
J
J
1 1
1 1
J
J
J
J J
J J
J
1
1
1 1
11
J 1
J
1
H H
14
JFMAMJJ ASONDJ FMAMJJ ASONDJ FMAMJJASOND
1997 1998
1999
Months
Fig.12 Kuroshio path variations from Ishigaki Island and variations in sea surface temperature from Yaeyama Islands to Okinawa.
N
Distance from shore
Hateruma
Iriomote
Kuroshio path
Kuroshio path
500m
?
?
?
200m
Distance from shore
?
?
Ishigaki
200m
Kuroshio countercurrent
500m
55

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
veyed the state of the current to determine the process of
seawater exchange in Sekisei Lagoon. From this, we
estimated that the exchange of seawater takes about ten
days. Our survey on the current carried out during the
coral spawning period suggests that it takes several days
for coral eggs and larvae to flow out to the open ocean
from within the lagoon depending on the spawning area.
At the same time, we were able to ascertain the synoptic
circulation pattern of Sekisei Lagoon. These results
were presented in Japanese scientific journals, and at
international conferences and symposiums.
Search for micro-pore filters available for use under
high temperature and high pressure conditions
Period: FY-FY
"Chemical Evolution" is the process of chemical
changes from inorganic to organic substrates prior to
the origin of life.
Various experiments have been done to show certain
aspects of this process; the first of which is called
Miller's experiments done by Miller in . In this
experiment, water (H O), methane (CH ), ammonia
(NH ) and hydrogen (H ) were used as the gaseous
components that were believed to be present on the
early earth. These chemicals were all sealed inside a
sterile array of glass tubes and flasks, and were heated
(in place of volcanic activities) and subjected to electrical
discharges (in place of lightning). This experiment
showed that organic compounds such as amino
acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be
made easily under the conditions that were believed to
be present on the early earth. However, recent studies
showed that the atmosphere of the early earth was an
oxidizing environment unlike Miller's experiment conditions
and that in such oxidizing conditions, it is quite
difficult to synthesize any organic substrates.
Since the discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents
in the Galapagos Rift in , many scientists have
been considering that such an environment could be a
possible candidate for Chemical Evolution. The reasons
are as follows:
() High temperature energy for chemical reactions
() Reducing environment required condition for
inanimate syntheses of organic substrates
() High concentration of heavy metals catalysts
for chemical reactions
A large number of in vitro experiments have been
conducted to investigate this possibility. Several types
of amino acids were synthesized under artificial
hydrothermal vent conditions. Spherical structures
composed of membranes also appeared under such
conditions. However, these experiments were performed
using limited trace elements under limited
fluctuation conditions within a limited time frame.
In situ experiments on Chemical Evolution at deepsea
hydrothermal vents are expected to show novel
reaction processes and products but there has been
no previous attempt because of the difficulty of
access to deep-sea vents and in developing an in situ
experimental device. Here we began to search for
micro-pore filters that are the most important components
of the in situ device. The filters must have tolerance
to high temperature and high pressure, be permeable
to small molecules like the inorganic substrates
derived from vent fluid, and prevent synthesized
large organic molecules from flowing out of the
reaction chambers.
In fiscal we carried out in situ experiments on
micro-pore filters at hydrothermal vents on Hatoma
Knoll in the Okinawa Trough. We positioned the test
devices at the hydrothermal vent with a maximum
temperature of ˚C. We recovered the devices about
a week later and found a large amount of hydrothermal
deposits we assume to be sulfide attached to the
inside of the filter chambers (Fig.). We also found
that the titanium parts making up the devices had not
corroded at all.
The silicon nitride filters in the in situ testing units
showed no noticeable deformation, and had uniformly
turned black. Internally, the eight filter units were
deformed in that they all showed signs of partial
fusion (Fig.).
56

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
On board we tested each of the recovered units for
concentrations of silicic acid and ammonia, and detected
high concentrations of these chemicals from the
units comprising silicon nitride filters. We believe this
was from the reduction of the silicon nitride filters
caused by reducing substances (e.g., hydrogen sulfide,
methane, and hydrogen) in the hydrothermal fluid.
Fig.13 Hydrothermal deposits attached to the filter test unit
Fig.14 Silicon nitride filter showing internal deformation
Study on the uptake of various elements using
Porites corals
Period: FY-FY
Stable carbon and oxygen isotope measurement on
biogenic carbonate provides various information for
reconstructing past oceanic environments. For example,
O/ O ratios correlate to the calcification temperature
in the seawater. In contrast, C/ C is considered
as a proxy for dissolved organic carbon in seawater,
symbiont photosynthesis and seawater [CO ] - . In this
study, C/ C and O/ O on coral skeletons (Genus
Porites) have been measured with different growth
rates. As a result, fast-growing corals showed the correlation
with photosynthetic activity, while slowgrowing
corals showed the opposite correlation. It
implies that the correlation between C/ C and O/ O
depends on the relative intensities of the kinetic isotope
effect with calcification and metabolic isotope
a
Distance from surface (mm)
b
Distance from surface (mm)
20 15 10 5 0 20 15 10 5 0
δ 18 O, δ 13 C (‰)
-6
-4
-2
δ 18 O
δ 13 C
δ 18 O, δ 13 C (‰)
97 98 99 00 -6
-6
97 98 99 00
-4
-2
-4
-2
δ 18 O
δ 13 C
-6
-4
-2
St.8-1 (Porites lobata)
St.19-5 (Porites lobata)
Fig.15 X-ray photographs showing annual growth bands and δ 13 C (open circles) and δ 18 O (filled circles) values
of Porites specimens versus the distance from surface of coral colonies along the growth axis.
δ 18 O cycles correspond to seasonal changes of seawater temperature and the year is labeled at
the growing part. The phase offsets between δ 13 C and δ 18 O change with growth rate.
57

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
a
δ 18 O (‰)
-3
Pf
-4
→
Mf
→
→ Kf
b
→
→
Ms
Ks
→
-3
Ps -4
Tf
Ts
-5
-5
Fast growing
Pf’
Ps’ Slow growing
-6
-6
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
δ 13 C (‰) δ 13 C (‰)
Fig.16 The compositional changes in the carbon and oxygen stable isotopes. The fast-growing coral (a) is
characterized as a large contribution of metabolic isotope effect ( M f ) compared with kinetic isotope
effect ( K f ) relatively. The slow-growing coral (b) is characterized as a small contribution of metabolic
isotope effect ( M s ) compared with kinetic isotope effect ( K s ).
effects such as photosynthesis. This model might
improve the past environmental condition and biogenic
carbonate.
a
b
Research on phenotypic diversity of benthic arborescent
organisms
Period: FY-FY
The sea area around Japan contain a great diversity
of benthic fauna such as Octocorallia and black coral
species. Unlike hermatypic coral species, which can
only live in shallow tropical and subtropical waters,
Octocorallia also inhabits the high-latitude regions and
deep-sea areas. In this research I verify the reproductive
patterns that adapt to low water temperatures to
confirm factors through which this coral has extended
its habitat from shallow sea areas to the deep sea, and
from the low to the high latitudes. The purpose of this
research is to gain a phylogeographical understanding
of species classification. It was conducted that the
research on the reproductive pattern and period and
genetic diversity for gorgonian species (Octocorallia)
inhabiting shallow waters, and build a taxonomic base
for species inhabiting the deep sea.
In fiscal it was conducted that the analysis on
the classification and morphometry based on existing
data both for species of gorgonian (Octocorallia:
Gorgonacea) that inhabit deep-sea areas and species
that inhabit shallow waters (Fig.). It was carried
out field surveys on species that live at depths of
around m at the Otsuchi Marine Research Center,
Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, and
Fig.17 (a) Melithaea flabellifera. (b) Primnoidae sample collected
by the Otsuchi Marine Research Center, Ocean Research
Institute, University of Tokyo in fiscal 2002.
examined their distribution in this area. It was also
carried out taxonomic studies on samples collected by
the Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo.
These results were presented in scientific journals, and
at conferences and symposiums in overseas.
The establishment of method to measure the genome
size using fluorophotometry
Period: FY-
Generally microbes with small genome size had
been utilized to analyze whole genome. Recently,
analysis of genome was expanded in humanbeing and
some model organisms with large genome size.
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was often used to
measure the genome size. However, in this method the
measurable genome size is restricted and much time
and expensive reagents are needed to measure. On the
other hand, fluorophotometry is a simple method but
relatively high reliability in the measured value. In this
method, however, not only DNA but also some other
58

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
materials such as plant pigment are fluorescent, which
is a big problem. Laminariaceae (Kombu) has been
eaten since ancient times, and is known to have various
health benefits. It has recently been found to contain
the anticancer macromolecular polysaccharide
such as fucoidan, so it is an extremely useful and beneficial
plant. In this research, we aim to establish a
efficient method to measure the genome size using
fluorophotometry and measure the genome size of
Laminariaceae growing in warm and cold waters.
In fiscal we collected Laminariaceae seaweeds
(sporophytes, n) from their field, released zoospore
(n) and cultivated the gametephytes (n) in order to
examine the suitable stages for measurements of
genome size. We also examined some pigment
removal methods to exclude non-DNA sources of fluorescence
from samples, and carried out preliminary
genome size measurement. From these results, we
found out that zoospore released from mature sporophytes
can be used for the measurement. As the measured
values of genome size in both Laminariaceae seaweeds
and the control Arabidopsis thaliana being varied
in the preliminary measurements, we realized that
further adjustment for preparation of samples and
search for suitable controls are needed.
Research on the relationship between shape, swimming
and stomach contents in jellyfish species
Period: FY-FY
Jellyfish play a key role within ecosystems as predators,
but little is known about their predatory behavior.
From research into the relationship between jellyfish
shape and swimming pattern using behavioral
models, reportedly species with shallow umbrellas are
suited for continuous swimming, whereas those with
deeper umbrellas are suited for neutral drifting, but
this has not been fully verified. It is not difficult to see
that if the swimming pattern differs, the animals they
prey on will also differ. So in this research we have
established the following hypothesis relating to jellyfish
shape, swimming pattern and prey, and seek to
verify this hypothesis using surface species.
Shallow umbrella continuous swimming
greater opportunity to encounter abundant small
prey prey on smaller animals
Deep umbrella neutral drifting greater opportunity
to encounter strong-swimming prey prey
on larger animals
We believe this research will shed light on the
largely unknown predatory behavior of jellyfish
species, and enable us to infer the type of prey they
feed on from their shape and swimming pattern.
We believe we will then be able to apply this to the
mid- and deepwater jellyfish species, which are difficult
to collect.
This research consists of () observe the shape of
specimens, () observe and measure swimming
actions and speed through video, () estimate the rate
at which jellyfish encounter prey, and () analyze jellyfish
stomach contents. This research covers several
species of jellyfish. In fiscal , as the first step of
the research we focused on () establishing collection
methods that would minimize the damage to specimens,
and () examining methods of analyzing stomach
content.
Production of a plankton net with an enlarged cod
end section has enabled us to collect samples in good
condition. We discovered the best method of sampling
and fixing for observing stomach content in each category.
The Leptomedusae disgorge when fixed, so there
is also a need to fix each jellyfish and collect the disgorged
material as well. On the other hand, the
Anthomedusae rarely disgorge, so there is no need to
fix individual jellyfish. We found that Spirocodon
saltator (order Anthomedusae) and Aequorea
coerulescens (order Leptomedusae) mainly feed on,
respectively, copepods and Rathkea octopucutata.
We gave a presentation on a part of our research at
the Spring Plankton Symposium. This presentation
was summarized in the Feeding Ecology of Jellyfishes,
and was submitted and accepted for inclusion in the
Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan.
59

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Cooperative Research
Research on effective utilization of thermal energy
using deep sea water and hot springs water
Period: FY-FY
In Hokkaido we are building deep seawater intake
facilities at Kumaishi, Rausu and Iwanai-cho. Deep
seawater is characterized by its low temperature
throughout the year, and cold districts such as those
in Hokkaido require massive amounts of energy to
control water temperature for aquaculture. So we can
look at utilizing the abundance of hot springs water in
these regions as a means of saving energy. The aim of
this research is to expand the usage of deep seawater
by using the thermal energy of hot springs.
This year is the final year of the project, and we
comprehensively examined the effective utilization of
thermal energy from all data obtained to date. In fiscal
and we surveyed the sea area off
Kumaishi to determine the distribution of water temperature,
salinity and inorganic nutrients, and confirmed
seawater characteristics peculiar to the Sea of
Japan. We compared this with past survey results, and
found that the low temperature and eutrophicated
properties of deep seawater at depths below m are
stable throughout the year. Continuous measurement
of the temperature of hot springs water in Kumaishi
showed that it was around ˚C (Fig.). Considering
the temperature of deep seawater off Kumaishi is ˚C
at a depth of m, we examined the potential energy
saving benefits in controlling the temperature of
, tons of deep seawater a day expected to be used
in Kumaishi. We discovered that under current forecasts
for Kumaishi, a potential energy savings of %
can be achieved by using hot springs water to adjust
deep seawater to ˚C for use in abalone aquaculture
tanks. And our research findings are to be used in
water temperature control for abalone aquaculture in
Kumaishi. We also examined the potential for temperature
differential power generation, and confirmed
that this could supply % of the power needed to run
the water intake pumps assuming ammonia and
Temperature (˚C)
70
60
Hot springs water
50
40
30
Surface seawater
20
10
0
2001.1.9 0:00 2001.2.28 0:00 2001.4.19 0:00 2001.6.8 0:00 2001.7.28 0:00 2001.9.16 0:00 2001.11.5 0:00
Date
Fig.18 Fluctuations in hot springs and surface seawater temperatures
in Kumaishi.
Flourinert as working fluids.
In fiscal the Geological Survey of Hokkaido,
our cooperative research partner, conducted acoustic
surveys of the submarine topography, geology, and
bottom deposits in the Kumaishi submarine valley,
Iwanai Bay, and off Rausu. These surveys confirmed
the existence of a muddy layer at the bottom of the
submarine valley, highlighting the importance of
surveys of seafloor boundary layers when laying seawater
intakes.
Research on long-term rearing of mid-water animals
Period: FY-FY
Gelatinous zooplankton that are too fragile to keep
in aquaria over the long-term, are very abundant in the
midwater zone. At present, the physiology, ecology
and the life history of midwater animals are poorly
understood. In this program, we will develop longterm
rearing techniques and contribute to the elucidation
of the functional role of midwater ecosystems acting
on the ocean ecosystem. The present research project
collaborates with the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Research Institute (MBARI), under a memorandum
of understanding (MOU). This includes the sharing
of ROV payload protocols and data comparisons
between the midwater ecosystems studied by both
parties.
In fiscal we consolidated our research results
up to fiscal . We continued rearing the eight
60

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
species of deep-sea hydromedusa polyps obtained to
date, and gathered data on regeneration, growth and
reproduction of hydromedusa polyps, the budding of
medusa from polyps, and medusa rearing techniques.
As for rearing samples in particular, we had been
rearing samples at the same water temperature of ˚C
as their habitat, but we gradually raised the temperature
for both medusae and polyps to about ˚C,
and this gave us excellent results in polyp reproduction,
and medusa budding and growth. By rearing
medusae until maturity and clarifying their life cycle,
and keeping deep-sea medusae in the laboratory at
any time, we believe we will be able to obtain
detailed data that would otherwise be too difficult to
access in the field.
Our achievements to date have been published in
journals, and presented at domestic and international
symposiums.
Fig.19 Polyp of a deep-sea hydromedusa budding a medusa
(top), and the medusa released from the polyp (bottom).
Research on the spawning characteristics of the
Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica)
Period : FY-FY
This joint research between JAMSTEC and Ocean
Research Institute (ORI), Tokyo University aimed at
clarifying the spawning characteristics and environmental
conditions under spawning, and migration
process of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) to contribute
to marine biology and fisheries.
The seamount hypothesis conjectures that the
spawning field of the Anguilla japonica is in the area
˚E-˚E at about ˚N. However there have been
no reported sightings of A. japonica around the
seamounts in this region, and the hypothesis was merely
conjecture covering a broad sea area. To verify the
seamount hypothesis, we carried out surveys around
the Pathfinder, Arakane and Suruga Seamounts in the
southern edge of the West Mariana Ridge. Survey were
conducted during the new moon period of August -,
in line with the A. japonica new moon hypothesis
(hatching takes place during new moon).
Our observations (KY-) were mainly at night
using the deep tow camera system. We recorded the
location, depth, water temperature and salinity at each
point where anguilliform fishes observed, and analyzed
environmental factors that characterized the distribution
of these fishes.
Eighty-five Anguilliformes individuals observed in
our survey at the three seamounts (Fig.). It was very
difficult to identify species of Anguilliformes, because
the deep-tow camera was not high definition.
The survey was carried out at a depth of -,m,
but focused mainly on the depth range of -m
(.% of the total line of observation). When standardizing
the number of anguilliform fishes for every
m depth, we estimate a distribution of one individual
per kilometer up to a depth of ,m (Fig.). We
also conducted surveys at two seamounts whose peaks
are at depths of and ,m for comparison with
the area around the three seamounts, and found a low
density of the anguilliform fishes. It is suggested that
61

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Fig.20 Example of the anguilliform fish observed by the deep tow
0
400
800
1,200
Depthm
1,600
camera.
0 1 2 3 4
the densities of the anguilliform fishes at shallower
seamounts are greater than that at deeper seamounts.
The vertical profile of water temperature and salinity
around the three seamounts were almost same, indicating
these seamounts are influenced by the North
Equatorial Current.
Study on the property of deep seawater in Toyama Bay
Period : FY-FY
Individuals per kilometer
Average = 0.993 individuals/km
Fig.21 Number of individuals per kilometer observed by the deep
tow camera.
The use of deep seawater in fishery and other fields
(e.g., food and cosmetics) is steadily expanding
throughout Japan. Deep seawater supply facilities have
been constructed by local government of Kochi,
Toyama, Okinawa and Shizuoka prefectures, Muroto
in Kochi Prefecture, Nyuzen in Toyama Prefecture,
Kumaishi in Hokkaido, and by a company of Miura
DSW Co., Ltd. in Kanagawa Prefecture, are currently
under construction in Iwanai in Hokkaido and Hatano
in Niigata Prefecture, and are being examined by several
other local governments. In this background,
understanding the properties of deep seawater characteristic
to each sea area around Japan is important for
promoting the future utilization of deep seawater. The
deep seawater in Toyama Bay is part of the proper
water mass in Japan Sea, and is thought to be different
from Pacific Ocean deep water in temperature, water
quality, and also its influence on marine life.
This study is aimed at clarifying the properties of
deep seawater in Toyama Bay as a part of understanding
the characteristics of deep seawater as a resource.
During this year, the final year of the study, we
examined a method of continuously measuring nutrient
salts under local conditions, examined methods of
measuring trace elements, and surveyed sea areas
where deep seawater intake are installed.
Regarding the continuous measurement of nutrient
salts, we set up a device for continuously measuring
nitrate by ion chromatography at the deep seawater
intake facility in the Toyama Fisheries Experimental
Station, and ran an operational trial over several months
under local conditions. The device ran continuously for
about two months, and each measurement took about
minutes. We examined methods of processing the
chromatogram data, and consider the data are suitable
for practical application. Measurement results are
shown in Figure .
As for measuring trace elements, we used the
Tateyama-maru operated by the Toyama Fisheries
Experimental Station to examine methods of sampling
water without contamination. JAMSTEC's trace metals
water sampler and its mounting frame were larger
than that fitted on the Tateyama-maru, so we had trouble
letting out and drawing in the frame when being
hoisted by the derrick, and this hindered our collecting
62

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Temperature (˚C)
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
clean water samples.
For the survey around deep seawater intake facilities,
in November we carried out a survey in
Toyama Bay to determine the vertical distribution of
water temperature, salinity and nutrients, and examine
methods of determining turbidity near the seafloor. We
brought in a CTD system fitted with a turbidimeter and
altimeter that measures the distance from the sensor to
the seafloor, and this enabled us to measure turbidity
(attenuation coefficient) down to just above the
seafloor. From these measurements, similar to last fiscal
year, we confirmed that turbidity increases in the
layers above the seafloor boundary layer directly above
the seafloor. This is reflected in the properties of seawater
pumped up by the intake facilities, and suggested
the need for filtering depending on the field in which
the deep seawater is to be used.
Study on the functional use of deep seawater for
applications in industry
Period : FY-FY
Kikkoman Corporation, Sunstar Inc., Suntory Ltd.,
Nissui Ltd.
Nitrate (from the pipes of the Fisheries Experimental Station low temperature cultivation tank)
Change in the temperature of deep
seawater in the water intake tank
Fig.22 Results of continuous measurement of nitrate.
While it has been confirmed that the use of deep
25
20
15
10
5
0
NitrateµM
seawater facilitates fermentation (yeast etc.), and
improves metabolic activity (mineral functionality),
and the taste and coloring of food, little is known
about the causal relationship in this. In this cooperative
research, we aim to draw out the functions of deep
seawater in a range of fields and look into their connection
with the components of deep seawater to clarify
the factors that give rise to those functions.
Through this, we seek to apply the fundamental
knowledge gained about deep seawater to facilitate its
application in industry.
This fiscal year, the second of this study, we collected
samples of deep seawater from sea areas around
Japan, and gathered information and conducted tests
regarding the use of deep seawater in fermentation,
oral hygiene, food, and marine produce propagation
and processing. These are described below.
We collected deep seawater at deep seawater intake
facilities (Toyama, Shizuoka, Kochi and Okinawa prefectures,
and Kumaishi in Hokkaido), and examined
these samples for major elements, trace elements, and
microorganisms. We undertook the following tests on
the samples.
On the use of deep seawater in fermentation, we
carried out cultivation tests on yeast used in producing
fermented seasoning, and fermentation tests. While
the results suggested that deep seawater facilitates
yeast propagation, the fermentation tests showed that
adding deep seawater had no effect.
As for oral hygiene, we examined the effect deep
seawater has on oral hygiene and cleanliness when
used with drugs that have already proven to be effective
in killing bacteria. We found that the therapeutic
effect of the drugs declined when combined with deep
seawater, but at the same time, it had the effect of
reducing the strong taste of the drugs.
We also examined the effectiveness of deep seawater
on food. The primary benefit is safety (contains very
few artificial pollutants), followed by its functionality.
The knowledge gained here was applied in the commercialization
of drinking water made from deep seawater
(product was launched on February , ).
We could not conduct tests on using deep seawater
in rearing fish because we were unable to collect eggs
from the aquaculture fish. Regarding food processing,
we trial produced salted salmon roe using salt prepared
from deep seawater, and examined the effect it has on
63

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
quality after freezing and thawing. The general feeling
was that the deep seawater salt gives the salmon roe a
slightly brighter color and a milder taste than when
processed with normal table salt. We also confirmed
that the roe tends to have a slightly softer texture.
64

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Computer and Information Department
Policy for Research and Development
The Computer and Information Department promotes various research and development programs aimed at
advancing computer technologies applicable to marine phenomena. These programs include database development
of various observed data, research support for development of numerical models and others for supercomputers,
visualization technologies of the results of numerical simulations, development of innovating computation methods,
and surveys on computer utilization environment.
In fiscal we continued our work on the program "Establishment of a Deep Sea Image Distribution System
on JGN (Joint Research)". We also used the supercomputer to examine parallel computation, e.g., computation of
underwater acoustic propagation.
Outline of Research and Development Themes
(1) Establishment of a Deep Sea Image Distribution
System on JGN (Joint Research)
JAMSTEC has accumulated massive volumes of
image data from marine surveys and research carried
out using manned research submersibles, e.g.,
SHINKAI , and remotely operated vehicles. The
Global Oceanographic Data Center (GODAC) in
Nago, Okinawa is responsible for digitalizing, indexing,
storing and disseminating these image data. This
enormous mission requires a high-speed network to
transmit high-definition images and videos between
GODAC and Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences.
Initially we built a Mbps circuit test environment
using the JGN (Japan Gigabit Network; super-highspeed
optical fiber transmission and broadcasting network).
We later planned to increase this circuit to
Mbps. This fiscal year we encoded and indexed
deep-sea images, and enabled the public to access a
section of these images on a trial basis from the earth
environment portal Web (http://www.godac.jp/) using
RealVideo streaming. In November we increased
the circuit capacity to Mbps for JGN event use,
and carried out high-definition image transmission
tests. These tests were conducted concurrently with
tests for transmitting high-definition images from the
super-high-definition camera fitted on the ROV
HYPER-DOLPHIN via satellite to the National
Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation. The
success of our tests confirmed that JGN is effective for
transmitting high-definition images.
Manned research submersible
Deep-sea
images
Yokohama Institute for
Earth Sciences
Indexing
Digitizing
Transfer of
high-definition video
JGN
Global Oceanographic
Data Center
Global information collection
Digital archiving
Provision of global information
over the Web
Public use of facilities
Check by researchers of information attached to images
Dissemination to users
Open access through the internet and
the Nago regional intranet
Fig. 1 Overview of the system
65

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Frontier Research System for Extremophiles
Object and Outline of Research and Development
Frontier Research System for Extremophiles conducts research on the organisms thriving in the deep-sea and
deep-subsurface from the viewpoint of extremophiles. We contribute to the progress of science and human welfare
by elucidating: ) what kinds of organisms are living in such extreme environments as the deep-sea and deep-subsurface,
) what are their distinctive features, and ) what is their usefulness in our daily life and/or industrial applications.
The scientific target is to elucidate the adaptation mechanisms of extremophiles toward such extreme environments
and to understand the origin of life through the discovery of the most ancient microorganisms. Another
target is to develop new biotechnologies through supplying new sources of useful microorganisms. Also, The Bio-
Venture Center for Extremophiles offers a forum for collaboration with researchers from industries that are interested
in exploiting the biological and chemical potential of extremophiles.
Isolation and cultivation of novel microorganisms from deep-sea sediments and deep-subsurface core samples are
continuously carried out. In addition, multicellular organisms in the deep-sea are captured and maintained by using the
DEEP AQUARIUM system. The tissue of deep-sea animals has been successfully cultured under laboratory conditions.
The whole genomic sequence of thermophilic Geobacillus kaustrophilus HTA- isolated from the Mariana
Trench has been mostly determined, and the comparative analysis of genomes in Bacillus species are conducted. On
the other hand, piezo-phisiology is aimed to elucidate microbial life under high pressure environments e.g., the identification
of genes responsible for high-pressure growth in yeast and the construction of transformants that respond to
high hydrostatic pressure in bacteria are carried out. Also, research on the behavior of biomaterials and colloidal dispersions
in supercritical water, one of extreme environments in deep-sea and deep-subsurface, is continuing.
The second Bio-Venture forum was held. Research collaboration is successfully proceeding with companies that
are interested in exploiting new biotechnologies.
Research Results
1. Microbial genome analysis
Aerobic endospore-forming Gram-positive Bacillus
species are distributed nearly ubiquitously in nature.
Recently some of these species have been reclassified
as members of species belonging to new genera such
as Alicyclobacillus, Amphibacillus, Brevibacillus,
Geobacillus, Halobacillus, Oceanobacillus, and
Salibacillus. These organisms have often been isolated
from various terrestrial soils and deep-sea sediments.
It is known that Bacillus-related species have a wide
range of environments for growth at pH -, with
temperatures around -˚C, salinity from to %-
NaCl, and pressures from . MPa (atmospheric pressure)
to at least MPa corresponding to the pressure
at a depth of m. Thus, these extremophilic
Bacillus-related species could possess adaptations to
multiple extreme environments including high and
low temperature, high and low pH, and high salinity.
Now we are very intrigued by the questions of how
these adaptive capabilities were acquired in their
genome and what the original genome structure was in
the ancestral progenitor Bacillus species.
We initiated the microbial genome sequencing project
in and have determined the complete genome
sequences of Bacillus halodurans and Oceanobacillus
iheyensis. An alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-
isolated from terrestrial soil in is the most characterized
industrial strain, which produces various
kinds of useful enzymes. The B.halodurans C- is
the first industrial strain whose complete genome
sequence was determined. Oceanobacillus iheyensis
HTE isolated from the deep ocean near Nanseiisland
at a depth of m is an alkaliphilic and
extremely halotolerant bacterium. This strain was
selected as the second bacterium for the genome
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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sequencing project to figure out the mechanisms for
adaptation to alkaline and saline environments. In
addition, we proceeded with the third whole genome
sequencing project for the thermophilic Geobacillus
halodurans HTA isolated from the deepest ocean
at a depth of m to know the molecular diversity
among extremophilic Bacillus-related species.
Here, we report the determination of the whole
genome sequence of thermophilic G. kaustophilus
HTA, comparative genomic analysis of the two
alkaliphiles, and functional analysis of the genes
involved in alkaliphily.
1.1. Comparative analysis of the O. iheyensis genome.
The genome consists of , Mb, encoding many
proteins potentially associated with roles in regulation
of intracellular osmotic pressure and pH homeostasis.
The genes involved in alkaliphily were highlighted
based on comparative analysis with three Bacillus
species and two other Gram-positive species. The
genome of O. iheyensis provides us with a unique
opportunity to investigate the genes that underlie the
capability to adapt to alkaline or hypersaline environment.
The first issue was addressed by comparing the
orthologous relationships among the proteins deduced
from all CDSs identified in the five genomes of Grampositive
bacteria (Fig. ). Out of , proteins identified
in the O. iheyensis genome, putative proteins
(.%) have no orthologous relationship to proteins
encoded in the four other genomes (Fig. ). Seven
hundred ninety-three proteins (.%) were orthologs
identified among five Gram-positive bacterial species
and (.%) were identified as common proteins
only among Bacillus-related species. Two hundred
forty-three putative proteins (.%) were shared
only between the two alkaliphiles, O. iheyensis and
B. halodurans. As shown in Fig. , the trend of orthologous
relationships was almost the same in the case of
a
OB 838
OB/BH/BS
/SA/CA 793
134
64
b
(26.8%)
BH/CA
BH/OB
243
(6.0%)
(6.6%)
267
BH/SA
BH 1091
BH/BS
BH/SA/CA 9
BH/OB/CA 41
BH/OB/SA 70
B. halodurans
BH/BS/OB
/SA/CA 793
(19.5%)
BH/BS/OB/SA
373
(9.2%)
BH/BS/OB/CA
283
(8.7%) (7.0%)
BH/BS/OB
354
BH/OB/SA/CA 28
BH/BS/SA/CA 47
BH/BS/SA 78
BH/BS/CA 133
(22.8%)
(22.7%)
66 OB/CA
Ob. iheyensis OB/BH/BS/SA
73 OB/SA
373
160 OB/BS
(4.6%)
(10.7%)
OB/BH
283
243
(7.0%)
OB/BH/BS/CA
354
(8.1%)
(10.1%)
OB/BH/BS
BS 1069
OB/SA/CA 22
OB/BS/CA 56
OB/BS/SA 87
OB/BH/CA 41
OB/BH/SA
70
OB/BH/SA/CA 28
OB/BS/SA/CA 45
BS/BH/OB
/SA/CA 793
(19.3%)
(26.0%)
BS/BH/OB/SA
B. subtilis
373
(9.1%)
BS/BH/OB/CA
267
283
(3.9%)
(6.9%)
BS/BH
BS/BH/OB
354
(6.5%)
(8.6%)
BS/SA/CA 34
BS/OB/CA 56
BS/BH/SA/CA 47
BS/OB/SA 87
BS/OB/SA/CA 45
BS/BH/CA 133 BS/BH/SA 78
BS/CA 143
BS/SA 105
BS/OB 160
Fig.1 Summary of orthologous relationships among all CDSs identified in the genomes of bacilli and other major Grampositive
species. a, Orthologous relationships based on Ob. iheyensis genome. b, Orthologous relationships based
on B. halodurans genome. c, Orthologous relationships based on B. subtilis genome. Abbreviations: OB,
Oceanobacillus iheyensis; BH, Bacillus halodurans; BS, Bacillus subtilis; SA, Staphylococcus aureus; CA,
Clostridium acetobutylicum.
c
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Frontier Research System for Extremophiles
analyses based on each Bacillus-related species
although the genome size of O. iheyensis is kb
smaller than that of the other two Bacillus genomes.
In addition, orthologous relationships emerged in the
comparison with all combinations among the five
genomes used in this study (Fig. ). The putative
proteins characterized on the basis of orthologous relationships
were assigned to the functional categories
used for B. subtilis.
Out of putative proteins without orthologous
relationship to other Gram-positive species,
were orphans showing no significant similarity
of amino acid sequence to any other protein and
were conserved proteins in other organisms. One
hundred seventy-four were conserved proteins of
unknown functions among conserved proteins.
Sixty proteins were grouped into transport/binding
proteins and lipoproteins, which was numerically
the most abundant category. Nearly half of these
proteins are ABC transporter-related proteins. Many
of the orthologs, which were shared between two to
four species in the comparisons were also grouped
into this category, indicating that some of these
transport-related proteins are part of distinguishing
characteristics for subsets of Gram-positive bacteria.
1.2. Construction of the sequence database specifically
for the O. iheyensis genome
We attempted to construct a new database specifically
for the O. iheyensis sequences "ExtremoBase"
as well as the case of B. halodurans because the
genome sequence data should be open to the public
at the same time as the publication of the paper.
We prepared a useful data search system to the
O. iheyensis genome sequence and set up a new
server system for ExtremoBase at Yokohama
Campus of JAMSTEC. ExtremoBase has been
accessible through the World Wide Web server at
http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec-e/bio/jp/topj.html.
1.3. Genome sequencing of Geobacillus kaustophilus
HTA426
The microbial genome is primarily sequenced by
the whole genome random sequencing method, which
is composed of two steps. The first step of this method
is random shotgun sequencing and the second one is
gap filling occurred by assembly of the shotgun clones
sequenced at the first step. Although the shotgun
sequence step is generally performed at a level of -
fold genome coverage, several hundred gaps still
remain at this stage because the random shotgun
library does not contain all clones to cover whole
genomic sequences. Thus, the completion of the
genome sequencing project depends highly on the gap
filling process.
To raise efficiency of the gap filling, we attempted
to improve the ways for construction of the shotgun
library and sample treatment for sequencing. First, the
temperature condition for ligation reaction was optimized
to obtain a high frequency of transformation.
By lowering the reaction temperature from the usual
˚C to ˚C, the transformation efficiency (. x
transformants/g DNA) increased approximately
- to -fold higher than the usual result. Secondly,
the purification condition for PCR product sequenced
was optimized to raise the success rate of the sequencing.
Total amount of PCR product was usually treated
twice with Endonuclease I (Exo I) and Shrimp
Alkaline Phosphatase (SAP) to remove excess primer.
In this study, only the amount of PCR product needed
for sequence reaction was treated with higher concentration
of Exo I and SAP. Consequently this method
shortened the time for sample treatment, and also
increase the success rate for sequencing from %
to %.
The genome of Geobacillus kaustophilus HTA
was primarily sequenced by whole genome random
shotgun method as well as other microbial genome
sequencing project. The random shotgun library with
an average insert of . kb or kb was constructed
from the genomic DNA by improved methods in this
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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study. We have already sequenced , shotgun
clones and a statistical coverage of sequenced region
reached .-fold at the stage of , clones. The
assembly using Phrap yielded contigs, and the
total length of each contig was . Mb, corresponding
to .% of the whole genome of G. kaustophilus
HTA (. Mb).
For finishing the sequencing of the whole genome,
we tried to fill the gaps by using the sequences of both
end of large library insert and by means of PCR with
the primers designed based on the internal sequence in
each contig. Two hundred fifty-seven gaps were
closed by the sequences of reverse side of the shotgun
clones and gaps were bridged by λ phage inserts.
To cover the remaining gaps with PCR product, all
possible pairs of primers were tested whether or not
they gave a PCR product. Sequencing the resulting
PCR products closed the relevant gaps. Although only
one gap which should be closed still remains, the the
genome sequencing project of G. kaustophilus will be
completed soon.
1.4. Diversity and distribution of insertion sequences
among alkaliphilic bacilli
The genome sequences of two terrestrial mesophilic
Bacillus species, alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans and
neutrophilic Bacillus subtilis, have previously been
published. Through a series of genome analysis studies,
it became clear that the B. halodurans genome
contains fifteen kinds of new insertion sequences
(ISs), IS641 - IS643, IS650 - 658, IS660, IS662, IS663
and a group II intron (Bh.Int) in contrast to no IS element
in the genome of Bacillus subtilis . Out of
ISs identified in the B.halodurans C- genome,
twenty-nine were truncated, indicating the occurrence
of internal rearrangements of the genome. This is one
of the notable features of this genome. Another whole
genome sequence of an extremophilic Bacillus-related
species, Oceanobacillus iheyensis HTE, showing
extremely halotolerant and alkaliphilic phenotypes,
has recently been reported.
Fourteen kinds of the insertion sequences (ISs)
except for IS663, IS641 to IS643, IS650 to 658, IS660,
and IS662, and a group II intron (Bh.Int) identified in
alkaliphilic B. halodurans C- genome were also
detected in other strains of the same species by PCR
and southern blot analysis. The transposase (Tpases) of
IS653 identified in the genomes of strains of B.
halodurans were found to have become most diversified
among all ISs identified in the genomes of
strains. A new IS element designated IS661, with
inverted repeats (IRs) of bp long, was present within
the IS identified in the genome of B. halodurans
A. Also, a new transposon designated Tn3271bh
was identified within the IS642 element in the A
genome, which is a similar transposon identified in
thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus T-. The
new transposon, Tn3271bh generated -bp duplication
of the target site sequence and carries -bp inverted
repeat. On the other hand, fourteen kinds of ISs except
for IS643 and IS658 were distributed in the genome of
obligately alkaliphilic B. alcalophilus. It was found
that most of the ISs identified in the B. halodurans
genome were widely dispersed in the genomes of other
Bacillus species unrelated to the phylogenetic relationship
based on S rRNA sequences.
1.5. Global gene expression profiles of Bacillus halodurans
C-125 grown under alkaline conditions
Recent advance of technology in functional genomic
such as DNA microarray provided a way to understand
the metabolic pathway and genetic expression
patterns in a global genomic scale. Bacillus halodurans
C- is one of the most important alkaliphilic
strains whose whole genome sequence has been determined.
This genomic information made it feasible to
apply the DNA microarray technology for functional
analysis of the genome. B. halodurans C- is a typical
alkaliphile that can grow under alkaline conditions
as well as under neutral conditions. Thus, the strain
B. halodurans C- seems to be a unique organism
to investigate the global gene expression pattern asso-
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
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ciated with alkaliphily. First of all, we prepared the
DNA chip containing , genes identified in the
B. halodurans C- genome in this study, and then
we analyzed the transcriptome with the mRNAs isolated
from both alkaline and neutrality cultures at the
exponential growth phase. It was observed that a number
of the genes were induced apparently under alkaline
pH conditions. The results for the expression pattern
of some genes were also confirmed by Northern
hybridization analysis. Since most of the alkaliphilic
Bacillus strains require sodium ions for growth, we
also carried out transcriptome analysis with DNA
chips under various concentrations of NaCl.
First, we attempted to make NDA chips. The specific
-mer oligonucleotide sequence for each gene was
designed through BLAST search analysis. The oligonucleotides
designed were spotted in duplicate on the
silane-treated glass slides by a pen type spotting robot.
Bacteria were grown in Horikoshi II medium
(pH. or .) in jar fermentor, and harvested during
the logarithmic growth phase. Total RNAs from alkaline
and neutral culture were isolated and purified. It
was quantified by measuring absorbance at nm.
The purity of RNA was confirmed by an agarose gel
electrophoresis. The mRNAs were converted to
cDNAs by coincident labeling with Cy-dUTP or
Cy-dUTP. Random hexamer (MDI Inc., Tokyo) was
used for the labeling reaction. The hybridization for
each sample was duplicated with the probes labeled by
reversal fluor. The hybridization was carried out at
˚C for hours with the hybridization buffer. After
washing and drying, array images were scanned using
GenPix A laser microarray scanner (Axon, Inc).
The analysis of the density of each spot and calculation
of the expression ratio for each spot were performed
using the analysis software. Calculation of the
expression ratio between experiments allowed pairwise
comparisons of the relative transcript levels for
each gene under the two growth conditions. Thus, the
changes observed in the DNA chips were not substantially
influenced by the difference in bacteria densities.
Only those genes whose expression levels differed
by a ratio of at least . were evaluated.
As shown in Fig. and Table , genes were sig-
DNA Microarry Images
pH7:pH9.5=Cy3:Cy5
Sample 1
pH7:pH9.5=Cy5:Cy3
Sample 2
Fig.2 Gene expression analysis using DNA microarray. RNA from alkaline and neutral cultures
are compared. To ensure consistency, the two samples are labeled with different
fluors. In sample 1, a red fluor for the mRNA from alkaline and a green fluor for the
mRNA from the neutral cultures. In sample 2, we labeled RNA awaps. The colour was
showed log 10
(expression ratio) as: (1) red when the red-labeled RNA is upregulated relative
to the green-labeled RNA; (2) green when the red-labeled RNA is downregulated
relative to the green-labeled RNA; (3) Yellow when the red-labeled RNA is regulated as
equal levels as the green-labeled RNA; (4) black when the log 10
(expression ratio) is
close to zero.
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Table 1 Expression profiles of B. halodurans C-125 when grown under alkaline condition (pH7: pH9.5)
BH No. gene name size (a.a) Dir product
BH BH + unknown
BH spoVG + stage V sporulation protein G
BH rplL + ribosomal protein L/L
BH BH + two-component sensor histidine kinase
BH BH + two-component response regulator
BH BH - lantibiotic cytolysin precursor
BH BH + lantibiotic mersacidin precursor
BH BH + unknown
BH BH + unknown conserved protein
BH psaA + surface adhesin A precursor
BH groEL + class I heat-shock protein (chaperonin)
BH BH + unknown conserved protein in others
BH BH + unknown conserved protein in others
BH BH + unknown
BH BH + unknown conserved protein in others
BH BH + unknown
BH BH - unknown conserved protein in others
BH BH + unknown conserved protein in others
BH fhuB - ferrichrome ABC transporter (permease)
BH alaS + alanyl-tRNA synthetase
BH BH - unknown conserved protein
BH gltA + glutamate synthase (large subunit)
BH BH + cytosine permease
BH cotX + spore coat protein X (insoluble fraction)
BH BH - unknown
BH pyrE - orotate phosphoribosyltransferase
BH pyrF - orotidine '-phosphate decarboxylase
BH spoVE - stage V sporulation protein E
BH BH - unknown conserved protein
BH BH - unknown conserved protein in B. subtilis
BH BH + unknown conserved protein in others
BH BH - glycolate oxidase subunit
BH BH - glycolate oxidase subunit
BH BH - C-dicarboxylate transport system
BH bfmBAA - branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase E
BH argB - N-acetylglutamate -phosphotransferase (EC ...)
BH BH - maltose/maltodextrin transport system (permease)
BH mreC - cell-shape determining protein
BH BH - unknown
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
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BH sdhC - succinate dehydrogenase (EC ...) cytochrome
b
BH BH - unknown conserved protein in others
BH polA - DNA polymerase I (EC ...)
BH BH + unknown conserved protein
BH BH - unknown conserved protein in B. subtilis
BH BH - glycine cleavage system protein H
BH BH - epidermal surface antigen
BH BH + unknown
BH BH + unknown
BH BH - unknown conserved protein
BH BH - unknown conserved protein
BH BH - unknown conserved protein
BH hag - flagellin
BH BH - oligopeptide ABC transporter
BH BH - unknown conserved protein in others
BH flhP - flagellar hook-basal body protein
BH mbl - cell shape determining protein (MreB-like protein)
BH atpD - ATP synthase (EC ...) beta subunit
BH atpE - ATP synthase (EC ...) subunit c
BH BH + ABC transporter (substrate-binding protein)
BH BH - PTS system, mannitol-specific enzyme II, BC component
BH BH - methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein
BH lctE - L-lactate dehydrogenase (EC ...)
BH BH - unknown conserved protein in B. subtilis
BH soj - centromere-like function
BH rpmH - ribosomal protein L
nificantly upregulated in alkaline cultures. The mRNA
expression of selected genes were confirmed by
Northern hybridization, indicated that the results from
the two methods are consistent with each other. Since
the exact functions of many genes are still unknown, it
is difficult to judge the physiological significance of
this observation now. Further investigation is necessary.
One interesting point is that a human epidermal
surface antigen (ESA) homologue BH was
observed to be significantly upregulated. Northern
hybridization analysis showed that the expression of
BH was pH-dependent, and the highest level of
expression was observed at pH and pH. ESA
gene is thought to play important roles in intercellular
epidermal adhesion and is localized to human chromosome
in the same region as the gene for neurofibromatosis.
It is conserved in all mammals, but is not
present in amphibians or insects. This is the first finding
that the expression of prokaryotic ESA gene was
induced by alkaline pH. The functions and mechanisms
of this gene in alkaline adaptation remain to be
further studied.
It is well known that sodium ions are indispensable
for growth and motility of alkaliphilic Bacillus. We
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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also carried out DNA chip analysis to explore the gene
expression patterns in different concentrations of
NaCl. The results showed that a lot of genes encoding
proteins related to cell membrane and cellular transport
systems were significantly induced by Na + ion.
Another characterisitic of B. halodurans C- is
the alkali-dependent swimming motility. This alkalidependent
swimming motility was not found from
other alkaliphilic Bacillus such as Oceanobacillus
iheyensis HTE. We made several mutants that
showed alkali-independent swimming motility, and
then systematically examined the mRNA profiles with
the DNA chips. Significant alterations of several
genes encoding proteins such as flagellin and glycolate
oxidase were found between wild type and
mutant. It was suggested that these genes may be
involved in alkali-dependent swimming motility.
1.6. Proteomic analysis of pH-dependent gene
expression in facultative alkaliphilic Bacillus
halodurans C-125
The complete identification of coding sequences in
a number of model species has led to announce the
beginning of the post-sequencing era; rapid advances
in genomic sequencing technology and bioinformatics
have established the field of genomics to investigate
the expression profile of the genes identified in the
genome through mRNA display. Since recent studies
have demonstrated, however, a lack of correlation
between the transcriptional profiles and the actual protein
levels in the cells, the comprehensive analysis of
the gene products is indispensable to link genomic
data to biological function. Analysis of the genome of
Bacillus halodurans C- was initiated in as a
standard model for facultative alkaliphilic Bacillus
strains, and the systemic sequencing of the whole
genome of B. halodurans C- finished in . The
B. halodurans C- is the first industrial strain whose
whole genomic sequence has been determined.
The objective of proteomics is a large-scale, comprehensive
characterization of the proteins and protein
interactions in the cells. The proteomic analysis with
sensitive mass spectrometry subsequent to high-resolution
two-dimensional electrophoresis (-DE) was
used to identify the proteins involved in the mechanisms
of adaptation to alkaline environment in
B. halodurans C-. The total proteins and membrane
protein fractions of the B.halodurans C-
cells grown to the mid- exponential phase at pH .
and pH . were subjected to -DE. A pH gradient of
to was chosen for the isoelectrofocusing (IEF) due
to the stability and reproducibility of the gradient in
this pH range. The results of the -DE are shown in
Fig.. Approximately protein spots could be
resolved by LabScan v. software (Amersham
Biosciences) on a gel stained with Coomasie Brilliant
Blue (CBB) R-. The amounts of the protein in
spots out of the were more than twofold higher in
pH. culture than pH . cultures. All proteins
were identified by N-terminal amino acid sequencing
and LC/MS/MS. Eight proteins of interest were
pI
kDa
4.0
94 A
67
43
30
20
14
94
67
43
30
20
14
C
7.0 4.0 7.0
Fig. 3 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of B. halodurans
C-125 mid-exponential phase cell proteins. A total of 150
µg of total proteins (A, pH 7.0 and B, pH10.0) and membrane
proteins (C, pH 7.0 and D, pH10.0) were loaded for
each gel. Prior to electrophoresis, samples were incubated
in SDS buffer at room temperature for 15 min. After
electrophoresis, gels were stained with Coomassie blue R-
250. Spots whose density was increased in the growth of
pH 10.0 are marked with circles.
B
D
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
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further confirmed by northern hybridization. The
increase of the transcription products of the eight
genes also coincided with their gene products
increased at alkaline pH conditions. The gene product
increased at higher pH condition seems to be potentially
important for growth in an alkaline environment.
A functionally unknown kDa protein strongly
induced in alkaline and high temperature conditions was
named as ARP (alkaline response protein kDa).
This gene was confirmed to be pH-dependent at mRNA
level. On the other hand, the kDa protein ARP was
found to be in the membrane fraction by the -DE
analysis with the membrane fraction of B. halodurans
C- in pH . culture (Fig.). The observation of the
same protein in the membrane and cytoplasm suggested
that APR was membrane associated but not an integral
membrane protein. Flagellin, which is another protein
induced depending on alkaline pH, was also found
in either cytoplasm fraction or membrane fraction.
ARP and flagellin gave a quickly response to alkaline
when the cells of neutral culture was transferred to the
alkaline medium. Generally, the membrane proteins or
membrane associate proteins are thought to play the
major role for keeping pH homeostasis in a cell.
Therefore, these response proteins, may be involved in
the pH homeostasis. For further understanding of pH
response, studies will be under way to define more
clearly the functions of these proteins responded to pH.
And the protein-protein interaction analysis will be
major functional analysis at the next stage.
1.7. Prediction of the function of Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger
in the prokaryotic cells
Ca + is a second messenger in the eukaryotic cells,
playing an important role such as muscle contraction,
neurotransmitter, and exocytosis of a hormone. The
calcium transportation is manly performed by Ca + ion
channel and Na + /Ca + exchanger. Especially, the
Na + /Ca + exchanger has been well studied in the
eukaryotic cells but poorly characterized in the
prokaryotic cells.
The homologous gene products to the Na + /Ca +
exchanger previously identified in the eukaryotic cells
were screened bioinformatically among all CDSs
identified in the genomes of three Bacillus-related
species whose complete genome sequences have been
determined. Search of the protein database for motif
similarity was performed using Pfam motif analysis
tool. In this analysis, two candidate genes for Na + /Ca +
exchanger in B. halodurans and one in O. iheyensis
were identified, respectively in contrast to nothing in
B. subtilis. It was also found that these genes showed
significant similarity to those from Homo sapiens by
Psi-Blast search analysis. On the other hand, it has
been suggested by SOSUI program that these candidate
genes are membrane protein with transmembrane
segments.
2. Metabolism and Adaptation Research
2.1. Taxonomy and preservation of newly isolated
deep-sea microorganisms
We isolated and identified new genera of
piezophilic bacteria, psychlophilic bacteria, useful
enzyme produced bacteria and yeast from several
deep-sea sediments. From these experiments, we isolated
strains in genera. There were novel species
of Shewanella, Cytopaga, Marinobacter and some
new genera were observed. This year, a new genus
of piezophilic bacteria has been identified which can
now be described for publication in the journal
(IJSEM) and deposited in the culturer collection (JCM
and ATCC) as a novel piezophilic bacteria called
Psychromonas hadaliensis.
On yeast, Rhodotorula benthica sp. nov. and
Rhodotorula calyptogenae sp. nov., novel yeast species
from animals collected from the deep-sea floor, and
Rhodotorula lysiniphila sp. nov., which is related phylogenetically,
were described. Phylogenetic relationships
of species within the Erythrobasidium clade,
which included some yeast species originated from
benthic animals such as tubeworms or giant white
clams, were estimated based on sequeces of S
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rDNA, internal transcribed spacer, .S rDNA, S
rDNA and elongation facter -. Cryptococcus surugaensis
sp. nov., a novel yeast species from sediment
collected on the deep-sea floor of Suruga Bay was
described.
In , newly isolated microorganisms preserved
in our facility included bacteria strains ( isolates
and others) and yeast strains (from Japan
Trench), and these strains are being stored in liquid
nitrogen conditions. Twenty-two deep-sea sediment
samples obtained by several research vessels in
were also preserved in liquid nitrogen conditions. In
total, we now have types of deep-sea sediment
samples in the liquid nitrogen storage tank.
2.2. Microbial adaptation to high-pressure environments
(a) Identification of the genes responsible for high-pressure
growth in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The study aims to establish the molecular basis
responsible for the properties of piezosensitive, piezotolerant
or piezophilic growth in microorganisms and
to identify certain piezosensor (s) of the cell.
We have reported that the availability of tryptophan
is primarily important for high-pressure growth in
S. cerevisiae. During incubation of the wild-type cells
at MPa (approximately atm), the tryptophan
permase Tat is degraded leading to growth arrest.
Overexpression of Tat confers cell growth at this
pressure. Analysis of the high-pressure growth
mutants yielded four linkage groups, that is, HPG1,
HPG2, HPG3 and HPG4. The HPG1 mutation sites
were located in the HECT-domain of the ubiquitin ligase
Rsp. Fig. shows the mutation site within a predicted
structure of the HECT-domain. Rsp is
involved in the intracellular protein degradation
including Tat. The Tat level was indeed enhanced in
the HPG1 mutants at both . and MPa, although
the level was decreased in the wild-type strain at
MPa. The Rsp-binding protein Bul was revealed to
be a negative regulator for Tat under high-pressure
Fig. 4 The predicted structure of the HECT domain of Rsp5 ubiquitin
ligase. The HPG1 and previously known mutation
sites are shown in green. A probable pathway accessible
of E2-bound ubiquitin is shown in orange. Red, α -helix;
Blue, β -sheet.
condition. We have also cloned the HPG2 gene. The
HPG2 was allelic to TAT2 itself. The HPG2 mutation
sites were located in the N- or the C-terminal domain
of Tat and the Tat protein level was enhanced in the
mutants. Taken all results together, we propose a
model for the high-pressure sensing pathway, depicting
that Rsp in combination with Bul regulates Tat
through its N- or C-terminus for degradation in
response to increasing hydrostatic pressure. This is the
first case in which high-pressure response was molecularly
investigated in eukaryotic cells.
(b) Construction of transformants responding to high
hydrostatic pressure in bacteria
The gfp (green fluorescent protein) gene under the
control of a high-pressure inducible-lac promoter was
introduced to the cells of Escherichia coli. Green fluorescence
was indeed detected when the transformant
was grown at MPa (Fig. a). Next, we introduced
the gfp gene under the control of glnA promoter of
Shewanella violacea or cadA promoter of Moritella
japonica to the cells of M. japonica. As a result, green
fluorescence was detected when the transformant was
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A
B
Fluorescence Light
0.1 MPa 30 MPa 50 MPa 0.1 MPa 70 MPa
Fluorescence Light
Fig. 5 a, E. coli responding to high pressure. b, M. japonica responding to high pressure.
grown at MPa (Fig. b). Thus, the high-pressure
inducible promoters were successfully delivered to a
mesophile and piezophiles and they were still functional
under high-pressure conditions.
(c) Whole genome analysis for gene expression
responding to high hydrostatic pressure in bacteria
We analyzed the effect of high pressure on transcription
in E. coli in terms of whole genome analysis
using a DNA tip. Numbers of low-temperature
inducible genes were also expressed under high-pressure
condition, suggesting that low-temperature and
high-pressure have overlapping effects to E. coli cells.
In our future study, we will construct a DNA tip for
S. violacea to perform the first entire analysis for transcription
in piezophile.
3. Biological response to Deep-Sea Environments
3.1. Biological response research
(a) Research of adaptation mechanism to the extremity
environment for deep-sea multicellular organisms
Not only microbes but multicellular organisms also
inhabit the deep sea. The purpose of this research
was to clarify the deep-sea environment and deep-sea
multicellular organisms, and especially correlations
in single cells. We developed and improved the
capture device for deep-sea multicellular organisms
(deep-sea fish etc.), the land-based high-pressure
environment system, and the high-pressure cell observation
microscope. Raising multicellular organisms
and culturing its cell are resulting in very positive
research achievements.
(i) Capture device for benthic multicellular organisms
Capture devices were carried in the payload pallets
of the research submersibles (Shinkai , Shinkai
and Hyper Dolphin), and their operating state
was confirmed. Sampling was performed in Sagami
Bay, the Japan Trench, and the Chishima Trench at
depths from m to m. Capture devices could
be installed on all payload palettes, and proved to be
effective in collecting deep-sea samples. Captured
multicellular organisms could maintain a high survival
rate if the device was connected to the high-pressure
circulation system promptly.
(ii) Keeping benthic multicellular organisms (DEEP
AQUARIUM)
Alvinocaris longirostris and Simenchelys parasiticus
(Fig. ) were captured near the Caryptogena soyoae
colony off Hatsushima, Sagami bay at a depth of
,m. These organisms were maintained at a constant
pressure in DEEP AQUARIUM. It was kept at
MPa ˚C, and continuation for month was confirmed
with Simenchelys parasiticus. The organisms fed
normally in DEEP AQUARIUM, and external stress
could not be confirmed. Alvinocaris longirostris had
eggs at the time of capture. After maintaining pressure
for three months, the water tank was steadily decompressed
to atmospheric pressure. This report was
the first examination of such atmospheric pressure
adaptation. We subjected the sample to repeated com-
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Fig. 6 Alvinocaris longirostris in the DEEP AQUARIUM. Eggs can
be confirmed in the abdomen.
Fig. 7 Tissue culture cell (KMHA-1) of Simenchelys parasiticus.
pression and decompression while observing the
organism's condition. At atmospheric pressure,
Alvinocaris longirostris spawned after one week.
(iii) Establishment of tissue culture techniques
Tissue culture techniques are necessary for observing
deep-sea organisms at the tissue cell level. Primary
culture was carried out on a cell from the tissue of the
captured benthic multicellular organisms Simenchelys
parasiticus. The captured Simenchelys parasiticus was
gradually decompressed to atmospheric pressure.
After slicing the fin tissue, swarmer cell was observed
in the medium culture. The fibroblast cell of
Simenchelys parasiticus was cultivated by using L-
medium with % FBS (Fig.). Optimal temperature
was ˚C, and doubling time of cell was .h - . We
observed cell growth under the high-pressure environment,
and pressure tolerance. New tissue culture cell
(KMHA-) is cultivated and kept in frozen storage in
the laboratory.
3.2. Behaviors of biological substances and colloidal
dispersions in supercritical water
(a) Microscopic observations of biological substances
in supercritical water
We have developed an optical microscope equipped
with a high-temperature and pressure cell, and studied
behaviors of various biological substances in nearcritical
and supercritical water. The samples studied so far
include polysaccharides, proteins, microorganisms,
inorganic materials, and synthetic polymers. Although
optical microscopy helps to grasp the behavior of the
system quickly, it is rather difficult to perform quantitative
study by microscopic observations alone. This
year, we attempted to extract quantitative information
from the images by applying computer-based image
analysis.
Analysis was performed on the images obtained for
several cellulose samples. These samples have the same
molecular weight, but differ in crystallinity and crystalline
form. In addition, regenerated cellulose is highly
porous and has significantly larger surface area than the
crystalline samples. We attempted to evaluate the effect
of these factors on the dissolution temperature. The
sample was dispersed in water at the concentration of
. wt%, introduced into the high-temperature and
pressure cell, and pressurized to MPa at room temperature.
The sample was then heated to ˚C, and the
behavior of the sample during heating was observed
and video-taped. Images were then transferred to a
computer, and subjected to image analysis.
Dissolution of cellulose led to an increase of transmittance.
By calculating the relative transmittance
of the images taken at different temperatures, semiquantitative
comparison of the dissolution temperature
of different cellulose samples could be made.
Comparison revealed that cellulose with higher crys-
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tallinity shows higher dissolution temperature, while
surface area or crystalline form does not affect the dissolution
temperature significantly.
(b) Colloidal dispersions in supercritical water
Water from hydrothermal vents often contains a
high amount of inorganic particles that are colloidal in
size. This motivated us to study colloidal dispersions
in supercritical water (SCW). From the viewpoint of
colloid science, SCW is a unique media in the following
aspects.
(i) Solvent properties can be manipulated widely
and continuously by temperature and pressure
(ii) Intense density fluctuation is present in the
vicinity of the critical point
In SCW, interparticle interactions such as van der
Waals or electrostatic interactions can be controlled
through the solvent properties by changing temperature
and pressure because of (i). In the close vicinity
of the critical point, where the effect of (ii) is significant,
the behavior of colloidal particles is expected to
be different from that in normal medium. The solvent
molecules may move cooperatively in the density fluctuation,
and such cooperativity would alter the motion
of the dispersed particles from Brownian to non-
Brownian. The interparticle interactions would also be
affected by the fluctuation, leading to change of colloidal
stability.
We have studied colloidal dispersions in supercritical
water in order to understand the effect of (i). On
the other hand, study of (ii) has been hampered by the
anisotropy of the density fluctuation, induced by gravity
on Earth. Possible solution of the problem is to perform
the experiments under microgravity. Our
research proposal entitled "Behavior of Colloidal
Particles in Critical Density Fluctuation" has been
accepted as a part of "Ground-based Research
Announcement for Space Utilization" promoted by
Japan Space Forum.
Preliminary experiments were performed on a dispersion
of monodisperse polystyrene latex (m in
diameter) at ambient condition. As predicted by theory,
displacement of the lattices measured in second
interval followed normal distribution around the origin.
Diffusion coefficient, calculated from the dispersion
of the distribution, was x - m /s, which is in
good agreement with the value calculated from
Einstein-Stokes equation.
(c) Thermal stability of hyperthermophiles under subcritical
aqueous conditions
Adaptive abilities of hyperthermophiles to high
temperature environments are mainly characterized
by their growth temperatures, which are around
˚C. Another measure of thermal adaptation is thermal
death temperature (TDT), at which a microorganism
dies due to thermal degradation of cell-components
such as proteins or lipid membranes.
Hyperthermophiles have been isolated from deep-sea
hydrothermal vents at temperatures over ˚C. The
result indicates that the TDT of the hyperthermophiles
is much higher than the growth temperature. However,
TDT of hyperthermophiles have not been studied well.
The purpose of this work is to obtain systematic
experimental data of TDT for hyperthermophiles.
TDT would give important information for estimating
the distributions of hyperthermophiles in the
hydrothermal systems, and help to understand the
thermal adaptation mechanisms.
Preliminary batch-wise experiments using E. coli
W revealed that its D value (the time at which
viable cell counts reduced to % of the initial count)
is min at ˚C but less than sec at ˚C. In order to
measure the D value at even shorter time scale, we
have developed a new flow-type apparatus. The apparatus
is designed to operate at temperatures and pressures
up to ˚C and MPa. According to the present
design, microorganisms are subjected to high
temperature for . seconds. Experimental results
employing this apparatus for E. coli W are in
good agreement with the previous data obtained by the
batch-wise methods. Considering the strong temperature
dependence of the D value, this assures that the
new flow-type apparatus operates as designed, and can
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be used to study hyperthermophiles even under subcritical
aqueous conditions, where TDT is supposedly
very short.
4. Subsurface Microbiology
4.1. Biomapping of Subsurface Biosphere
(a) "Subvent Biosphere" in a deep-sea hydrothermal
field in the Central Indian Ridge
Subsurface microbial communities supported by
geologically derived hydrogen and carbon dioxide from
the earth's interior have been of great interest since
their finding as a potentially analogous model in the
earth, and could facilitate the search for extraterrestrial
life in Mars and Europa. Despite a recent report on
occurrence of Archaea-dominating, subsurface microbial
community in groundwater system beneath Idaho
hot springs, the microbial ecosystem primarily based on
photosynthesis-independent, lithospheric energy and
carbon sources has been still unidentified. Here we
present for the first time strong geochemical and microbiological
evidences pointing to the existence of hyperthermophilic
subsurface lithoautotrophic microbial
ecosystem (HyperSLiME) dominated by hyperthermophilic
methanogens beneath an active deep-sea
hydrothermal field in the Central Indian Ridge.
Geochemical and isotopic analyses of gas components
in hydrothermal fluids revealed heterogeneity of concentration
and isotopic property of methane (. to .
mM and d C(CH
) = –. to -.PDB) between
the main hydrothermal vent and adjacent divergent vent
sites, representing potential subsurface microbial
methanogenesis at least in the branched vent emitting
more C-depleted methane. Extremely high abundance
of magmatic energy sources such as hydrogen (.
mM) in the fluids also encouraged the hydrogen-based,
lithoautotrophic microbial activity. Finally, both cultivation
of microbes and culture-independent molecular
analyses demonstrated the predominance of
Methanococcales members in the superheated
hydrothermal emissions and chimney interiors along
with the other major microbial components of
Thermococcales members. These results imply that a
HyperSLiME, consisting of methanogens and fermentors,
occurs in this tectonically active subsurface zone.
(b) "Subvent Biosphere" in a deep-sea hydrothermal
field in the Mid Okinawa Trough
The spatial heterogeneity in viable population of
microorganisms was evaluated by using liquid serial
dilution culture technique in natural and anthropogenic
hydrothermal niches. These included chimney structures,
vent fluids, fluid-seawater mixing regions,
hydrothermal plume, ambient seawater, and in situ colonization
systems (ISCSs) in a sediment-hosted
backarc hydrothermal system, Iheya North in the Mid-
Okinawa Trough, Japan. To examine the colonization
process of microorganisms discharged by the
hydrothermal emissions, the ISCSs were deployed near
and into the vent orifices of three spatially separated
vent sites for several days or two years. Culturable population
was equivalent up to . % of the total microscopic
population. Phylogenetic positions and physiological
traits were determined on the isolates obtained
from the terminal positive tubes of the dilution experiments.
On the basis of S rDNA sequence, a total of
isolates belonged to the orders of Thermococcales,
Aquificales, Methanococcales, Archaeoglobales,
Thermales, and Clostridiales, and Group A, B, D, F,
and G of epsilon subclass of Proteobacteria, those covered
almost all phylogenetic groups that had been
detected in global hydrothermal environments.
Culturable population of epsilon subclass of
Proteobacteria with versatile energy metabolisms
was most widely distributed. The phylogenetic Groups
were highly related to the growth temperatures. The
major members of Group B of epsilon subclass of
Proteobacteria could impartially oxidize both hydrogen
and elemental sulfur with nitrate or oxygen, although
members of other Groups generally preferred hydrogen
oxidizing with nitrate. Habitats for cultured thermophiles
were strictly restricted to high temperature
environments, and only a few culturable thermophile
were dispersed into the ambient seawater. The cultur-
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able community structures and distribution profiles of
each member in the chimney structures and substrata of
ISCSs were highly fluctuated at each vent site, although
geochemical analyses indicated the hydrothermal fluids
from each vent had the identical origin. Especially culturable
population of methanogen were prominent in
two substrata of ISCSs deployed into hydrothermal
conduits for two years, suggesting the vent fluids from
the vents contained a large amount of viable
methanogens and the occurrence of indigenous population
of methanogen at subvent biosphere beneath those
vent sites. These characteristic distribution profiles of
viable microorganisms indicate that microbial population
which could be detected above the seafloor of
hydrothermal systems probably reflected the microbial
populations occurring at subvent biosphere associating
with hydrological structure beneath the seafloor.
(c) ODP Leg. Subseafloor biosphere in the Peru
Margin
The subseafloor environment has been proposed to
be the largest biosphere on Earth, as based on estimates
of cells in marine sediment cores recovered by
the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). However, it is not
well-known what kinds of microorganisms are present,
how their distributions relate with geological settings,
and how their metabolic activities impact the
global geochemical cycles. The ODP Leg. took
place in the eastern equatorial Pacific and Peru coastal
margin in , and was the first expedition in ODP
history targeted mainly on microbiology and biogeochemistry
in the subseafloor biosphere. In this expedition,
we investigated the vertical profile data of the
results from culture-independent molecular ecological
surveys in ODP sediment core columns collected from
the two drilling sites, and , located on the
land slope of the accretionary wedge in the Peru
Trench. The sediment cores recovered from Site
contained high organic carbon and methane, whereas
those from Site contained low concentrations of
these chemical components. Bulk prokaryotic nucleic
acids were extacted and purified from each sediment,
and S rRNA genes (rDNA) were amplified by PCR
using domain specific primers. The analyses of rDNA
sequences of clone libraries, quantitative-PCR for
archaeal and bacterial rDNA, and T-RFLP fingerprint
analysis revealed the previously unknown vertical distribution
and diversity of Archaea and Bacteria in two
geologically discrete subseafloor environments.
(d) IMAGES Subseafloor Biosphere in the southwestern
Sea of Okhotsk
Microbial communities from a subseafloor sediment
core from the southwestern Sea of Okhotsk were evaluated
using both cultivation-dependent and -independent
(molecular) analyses. The core, which extended .
meters below the seafloor (mbsf), was composed of
pelagic clay with several volcanic ash layers containing
fine pumice grains. Direct cell counts and quantitative-
PCR (qPCR) analysis of archaeal and bacterial S
ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) fragments indicated that
the bacterial populations in ash layers were approximately
- times higher than those in the clays. Partial
sequences of rDNA clones revealed qualitative
differences in the microbial communities from the two
different layers. Two phylogenetically distinct archaeal
assemblages within the Crenarchaeota, MCG
(Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group) and DSAG
(Deep-Sea Archaeal Group), were the most predominant
archaeal rDNA components in ash layers and
pelagic clays, respectively. Proteobacterial rDNA within
the gamma-Proteobacteria dominated the ash layers,
whereas the sequences within the candidate division
OP and the green non-sulfur bacteria dominated the
pelagic clay environments. Molecular (S rDNA
sequence analysis) of isolated colonies revealed a
regional proliferation of viable heterotrophic
mesophiles in the volcanic ash layers, along with some
Gram-positives and Actinobacteria. The porous ash layers,
ranging in age from tens to hundreds of thousands
of years, thus appear to be discrete microbial habitats
within the coastal subseafloor clay sediment, capable of
harboring microbial communities very distinct from
those seen in the more abundant pelagic clays.
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(e) Subterrestrial Biosphere in the Hishikari Gold
Mine
Distribution and phylogenetic diversity of subterranean
microbial communities in the Hishikari gold
mine, southern part of Kyushu, Japan, were evaluated
using the molecular phylogenetic analyses. The examined
samples were the drilled cores such as the volcanic
rock of andesite (.-.Ma) and the oceanic
sedimentary basement rock of Shimanto-Supergroup
(Ma), and were the geothermal hot aquifer waters
directly collected from two discrete deposit sites, AWsite
(.˚C, pH.) and XW-site (.˚C, pH.) at
a depth of mbls (meter below land surface). Based
on S rDNA clone analysis, the rDNA communities
in the drilled cores and the hot aquifer water from XWsite
consisted largely of the rDNA sequences closely
related with the sequences often found in the marine
environments, while the aquifer water from AW-site
contained the rDNA sequences representing the members
of Aquificales, thermophilic methanotrophs within
g-subdivision of Proteobacteria and uncultivated
strains within b-subdivision of Proteobacteria. The
discrete microbial rDNA community structures might
be associated with the physical and geochemical settings
of the microbial habitats and the geological history
of the formation in the gold mine.
In addition, a shift in community structure of microbial
mat colonizing along a subsurface hot spring
stream in a Japanese gold mine was investigated by
culture-independent molecular techniques and geochemical
characterization. The stream occurs on a surface
of a tunnel bored at m below a land surface
and the transition of physical and chemical properties
is evident throughout a m distance of stream (e.g.
decreasing temperatures; ˚C in the discharging site,
˚C in the middle stream, and ˚C in the lower
stream). The discharging hot water is derived from
subsurface anaerobic aquifer containing plentiful CO
,
CH
, H
gases, and ammonium. In the upstream microbial
mat, approximately % of the prokaryotic rDNA
population was dominated by Archaea, whereas more
than % of the population was bacterial rDNA in the
lower microbial mat. The rDNA clone analysis
revealed the predominant occurrence of a previously
uncultivated crenarchaeotic phylotype, thermophilic
methane-oxidizing g-proteobacteria and thermophilic
hydrogen- and sulfur-oxidizing Aquificales in the
upper mat while prevailing population of bacterial
phylotypes closely related to ammonia-oxidizing
Nitrosomonas and nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospira members
in the middle and lower mat. Whole-cell fluorescent
in situ hybridization analysis, quantitative analysis
of key enzyme genes, and chemical analysis of
interstitial water inside the mat structures strongly
suggested the transition of the microbial community
structure and the concomitant biogeochemical
processes along a subsurface geothermal water stream.
4.2. Isolation of novel subsurface microorganisms
Sulfurihydrogenobium subterraneus gen. nov., sp.
nov. (Fig. )
A polyphasic taxonomic study was performed on a
novel facultatively anaerobic, hydrogen- or sulfur/thiosulfate-oxidizing,
thermophilic chemolithoautotroph
recently isolated from subsurface hot aquifer water in a
Japanese gold mine. The cells were straight to slightly
curved rods, with a single polar flagellum. Growth was
observed from ˚C to ˚C (optimum: –˚C; -min
doubling time) and at pH .–. (optimum: pH .). The
isolate was unable to use complex organic compounds,
carbohydrates, amino acids and organic acids as the sole
energy and carbon sources. The G + C content of the
genomic DNA was . mol%. Phylogenetic analysis
based on S rDNA sequences indicated that the isolate
was closely related to an uncultivated group of microorganisms
within Aquificales obtained from Icelandic and
Japanese hot spring microbial mats but distantly related
to previously identified genera of Aquificales such as
Persephonella, Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter. We
propose the name Sulfurihydrogenobium subterraneus
gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain: HGMK T ; JCM
and ATCC BAA-).
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Fig. 8 Morphological properties of Sulfurihydrogenobium subterraneus
A FISH for S. subterraneus-specific probe B Whole
microbial cells stained with DAPI C Electron micrograph of
S. subterraneus
Persephonella hydrogenophila sp. nov.
A novel thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium,
designed as W T , was isolated from a deep-sea
hydrothermal vent chimney sample collected from the
Suiyo Seamount in the Izu-Bonin Arc, Japan, at a
depth of m. The cells were coccoids (.-. mm
in diameter) and straight rods (.-. mm long) under
static and agitated culture conditions, respectively.
The new isolate was an obligate chemolithoautotroph
growing by respiratory nitrate reduction with H
,
forming N
as a final product. Very low concentration
of O
(opt. .-. %, v/v) was also used as an alternative
electron acceptor while reduced sulfur compounds
did not serve as electron donors. Growth was observed
between and .˚C (opt. ˚C; min doubling
time), pH . and . (opt. pH .), and in the presence
of . and . % NaCl (opt. .%) on anoxic
hydrogen-oxidizing growth with nitrate. The G+C
content of the genomic DNA was . mol%.
Phylogenetic analysis based on S rDNA sequence
indicated that the isolate was a member of the recently
described genus Persephonella in a potential new family
within the order Aquificales. On the basis of the
physiological and molecular properties of the new isolate,
the name Persephonella hydrogeniphila sp. nov.
is proposed. The type strain is strain W T (= JCM
T = DSMZ T ).
Marinithermus hydrothermalis sp. nov.
A novel thermophilic marine bacterium, designated
as strain T T , was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal
vent chimney sample collected from the Suiyo
Seamount in the Izu-Bonin Arc, Japan, at a depth
of m. The cells were found to be rod-shaped,
occurring in pairs or filamentous, and stained gramnegative.
Growth was observed between and
.˚C (opt. .˚C; min doubling time) and pH
. and . (opt. pH .). The new isolate absolutely
required NaCl in the range between . and . %
NaCl (opt. %). It was a strictly aerobic heterotroph
capable of growing solely on the complex organic
substrates such as yeast extract, tryptone and
Casamino acid, and utilizing glutamate, proline, serine,
cellobiose, trehalose, sucrose, acetate, and pyruvate
as complementary substrates. The G+C content
of the genomic DNA was . mol%. The S rRNA
gene (rDNA) sequence of the isolate was most similar
to those of members of the genus Thermus but distantly
related to them on the genus level of differentiation
(< %). In addition, the phylogenetic analysis
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indicated that the new isolate was a novel lineage
deeply branched prior to divergence of the genus
Thermus. On the basis of the phylogenetic and physiological
traits of the new isolate, it should be
described as the new genus differentiated from the
previously described genus of Thermus. The name
Marinithermus hydrothermalis gen. nov., sp. nov. is
proposed. The type strain is strain T T (=JCM
T =DSM T ).
Deferribacter desulfuricans sp. nov.
A novel anaerobic, heterotrophic thermophile was
isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney
at the Suiyo Seamount in the Izu-Bonin Arc, Japan.
The cells were bent, flexible rods, with a single polar
flagellum. Growth was observed between and
˚C (optimum temperature: –˚C; -min doubling
time) and between pH . and . (optimum:
pH .). The isolate was a strictly anaerobic heterotroph
capable of using complex organic compounds
(yeast extract, tryptone, peptone, casein and
Casamino acid), ethanol and various organic acids as
energy and carbon sources. Hydrogen can serve as
a supplementary energy source. Elemental sulfur (S ),
nitrate and arsenate are required for growth as electron
acceptors. The G+C content of the genomic
DNA was . mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based
on S rDNA sequences indicated that the isolate
is closely related to Deferribacter thermophilus strain
BMA T . This isolate, however, could be clearly differentiated
from D. thermophilus strain BMA T on the
basis of its physiological and genetic properties.
We propose the name Deferribacter desulfuricans sp.
nov. (type strain: SSM T ; JCM and DSM
).
Isolation of many novel, previously uncultivated
epsilon-Proteobacteria
Successful cultivation and partial characterization
of novel members of ε-Proteobacteria, which have
been long recognized solely as genetic signatures of
small subunit ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA), are
reported from a variety of microbial habitats occurring
Other Bacterial Phyla
45
0.05
55
47
56
68
in deep-sea hydrothermal fields. Based on the phylogenetic
analysis of the rDNA from the isolates, most
of them represent the first cultivated members within
the previously uncultivated phylotypes classified into
the Uncultivated ε-Proteobacteria Group A, B, F and
G, as well as some novel members of the Group D
(Fig. ). Preliminary characterization of the isolates
indicates that all of the isolates are mesophilic or thermophilic
chemolithoautotrophs using H
or reduced
sulfur compounds (elemental sulfur or thiosulfate) as
an electron donor and O
, nitrate or elemental sulfur as
an electron acceptor. The successful cultivation will
lead to the subsequent characterization of physiological
properties and ecological impacts of a diversity of
ε-Proteobacteria in the global deep-sea hydrothermal
environments.
30
62
24
95
37
69
23
38
74
83
20
65
83
34
39
67
76
53
34
100
97
60
45
89
32
31
61
90
84 NT CSE NKB9 AB013261
OTIN DHVE str. 42BKT + 2 strains
Alvinella pompejana epibiont clone L35521
OTIN DHVE str. E9I37-1
MAR DHVE VC2.1-Bac4 AF068786
OTIN DHVE str. BKB55-1 + 1 strain
MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl10 AF367486
47
MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl07 AF367485
MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl04 AF367483
OTIN DHVE str. BKB25Ts-Y + 1 strain
SEPR DHVE S17sBac16 AF299121
SEPR DHVE S17sBac17 AF299122
OTIN DHVE str. B455-1 + 1 strain
MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl21 AF367489
GB DHVE str. EX-18.2 AF357196
EPR DHVE str. Am-H AF357197
Nautilia lithotrophica str. 525 AJ404370
MAR DHVE VC2.1-Bac30 AF068804
MAR DHVE VC2.1-Bac17 AF068795
Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus str. AM1116 AJ309655
58
51
51
SEPR DHVE S17sBac14 AF299124
Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus str. AM1115 AJ309654
SEPR DHVE S17sBac5 AF299130
Alvinella pompejana epibiont clone L35520
Rimicaris exoculata epibiont clone U29081
OTIN DHVE str. E9S37-1 + 2 strains
OTIR DHVE str. 49MY
MAR DHVE VC2.1-Bac1 AF068783
62
85
94
45
81
MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl42 AF367493
CIR DHVE str. 365-55-1% + 5 strains
99
MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl01 AF367481
OTIN DHVE str. B155-1 + 9 strains
OTIN DHVE str. MI55-1 + 1 strain
Sulfurospirillum barnesii AF038843
Sulfurospirillum deleyianum Y13671
GB DHVE str. EX-18.1 AF357199
EPR DHVE str. Am-N AF357198
100 Arcobacter cryaerophilus L14624
Arcobacter skirrowi L14625
Wolinella succinogenes AF273252
Helicobacter pylori U01328
Flexispira rappini M88137
100 Campylobacter jejuni Y19244
"Bacteroides ureolyticus" L04321
Thiovulum sp. M93223
62 CIR DHVE str. 1-37-1% + 1 strain
NT CSE NKB11 AB013263
65 CIR DHVE str. 2-37-10%
Thiomicrospira denitrificans L40808
72
OTIN DHVE str. GO25-1
MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl51 AF367496
91
39 MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl26 AF367490
63
MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl68 AF367498
69
OTHK str. OK-5 + 2 strains
69 OTHK str. OK-10 + 58 strains
56 MAR DHVE VC1.2-Cl49 AF367494
Uncultivated Epsilon
Proteobacteria Group C
Uncultivated Epsilon
Proteobacteria Group G
Uncultivated Epsilon
Proteobacteria Group D
Uncultivated Epsilon
Proteobacteria Group F
Uncultivated Epsilon
Proteobacteria Group A
Sulfurospirillum Group
Arcobacter Group
Helicobacter Group
Campylobacter Group
Uncultivated Epsilon
Proteobacteria Group B
Fig. 9 Phylogenetic tree of representative 16S rRNA gene
sequences from cultivated strains and deep-sea hydrothermal
vent clones within ε-Proteobacteria.
84

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Frontier Research System for Extremophiles
Activities of Bio-Venture Center for Extremophiles
1. The second Bio-Venture forum
The forum was held at Yokosuka headquarters of
JAMSTEC to introduce the achievements of the
Frontier Research System for Extremophiles in the
form of lectures to companies and look for opportunities
of collaboration with them. The forum attracted
more than participants from biotechnology companies.
The participants exchanged interesting ideas at
the forum.
Program of the forum:
Organizer: Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Frontier Research System for Extremophiles
Bio-Venture Center for Extremophiles
Time: :-:, Friday, November , .
Place: The main conference room, the first floor of the main building, JAMSTEC, Yokosuka Headquarters.
Program:
: Purposes and the importance of Bio-Venture Center for Extremophiles
Executive Managing Director, M. Chijiya
: Rules and operations of the Bio-Venture Center
Head of Frontier Research Promotion Department, K. Takahashi
: Scientific activities of the Frontier Research System for Extremophiles
Director General, Prof. K. Horikoshi
: Searching for genetic potentials from genomes of deep-sea Bacillus
Researcher, Dr. Y. Takaki
:–: Lunch
: Tour in JAMSTEC (Show room, Deep-sea exploration diving [Shinkai ], Supporting mother ship
[Yokosuka], Facilities and equipments for studying deep-sea microorganisms)
: Screening for useful microorganisms and hot-vector system for hyper-expression
Researcher, Dr. Y. Hatada
: Break
: Special lecture (Jurisdiction of government-independent Institutions and industry-university cooperation)
The Rector of Tokyo Institute of Technology, Prof. M. Aizawa
: Diversity of deep sea bacteria and preservation of useful strains
Researcher, Dr. Y. Nogi
: Development of the method for culture tissue of deep-sea animals under high-pressure conditions
Researcher, Dr. J. Koyama
: Banquet
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Frontier Research System for Extremophiles
2. Studies on applications of microorganisms
To have effective collaboration researches with
companies our frontier researches are focused on finding
out the seeds of attractive applications. To achieve
this goal, studies on functionality of genes, substances,
proteins, and useful enzymes from the deep sea, earth's
crust, and special environments are the first step.
Further characterization and finding applications of the
above will be done as the next steps. So far, we have
discovered highly alkaline α-amylases, highly alkaline
CGTases, new mannanases, a super-alkaline protease,
new agarases, and useful enzymes from genome
sequences. Analyzing and genetic engineering of a
high alkaline proteases, development of enzymes using
for production of oligo-saccharides, post-genome studies
of Bacillus halodurans (pH adaptation), and crystallization
of useful enzymes are also in progress.
3. Collaboration researches with companies
Currently, collaboration with companies, including
pharmaceutical, food, chemical, computer soft, and
off-scouring treatment companies, have resulted in the
dispatch of researchers to our center for joint research.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution(IFREE)
Activities during the 2002 fiscal year
On January , , two new Research Programs were started, namely Mantle-Core Dynamics and
Paleoenvironment, bringing the number of IFREE Research Programs up to the four that were initially planned. The
IFREE opening ceremony was held at the Tokyo Forum on January , . However, only one research group
was approved for each of the respective new Research Programs, and IFREE's research organization is yet to be
completed. Applications for research staff and technical research staff were invited twice during the fiscal
year, and staffs were hired. As a consequence, IFREE employed research and technical research staffs by the
end of the fiscal year. Among them, six are temporary staff and eleven are foreign scientists.
IFREE emphasized multi-disciplinary research projects during the fiscal year. Three research subjects were
selected: 'water in the interior of the Earth', 'Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc', and 'Cretaceous events', and six workshops
were held on these topics. IFREE also held 'Solid Earth simulation workshop', 'Cooperative workshop for earth science
and fluid engineering', 'IFREE summer school', 'Tectonics-geodynamics short course/workshop', and 'NSF-
IFREE workshop on Izu-Bonin-Mariana' in Hawaii. In addition, IFREE started cooperative research
projects with domestic institutions, including Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Institute for
Geothermal Sciences, Kyoto University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kochi University, Shimane University,
Okayama University of Science, National Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, and Meteorological
Research Institute, as well as with foreign institutions such as University of California at Berkeley, University of
Hawaii, University of Wisconsin, University of Southampton, and University of Edinburgh.
IFREE's research progressed significantly during the fiscal year, and about papers were presented at
domestic meetings and about papers at international meetings. Publications included English papers and
Japanese papers. Among the English papers, were published in international refereed journals. Press releases
were made on the 'Finding of a splay fault in the Nankai trough seismogenic zone', 'Hot fingers in the mantle wedge
of a subduction zone', and four other research findings. These results, and many other research accomplishments,
were published in the 'Frontier Research on Earth Evolution–IFREE Report for -'.
Research Program for Mantle Core Dynamics
1. Research Overview
The structure of the Earth's mantle and core records
a history of activity in the Earth. In the Mantle-Core
Dynamics Research Program, we perform threedimensional
imaging of the mantle and core to understand
the present status and past record of the Earth's
activity. The obtained images, along with simulated
results of convection in the mantle and core, will
enable us to reconstruct the Earth's activity in the present
and in the past, and to understand the dynamics of
Earth's evolution.
We use data from the Ocean Hemisphere Project
(OHP) Network and Deep Sea Geophysical
Observatories, which have been developed and
deployed by Japanese universities such as the
Earthquake Research Institute of the University of
Tokyo in cooperation with JAMSTEC, in order to
obtain new generation models of the Earth's interior.
We are expanding broadband seismology from landbased
observation to observation on the sea floor, and
have initiated "ocean bottom broadband seismology".
We are also starting electromagnetic imaging using
ocean bottom observations by taking advantage of the
ocean bottom environment being free from artificial
noises.
The imaging the Earth's interior should enable us to
detect thermal and chemical anomalies associated with
the mantle and core convection and delineate the convection
pattern. On the basis of the imaging results,
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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the convection modeling studies using both analog
experiments and computer simulation with the Earth
Simulator, may elucidate the factors controlling convection,
and their role in the evolution of the Earth.
2. Tomographic studies of structure of the Earth's
interior
2.1. All Seismic Phase Project
The All Seismic Phase Project involves analysis of
various seismic phases, including later phases, to obtain
their arrival times. The arrival times are measured
in suitable ways depending on phase type, and
combined into a data-base of accurate arrival time data,
which will be used for seismic tomography to obtain
new models of Earth structure. We analyzed waveform
data from global networks such as IRIS, and regional
networks such as OHP, SPANET, JISNET, SKIPPY,
and Hi-net. We have collected , arrival time data,
which comprise hand-picked data of P, pP, sP, and PcP
waves, differential travel times of PP-P and S-P,
and arrival time data by cross-correlating observed
and synthetic seismograms for P, PP, and Pdiff.
Crustal effects on the waveforms have been taken into
consideration for the cross-correlation method. Figure
shows PcP-P times plotted at the PcP reflection points
on the CMB. Variations can be mainly attributed
Fig. 1 PcP-P travel time residuals plotted on the reflection points
at the CMB. Blue points denote faster than iasp91 and Red
ones are slower than iasp91.
to heterogeneous structure near the CMB. We will
continue to expand the data-base and apply the data to
seismic tomography.
2.2. Upper mantle structure of the Philippine Sea
using semi-broadband data from long-term
ocean bottom observations
We analyzed semi-broadband seismic data from the
ocean bottom and broadband data from the Japanese
Islands, to determine the seismic structure beneath the
Philippine Sea, which has a complex evolution history.
The ocean bottom data were from the Trans-Philippine
Sea array equipped with the long-term ocean bottom
semi-broadband seismographs, which were developed
and deployed by the OHP project. The land-based data
are from F-net and IRIS stations. This is the first longterm
ocean bottom broadband seismic observation, and
enables us to achieve a higher lateral resolution than
ever before for upper mantle structures beneath the
Philippine Sea. After a comparison of the PMD sensors
used in the long-term OBS and the STS- sensor, the
available frequency range of the PMD sensor turns out
to be .-. Hz. For this range, we measured
Rayleigh wave phase velocities from event-station
pairs using the two-station method. Figure shows the
phase velocity deviations from the average at frequencies
of . and . Hz. The northern Philippine Sea
has lower velocities than the Pacific plate at both frequencies.
We selected event-station pairs to compute
pure-path phase velocities for the Mariana Trough, the
Parece Vera Basin, the Shikoku Basin, and the
Minami-Daito Basin, which have different sea floor
ages. Comparing the pure-path velocities to those of
the Pacific plate for respective sea floor ages, all the
pure-path velocities in the Philippine Sea are slower
than those of the Pacific plate. This result, along with
positive residual gravity anomalies, positive sea floor
depth anomalies, and the geochemical signatures of the
basalts of the Philippine Sea, suggest the presence
of Fe-rich peridotite in the upper mantle beneath
the Philippine Sea.
88

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
estimate the thermal and chemical anomalies, we determined
mantle discontinuity depths using semi-broadband
waveform data from the Trans-Philippine Sea
Array. We employed Velocity Spectrum Stacking of the
receiver functions. First, we computed receiver functions
from three-component seismograms for each
event-station pair. After discarding the receiver functions
with low S/N ratios, we divided the receiver functions
into three groups, those at stations in the Mariana
Trough, in the Parece Vera Basin, and in the Daito
Ridge. We then stacked the receiver functions to
enhance the Pds converted signals from the mantle discontinuities,
where 'd' denotes a discontinuity depth. We
measured Pds-P times to determine the discontinuity
depths, taking into account the S-velocity structure
above the discontinuities, which was taken from existing
tomographic models. The discontinuity depths thus
determined are: km for "" and km
for "" beneath the Mariana Trough, km for
"" and km for "" beneath the Parece Vera
Basin, and km for "" beneath the Daito
Ridge. Signals from the "" were not detected
beneath the Daito Ridge (Fig.). The "" discontinuity
depths beneath the Philippine Sea are substantially
deeper than the global average (km). We will inter-
Fig.2 Lateral variations in Rayleigh wave phase velocities. Blue
lines denote higher velocities than average and red ones
lower velocities.
2.3. Depths of the mantle discontinuities beneath
the Philippine Sea using semi-broadband data
from the Trans-Philippine Sea Array
Studies of the depths of the "km" and "km"
mantle discontinuities indicate thermal and chemical
anomalies in the mantle transition zone independently of
tomographic studies. Recent seismic tomography studies
indicate that the Pacific slab is stagnant in the mantle
transition zone, which could impart thermal and/or
chemical anomalies in and around the stagnant slab. To
Fig. 3 Depths of the "410" and "660" and the thickness of the
mantle transition zone beneath the Philippine Sea. Green
triangles are the OBS stations and the red cross denote
the conversion points of P660s.
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
pret the present results, along with existing tomographic
results and high-pressure high-temperature experimental
results, in terms of thermal and chemical anomalies.
temperatures, which may be associated with a hot
plume, and the latter as -˚ lower temperatures,
which may indicate the cold stagnant Pacific slab.
2.4. Thermal structure between Hawaii and the
Philippine Sea as inferred from seismic and
electromagnetic tomography.
An integrated interpretation of seismic and electromagnetic
tomography models would provide strong
constraints on thermal and chemical heterogeneities in
the mantle. We estimated the temperature field at
depths between and km across the Pacific
Ocean from Hawaii to the Philippine Sea, by comparing
seismic and conductivity structures (Fig.). There
are two sites of seismic and conductivity anomalies
beneath Hawaii and the Philippine Sea: (a) Low
seismic velocities and high conductivities at depths
between and km beneath Hawaii; and (b)
High seismic velocities and low conductivities in the
uppermost lower mantle beneath the Philippine Sea.
The former can be interpreted as -˚ higher
3. Marine experiments and data analysis for seismic
and electromagnetic studies
The marine maneuver observation group uses seismic
and electromagnetic approaches to image mantle
structure where it is not well resolved by only on-land
data. Main targets are the northwest Pacific and
adjoining back arc basins, where there is a region of
mantle downwelling, and French Polynesia, where
there is a region of mantle upwelling. Since the mantle
dynamics group was established, we have been
designing experiments and acquiring data. The
achievements in were: ) acquisition of both
seismic and electromagnetic data in the Mariana arcback
arc system and their preliminary analysis, )
deployment of electromagnetic observation sites in the
eastern Japan sea, and ) deployment of seismic observation
sites in French Polynesia.
Comparison of Seismic & EM Tomography
and estimated temperature anomalies
Depth (km)
300
1000
0
(a)
Philippine
Tr.
Mariana
Tr.
Hawaii
Is.
20 40 60 80 100˚
(b)
Philippine
Tr.
Mariana
Tr.
Hawaii
Is.
0 20 40 60 80 100˚
-1.5 0.0 1.5 -0.8 0.0 0.8
Slowness perturbation (%)
Electrical conductivity anomaly log10 3D/1D)
Depth (km)
300
1000
0
(c)
Philippine
Tr.
Mariana
Tr.
Hawaii
Is.
20 40 60 80 100˚
(d)
Philippine
Tr.
Mariana
Tr.
Hawaii
Is.
0 20 40 60 80 100˚
-400 0 400 -400 0 400
Temperature anomaly (K)
Temperature anomaly (K)
Fig. 4 Cross sections along the great circle from the Philippine Sea to Hawaii. (a) Seismic
velocity anomalies; (b) Electric conductivity anomalies; (c) Temperature field deduced
from the seismic velocities; (d) Temperature field from the conductivity.
90

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
3.1. Experiments in the region of the mantle downwelling
We have conducted both seismic and electromagnetic
experiments in the central Mariana trough and
surrounding area, since (Fig.). Larger experiments
under international collaboration are planned
for the future. From June , a large and long-term
ocean bottom seismic observation is being conducted
for one year as a part of a multi scale study of the
NSF-funded MARGINS project. The main aim is -D
imaging of mantle structure in the island-arc and backarc
basin by using seismic waves from active deep
events. In addition, active monitoring of a serpentine
sea mount in the fore-arc, surface wave analysis of
teleseismic waves, and other studies are planned as
part of this experiment. As a pilot study for this, a
long-term seismic observation using ocean bottom
seismometers was performed (Fig. ) from October
Deep Events (1990-2000, PDE)
and
Mariana LT-OBS Array (2001/10-2002/10)
to February . An example of the records for
a large event is shown in Figure , and analysis of this
data set will be made in FY. The precise activities
of deep events in the subducted slab, which cannot
be obtained from land data alone, will be investigated.
For electromagnetic studies, we deployed ocean
bottom electromagnetometers (OBEMs) in along
a line crossing the Mariana trough (Fig. ). This
experiment was in collaboration with the Deep Sea
Research Department of JAMSTEC, the Earthquake
Research Institute, Kobe University, and the National
Institute of Polar Research. Two of the OBEMs,
which were located on the island arc and eastern
Mariana trough, were recovered in April .
The other three OBEMs, which were located in the
Parece-Vela basin, in the western Mariana trough,
and in the Pacific, were recovered in November .
Preliminary analysis of the acquired data suggests an
interesting feature: that the electric conductivity is
Ev: 2001/10/31 09:10:20.00 -5.91 150.20 33.0 7.00
22˚N
mr9 BZ
20˚N
mr8 BZ
18˚N
mr7 BZ
16˚N
mr6 BZ
mr5 BZ
14˚N
mr4 BZ
12˚N
mr2 BZ
140˚E 142˚E 144˚E 146˚E 148˚E 150˚E
100 200 300 400 500 600
Focal depth (km)
Fig. 5 Site locations of the seismic (large circles) and electromagnetic
(crosses) observations and hypocenter distribution
(colored filled circles) are superimposed.
Fig. 6 Vertical component records of seismic waves obtained by
OBSs. Blue lines are theoretical travel times based on the
iasp91 model.
91

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
Depth [km]
Parece-Vela Basin West Mariana Trough East Mariana Trough
10 0
10 0
10 1
10 1
10 2
10 2
10 3 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
10 0
10 1
10 2
10 3 10 3
10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
Conductivity [S/m]
Conductivity [S/m]
Conductivity [S/m]
Fig. 7 1-D electrical conductivity structure model at the three sites. Blue lines are the model that the electric current
flows in the east-west direction. Red lines are the model that the current flows in the north-south direction.
anisotropic between axis-perpendicular and axis-parallel
directions at depths of ~km (Fig. ). Further
analysis is on going, and includes adding data collected
in two past experiments. Moreover, we plan to conduct
additional experiments in the same area in -
. Over instruments will be used with international
collaboration, in order to reveal more detailed
features beneath the trough axis and the island arc.
We also started observations using OBEMs in the
eastern Japan sea from October . This experiment
is in collaboration with Toyama University and the
Earthquake Research Institute (Fig. ). The Japan sea
Fig. 8 Site locations of the electromagnetic observations in the
eastern Japan sea, superimposed on a bathymetric map.
is also a back arc basin but it has features that contrast
with the Mariana trough: it is no longer active and contains
a large non-oceanic crust area that is considered
to be thinned arc crust. Comparing the mantle structures
beneath the two back arc basins is useful for
understanding diversity in plate subduction styles and
back-arc basin generation processes. In , we plan
to deploy two OBEMs along an elongated line in the
Pacific to produce a transect of the northeast Japan arc.
3.2. Seismic experiments in the region of mantle
upwelling
A two year long broadband ocean bottom seismic
observation was started in Jan. in the French
Polynesia area where a large-scale uprising mantle
flow (plume) is predicted. This observation (Fig. ) is
in collaboration with the DSRD (JAMSTEC), the ERI
(Univ. Tokyo) for ocean bottom observations, and
with French scientists for temporary land observations,
which have already started. Due to the sparse
land observatories in this area, it is difficult to construct
a finely resolved image of the plume and the
details of the core mantle boundary. This experiment
will solve these problems by using seismic ray paths
as schematically illustrated in Figure .
92

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
Fig. 10 Schematic image of this experiment. Earthquakes at
Tonga, Fiji and circum Pacific zone are used to study the
deep structure beneath the Tahiti island.
Fig. 9 Site location map. Japanese broadband ocean bottom seismometers
will be deployed at 8 locations (yellow circles).
Temporary French land sites are indicated by red squares,
and other symbols show permanent Japanese and international
observatories. Tahiti is located at PPT.
4. Modeling
The physical and chemical processes occurring in
the Earth's mantle and core are caused by the transport
of heat from the deep interior to the surface. In the
Earth's mantle, the dynamics are mainly controlled by
the convective motion of mantle material, and this
convection generates a pattern of the density and temperature
anomalies. By coupling the results of seismic
tomography with a fundamental understanding of
convection, we can propose a new view of the global
dynamics of the Earth's interior. We are studying the
physics of convection, and our method involves both
analogue fluid experiments (Fig.) and numerical
simulations (Fig.).
Using viscous fluid, we studied the nature of thermal
convection at high Prandtl number, which is
important for the dynamics of the Earth's mantle. We
observed the evolution of patterns and the mixing
process through laboratory experiments, in particular,
investigating the influence of inhomogeneous boundary
conditions, and the dynamics of layered convection.
These are the idealized models for drifting continental
tectospheres at the surface of the Earth, and for
the coupling between layered structures, respectively.
On the other hand, it is important to understand the
thermal convection at low Prandtl number for the
Earth's core dynamics. As the outer core is composed
of molten iron, the viscosity is very low and the thermal
diffusivity is very large. We can use gallium
metal as an analogue material: its melting temperature
is about K. We are now preparing the convection
experiment with gallium. Molten metals are opaque
fluids, so any optical methods of flow measurement
cannot be applied. We will utilize the Ultrasound
Velocity Profiling method to measure the convective
flow. Our aim is to observe the convection pattern and
to quantify the statistical features of turbulence.
Numerical simulation is essential for the creation of
a realistic view of the Earth. Mantle convection in the
Earth has many aspects, such as complicated rheology
in the uppermost part of the mantle in particular, phase
transitions, radiogenic heating, and chemical layering.
Using the Earth Simulator, we carried out calculations
of simple Rayleigh-Benard convection in a spherical
shell, and succeeded in calculations with a Rayleigh
number up to . The spatial resolution is sufficient to
contain the complicated aspects of the mantle, so we
can proceed to a 'very close to the real Earth' setting.
We aim to recreate plate motions, super hot plumes,
and sheet like subduction zones, which can be detected
by seismic observations.
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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Fig.11 The position of the Earth’s mantle and core in the view of simple thermal convection, and the range of our
study; The color photos are the observed temperature field with viscous fluid.
Thermal convection in a spherical shell
constant viscosity, basal heating
Ra 10 6
top
middle
2700
2500
2300
2100
1900
1700
1500 K
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
bottom
Fig.12 Numerical simulation for mantle convection in a spherical shell. We used the Earth Simulator for this calculation. The
color indicates the temperature field. The horizontal resolution is about 30 kilometers at the surface, and the number
of grid points is around one hundred million.
94

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
Research Program for Geochemical Evolution
1. Research Overview
The crust and mantle, which are composed of silicate
minerals, represent % of the Earth's mass.
Although the crust is volumetrically insignificant in
the solid Earth, it contains a large fraction of the elements
that preferentially enter the melt when a silicate
is melted. High concentrations of these elements in
such a small volume mean that the Earth is an extensively
differentiated body. While the Earth's mantle is
much more homogeneous in compositions than the
crust, it has been well established that at least four,
compositionally distinct components are required to
explain the isotopic compositions of mid-ocean ridge
basalts (MORBs) and lavas of ocean islands that are
built by the activity of deep-seated hotspots.
Understanding the origin of such geochemical endmembers
in the crust and mantle is essential to document
the evolution of the solid Earth. The Research
Program for Geochemical Evolution aims to seek an
understanding of the evolutionary processes of the
solid Earth based on comprehensive studies of solid
earth materials.
2. Some Research Results for Fiscal year 2002
2.1. The role of the subduction factory - the evolution
of the Earth's mantle
Subduction zones, where oceanic lithosphere is
foundering into the Earth's interior, have been working
as factories and have contributed significantly to the
evolution of the solid Earth. Raw materials, such as
pelagic or terrigenous sediment, oceanic crust, and
mantle lithosphere, are supplied into the factory
(Fig.). In the process of transportation and processing
of these raw materials, the factory causes vibrations
as earthquakes. The major products of the factory
are arc magmas and their solidified materials, continental
crust. The waste materials processed in the subduction
factory, such as chemically modified lithosphere
and delaminated lower continental crust, sink
into the deep mantle (Fig.).
continental
crust
mantle
wedge
residual
materials
volatiles
volcanoes
earthquake
oceanic
materials
Raw Materials
- oceanic material
- mantle material
Products
- magma/volcanoes
- volatiles
- continental crust
Residues
- chemically modified slab
- delaminated lower crust
Fig.13 The processes occurring in the subduction factory. Raw
materials, such as oceanic sediments, oceanic crust, and
mantle lithosphere, are fed into the factory and are manufactured
into arc magmas and continental crust. The
waste materials processed in this factory, such as chemically
modified oceanic crust/sediments and delaminated
lower continental crust, sink into the deep mantle and are
likely to have greatly contributed to the mantle evolution.
Dehydration reactions within subducting hydrated
basaltic crust occur continuously from very shallow
levels to over km depth, but experimental studies
on trace element behavior during dehydration are
generally limited to those related to the amphiboliteeclogite
transformation and element partitioning
between aqueous fluids and garnet/clinopyroxene.
A notable feature demonstrated by these experiments
is that Pb is more preferentially partitioned into
H
O fluids than U and Th, leaving the residue, after
dehydration, with higher U/Pb and Th/Pb than its
original composition. It has also been demonstrated
that Rb and Nd are released from the subducting crust
more readily than Sr and Sm. Thus, residual basaltic
crust after the amphibolite-eclogite transformation
will have lower Sr/ Sr, higher Nd/ Nd, and
higher Pb/ Pb values than hydrated basaltic crust
(Fig.). Pb/ Pb ratios of the dehydrated residue
95

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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143Nd/144Nd
207Pb/204Pb
0.5142
0.5134
HIMU
0.5126 2 Ga
0.5118
17.5
17.0
16.5
2 Ga
dehydrated
MORB
1 Ga
DMM
OIB
3 Ga
4 Ga
EMI
2 Ga
fresh MORB
dehydrated MORB
subducted
sediments
2 Ga 1 Ga
0.702 0.706 0.710 0.714
subducted
sediments
PM
EMII
87Sr/86Sr
2 Ga
1 Ga
16.0
EMII
1 Ga
PM
HIMU
15.5
OIB fresh
EMI DMM
MORB
15 20 25 30 35 40
206Pb/ 204 Pb
Fig.14 Isotopic evolution of subducted oceanic crust and sediment.
Variation of isotopic compositions of subducted fresh
MORB, dehydrated residue of hydrous MORB and sediments.
Ages of subduction are shown with symbols and
lines. Compositions of the fresh MORB are calculated with
Rb/Sr and Nd/Sm ratios 1% (upper curve) to 10% (lower
curve) higher than the MORB source. U/Pb ratios of the
fresh MORB are assumed to be same as the source. The
MORB source is assumed to be derived from the primitive
mantle at 4.0 Ga with parent/daughter ratios which
changed continuously from 4 Ga to present. Present isotopic
composition of the MORB source is: 87 Sr/ 86 Sr=0.7026,
143
Nd/ 144 Nd=0.5131, 206 Pb/ 204 Pb=17.5, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb=15.4.
are likely to be significatly greater than that of the
HIMU component, implying that subducted dehydrated
basaltic crust may contribute to the genesis of this
mantle component. The Sr and Nd isotopic evolution
of the dehydrated crust is dependent on Rb-Sr and
Sm-Nd ratio changes during partial melting at
mid-oceanic ridges and dehydration reactions in
subduction zones. Although it is difficult to estimate
quantitatively, suitable parent-daughter ratios to
produce HIMU-like Sr and Nd isotopic ratios could
be explained through the above two processes,
including accumulation of both fresh and dehydrated
MORB crust (Fig.).
The role of subducting sediments in the formation
of EMII, one of the enriched geochemical reservoirs in
the mantle, has been emphasized by several authors
because oceanic sediments generally have high
Sr/ Sr and relatively low Nd/ Nd values (e.g.,
Devey et al., ; Weaver, ). However, oceanic
sediments that are subducted into the mantle contain
significant amounts of hydrous phases, all of which
will decompose to release fluids, ultimately causing
significant fractionation of trace elements through
fluid migration. Experiments on sediment dehydration
have demonstrated that ancient subducted oceanic sediments,
while experiencing compositional modification
in the subduction factory, may evolve to an
enriched component with high Sr/ Sr and Pb/ Pb
values. They further indicated that the isotopic signature
of the EMII component can be achieved by the
addition of small amounts (~wt.%) of dehydrated
sediment to DMM-like mantle or primitive mantle
(Fig.).
Trace element modeling by IFREE suggests that the
geochemical characteristics of bulk continental crust
can be reasonably explained by mixing of mantlederived
basaltic and crust-derived felsic magmas.
In order to make an andesitic continental crust, the
melting residue after extraction of felsic melts should
be removed and delaminated from the initial crust.
It is thus of interest to examine the isotopic evolution
of a delaminated 'anti-crust' component, based on
inferred parent-daughter element concentrations, and
to compare such signatures with those of the mantle
reservoirs.
The results of the calculation are shown in Figure
, together with the isotope compositions of the mantle
geochemical reservoirs. Quite distinct evolutionary
curves with large variations in isotope ratio are
obtained, due to differences in the degrees of involve-
96

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143Nd/ 144 Nd
207Pb/ 204 Pb
0.5132
0.5130
0.5128
0.5126
0.5124
0.5122
0.5120
2.0
DMM
HIMU
Pyroxenite
4.0
Px+5% crust
0.5118
0.700 0.702 0.704 0.706 0.708
16
15
14
13
4.0
4.0
Px+5% crust
Pyroxenite
3.0
4.0
Px+10% crust
2.0
4.0
3.0
ment of the felsic partial melt with the residuum, i.e.,
the delaminated component. However, a pyroxenitic
'anti-crust' component with a ~% felsic melt component
can reasonably explain the EMI isotopic signature.
Simple mixing of the bulk silicate Earth component,
which is likely to occupy the deep mantle, and a
- billion-year-old delaminated component could
form the EMI component.
2.0
2.0
4.0
PM
Px+10% crust
87Sr/86Sr
3.0
Px+15% crust
EMI
2.0
PM EMII
EMI
DMM
Px+15% crust
4.0
HIMU
delaminated
anti-continental crust
EMII
12
12 14 16 18 20 22
206Pb/204Pb
Fig.15 Isotopic evolution of delaminated, anti-crust materials.
Isotopic evolution of an inferred pyroxenitic restite with 0-
15% contribution of felsic magmas. The ages of formation
of such delaminated, anti-continental components are
shown in Ga. The pyroxenitic restite was produced by partial
melting of an initial basaltic crust, delaminated from
the crust, and stored in the deep mantle. The isotopic signature
of the EMI reservoir may be explained by mixing of
the primitive mantle, which represents normal mantle
compositions, and delaminated/accumulated pyroxenite
with a 10-15% felsic magma component (stars). Isotopic
compositions of other mantle components such as the
depleted MORB source mantle (DMM), high-µ (HIMU),
and enriched mantle II (EMII) are also shown.
2.2. Mineralogy and phase transitions in the lower
mantle
Laboratory experiments indicate that pressureinduced
phase transitions of the olivine component of
the mantle occur at about . GPa and . GPa, and
are thought to be responsible for the seismic discontinuities
at km and km depths. Recent seismological
studies further indicate the presence of seismic
anomalies in the mid lower mantle. However, an adequate
explanation of the anomalies in the mid lower
mantle has not yet been forthcoming. Peridotitic material
converts to an assemblage of Mg-rich and Ca-rich
perovskites and magnesiowustite by a depth km,
and this lithology probably persists deep into the
lower mantle. Therefore, we explore experimentally
whether phase transitions in subducted oceanic crust
(MORB) might be responsible for these deeper seismic
anomalies. In order to access this problem, we
conducted experiments on densities of minerals in
MORB using diamond-anvil-cell and multi-anvil-type
ultra-high-pressure apparatus and synchrotron radiation
facilities. The pressure-density relationship of Albearing
stishovite, calcium ferrite-type aluminous
phase, and hexagonal aluminous phase may be compared
with those of Mg-perovskite and Ca-perovskite,
which all coexist in the subducted MORB. Densities
of these phases were calculated using an appropriate
equation of state with suitable thermoelastic parameters.
Figure shows the room temperature densities
of high-pressure phases in the subducted MORB.
Although it is known that the compressibility of
Mg-perovskite changes with chemical composition,
Mg-perovskite is denser than the other phases. The
densities of Al-bearing stishovite and the calcium
ferrite-type aluminous phase are lower than those of
Mg-perovskite, Ca-perovskite, and the hexagonal
aluminous phase in the lower mantle. It is known that
natural subducted oceanic crust has a considerable
variation in its chemical composition. Differences in
whole rock composition can change the chemical
composition of the minerals in the subducted oceanic
97

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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Density (g/cm 3 )
6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
Mg-perovskite
4.4
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Pressure (GPa)
crust. The chemical composition of phases also seems
to be sensitive to the P-T conditions. Therefore, in
order to estimate the density of subducted MORB, the
effects of whole rock composition and P-T condition
need to be considered.
Research Program for Plate Dynamics
1. Research Overview
Mg-perovskite
Mg-perovskite
CaCl 2
-type SiO 2
Ca-perovskite
Hexagonal aluminous phase
Calcium-ferrite type aluminous pahse
Stishovite
Fig.16 Pressure-density relations for high-pressure minerals in
MORB. Comparison of pressure-density relations for highpressure
phases in the subducted MORB at room temperature.
Densities were calculated using the chemical compositions
of minerals in the subducted MORB and the
parameters of the equations of state of minerals obtained
in this study.
The objective of this program is focused on subduction
zones, where observations can be made on various
aspects of plate structure and deformation such as
those from rapid, large-scale rupture of plates to
micro-fractures in fault rocks. Research into lithospheric
structure, seismogenic zone material science,
and plate dynamics modeling will be integrated into a
comprehensive understanding of plate behavior and
surface phenomena of the Earth. The research will
involve structural research, sampling, and modeling
analysis using the Earth Simulator (ES).
The main research activities in were as follows:
() The lithospheric structure research group investigated
the ridge subduction system through seismic
imaging of the central Japan convergent margin off
Tokai. The new field experiment, integrating onshoreoffshore
wide-angle seismic surveys, was carried out
from the Shikoku district to the Japan Sea off Tottori
to image the subducting Philippine Sea plate where it
subducts beneath SW Japan.
() The seismogenic zone material science group sampled
and analyzed exhumed ancient fault rocks in the
Shikoku district to better understand the microdynamic
systems in seismogenic zones. As a result,
we elucidated that a seismogenic fault containing
pseudotachylyte was developed along the roof thrust
of a duplex structure.
() The plate dynamics modeling group produced
results of modeling of regions around the Nankai
trough and the Japan trench, using mainly the results
from the structure research group. The coding for the
ES has been developed, and some large scale simulations,
such as crustal activity, earthquake cycles, and
mantle convection have been implemented on the ES.
Details of the research activities are summarized in
the following.
2. Lithospheric Structure Research Group
2.1. Outline
Toward understanding both variety and universality
of plate dynamics in various spatial-temporal scales,
the lithospheric structure research group strives to
clarify structural factors constraining tectonic processes
from the evolution of trench-arc-backarc systems to
the generation of great subduction earthquakes.
2.2. Results
() Research on the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone
(i) Subduction dynamics of an oceanic ridge imaged in
the central Japan convergent margin
Recent seismic reflection and refraction data reveal
a trough-parallel subducted oceanic ridge that is
attached to the descending plate beneath the accretionary
wedge of the overriding plate and spans the
two segments (Fig.). The subducted ridge is esti-
98

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
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Fig.17 Subducted ridge imaged from multi-channel seismic data at the Kumano-nada.
mated to be a maximum of ~.km high, ~-km
wide, and ~km long. Spatial mapping of the ridge
shows that it is located roughly at the seaward edge of
the coseismic rupture zone of the Tonankai
earthquake (M = .). This ridge appears to be in close
contact with the seaward end of the rigid backstop of
the Tonankai segment, and is located exactly beneath
the backstop of the Tokai segment. These spatial correlations
and the ridge-backstop collision geometry
suggest that the subducted ridge might be strongly
mechanically coupled and may thus play a significant
role as a seaward barrier inhibiting the earthquake
rupture from propagating farther seaward. We
propose that possible differential mechanical coupling
caused by the heterogeneous ridge-backstop collision
might help to create the rupture segmentation of the
eastern Nankai subduction zone.
We also successfully imaged subducted oceanic
crust beneath central Japan down to km depth by
processing onshore-offshore wide-angle seismic data,
which were acquired from the western edge of the Izu
island arc to the coast line of the Japan Sea (Fig.).
This image shows a –km high undulation at the top
of the subducted oceanic crust beneath central Japan.
This might indicate that the ridge subduction, mentioned
above, extends even deeper. The subducted top
of oceanic crust is clearly recognized as a high reflective
layer. This part of the subducted crust is imaged at
the same location where a high Poisson's ratio layer
was obtained by a previous tomographic study. We
propose that the highly reflective/high Poisson's ratio
structure might be an evidence of dehydration from
the subducted ridge system.
(ii) Micro-seismicity and aseismic-seismogenic transition
process at the subduction seismogenic zone
Off cape Muroto, fault area of the Nankai
earthquake, several micro earthquake clusters locate
Zenisu Ridge
Depth (km)
0
10
20
30
40
50
6
7
4
5
Island arc upper crust
Island arc lowe
6
4
6
3
2
7
Paleo Zenisu - north ridge
-
Zenisu - south ridge e-
Subducted ridge
Subducted
beneath central Japan ?
oceanic crust
1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Distance (km)
Fig.18 Seismic velocity image crossing the central Japan obtained from onshore-offshore seismic integrated seismic
survey. Lighter colored region indicates where no seismic ray sampled.
99

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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1944 Tonankai Eq. [Tanioka and Satake, 2001]
KR0108-5
0
decollement
Depth [km]
5
10
Accretionay prism
splay fault
plate boundary
Philippine sea plate
oceanic
crust
90
80
70
60
50 40
Distance [km]
30
20
10
0
Fig.19 Micro-seismicity around an up-dip limit of seismogenic zone observed at the Kumano-nada.
around the plate interface (Fig.). The seaward limit
of this seismicity is characterized by clusters of earthquakes
with very similar waveforms. These earthquakes
are considered to occur at small asperities in
the aseismic-seismogenic transition zone along the
plate interface. Off Kii peninsula, the rupture area of
the Tonankai earthquake, seismicity is locally
active around the toe of the accretionary prism. These
earthquakes were located at the seaward limit of the
coseismic slip area of the Tonankai earthquake.
By contrast, micro-seismicity in the rupture area of the
Tonankai earthquake is very low. Recent GPS
surveys show a fully coupled plate interface along the
Nankai trough seismogenic zone. The Tonankai
Earthquake was explained by a rupture on a single
asperity without small scale segments on the basis of
seismic and tsunami waveforms. These observations
imply the existence of a large asperity with a uniform
interplate coupling.
(iii) Integrated onshore-offshore seismic survey from
the southwestern Japan to Japan Sea
From August to September , we carried out an
integrated onshore-offshore seismic survey from
southwestern Japan to the Japan Sea in cooperation
with the Earthquake Research Institute (ERI),
University of Tokyo. One aim of this study is to image
the subducted Philippine Sea plate beneath the southwestern
Japanese islands and the Japan Sea, and
to obtain the structure of the island arc - Japan Sea
transition zone, which is believed to be closely related
to the origin of Japan sea and the Japanese island
arc. Along the offshore part of the profile (km
long), from off Tottori to the southwestern Yamato
Basin, we acquired wide-angle seismic data using the
seismic system of JAMSTEC's R/V Kaiyo ( OBSs,
, cu. inch air-gun array) as well as the Japan
Meteorological Agency's R/V Seifu-maru.
ERI, Chiba University, and other universities have
deployed more than land seismic stations along
the onshore part of the profile. These stations recorded
seismic signals from explosion sources (three of
kg TNT and six of kg TNT). We are planning
to investigate the subduction structure of the
Philippine Sea plate from all of the onshore-offshore
wide-angle seismic data.
() Seismogenic zone study in the Japan Trench region
We conducted seismic velocity structure analyses
using wide-angle reflection-refraction seismic survey
data to clarify the seismogenic mechanisms in the
Japan Trench forearc region. In the rupture zone of
both the Tokachi-oki and Sanriku-oki
earthquakes, we obtained P-wave velocity structure
using seismic survey data, and made a seismic reflection
image using our newly developed method, which
100

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E (Fig.). This result indicates the intensities of
39˚ 00'N
39˚ 06'N
39˚ 12'N
39˚ 18'N
39˚ 24'N
reflected waves have a relation to the spatial micro-
143˚ 12'E
seismicity variations.
143˚ 18'E
143˚ 24'E
143˚ 30'E
Time (sec)
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
(sec)
39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4
Fig.20 Mapping of a strong reflector at a plate boundary off
Sanriku.
uses an algorithm like diffraction stacking method. As
a result of these analyses, we found that: (i) there is a
high velocity region corresponding to an aeromagnetic
anomaly in the shallower part of the island upper
crust, (ii) the dip of the subducting Pacific plate
changes at about . degree E, which is km eastward
of the trench axis, (iii) the uppermost oceanic
mantle has lateral velocity variations.
In the off-Sanriku region, the spatial distribution of
microearthquakes shows significant variation, even in
the north-south direction, which is parallel to the
trench axis. We succeeded in imaging the reflected
wave amplitude variation from the plate boundary on
three N-S direction survey lines around . degree
(km)
3. Seismogenic Zone Material Science Research
Group
3.1. Outline
In order to understand complicated processes in
plate dynamics, such as seismic preparation, rupture
and recovery processes along the plate boundary, the
material science subgroup conducts three research
programs: the first involves experimental studies on
frictional behavior and failure processes of plate
boundary materials, the second involves structural,
petrological, and rheological studies of past plate
boundary rocks, and the third aims to construct a theoretical
model of plate boundary dynamics involving
thermodynamics, kinetics, and rheology of the plate
boundary rocks in the subduction zone.
3.2. Results
() Plate boundary décollement zone
The plate boundary décollement zone in the Muroto
region of the Nankai accretionary prism records deformation
and consolidation histories that have been
affected by temporal changes in fluid pressure
(Fig.). Microstructural observations and chemical
analysis demonstrate that the décollement zone initiated
in an interval of porous clayey sediments characterized
by cementation due to intergranular bonding of
Shearing Along Sets
of Slip Surfaces
preferred orientation
of clay particles
Temporal Progression of Deformation
Destruction of Cementation
and Consolidation
Cementation due to
Intergranular Bonding
10µm
2 cm
random particle
orientation
random particle
orientation
10µm
clay aggregates
Fig.21 Schematic diagram showing the temporal progression of deformations in the decollement zone.
101

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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time-depend increase of
cementation area
asperities
DSR
roof thrust
duplex structure
fluid flow
subducting crust
authigenic clays. Crosscutting relations of microstructures
indicate that the décollement zone records two
compactive deformations. The early compactive
deformation involved destruction of porous cemented
structure, probably caused by fluid pressure fluctuation.
The late compactive deformation was characterized
by clay-particle rotation and porosity collapse
along sets of slip surfaces, resulting in zones of preferred
orientation of clay particles. These compactive
deformations led to significantly higher bulk densities
within the décollement zone compared to the compaction
trend of the overlying prism sediments.
Elevated fluid pressure following compactive deformation
induced an overconsolidated state within the
décollement zone, with fluid-filled dilatant fractures.
Bulk density abruptly decreases at the top of the
underthrust sediments, but there is no microstructural
evidence for cementation. Fluids in the dilated fractures
and underconsolidated underthrust sediments are
potential sources for the elevated fluid pressure in and
below the décollement zone, resulting in a mechanical
decoupling of the accretionary prism from underthrust
sediments. The fault-fluid interactions in the Muroto
region may be applicable to other convergent plate
margins where high temperatures associated with the
subduction of a spreading ridge or hot, young oceanic
crust enhance diagenesis and cementation.
() Seismogenic zone
(i) Fault rock analysis
The lateral heterogeneity of seismogenic fault rock
has been surveyed by comparing two different sites
within the same melange zone of the Cretaceous Mugi
and Okitsu Melanges, Shimanto accretionary complex,
Shikoku. Geologic survey, strain analysis, pressuretemperature
estimation, and permeablity measurements
have been done. The strain fabric of the sediment
changed from the flattening oblate to prolate
type at the shear zone, and % of dissoluble materials
were transported with a fluid during pressure-solution
deformation. Subsequently, the lithified sedimentary
rock and oceanic crust suffered ultra-cataclastic
failure at seismogenic depth. The Okitsu Melange was
composed of a duplex structure of the oceanic stratigraphic
sequence, and a seismogenic fault, including
pseudotachylyte, developed along the roof thrust of
the duplex structure (Fig.). The Okitsu Melange was
buried to a depth of ˚C in temperature, and the
estimated pressure temperature conditions of the Mugi
Melange was MPa and ˚C. These pressuretemperature
conditions are consistent with the seismogenic
zone in the present Nankai trough. The
anisotropy of the permeability of the shale was recognized
in the Mugi Melange, and this result explains
the occurrence of vein mineral concentrations in the
shale layers. The greatest concentration of vein minerals
was found along a part of the seismogenic fault in
the Okitsu Melange. The vein minerals were deposited
between clasts within the fault breccia, and the vein
minerals may therefore, cement the fault rock. The
local cementation of vein minerals along the fault
implies heterogeneity in the strength of the fault
derived from localised fluid flow and vein mineral
precipitation along the fault.
(ii) Laboratory experiment
alternative deformation of
pressure solution creep and
pseudotachylyte formation
dynamic slip
quasistatic slip
Fig.22 Tectonic setting of the pseudotachylite bearing fault.
We conducted permeability measurements of basalt
sampled from an exhumed ancient fault zone in the
Cretaceous Shimanto accretionary complex in Japan,
in order to investigate the permeability structure and
102

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
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evolution after shear failure. The permeability of the
basalt is estimated to range from - to - m under
the environmental conditions corresponding to the
seismogenic zone. The permeability showed a strong
reduction with increasing effective confining pressure
and temperature. Following shear failure of the basalt,
rapid sealing at elevated temperatures was observed
during hold experiments: a three orders of magnitude
decrease in permeability after about hours holding.
This result indicates that the permeability of the
subduction megathrust fault would rapidly reduce
due to the precipitation of clay-like minerals and
other minerals, and shows the potential of high fluid
pressure in the fault zone. Further, the maximum
slip-weakening rate of the basalt during the shear
failure process has nearly the same value as that of
granite in the brittle regime, which suggests the
possibility that unstable slip occurred along the fault.
() Shallow portion of a splay fault
The Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake (Mw.)
Shear Resistance (MPa)
0.15
0.1
0.05
Normal Stress: 0.15 MPa
Peak Slip Velocity: 2 m/s
Porosity = 47 %
0.15
0.05
0
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (sec)
Shear Resistance
Pore Pressure
Fig.23 Result of high-velocity ring shear experiment on simulated
fault gouge showing fluidization during slipping.
0.1
Pore Pressure (MPa)
produced a spectacular surface rupture along the east
dipping Chelungpu thrust fault and provided new
important near-field strong motion data. The analysis
of the possible rupture zone and a high-velocity ring
shear experiment using simulated material were performed
to clarify what dynamic processes in the shallow
portion of the splay fault control the large slip and
slip velocity with a low level of high-frequency seismic
radiation. The results clearly indicate that fluidization
occurred during co-seismic slip (Fig.).
When the undrained condition was maintained during
the earthquake rupture process, the fault composed of
loosely packed, granular material can lose frictional
resistance due to fluidization and enhance rupture
propagation even in a stable frictional slip regime.
() Deep portion of subduction zone
In order to understand fluid flow processes at the
transition between the seismogenic zone and the creep
zone, sealed cracks developed in the past plate boundary
rocks of the Shimanto accretionary prism and
Sambagawa metamorphic rocks were studied in detail.
Three types of sealed cracks were classified for the
Sambagawa metamorphic rocks in terms of geometry,
distribution patterns, and spacio-temporal relationships
between the host rocks. Mineral composition
and microstructures suggests that each type corresponds
with the tectonic stages of subduction, underplating
and exhumation. Regional differences that are
probably due to the opening interval and frequency or
fluid flux were inferred from the relationship between
the length and width of the same sealed crack types in
the Kanto mountain and Central Shikoku.
Sealed cracks in the Shimanto accretionary prism
revealed that two opening directions, trench-parallel
and trench-vertical, are common for the plate boundary
cracks. Stress fields suggested by the structural
relationships show vertical maximum stress and
a horizontal conversion between minimum and intermediate
stress.
A precise inverse method was used to evaluate the
temperature-pressure-fluid flux path. Results show
that P-T conditions during subduction are nearly equal
to that of exhumation, and that each path is composed
of substatic a low-P segment and a rapid high-P segment.
High fluid flux and deformation correspond
with the latter segment.
103

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4. Plate Dynamics Modeling Research Group
4.1. Outline
The objective of our group is to develop models for
subduction zone structure, deformation, failure, and flow
mechanisms. Numerical modeling is done with crustal
structure data obtained from the structure research group.
Results from rock experiments and field surveys of the
material property research group also aid in numerical
fault zone simulations. The Earth Simulator (ES) supercomputer
provides the computational power for large
scale -D numerical models to obtain an integrated
model of subduction dynamics. Several simulation codes
for the ES are being developed.
4.2. Results
() Rupture Characteristics of Plate Boundary Earthquake
More details of the source process of the
Tonankai earthquake were estimated using tsunami
wave analysis. To obtain more reliable and finer slip
distribution, especially near the trough axis, the plate
geometry and the tsunami initial model were
improved. The distribution of slip is similar the distribution
of splay faults found east of the Kii peninsula
by reflection surveys (Fig.). This may support the
possibility of slip on such splay faults.
36N
() Thermal Modeling of a Subduction Zone
To investigate the relationship between the source
process of the Nemuro-oki earthquake and the
crustal structure there, a thermal model was constructed
based on the results of a seismic structure survey crossing
the source region. The obtained thermal structure
indicates that the locked area of the plate boundary
includes the source region and goes deeper. The relocated
hypocenters of small earthquakes around the source
region concentrate in the deeper part of the locked area.
() Estimation of Stress Field using Shear-wave
Splitting Method
To estimate the stress field in the subduction zone,
shear-wave splitting analysis was applied to the seismic
wave data observed using ocean bottom seismometers
off Cape Muroto. The results revealed for
a
b
Vmax
c
d
Hx
Landward flank
τ = 0
Hy>Hx
(regional E-W
compression)
OBS98
shear stress distribution
V+ τ V
Hx
small τ
Hy>Hx
0
(and local recovery of
the regional stress)
25
V+ τ
MPa
Hx>Hy
large τ
50
Seaward flank
Hy
V
x
x
y
z
y
OBS1
Kii peninsula
Splay faults
Omaezaki
0 1 2 3 4 5
slip (m)
35N
34N
KTG
OBS98
S02
S04
S06
S09
OBS1
134˚ 00' 135˚ 00'
136E
137E
138E
139E
34˚ 00'
33˚ 00'
32˚ 00'
Fig.24 Slip distribution of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake: The rectangles
represent subfaults on the fault plane, and the slip
amounts are shown in the red scale. The triangles shows
tide gauges. The up-dip limit of the rupture area is consistent
with the upper edge of the splay faults which had
been detected by seismic surveys.
Fig.25 Direction of maximum principal stress axes estimated from
S-wave splitting analysis using OBS data and an interpretation:
(a) stress field caused by seamount subduction, (b) and
(c) expected stress change around a subducted seamount,
(d) estimated maximum principal stress axes. Large and
small circles show the positions of subducted seamounts.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
the first time that the stress distribution is heterogeneous
around the subducted seamounts off Cape
Muroto. This heterogeneous stress field is similar to
that expected for seamount subduction (Fig.).
50˚N
40˚N
(a)
50˚N
40˚N
(b)
() Numerical Simulation of Long-term Crustal
Deformation in and around Japan
Through collaborative research with the Graduate
School of Science, the University of Tokyo, a D
numerical model of plate interfaces in and around
Japan was constructed and a numerical simulation was
conducted for long-term crustal deformation in and
around Japan caused by steady plate subduction with
the modeled D plate geometry. From this result, the
rate of free-air gravity anomaly change was calculated
and is fairly consistent with the free-air gravity anomaly
estimated from satellite altimatery data (Fig.).
() Development of Simulation Codes on the Earth
Simulator
A numerical simulation code for D box type mantle
convection was developed and optimized for the
30˚N
20˚N
Hashimoto & Matsu'ura (2003)
ES, in order to investigate the dynamics and evolution
of subduction zones on a geological time scale. Large
scale numerical simulation code for the earthquake
cycle was also developed for an integrated earthquake
generation model in the Nankai trough region including
the results of structure surveys, source process
30˚N
20˚N
130˚E 140˚E 150˚E 130˚E 140˚E 150˚E
Fig.26 Comparison of free-air gravity anomaly pattern between
observation and calculated results in and around Japan: (a)
free-air gravity anomaly estimated from satellite altimatery
data (Sandwell & Smith, 1997), (b) Computed rate of freeair
gravity anomaly change in and around Japan by steady
plate subduction. White and black indicate positive and
negative anomaly, respectively.
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
900
176 0.250369E+03 800 232 0.293494E+03
(1)
700
(4)
5.0 600
4.0
3.0
500
2.0 400
1.0
Kii
0.5
300
-0.5
-1.0
-2.0 200
-3.0 100
-4.0
-5.0
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
187 0.287985E+03
(2)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
250 0.324856E+03
(5)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
202 0.292293E+03
(3)
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.5
-0.5
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
log (V/V )
10 pl
Fig.27 Normalized velocity distribution calulated by numerical simulation of earthquake cycle in the Nankai trough region: Red and blue
indicate unstable sliding and locked regions, respectively. The unstable regions appear in the east and west of the Kii peninsula.
105

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
analyses, and rock experiments. A result using this
code on the ES indicates that segmentation of the
source region is caused by a complex slab geometry.
Furthermore, optimization on the ES of the crustal
activity simulation code for transcurrent plate boundaries
and the development of the poro-viscoelastic
FEM code for investigation of fluid around fault zones
were also promoted (Fig.).
Thickness (mm)
1200
1000
800
600
400
Research Program for Paleoenvironment
1. Research Overview
The ultimate goal of our group's research is the
establishment of a new view on the link between the
Earth and the biosphere over the history of the Earth.
We are focusing on the last million years when
the geological record is preserved in deep sea sediments.
Currently, our research focuses on the following
three specific fields:
a) Climatic change in the Cretaceous Greenhouse
and Late Cenozoic Icehouse Earth
b) Sedimentation and degradation processes of
organic matter on the continental margin
c) Database for paleoclimatology and paleogeography
of continents and oceans
Here, we briefly summarize the results of each topic
to present an overview of the progress of our research
in FY.
2. Cretaceous Greenhouse Earth
2.1. Investigation of Cretaceous black shales
It has been known that several organic-rich "black
shales" were widely deposited on Earth during the
Cretaceous Period. They are believed to be the result
of periods of reduced degradation rates of sedimentary
organic matter, which have been referred to as
Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs). The black shales are
one of the major source rocks for petroleum on which
modern civilization heavily relies.
To understand the cause and bigeochemical processes
of the OAEs, we have investigated black shales
from central Italy and southern France. In FY we
200
0
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20
δ 13 C (per mil)
Fig.28 Isotopic composition of organic carbon in the OAE2 black
shales from Central Italy (Kuroda et al., submitted). Arrows
indicate the clay layers that are substantially depleted in
13
C relative to adjacent layers.
obtained a high-resolution record of stable isotopic
compositions of total organic carbon through the
Livello Bonarelli black shale (OAE, Ma) and
found that thin (~cm) clay layers intercalate the black
shale and are depleted in C by as much as relative
to the adjacent layers (Fig.). This suggests that a
portion of the organic matter in the clay layer originates
from methane oxidizing bacteria. We are currently
analyzing biomarkers, pigments, and carbon isotopic
compositions of these molecules to further investigate
the paleoenvironment when the clay layers formed.
We have also investigated OAEb ( Ma) black
shales distributed in the Vocontian Basin, southern
France. In FY we performed stratigraphic
descriptions of the sequence and measured the carbon
isotope ratio of organic carbon in the black shale.
Analyses of major element compositions using the
newly established core-logger "Tatscan F" are currently
underway to achieve high-resolution mapping
of major elements in the black shale.
2.2. Model Ocean for Cretaceous OAEs
To estimate the Cretaceous OAE environments, we
are studying modern anoxic environments similar to
106

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
the OAEs. Lake Kaiike in Kamikoshiki Island,
Kagoshima Prefecture, is a saline meromictic lake
with a O
/H
S interface at m depth. In the lake, photosynthetic
bacteria including Chromatiaceae and
Chlorobiaceae and chemosynthetic bacteria are densely
populated at the interface, forming a bacterial plate.
We have been investigating geochemical, geological,
and biological features of the lake to understand the
biogeochemical and sedimentary processes in the lake.
We performed pigment analyses using a HPLC/APCI-
MS and found a layered distribution of chlorophyll a
from cyanobacteria, bacteriochlorophyll a from purple
sulfur bacteria, and bacteriochlorophylls e from green
sulfur bacteria in the water column (Nakajima et al.,
submitted). Furthermore, nitrogen isotopic analyses of
particulate organic matter strongly suggest that nitrogen
fixation is a major pathway for assimilating nitrogen
in these microbes. This project is continued in
FY and we plan to conduct several more field
observations in the lake.
3. Late Cenozoic Icehouse Earth
3.1. Okhotsk Sea: Toward understanding an ocean
sensitive to climatic change
In the northwest Pacific Ocean, a water mass called
the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) occupies
the water depth ranging from to m. The NPIW
originateds from intermediate water formed in the
Okhotsk Sea, in which the source of excess salt is transported
though the high salinity Soya Warm Current
from the Japan Sea. Therefore, the supply of salinity to
the Okhotsk Sea by the Soya Current may strongly
influence the quantity of Okhotsk Sea Intermediate
Water (OSIW) formation. Based on this consideration,
we estimated the contribution of the Japan Sea water to
the OSIW by using isotope ratios of dissolved inorganic
carbon as a water mass tracer. Our results suggest
that the contribution of the Japan Sea water to the
OSIW reaches up to % (Itou et al., ).
In the climate system, sea ice has a positive feedback
function due to high albedo. It plays a crucial
role in the redistribution of solar energy between the
ocean and atmosphere in the high latitudinal regions.
Since the Okhotsk Sea is the southernmost oceanic
region in the Northern Hemisphere widely covered by
sea ice during the winter-spring season, it has been
suggested that the Okhotsk Sea is potentially very sensitive
to global climatic change. With our colleagues,
we performed sediment trap experiments in the
Okhotsk Sea over two years, and found that () terrestrial
particles of silt-sand size held in the sea ice were
released and settled on the seafloor during the sea ice
retreating period, and () coarse grains in the sediments
originate from ice rafted debris (IRD). By quantifying
the IRD in well dated sediment cores, we
found as many as sea ice expanding events during
the past kyr with several hundred to several thousand
year cycles. They appear to have occurred when
atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere
was strengthened. To reconstruct the history of sea ice
formation in the Okhotsk Sea throughout Late
Cenozoic, an IODP proposal is currently submitted in
collaboration with Prof. Kozo Takahashi at Kyushu
University and a number of both domestic and foreign
scientists.
4. Sedimentation and degradation processes of
organic matter in the continental margin
4.1. Monitoring of sedimentation process at mass
sedimentation area
We are monitoring the biological, chemical, and
sedimentological processes at the sediment/water
interface at a station in Sagami Bay (m water
depth). The Sagami Bay area is characterized by
a high sedimentation rate with hemipelagic clays
being provided from a horizontal flux of recycled
terrestrial material and resuspended particles (Soh,
). Generally, the major fraction of the sedimentary
organic matter is consumed and then remineralized
by benthic organisms, whereas some part is transferred
to a deeper area or buried in the sediments.
To evaluate the processes of organic matter concern-
107

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
Fig. 29 Benthic foraminifera, Uvigerina akitaensis Asano with
green colored cytoplasm. The green color is caused by
the assimilation of algae with chlorophyll.
ing benthic organisms, we operated in situ culture
experiments measuring uptake rate of organic
carbon by benthic organisms with C labeled food
(cultured algae) using the manned research submersible
"Shinkai ". Shallow infaunal benthic
foraminifera assimilated a high concentration of
labeled carbon within two days on the deep-sea floor.
Deep infaunal species of benthic foraminifera, which
mainly live a few centimeters below the sedimentwater
interface, also assimilated labeled carbon within
six days. However, some foraminiferal species
including Chilostmela ovoidea showed quite low
amounts of assimilation of labeled carbon, suggesting
that the food preferences of benthic foraminifera are
variable between species. By contrast, all the metazoan
meiobenthos assimilated only a small amount
of labeled carbon. These results suggest that fresh
organic matter reaching the sea floor is primarily
consumed by protozoan such as foraminifera, and
then consumed by metazoan meiobenthos of higher
trophic level. We are currently analyzing lipid compounds
of foraminiferal cells to determine more
details of the food preferences.
4.2. Sagara Drilling Project: Microbiological activity
and diagenesis of organic matter in a plate
convergence margin
We have drilled and cored rock samples in the onland
Sagara oil field, Shizuoka Prefecture during
FY. The aims of this drilling survey are to understand
the processes concerning buried organic matter
in forearc regions of high sedimentation rate at plate
convergence margins, and to examine bacterial activity
on the synthesis and decomposition of hydrocarbons
in the subground anaerobic environments. In
FY, we performed many kinds of physical and
chemical measurements of the core samples, including
sedimentary petrology, microstructural analyses, physical
properties, fluid geochemistry, and microbiology.
Based on these investigations, we found that lithology
and physical properties are closely related with presence
or absence of oil. Oil commonly occurs in
unlithified porous sandstone overlain by a high-density
conglomerate with a mainly carbonate-cemented
matrix (Fig.).
Microbiological analyses showed that sulfate
reducers are absent throughout the core, and that the
oil-bearing layers have a microbial population density
of approximately times higher than that of the oilabsent
intervals. The absence of microrganisms
depending on reductive components suggests that we
have a significantly low flux of reductive gasses and
oil from the source rock of the Sagara oil reservoir.
The carbon isotopic ratio of methane and ethane in
fluid samples suggests that the origin of hydrocarbon
is organic matter in a deeper part of the field, supporting
above results. We will examine the relationship
and interactions of hydrocarbon in Sagara oil field
and the Nankai accretionary prism in terms of
methane hydrate formation off Cape Omaezaki by
using preexisting data from borehole/logging and
crustal structure.
108

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
5. Development of new analytical techniques and
instruments
In our group, we have developed new analytical
techniques and instruments. In FY we developed
an "Oguri-View" system which visualizes the sediment
surface using a CCD camera, and an optode
microelectrode system that automatically measures
the -D distribution of dissolved O
concentration
at the sediment-water interface at the micrometer
scale (Fig.). We have also developed two XRF
core-loggers to rapidly determine the major element
composition of sediments and sedimentary rock
(Fig.).
Both allow the determination of major oxide compositions:
the "Tatscan-F" at the micrometer scale in
relatively small samples (up to mm x mm); and
the "Tatscan-F" at the millimeter scale in core samples
(up to mm x mm). The latter core-logger
has recently been installed in the new drilling ship
"Chikyu" and the Marine Core Research Center of
Kochi University.
Center for Data and Sample Analysis
1. Research Overview
The Sample Analysis Division installed Electron
Probe Microanalysers, Thermal Ionization Mass
Spectrometers, Quadrupole ICP Mass Spectrometers,
an X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer, and a Noble gas
mass spectrometer, and has started to analyze rock
and fluid samples. The Pacific Data Network
Division developed a database and data distribution
system for broadband seismograms and electromagnetic
data obtained through the Pacific geophysical
network. It also developed automated seismic phase
picking software for short period seismograms.
The Seismic Data Processing Division conducted
geological surveys and sampled along the Chichibu
Tectonic Zone (CTZ), from Shikoku to the Kanto
area, in order to clarify the formation and evolution of
serpentine diapirs. It developed a new technique
necessary for sophisticated processing. In , it
processed seismic data obtained from a two-ship
survey, applying a Median filter, which is seldom
used in MCS data processing.
Fig.30 An optode system which allows 2-D visualization of sediment
surface.
Fig.31 An image of XRF core-logger, Tatscan-F2
2. Sample Analysis Division
One of the tasks of the Sample Analysis Division is
to conduct comprehensive analyses of the chemical
composition and physical properties of rock and fluid
samples, in collaboration with various laboratories in
universities, the Research Program for Geochemical
Evolution at IFREE, and the Core Sample Analyses
Center of OD. For this purpose, effective and accurate
analytical techniques have been and will continue
to be developed at the D/S Center. In order to decode
the geochemical characteristics (major and trace elements,
isotopic compositions, and radiometric dating)
of solid samples, such as igneous rocks, sedimentary
rocks, and fossils, and of fluid samples, such as pore
109

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
water, state of the art apparatus, maintained and
organized by qualified scientists and technicians, have
been installed at the Center and at collaborative
universities.
(i) Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA):
We installed two EPMAs last year to decode the
major-element composition in particularly small
regions in minerals and volcanic glasses using an
improved method. We reexamined the analysis conditions
for EPMA standard samples and attained good
operational conditions. We have now started major
element analysis of small areas of minerals and volcanic
glasses in rock samples.
(ii) Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TIMS):
We have established a new technique for the analysis
of Sr, Nd, Pb, Os and Ru isotopic ratios in rock
samples using three TIMS that are installed at the
Center and at a collaborating university. We have
attained the highest level in sensitivity and precision
for these analyses.
(iii) Quadrupole ICP Mass Spectrometer (QP-ICP-MS):
We have established a new technique for the analysis
of ultra-trace elements and platinum group elements
for rock samples using QP-ICP-MS installed at
the D/S Center and at a collaborating university. We
have attained the highest level in precision and sensitivity
using this technique.
(iv) X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (XRF):
We have reexamined the geochemical standard
samples, analysis conditions and technique for XRF at
JAMSTEC. Quantification of major elements (SiO
,
TiO
, Al
O
, Fe
O
, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na
O, K
O,
P
O
) using multi-channel simultaneous XRF, and of
trace elements (Rb, Ba, Th, Nb, Pb, Sr, Zr, Y, Ni, Cu,
Zn, S) using wavelength dispersive XRF, has been set
up for rock and sediment samples.
(v) Noble gas mass spectrometer:
A new noble gas mass spectrometer was installed in
the D/S Center for noble gas isotope analyses and K-
Ar dating of rock and mineral samples. This mass
spectrometer is equipped with an ultra high vacuum
gas purification line and a tantalum furnace gas
extraction system.
(vi) Micro-drill:
We established a method for in-situ measurement of
Sr isotopes in minerals (mainly plagioclase) through
micro-drill sampling at a collaborating university, followed
by TIMS measurement.
(vii) Clean room:
Clean rooms were built at the D/S Center for the
pre-treatment of rock samples, including decomposition
of powdered rock samples and separation of target
elements. The clean rooms allow us to handle samples
under very clean conditions.
3. Pacific Data Network Division
3.1. Electromagnetic data distributing system.
IFREE Center for Data and Sample Analyses,
Pacific Data Network Division is developing a new
unified electromagnetic field (EM) data distributing
system following the NINJA (New Interface for
Networked Java Application) system. Our aim is to
create an easy-use system for both data users and data
providers. The primary concept of the system is that
data users can download any EM data in any format
via a single distributing system requiring less operation
by data providers.
Data users can download data via WWW, requiring
only a standard WEB browser (Fig.) to connect to a
main WEB server. At the WEB server interface, the
simple search involves observatory name and data
period, but additional search options can be used, for
example, global geomagnetic disturbance level, such
as values of the sum of daily Kp indices, the five or
ten quietest days, and the five most disturbed days.
Furthermore, an option to limit the missing rate in data
is provided for users who wish to avoid downloading
data that includes a lot of losses. Data providers can
upload data in any format by simply installing RMI
servers that allow a connection with a WEB server via
http. The data request interface at the WEB server
obtains the requested data from data centers, trans-
110

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
2000
Onset: 2001 2 16 15 7 46.025302
1000
P
0
-1000
-2000
-3000
Fig.32 A browsing window of an "Advanced Search" in which one
can use search options of geomagnetic disturbance levels
and data missing rates in addition to data periods and
stations.
-4000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Seconds
Fig.33 Example of automatic picking of first arrival P-wave. The
system detected an arrival of P-wave at the time designated
by 'P'.
forms the data to the requested format, and then provides
them to the request users.
This new service will open to the public soon via a
WEB server (http://www.jamstec.go.jp/pacific/).
We will distribute geomagnetic data observed in the
Pacific region by the Ocean Hemisphere network
Project (OHP) through this system, and plan to add
data from other data centers, including submarine
cable voltage data.
3.2. Automatic phase picking system.
We developed an automatic seismic phase detection
system and started to operate it routinely from
the beginning of . Since that time, all seismic
records registered by the seismic stations of Hi-
Net, which is maintained by National Institute for
Earth Science and Disaster Prevention in Tsukuba
and we receive through the satellite transmission system,
were analyzed every time a large earthquake
occurred. In total, earthquakes were registered
and associated seismic traces analyzed (Fig.). The
automatic phase detection system significantly simplifies
data processing. Typically, about minutes
are sufficient to automatically analyze all associated
information. Although the automatic phase detection
algorithm is incomparably faster than analyses performed
by an operator, it is slightly less precise.
Accumulation of an extensive database of times of
first arrivals will allow us to solve this problem using
statistical methods. Moreover, the accumulated associated
information, such as amplitudes of the waveforms,
gives us the opportunity to study the behavior
of wave propagation related to spatial directivity. For
example, earthquakes of magnitude occurring near
Indonesia can be easily detected by the seismological
network while comparable earthquakes at shorter distances
but different locations (for example Mariana),
are hardly seen on the seismic records. Detailed
analysis of this data gives valuable information about
the seismic signal quality registered by the seismic
stations and, in turn, allows us to improve the quality
of our catalogues.
4. Seismic Data Processing Division
4.1. Construction of geophysical database.
To aid crustal studies at IFREE, the seismic data
processing division has been constructing a geophysical
database. As one of the application studies of the
111

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
database, we conducted geological surveys and sampled
localities where magnetic dipole anomalies are
observed along the Chichibu Tectonic Zone (CTZ),
Shikoku Island, since , in order to clarify the formation
and evolution of serpentine diapirs. The distribution
of serpentines and ultramafic greenstones recognized
along the CTZ from Shikoku to the Kanto
area, is consistent with both magnetic and Bouguer
gravity anomalies. In , paleomagnetic measurements
were made of rock samples. The experiment
on such a large number of specimens will be the
first trial for serpentine research in the world.
The resulting paleomagnetic data show strong
anisotropy in rocks sampled in eastern Shikoku, where
large total magnetic intensity anomalies are characteristic.
A more than three times directional difference in
35
34
33
(c)
35
34
33
(a) Geological map of SW Japan
(b) Bouguer anomaly map
mgal
292
185
146
119
95
73
51
27
0
-38
-58
nT
100
21
0
-17
-31
-43
-56
-70
-86
-109
the magnetic susceptibility was observed in some
specimens. Secondary magnetic minerals were also
recognized in thin sections of these rocks. By contrast,
serpentines sampled in central Shikoku are characterized
by small total magnetic intensity anomalies.
Ilmenite was clearly observed in the fine grained thin
sections there. Thus, the grade of serpentinization
differs in the eastern and central parts of the CTZ
in Shikoku, possibly suggesting progressive serpentinization
(Fig.).
4.2. Seismic Data Analysis
Prior to input to the database, the Seismic Data
Processing Division conducts data processing of
multi-channel seismic (MCS) reflection data obtained
by IFREE's cruises, and also developed a new
technique necessary for sophisticated processing. In
, we tried to process seismic data obtained by a
two-ship survey and applied a Median filter, which is
seldom used in MCS data processing but is sometimes
applied to VSP (Vertical Seismic Profiling) data. The
advantage of the two-ship survey is an increase in the
accuracy of the velocity analysis and in the Signal-to-
Noise ratio (S/N) in deep structural imaging, both of
which are the result of an increase in the sourcereceiver
distance. On the other hand, there is a serious
disadvantage in that multiples strongly interfere with
primary reflections, causing a deterioration in the data
quality. Application of the Median filter worked
effectively and increased the accuracy of the two-ship
MCS data (Fig.a and b). As a result, it is suggested
that poisson's ratio may be estimated by AVO
(Amplitude Variation with Offset) analysis (Fig.c).
132 133 134 135 136 137 138
(c) Magnetic anomaly map
-150
Fig.34 Regional geologic, gravity, and magnetic maps of SW
Japan. The top figure is modified from GSJ [1995], and the
middle and bottom figures are from GSJ [1996].
112

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution (IFREE)
CDP No. 4446 Offset distance (m)
472 2431 4304 6780 13109 15351
6.0
Splay
fault
7.0
Travel time (sec)
8.0
(a) Conventional data processing
CDP No. 4446 Offset distance (m)
447 2408 4260 6572 13024 15091
6.0
Splay
fault
Travel time (sec)
7.0
8.0
(b) An example of median filter application
Reflection coefficient
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Incident angle ( )
upper layer
lower layer
(c) An example of AVO analysis
Fig.35 Examples of data processing of two-ship MCS data. The
top figure represents a CDP gather by conventional processing
and the middle one is that after applying the
Median filter. The bottom two figures show an AVO analysis.
In the upper part, dots represent reflection amplitudes
observed and the curve is a theoretical amplitude
response calculated from the model shown in the lower
diagram.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Frontier Research System for Global Change
Overall Event and Activities
It has been six years since Frontier Research System for Global Change (FRSGC) started its research activities on
elucidation and prediction of various global change mechanisms in October . There were two main important
events in this fiscal year: ) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) launched a new
project, "Research Project for Sustainable Coexistence of Human, Nature, and the Earth". (Shortly called "MEXT's
project" hereafter.) Three out of seven subjects are selected and decided to be carried out by FRSGC, and thus we have
started our related project accordingly. ) The "Earth Simulator" fully started its operation and FRSGC researchers have
started developing high resolution models in many subjects using the Earth Simulator. As usual, we have organized and
participated in various international workshops and events. Followings are the summary of our activities for FY .
1. Research Project for Sustainable Coexistence of
Human, Nature, and the Earth
MEXT launched a new research initiative, Research
Revolution (RR ) to promote research on five
important areas designated at the Council for Science
and Technology Policy of Cabinet Office. As the project
in "Environment" area, "Project for Sustainable
Coexistence of Human, Nature, and the Earth" was
launched with the following missions.
(a) "Japan Model" mission for global warming prediction
in order to contribute to the IPCC Forth Assessment
in . For this end, more reliable climate models shall
be developed.
(b) Water Cycle Prediction mission in order to establish
the basis of season to year prediction of the state
of water resources in the Asian monsoon region by
enhancing our understanding of land hydrological
processes and developing prediction models.
In addition to the above two missions, the project
requests construction of climate data base in order to
meet the requirements from the two missions. As seen
in the table , Subject and were selected to be car-
Subject
No.
1
Table 1
Subject Implementing Institute Principal
Implementor
Development of high resolution coupled atmosphere-ocean
global circulation model
Center for Climate System
Research, University of Tokyo
1 Same as above
Central Research Institute for
Electric Power Industry
2 Development of integrated earth system model for global JAMSTEC (FRSGC)
warming prediction
3 Better parameterization of various physical processes for Institute of Industrial Science
climate modeling
and Technology, University of
Tokyo
3 Same as above
Graduate School of Science
University of Tokyo
4 Development of high-resolution atmosphere models
AESTO collaborating with
Meteorological Research
Institute (MRI)
5 Prediction of large-area hydrological cycle and advanced Mitsubishi Heavy Industry, Co.
water resources management technology
collaborating with universities
A. Sumi
Y. Maruyama
T. Matsuno
Y. Yasuoka
T. Hibiya
T. Matsuo
(MRI)
H. Ueda
(Kyoto University)
6 Development of models for water resources prediction and
management
Yamanashi University
7 Development of 4-D data assimilation system and
JAMSTEC (FRSGC)
construction of data base for climate research
K. Takeuchi
T. Awaji
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ried out at FRSGC. In addition to these, the sub-theme
of Subject "Development of high resolution coupled
atmosphere-ocean global circulation model" will be
carried out at FRSGC lead by Dr. Emori, a researcher
of the Integrated Modeling Research Program.
2. The Earth Simulator Started Its Full Operation
The Earth Simulator (ES), which proved its operational
capacity to be five times faster than the existing
record during its test run period, started operating in
March as planned. Utilization of ES will be open
to general users, and based on the applications, the following
eight subjects applied by research groups from
FRSGC were accepted (Table ).
background of the modeling effort, modeling scenario
in the Earth Simulator, and future modeling studies. In
addition, research themes suited for collaboration
between EU and Japan were discussed and researchers
identified several important themes for the collaboration:
Monsoon, El Niño and Southern Oscillation
(ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), teleconnections
of both IOD and ENSO, intra-seasonal disturbances
and interactions among different time scale phenomena,
ocean data assimilation and seasonal forecast.
Those themes would be addressed by conducting highresolution
coupled General Circulations Model (GCM)
experiments on the Earth Simulator. Specific issues
related to the successful collaboration were discussed.
3. Meetings for International Research Cooperation
(a) EU-Japan Ad-Hoc Workshop on Climate Modeling
As a preliminary workshop of the Japan-EU
Workshop held in March , the above workshop
was held at the JAMSTEC Yokohama Institute for
Earth Sciences (YES) from September to ,
in order to promote collaboration between researchers
of Climate Variations Research Program, FRSGC, and
researchers in Europe. Various presentations were
made mainly under three important issues; scientific
(b) The Second Workshop for a Regional Climate
Model and the Asian Monsoon
The Workshop was held at the JAMSTEC
Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences (YES) from
March to , . The Workshop was the second
regional climate model workshop following the workshop
held in the autumn of and organized by the
International Pacific Research Center (IPRC). This
time, it is jointly organized by FRSGC and international
science panel for GEWEX Asian Monsoon
Table 2
Research Subject Program Person in Charge
1 Development of a nonhydrostatic icosahedral high resolution
atmospheric general circulation model
Integrated Modeling Research
Program
2 Atmospheric composition change and its climate impact Atmospheric Composition
studies by global and regional chemical transport models Research Program
3 Investigation of Asian summer monsoon system using a Hydrological Cycle Research
cloud resolving regional climate model
Program
4 Eddy-resolving simulation of world ocean circulation using Climate Variations Research
the PFES – toward the sophisticated J-COPE project – Program
5 Development of highly parallel ocean general circulation Integrated Modeling Research
model using cubic grid system
Program
6 Development of integrated earth system models for
Research Project for
prediction of global environmental changes
Sustainable Coexistence of
Human, Nature, and the Earth,
Subject No. 2
7 Research development of 4-dimentional data assimilation
system using a coupled climate model and construction of
reanalysis datasets for initialization
Integrated Modeling Research
Program
8 Process studies and seasonal prediction experiment using Climate Variations Research
coupled general circulation model
Program
Masaki Sato
Hajime Akimoto
Takao Yoshikane
Takashi Kagimoto
Yukio Tanaka
Taroh Matsuno
Toshiyuki Awaji
Toshio Yamagata
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Experiment (GAME). A total of participants attended
the workshop, including from overseas. In the
field of research utilizing the regional model, many
participants addressed the subject of Baiu Front of
Japan, Korea, and China, and its inter-annual variations.
The major themes extensively discussed at the
workshop include () Progress and problems in regional
climate model development and regional climate
modeling, () Application of regional climate models
to the study of monsoon systems, () Applications of
regional climate models in climate processes studies,
() Verification of model simulations and validation of
model physics, and () Future research directions and
collaboration as an active community. The following
issues were addressed and decided at the end of the
Workshop: () to compile Workshop proceedings by
the end of April, () to make an effort to publish a special
issue of the Journal of the Meteorological Society
of Japan, () to plan for a comparative study of models
regarding a sensitivity analysis of the models in order
to make a contribution for regional-scale meteorological
forecasts involving IPCC, and () organizing a consortium
of Workshop participants to promote research
on the regional climate model using the Earth
Simulator (ES), and applying for utilizing the ES.
(c) The Second EU-Japan Symposium on Climate
Research
Many FRSGC researchers participated in the above
Symposium, organized by European Commission (EC)
held at Brussels, Belgium, from - March ,
and FRSGC served as the secretariat for the Japan side.
The Symposium was organized under the framework
of the EU-Japan science and technology cooperation
and was a follow-up of the EU-Japan Climate Change
Symposium held in Hakone, Japan in March .
Emerging climate research programs in Japan and
Europe were introduced. Particularly, the progress of
six subjects from research programs "Sustainable
Coexistence of Human, Nature and the Earth" of the
MEXT in Japan were reported. Especially, for climate
modeling using the ES, the overall initial situation in
Japan including development of FRSGC's next generation
model were introduced, and gave a strong impression
to EU participants. In addition, the aforementioned
MEXT Project and "Sustainable Development,
Global Change and Ecosystems" of the EU Framework
were recognized to foster common goals. As a result of
the symposium, the following four research projects
were concretely identified in the joint-statement as
fields for future cooperation.
Climate variations prediction, from seasonal to
decadal scale, (focusing on extreme phenomena and
their effects)
Development of earth system model and advanced
climate model
Joint contribution for the global climate observation
system
Promotion of research utilizing the Earth Simulator
4. Participation in International Events
(a) World Summit on Sustainable Development
(WSSD)
WSSD was held from the end of August to the
beginning of September at Johannesburg, the capital of
the Republic of South Africa. FRSGC introduced our
activities in the booth of the National Space
Development Agency of Japan (NASDA), at the Japan
Pavilion, set up in the exhibition sites of Ubuntu
Village, which is located km away from Sandton,
where the official conference was held. Related presentations
were made during seminars held parallel to the
exhibition. In the "Plan of Implementation", various
items highly related to FRSGC activities were included,
such as water cycle, climate change, ecosystem, atmosphere,
global warming, and international cooperation.
(b) The Third World Water Forum
From March to , , the above Forum was
held in multiple sites of Kyoto, Shiga, and Osaka in
Japan. The Water Forum was established in order to
solve various water-related issues, such as "water con-
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flict", "water and food shortage", "unsanitary life conditions
due to water pollution", and "danger of flooding".
In the Third Forum, discussions were aimed at
creating concrete actions to solve the issues as a starting
point for the actions. FRSGC introduced our activities
in the NASDA booth, located in the exhibition
booth of Kyoto International Conference Hall.
5. Awards
Many FRSGC participants received awards from
various societies and associations. To name a few, Dr.
Shang-Ping Xie, a researcher of International Pacific
Research Center (IPRC), received the Meteorological
Society of Japan (MSJ) Society Award. The Society
Award recognizes his contributions to the understanding
of ocean-atmosphere interaction that shapes the
climate and its variability. Dr. Yasunari, Director of
Hydrological Cycle Research Program and Dr.
Yamasaki, sub-group leader of the same program,
both received MSJ's Fujiwara Award. Dr. Yasunari's
recognized achievement was under "promotion of
Asian Monsoon research, based on GAME Projects".
Dr. Yamasaki's work on "numerical experimental
research on typhoons and tropical disturbances" was
recognized. In addition, Dr. Akimoto, Director of
Atmospheric Composition Research Program received
the Haagen-smit Award from the Atmospheric
Environment journal, for his article, "Anthropogenic
Emissions of SO and NO x in Asia: Emission
Inventories." Dr. Dye, group leader of Ecosystem
Change Research Program was selected to receive a
Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship Award. His research
project is designed to develop an improve satellitebased
methodology to account for the solar radiation
available for photosynthesis by global vegetation.
Research Program
1. Climate Variations Research Program
The aim of this program is to enhance process studies
on various phenomena in the ocean-atmosphere
coupled system on seasonal through interdecadal time
scales. Our goal is to contribute to increasing skills of
climate prediction through deeper understanding of
basic dynamical and thermodynamical processes in
our climate system. Current interests are in modeling
as well as analyzing the tropical/subtropical oceanatmosphere
coupled phenomena including the Indian
Ocean Dipole (IOD), the ocean circulation in mid-latitudes,
and climate signals in the mid-latitude/subpolar
regions. Confirming through our collaboration with
EU scientists that the SINTEX-F model can reproduce
various climate signals, we are ready to start various
prediction experiments on the Earth Simulator (ES).
As in , we have also continued our close collaborations
with scientists of the Earth Simulator Center
(ESC) to develop models for the ES.
a. Model Group
a-. Climate Variability in the Tropics and Mid-latitudes
Our study on IOD has been continued with emphasis
upon its influence on the global climate using coupled
models and stand-alone atmospheric and oceanic general
circulation models (AGCM/OGCM). Under the EU-
Japan collaboration, the SINTEX-F. coupled GCM
has been installed on the ES and upgraded with implementation
of sea-ice processes, explicit free surface and
river runoff. Our preliminary analysis of a -year
integration of that coupled model reveals its promising
skill in reproducing ENSO and IOD events, whose
occurrence tends to be independent either of the phase
of the ENSO cycle (Fig. ) or of the climatological seasonal
variations in the tropical and midlatitude regions.
Using a stand-alone FrAM-. model, we also
investigated the influences of sea-surface temperature
(SST) anomalies associated with IOD and ENSO on
East Asian climate and the tropical atmospheric
circulation. Two pathways have been found through
which East Asian countries are affected by IOD; one
of them is a teleconnection via the western Pacific
and southern China regions, and the other is via the
Mediterranean/Sahara region associated with the monsoon-desert
mechanism.
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-1.6 -1.4 -1 -0.8 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.8 1
Fig. 1 IOD-related anomalies (September-November) in sea-surface temperature (color
shade) and wind stress (arrow vector) for three different conditions in the tropical
Pacific: (a) El Niño, (b) normal and (c) La Niña. IOD events occur in the tropical
Indian Ocean regardless of the condition in the tropical Pacific Ocean
a-. Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment
(JCOPE)
For better understanding of the Kuroshio variability
and its predictability, we have developed a high-resolution
nested-grid ocean model of the North Pacific
(JCOPE model), with a relatively simple assimilation
scheme of satellite-measured sea-surface height anomaly
data. In this fiscal year, the model performance has
been further improved through the inclusion of in-situ
subsurface temperature data from Advanced Remote
Global Observation (ARGO) floats and ship observations
into the assimilation procedure. Our ensemble
prediction experiments indicates that the behavior of
the Kuroshio path south of Japan is sensitive to the
intensity of a small meander associated with a
mesoscale eddy off the southeastern coast of the
Kyushu Island.
a-. Collaboration with the ESC
A -year test integration of the OFES (OGCM for
the ES) with horizontal grid spacing of . degrees
and vertical levels driven by monthly climatological
forcing has been completed with efficient computing
performance on the ES. We found the model can
simulate mesoscale eddy activity realistically with
respect to their magnitude and spatial distribution
(Fig. ), including variations in the currents and fine
frontal structures along the Kuroshio and its extension
and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and eddy generation
in the Agulhas current.
We are also developing another high-resolution
OGCM for the ES (PFES), based on the Princeton
Ocean Model, under the collaboration with the ESC.
Its implementation on the ES and test integration have
been completed.
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RMS of SSH anomaly (year 46-50)
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Fig. 2 Distribution of the standard deviation of sea-surface height
anomalies simulated in the OFES with 0.1˚ resolution.
Large variability associated with strong eddy activity along
the western boundary currents and the Antarctic
Circumpolar Current is realistic as compared with satellite
altimetry data.
b. Climate Diagnostics Group
b-. Climate Variability in the Extratropical Atmosphere
We have extended our analysis to multidecadal
modulation in the occurrence of an inter-annual seesaw
(AIS) between the intensities of the Aleutian and
Icelandic lows. We found that the occurrence of AIS
was much less frequent in the s and s than
since the s. The following two factors are likely
to cause this bi-decadal modulation: (i) a recent midwinter
tendency toward a stronger meander of the
westerlies over North America that allowed Rossby
wave activity to be transferred effectively into the
North Atlantic from the North Pacific; and (ii) another
midwinter tendency towards more zonally-elongated
and more persistent anomalies developing over the
North Pacific. We also found that model-simulated
AIS exhibits a multidecadal modulation in each of the
AFES (AGCM for the ES) and ECHAM at IRI without
any SST anomalies imposed, suggesting the
importance of internal dynamics of the atmospheric
flow in causing the long-term AIS modulation.
b-. Climate Variability in the Extratropical Coupled
Atmosphere-Ocean System
Linearizing our high-resolution data of turbulent heat
flux anomalies with respect to anomalies in SST, air
temperature and surface wind speed, we found that
warm (cool) SST anomalies along the Pacific subarctic
front associated with the decadal variability inherent to
the North Pacific accompany the enhanced (suppressed)
heat release into the atmosphere (Fig. ). This
is important evidence that, unlike in other locations in
the extratropics, SST anomalies in the subarctic frontal
zone can force the atmosphere. This is likely through
systematic changes in the storm track activity, reinforcing
stationary atmospheric anomalies over the Pacific.
b-. Collaboration with the ESC
As our continuous contribution to super-high resolution
simulations of the global atmosphere with the
AFES, we analyzed its -day integration with T
resolution and vertical levels under the climatological
SST forcing. We have found that AFES can realistically
simulate synoptic weather systems and their
internal structure. The model can realistically simulate
a polar low over the Sea of Japan with mesoscale precipitation
bands. Organization of shallow convective
clouds along cold surface winds and topographic precipitation
behind those cyclones was also simulated in
a realistically-looking manner.
c. Predictability Research Group
To deepen our understanding of the physical nature of
our climate system, basic studies have been performed
on the thermodynamical properties of turbulent fluid systems.
Each of the mean states of the systems is shown to
correspond to a unique state in which the entropy
production rate by thermal and viscous (turbulent)
dissipation is maximized. An application of a new
method of entropy evaluation to large-scale ocean circulation
models has revealed that the oceanic deep-water
circulation, when perturbed, tends to change its state
from the one with a lower rate of entropy production to
the other with a higher rate. These results suggest that
the dissipation rate of available potential energy may be
used as a measure of the entropy production rate for representing
the relative stability of nonlinear fluid systems.
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Fig. 3 (a-b) Difference maps of bi-monthly anomalies in upward latent heat flux (W/m 2 ) between the
opposing phases of the dominant mode of the North Pacific decadal variability for (a) November-
December and (b) January-February. (c-d); As in (a-b), respectively, but for a contribution from
SST anomalies. (e-f); As in (a-b), respectively, but for a contribution from air temperature anomalies.
(g-h); As in (a-b), respectively, but for a contribution from wind speed anomalies.
2. Hydrological Cycle Research Program
Asian countries depend, to a great extent, on summer
and winter monsoon precipitation for their water
resources. The regional as well as continental-scale
hydrological cycles, at the same time, affect variabilities
of monsoon climate through various feedbacks. To
understand the physical processes involved in the hydrological
cycles is, therefore, very crucial for predicting
the hydro-climate condition with various time-scales.
This program will focus on understanding the hydrological
processes in the weather and climate systems,
and develop models for predicting regional and continental-scale
hydrological cycles. Particular emphasis
will be put on the processes in the Asia/Australia monsoon
region and the Eurasian continent.
a. Group for Large-scale Hydrological Processes
This group focuses on the impact of climate change
and variability on continental and regional scale
hydrological cycle and their feedbacks to climate variability,
based on global scale reanalysis data, satelliteremote
sensing data and in-situ measurement data.
Validation of hydrological processes obtained from
simulations by General Circulation Models (GCM)
and regional climate models is also carried out by
using observational data mentioned above. In the
FY, the following studies were conducted.
a-. Variations of Global, Continental, and Regionalscale
Energy and Water Cycle
Long-term trends in the energy and hydrological
cycle in the tropics were examined using global gridded
precipitation data (CMAP, GPCP), Outgoing
Longwave Radiation (OLR) data as a convective
activity, diabatic heating data from NCEP- reanalysis
and divergent circulation parameters for the recent two
decades (-). The results demonstrated a
decrease of precipitation (weakening of convective
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activity) over the eastern part of the warm pool region
and associated changes in Hadley and Walker circulations
over the Pacific sector. Drastic changes in the
heating and circulation fields were noticed particularly
since the / ENSO events.
Climatological mean water balance in the Lena
river basin is evaluated by atmospheric water balance,
making use of moisture convergence evaluated from
NCEP Reanalysis data and precipitation from
GPCP. Summertime evaporation evaluated this way is
compared with the weighted average of field observations
at the three sites of GAME-Siberia, Tiksi,
Yakutsk and Tynda, where there is close agreement.
GAME Reanalysis product, which covers April to
October , is evaluated in the context of water balance
of continental-scale river basins. With temporal
resolution of one month and spatial scale larger than
km, precipitation from GAME Reanalysis agrees
with observation-based data sets such as GPCP in
most of the cold regions and in some (though not all)
of the temperate and tropical zones. On the other hand,
a case study for the Indochina peninsula reveals that
both GAME Reanalysis and GPCP do not represent
features of precipitation with spatial scales smaller
than km.
Following the success of the first phase of the global
soil wetness project, the second phase was planned.
The science plan and the implementation plan were
prepared by P.A. Dirmeyer and T. Oki, and the inaugural
meeting was held in Center for Ocean-Land-
Atomosphere Studies (COLA), USA, in October,
. More than land surface modeling groups are
expected to join the second phase of the GSWP to
perform the -year offline simulation of land surface
models to develop the best estimates of the global
water and energy balances, and to explore the landatmosphere
interactions and their long term variations.
T. Oki is co-chairing the project and contributing
for the distributed data center and the hydrological
validation part.
a-. Land Surface (snow cover, soil moisture, vegetation)–atmosphere
Interaction and Climate
Variability
From the analysis targeting the vegetation over north
Asia using remote sensing data, a west-to-east phenological
green wave was found. The results were summarized
in a paper accepted by an international journal.
The land surface and the atmospheric boundary
layer (ABL) around Yakutsk, a city in eastern Siberia,
was studied using airborne data acquired by the
FORSGC field experiment. The distribution of diverse
land surfaces was mapped and its relation to the water
and energy flux in the ABL was discussed.
The relationship between continental-scale snow
cover variation and the dominant mode of the atmospheric
variability on the seasonal to interannual
timescale, i.e., the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)
or Arctic Oscillation (AO) were examined. The result
demonstrated that they have common preferred
timescales (quasi-biennial and sub-decadal), and that
snow cover leads atmosphere by several or more
months on the sub-decadal period.
a-. Climate Variability and Hydrological Processes
Surface heat and water balance trends and climatic
variation over Eastern Asia, including the Tibetan
Plateau, were analyzed using meteorological data for
points in the period to . Changes in heat
and water balances were examined using potential
evaporation, and a wetness index (Kondo and Xu,
a, b). Climate zones in Eastern Asia identified
by the wetness index matched well with the distribution
of vegetation. Average monthly temperatures increased
over the years, with the sharpest increase in
February. The data showed that diurnal temperature
ranges have decreased and diurnal surface temperature
ranges have increased in recent years. From the Tibetan
Plateau, through central China, to southern Northeast
China, there has been an increase in potential evaporation
and pan evaporation (Fig. ), which may be related
to higher temperatures and a lack of surface water.
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80 90 100 110 120 130 140
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Fig. 4 a) Trends of potential evaporation during 1971-2000. b) Trends of observed pan evaporation during 1971-2000.
Changes in storm track activity were identified to
examine how these changes affect the seasonal mean
flow over northern Eurasia associated with an interannual
seesaw in summer precipitation between east and west
Siberia (ES and WS). In the two extreme phases of this
oscillation, an east-west dipole pattern of precipitation
anomalies prevails over much of Siberia. We focused on
the years from – when such spatial–temporal
characteristics of the oscillation are clear and consistent,
as noted by Fukutomi et al. (). The two precipitation
regimes that are manifest as out-of-phase dipole
patterns are represented as the ES-wet--WS-dry regime
and the WS-wet--ES-dry regime. We documented largescale
atmospheric patterns and storm track activities
associated with these contrasting regimes using linear
regression and compositing, and highlighted the synoptic-scale
eddy forcing on the mean circulations.
The climatic distribution and its long-term variability
of the low-level cloud observed by the surface
observer over the Eurasian continent were investigated.
The frequency of appearance of low-level clouds
over China and Mongolia obviously decreased during
the last two decades. While the suppressing of cumuliform
clouds was evident over the whole of China,
stratiform clouds increased in the southern China during
the summer season (Fig. ). However these longterm
trends of low-level cloud have small correlation
to the precipitation trends over China.
Decadal-scale SST variations in the mid-latitude
North Pacific were examined to diagnose the relative
importance between surface and subsurface forcing on
FRQ
FRQ
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The Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Valley
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Cu
Clear
70 75 80 85 90 95
YEAR
Fig. 5 Time series data showing the frequency of appearance of
lower-level clouds in the lower reach of Yangtze River valley
(top) and the coastal region of South China Sea (bottom)
from 1971 to 1996. The linear trends which are significant
at the 95% level are also shown (dashed lines).
the variations. For quantitative discussion, a diagnostic
equation based on the annual integration considering
the large seasonal change of ocean mixed layer
was proposed. It was found that ocean dynamics
played an important role for the low-frequency SST
variation in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension where the
ocean mixed layer is deep.
b. The Hydrological Process on Land Group
Sensitivity of frozen soil permeability and surface
water storage was investigated using a one-dimensional
land surface model that can be implemented in a climate
model. The atmospheric conditions were
assumed to be those in frozen ground regions of
Russia. The results shows that evaporation is quite
sensitive in these processes. The annual evaporation is
Sc
Cb
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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reduced by the frozen soil permeability and is
enhanced by the surface storage (see Figure ).
The effects of the land-surface process on the Asian
continent were estimated by data analysis and by
numerical models. We found that the land surface heating
in Siberia affects the activity of the Okhotsk high,
which often bring us cold summers. By data analysis,
the relation between the land surface in Siberia and the
Okhotsk high are speculated as follows: () A poleward
warm and moist air advection appears in the
lower troposphere induced by the heat contrast
between the continent and Okhotsk Sea. () The warm
and moist poleward wind increases convection instability
around East Siberia and then cumulus convection
appears there. () Latent heat released by the cumulus
m
m
m
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P run
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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1982
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Fig. 6 Time-depth cross section of daily volumetric soil moisture
content (color tones) and soil moisture fluxes (arrows) at
Khabarovsk. Upper panel: without soil moisture flux, without
surface water storage, Middle panel: Same as the
upper panel except for with ice dependent permeability of
frozen ground, Bottom panel: Same as the middle panel,
except for with surface water storage.
convection deforms the large scale atmospheric circulation
and forms an anti-cyclonic circulation around
the convective region. () The upper tropospheric ridge
is formed by the interaction between the anti-cyclonic
circulation and the westerly. () Then, the Okhotsk
high is intensified by an equatorward flow located east
of the ridge in the upper troposphere.
c. Clouds and Precipitation Process Group
c-. Improvement of Parameterization Schemes of
Microphysics and Radiative Properties of Clouds
We proposed a new method to predict the optical
thickness, effective radius, and concentration of cloud
droplets in water layer clouds by using the spectrum of
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), ascent velocity at
cloud base, and liquid water path (LWP) (Kuba et al.,
). A retrieval method is also proposed to predict
CCN number concentration by using independent observational
data of ascent velocity at the cloud base, the
optical thickness and LWP of clouds. These parameterizations
are derived from a large number of numerical
simulations using a newly developed cloud microphysical
model. Then, Kuba and Iwabuchi () improved
the approximation for convenience. In addition, this
study proposes an approximation for higher updraft
velocities than those in the previous paper (Figure ).
A multi-spectral non-local (MSN) method to
retrieve boundary layer cloud physical quantities from
optical remote sensing data is examined as an alternative
to the conventional independent pixel approximation
(IPA) retrieval method. The radiance data to be
observed from space were simulated by using a threedimensional
radiation model and stochastic boundary
layer cloud model with horizontal and vertical inhomogeneity
of cloud liquid water and effective radius.
It is demonstrated that with MSN method, the error
can be reduced to about -%. A generalization ability
of MSN method was examined, and a high performance
is demonstrated, not highly depending on
assumptions in inhomogeneous cloud models.
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1000
800
a
V base = 0.24 ms -1
V base = 0.12 ms -1
V base = 0.06 ms -1
10000
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b V base = 2.0 ms -1
V base = 1.0 ms -1
V base = 0.5 ms -1
Nd (cm -3 )
600
400
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6000
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200
2000
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0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
N c (0.2%) (cm -3 )
N c (0.5%) (cm -3 )
Fig. 7 a. Relationship between cloud droplet concentration at 100m above cloud base, N d , and
the cumulative number of CCN that can be activated at 0.2% supersaturation, N c (0.2%),
for three updraft velocities: 0.24, 0.12 and 0.06m s -1 .
b. Relationship between the cloud droplet concentration at 100m above cloud base, N d ,
and the cumulative number of CCN that can be activated at 0.5% supersaturation, N c
(0.5%), for three updraft velocities: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0m s -1 .
c-. Improvement of Cloud-resolving Models and
Numerical Experiments
A mesoscale-convection-resolving model (MCRM),
which had been developed and applied to cloud clusters
associated with a Baiu front in the previous year, was
used to simulate and understand typhoon Flo (T). It
was shown that the MCRM could simulate rainfall distributions
and other features of the typhoon much better
than those obtained in an international model intercomparison
(Nagata et al., ) by other researchers and
operational prediction centers (Figure ). Although it is
desirable to improve the MCRM further in coming years,
it appears that the performance of the model has nearly
attained a reasonable level with respect to parameterization
(or implicit representation) of the effects of cumulus
convection which is of the subgrid-scale in a model having
horizontal grid sizes of ~km. On the other hand, a
nonhydrostatic model, which can resolve cumulus convection
with a grid size of km, was significantly
improved, and used to simulate and understand a tropical
squall-line. A triply-nested grid version was also developed
to study efficiently weather systems such as Baiu
fronts and tropical cyclones in the near future, which
should also be a basis for improvement of the MCRM.
c-. Understanding the Physical Processes of
Mesoscale Convective Systems
Numerical experiments of the mesoscale system
along the Meiyu front were performed. The system is
the one observed near Fuyang radar site (. E,
. N) on July , . Two datasets, i.e., the
LATITUDE
LATITUDE
QC (200) at 24 hours
QC (200) at 48 hours
25
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3
20
2 20
2
1
1
0
0
0
0
15
15
130 135 140 145
130 135 140 145
LONGITUDE
LONGITUDE
Fig. 8 Cloud water content at 200 hPa (upper panels) and lowlevel
rainwater content (lower panels) in Typhoon 9019
(Flo) simulated by our model (MCRM) at 24 hours (left) and
48 hours (right) after the initial time.
LATITUDE
LATITUDE
QR (SFC) at 24 hours
QR (SFC) at 48 hours
25
25
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0
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130 135 140 145
LONGITUDE
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GAME-Reanalysis and ECMWF data, are used to make
initial and boundary conditions. The data at UTC on
July were used for the initial condition and hours
integration was performed. The disturbance of the
GAME-Reanalysis run is too strong and moves too fast
to the northeastward, and after its movement there is no
intense convection. On the other hand, in the ECMWF
run, many convection systems develop around the front
and the persistent heavy rainfall area is properly reproduced.
We preformed several sensitivity experiments
which show that the surface condition does not play an
important role in this heavy rainfall event.
c-. GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS) Model
Inter-comparison
We proposed the snow cloud system associated
with the winter monsoon as a case suitable for international
model intercomparison.
3. Global Warming Research Program
The main goal of the Global Warming Research
Program is the projection and predictive understanding
of global warming. The program consists of three
research group projects, which conduct research on
global warming, carbon cycle and paleoclimate. The
th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC) is to be prepared in .
This program aims to contribute to the report on the
projection of future climate change. Here, selected
research accomplishments during the last fiscal year
are briefly described.
reduction of the global warming through negative
water vapor feedback using a cumulus chimney model
(left panel in Figure. ). This point was examined with
the use of two-dimensional radiative-convective models
without cumulus parameterization. The circulation
obtained is schematically illustrated in the right panel
of Fig. and is different from a chimney model. The
detrainment from the cumulus especially at low levels
effectively humidifies the surrounding atmosphere.
This is contrasted to the chimney type circulation
hypothesized by Lindzen.
Global warming impacts on tropical cyclone climatology,
was investigated using a high-resolution
atmospheric general circulation model. The frequency
of tropical cyclone formation decreases significantly
in response to CO increase through radiation processes
of the model, even without changing sea surface
temperature. During FY, further investigation of
the effect of CO increase was made by analyzing the
output of CO and CO experiments with the
model of JMA-GSM, T L. It is shown that,
in response to CO increase, vorticities tends to be
weaker in the tropics.
As one of the methods to validate radiative feedback
in atmospheric GCMs, this study estimated how the
radiative damping of the annually varying, global mean
surface temperature anomaly is altered by the net effect
a. Global Warming Research Group
The Cumulus Convection and Water Vapor
Feedback in Global Warming was investigated. Many
studies of global warming have commonly reported
positive water vapor feedback. However, this is not
self-evident, since water vapor content in the atmosphere
may be significantly affected by cumulus convection
which involves strong vertical motions. For
example, Lindzen () claimed a possibility of
Fig. 9 Schematic figures for circulations around cumulus
assumed in the cumulus chimney model (left), and those
obtained from this study (right). Orange and blue arrows
show those convectively forced and those responsible for
the net transport, respectively.
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of all feedbacks combined, using the top-of-the atmosphere
fluxes of solar and terrestrial radiation obtained
from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE).
Our analysis indicates that the feedbacks as a whole
are positive, and are responsible for reducing the
radiative damping of global surface temperature
anomaly by as much as %. It also reveals that this
positive feedback effect is attributable to both long
wave and solar components.
Similar feedback analysis is conducted for three
GCMs. It is noted that the sign and magnitude of the
net feedback effect in all three models is similar to
those of the observed. However, the contributions
from the terrestrial and solar components of the net
feedback effect are different between the simulated
and observed. It is indicated that the difference in each
components of the feedback is attributable mainly to
the failure of the models to simulate the terrestrial and
solar components of the cloud feedback.
b. Carbon Cycle Research Group
During the last few years, the Carbon Cycle
Research Group engaged in the development of an
ecosystem model, NEMURO (North pacific
Ecosystem Model Used for Regional Oceanography),
in the North Pacific Marine Science Organization
(PICES). The study using NEMURO has contributed
as a part of the North Pacific Task Team (NPTT) in
the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS). In
FY, a D ecosystem model was developed. The
simulated global distributions of chlorophyll, concentrations
of nutrients and partial pressure of CO agree
roughly with observations. A case study shows that
the seasonal vertical migration of copepods affects primary
production in the northwestern Pacific, and that
the presence of copepods throughout the year reduces
the primary production by diatoms. The globally averaged
total downward flux by the vertical migration of
copepods is estimated to be .GtC/yr, which is -
% of that by settling particle at the depth of m.
Therefore, this process would be required for realistic
simulation of the marine biological cycles.
We have started a study of an eddy-resolving high
resolution model with /x/ degrees on the Earth
Simulator, to understand effects of meso-scale eddies
on the CFCs distribution. As a preliminary study using
eddy-permitting high resolution model with /x/
degrees, its analysis shows that uptakes in the coastal
ocean and marginal seas are important globally for
both CFC- and anthropogenic CO .
During the last few years, the Carbon Cycle
Research Group has participated in the OCMIP, and
has started an experiment for interannual variability
for the next phase, OCMIP.
c. Paleoclimate Research Group
In FY, the coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM
(CGCM), which is planned to be used for the new
global warming studies in the IPCC frame work, was
installed on the Earth Simulator. The project is performed
as one of the MEXT's sub-projects. The coupled
atmosphere-ocean model without the so-called
'flux adjustment' with an intermediate resolution
(about km for atmosphere and to km for
ocean) was developed, tuned and tested against observational
data. Several test runs of transient CO
increase with the latest model versions are in progress.
In order to include ice sheet changes in the model
in future, an ice sheet model has been developed with
the collaboration of Center for Climate System
Research of the University of Tokyo (CCSR). The
model is applied for Greenland ice sheet and
Antarctica ice sheet as well as Northern Hemisphere
ice sheet that existed during the ice age.
A climate model of intermediate complexity is useful
not only for performing long-term variability
experiments but also for interpreting CGCM results.
One such model has been developed and tuned in
FY for the purpose of studies such as millennium
oscillation during the ice age. The model succeeds in
producing a reasonable sea ice distribution and deep
water formation near Norway as observed. The
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strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water formation
reaches a realistic value, ranging from to Sv.
A new analysis of paleo-climate data was made,
using wavelet methods to determine the timings and
characteristics of the ice-age terminations. One novel
aspect was the use of an antisymmetric wavelet which
detects locations in the time series where there are large
changes. The results are consistent with previous ones
but it was, for the first time, possible to explore the features
of the individual terminations in an objective way.
It was found that, at the terminations, the interval
between atmospheric carbon dioxide changes and sealevel
is about ~kyr, compared with ~kyr obtained
using Fourier methods which estimate the phase over
the whole ~kyr signal. The sea level change is the
fastest but occurs after the other three components.
The stability of climate and the extent of partial ice
cover due to carbon cycle feedback was investigated. A
global carbon cycle which accounts for atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentrations and the terrestrial and oceanic
storage of carbon was introduced into a zonally averaged
energy balance model. It was found that inclusion
of a closed carbon cycle reduces the range of insolation
over which stable partial ice solutions may occur.
In order to understand the role of oceans in paleoclimate,
we have performed several sensitivity experiments
with the use of GFDL CGCM. In the control
run, they found a pronounced variability of a -year
period in the Southern Ocean (see Fig.). The
sensitivity experiments of quadrupled atmospheric
CO concentration without Greenland and Antarctic
ice sheets are carried out to investigate both the surface
climate and response of the thermohaline circulation
(THC). Sensitivity experiments to study the
effects of opening and closing the Gibraltar, Drake
Passage and the Panama Isthmus on the global climate
and THC are currently in progress. Results from a run
whereby the Mediterranean outflow is not simulated
(NMOW) shows general decreases in sea surface
salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST) in the North
Atlantic accompanied by a decrease in average THC
by . Sv below that of the control run.
4. Atmospheric Composition Research Program
The target of this program is the prediction of the air
quality change and climate change as well as the elucidation
of the link between them. Three categories of
atmospheric species studied in this program are long-
a
b
2.0
0.0
-2.0
SST
2.0
0.0
-2.0
8000 8100 8200 8300 8400 8500
1 3 5 7 9 11
Fig.10 (a) Distribution of mean (line-contoured) and standard deviation (colorshaded)
of sea surface temperature (unit in centigrade). The enclosed
area indicates the southern limb. (b) Time series of sea surface temperature
in the southern limb over the sample period from model year
8000 to 8500.
2 4 6 8 10
SST (x10)
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lived greenhouse gasses (CO , CH , N O, etc.), shortlived
reactive gaseous species (O , CO, NOx, VOC,
SO , OH, HO , etc.) and aerosols.
As a part of chemical transport model development,
regional-scale model and higher resolution global
model using the TRACE-P aircraft campaign data have
been successfully verified, which opened the way to
further development of process study. Also, a parallel
version of higher resolution atmospheric transport
model for analysis of sources and sinks of greenhouse
gases has been developed, enabling the use of the Earth
Simulator for future studies.
OH and HO radical field in North and Southeast
Asia has been obtained for the first time by using a
regional chemical transport model. Methane emission
from rice fields in mainland China has been estimated
by using the regional specific emission factors based
on thoroughly compiled datasets. The obtained value
. Tg yr - is substantially lower than the previously
reported values. This lower value is recommended to
be used in future studies.
a. Global Chemical Transport Modeling Group
Using the FRSGC/UCI CTM in conjunction with aircraft
observations from the NASA TRACE-P campaign,
it has been demonstrated that current global
chemical transport models run at high resolution can
successfully reproduce the regional distribution of
ozone over the western Pacific in springtime, including
the high variability induced by the passage of frontal
systems, photochemical production, and intrusion of air
from the stratosphere. In addition, it has been shown
that the chemical production of ozone can be simulated
well compared with observations, and hence that this
type of model is capable of addressing the global implications
for air quality and climate of regional emissions
of ozone precursors with high reliability. Fig. compares
the net production rate of ozone along the flight
tracks of the DC- and P-B aircraft over the western
Pacific during the TRACE-P campaign. The model
reproduced the observed zonal mean vertical profile of
net ozone production successfully.
We participated in the NASDA PEACE-A/B with a
global chemical transport model, CHASER, based on
CCSR/NIES AGCM. The chemical weather forecast
by the model well captured the transport of air pollutant
accompanying with a cold front.
The reaction scheme of SEAMAC is updated to
incorporate an explicit description of the degradation
of up to C hydrocarbons including ethene, propene,
and acetylene. Model calculations evaluated the effect
of these compounds on halogen chemistry in the
marine boundary layer.
b. Regional Chemical Transport Modeling Group
The CMAQ/RAMS model was applied to study the
temporal and spatial distributions of OH and HO in
the springtime of in East Asia when the NASA
12
11
10
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8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Altitude /km
Net Ozone Production (FRSGC CTM)
2
-2
4
2
-8
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10N 15N 20N 25N 30N 35N 40N 45N
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8
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Altitude /km
Net Ozone Production (Observations)
2
4 0 4
-2
2-2
4
2
16
8 32
10N 15N 20N 25N 30N 35N 40N 45N
-32 -16 -8 -4 -2 0 2 4 8 16 32
1e5 mol / cm 3 / s
Fig.11 Net production rate of ozone along the flight tracks of the DC-8 and P-3B aircraft
over the western Pacific during the TRACE-P campaign, showing boundary layer
production over Northeast Asia, destruction over marine regions, and slow production
in the upper troposphere.
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TRACE-P campaign was conducted. For evaluating
the model performance, modeled concentrations of OH
and HO were compared with observational data
obtained onboard the DC- and P-B during the campaign.
Comparison shows that simulated OH and HO
concentrations agree reasonably well with observations,
while calculated values are generally higher than
the observed values. Fig. shows calculated regional
distribution of OH and HO radicals in East Asia in the
daytime on March , .
The Air Quality Prediction Modeling System
(AQPMS) is used to perform year-long, quantitative
simulation of rainwater pH in East Asia. Monitoring
data of EANET (the Acid Deposition Monitoring
Network in East Asia) in addition to the field observation
data of SEPA (State Environmental Protection
Administration) of China are used to evaluate the
model, and a reasonable agreement is obtained.
c. Greenhouse Gases Modeling Group
Using inverse model techniques, we select most
effective procedures for future atmospheric CO observations.
An assessment of the utility of CO vertical
profile measurements by a solar occultation based
satellite sensor is made. We have compared the
impacts of these possible vertical profile observations
and optimal extensions of the present surface measurement
network on the estimation of CO regional
sources from annual average CO concentration patterns
by an inverse model. The satellite measurements
are valuable to constrain the CO source uncertainties
for the tropical lands with no existing observations.
The optimal extension of the surface network appears
to be the more effective way to reduce average inverse
model uncertainty; however, in high resolution inversion
the relative merit of the satellite data is higher
than that in the low-resolution case. We show that the
systematic errors in satellite observations can lead to
significant shifts in the inverse model-estimated fluxes.
Parallel version of the atmospheric transport model
has been developed for high-resolution, long-term,
multiple tracer simulations necessary for forward and
inverse model analysis. CO fluxes, simulated with
ecosystem model Biome-BGC, were prepared. We also
continue developing and improving data analysis software,
incorporating data fitting and filtering, editing
and visualization. The analysis system was applied to
shipboard measurement data of atmospheric N O over
the Pacific Ocean.
d. Atmospheric Composition Data Analysis Group
Carbon monoxide total column amount is regularly
measured over Hokkaido since and over Russia
since . A comparison of these total columns
reveals a systematic CO surplus over Hokkaido in
summer months. Calculations based on isentropic trajectories
and inventories of CO sources show that forest
fires and combustion processes in populated areas
contribute to this surplus (Fig.).
The surface O and CO data from continuous meas-
Fig.12 Simulated regional distribution of a) OH and b) HO 2 radicals in East Asia at 13Z
on March 7, 2001 during TRACE-P campaign period.
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than many earlier ones. Nitrous oxide, and ammonia
emission from animal farming of South, Southeast, and
East Asia, in , was estimated at about . Tg
N O_N and . Tg NH _N, respectively, For providing
spatial distributions of these gases, the emissions of
county and district level were allocated into each
.˚grid by means of weighting by high-resolution land
cover data sets.
Fig. 13 Difference in CO monthly mean total column amounts
between Moshiri /Rikubetsu stations (Hokkaido, Japan)
and Zvenigorod station (near Moscow, Russia) (blue) compared
with calculated contributions from forest fire emissions
(red) and incomplete combustion of wood and oil
products (black).
urements at a tropical rural site in Thailand show
strong seasonal cycles with a peak in the late-dry season
(February-March) and a valley in mid-wet season
(June-August). Analysis of air mass trajectories and
ATSR satellite hot spots data verify that the high O
and CO observed in continental SE Asia are caused
mainly by the regional-scale biomass burning. Longrange
transport of regionally polluted continental air
from East Asia also partly contributes to these high O
and CO levels. Meanwhile, the low O and CO in the
wet season are due to the inflow of clean marine air
masses from the Indian Ocean.
Long-term ozonesonde data (-) for tropospheric
ozone from central Europe and East Asia have
been analyzed using the isentropic backward trajectories.
It was shown that photochemically aged boundary layer
ozone reflects the NOx emission trend in each continent.
We collected data of most of the field studies on
methane emission from rice fields available so far in
mainland China. Based on these region-specific emission
factors and statistical data on rice areas of ,
we estimated CH emission from rice fields during the
rice-growing season (from transplanting to harvest) in
Mainland China to be . Tg yr - , with a range of .
to . Tg CH yr - . This estimate is significantly lower
5. Ecosystem Change Research Program
One of the most important research subjects of today
is investigating the influence of climate and environmental
changes such as global warming and desertification
on species distribution and diversities. For this
mission, the objective of the Ecosystem Change
Research Program (ECRP) is to research on evaluation
of the influences of climate and environmental changes
on ecosystems and modeling their mechanisms.
Conversely, the influence of ecosystem changes on climate
and the environment are evaluated and their
mechanisms are modeled. Our program consists of the
following four groups, studying environmental dynamics
and conducting research on modeling dynamics.
a. Ecosystem-Atmospheric Interaction Model Group
b. Ecosystem Architecture Model Group
c. Ecosystem Geographical Distribution Model Group
d. Marine Biological Process Model Group
In FY , we started the detection of ecosystem
change on land and in the ocean by satellite remote
sensing. ECRP also launched research on the integration
of remote sensing with modeling to improve the
model simulation accuracy.
a. Ecosystem-Atmosphere Interaction Model Group
We have been developing a simulation model of carbon
cycle in land ecosystems (Sim-CYCLE). In
FY, we extended to account for the atmospherebiosphere
exchange of stable carbon isotope composition
(δ C). Global simulation showed average fraction-
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ation effect was apparently different between C -dominated
forests and C -dominated grasslands. Long-term
simulation suggests that δ C of the terrestrial biosphere
has gradually decreased during the last decades.
A considerable magnitude of isotopic disequilibrium
was found between the atmosphere and biosphere.
However, the interannual variability of isotopic disequilibrium
is shed by the seasonal change and spatial
difference. These results may carry implications for the
inversion analyses of global carbon cycle based on
atmospheric CO and its isotopic composition data.
Furthermore, to investigate the response of terrestrial
carbon budget to the future climate change, a series of
off-line simulations was performed. As a result of the
drastic increase in atmospheric CO and global warming,
plant productivity was estimated to increase by
approximately %, leading to net carbon accumulation
into biomass storage. At the same time, the
warmer climate enhanced microbial soil decomposition,
and soil organic carbon was estimated to the
release of carbon to the atmosphere.
Furthermore, we conducted simulation by using
three climate scenarios and obtained a different
response for each in terms of net ecosystem carbon
(Figure ). This finding allows us to recognize the
importance of introducing the carbon cycle feedback
into the next generation climate model.
b. Ecosystem Architecture Model Group
The objective of this group is to forecast long-term
(-year) changes in forest ecosystems, which form the
largest terrestrial organic carbon pool, in response to climate
and environmental changes. For this, we have
modeled ecological processes at various scales by concentrating
on three-dimensional ecosystem architecture.
In FY , we further revised the shoot-modulebased
simulator, PipeTree, targeting a sub-alpine coniferous
forest of central Japan, and developed individualtree-based
model for deciduous forest systems in
northern Japan. We also took a new modeling
approach as a sub-model of Sim-CYCLE to predict the
forest boundary change with global warming in taigatundra
boundary. In addition, PipeTree has been
applied for the observed natural regeneration processes
of the subalpine species. This study suggested that contact
stimulus between nearby branches had additional
Fig.14 Temporal variation in total terrestrial carbon storage from 1950 to 2099, estimated by Sim-
CYCLE simulation. IPCC-SRES A2 atmospheric CO 2 scenario and climate projections by
CCSR/NIES, CCCma, and HadCM3 climate models were assumed.
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effects on lower branch shedding besides conventionally
known shortage of light source (figure ).
In addition, we launched research on dynamic global
vegetation models (DGVM), which will play a critical
role in constructing ecosystem models in the future.
c. Ecosystem Geographical Distribution Model Group
The objectives of Ecosystem Geographical
Distribution Model (EGDM) Group are remotely sensed
satellite observations to monitor and model terrestrial
ecosystems and their relation to environmental and climate
variability. We focused on the effects of snow
cover on vegetation dynamics in Northern Hemisphere
land areas and satellite-based photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR) and its role in terrestrial primary production
and ecosystem-atmosphere carbon exchange.
In FY , we used -year satellite observations of
snow cover, vegetation greenness (measured by the
normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI), and air
temperature data for North Eurasian land areas to
examine the spatial and temporal patterns in the relation
between snow cover, climate, and vegetation growth
(Figure ). Since reliable data on the global distribution
and temporal variability of PAR are essential to
accurate modeling of the terrestrial carbon cycle, we
applied PAR data obtained from a tropical site in northcentral
Thailand into a two-leaf (sun-shade) model of
forest canopy photosynthesis. The results show that
daily net canopy photosynthesis increases with increasing
diffuse fraction (DF) (when the total available PAR
becomes a limiting factor). These results reinforce past
studies that have relied on modeled or empirical estimates
of PAR. This research contributes to improving
latitude
70
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50
a
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
day of year
latitude
70
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b
-0.02 -0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02
ZFSF (linear trend, fraction/yr)
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
day of year
latitude
70
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c
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
ZNDN (linear trend, fraction/year)
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
day of year
-0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20
ZT (linear trend, deg. C/yr)
Fig.15 View of 54-year-old stand of subalpine fir forest, simulated
by PipeTree.
Fig.16 Linear trends (1982-1999) in (a) zonal snow-cover (ZFSF), (b)
normalized NDVI (ZNDN), and (c) air temperature (ZT). For
ZNDN and ZT, only active growing season values are displayed
(days in which the 18-year mean ZT > 0 degrees C).
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our understanding of the effects of solar radiation on
the terrestrial carbon cycle, and provides a critical foundation
for satellite-based monitoring of PAR and modeling
of the global carbon cycle.
d. Marine Biological Process Model Group
We have evaluated the effects of global climatic and
environmental changes on biological process such as
productivity in the ocean. We also have examined that
possible feedback to the global environments through
changes in the ocean carbon cycles resulted from the
ecosystem changes. Especially, we aim at discovering
the functional relationship of the lower trophic level
ecosystem change in the North Pacific to the recent
global climate variation.
During FY , we observed signals of alteration of
physical, chemical, and biological environments of the
water column in one of the world's most productive
regions, the Oyashio Water in the western subarctic
North Pacific from s to s. We found increased
a) conventional view
wind stress
solar radiation
month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul.
fresh water inflow
Phytoplankton bloom
50m
100m
150m
b) novel view
wind stress
solar radiation
month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul.
fresh water inflow
50m
100m
150m
Critical Depth
Mixed Layer Depth
Critical Depth
Mixed Layer Depth
Nutrient concentration
Fig.17 Physical/chemical/biological processes from winter to
spring in the Oyashio Water: comparison of the conventional
view a) and novel view b).
density gradient between surface and subsurface waters
that curbed the vertical mixing of seawater during this
period. Consequently, not enough nutrients from the
deeper ocean were supplied to diatoms. The biomass of
spring zooplankton, as an indicator of the secondary production,
was also decreased (Figure ). On the other
hand, looking only at wintertime, production of diatoms
was enhanced due to a stable, shallow mixed layer with
sufficient nutrients, which may be the result of an
increased wintertime food availability to Neocalanu spp
and that caused earlier maturity of these species.
6. Integrated Modeling Research Program
The mission of the Program is to develop "new" climate
models, global environmental models and ocean
data assimilation systems to be run on the world's fastest
"Earth Simulator" which was completed in March .
The following are the current targets of development :
(i) Spectral atmosphere model with a horizontal resolution
T and layers in the vertical, world ocean
model with . horizontal resolution and layers in
the vertical, and a coupled A-O GCM consisting of
the two. An objective is to carry out long-term global
warming experiments for oceans that contain eddies.
(ii) Atmosphere model with a horizontal mesh size of
km or less by which tropical cloud clusters and
other meso-scale atmospheric systems can be represented
explicitly. Similarly, eddy resolving world
ocean models are being developed as the coordinate
system to cover the globe cubic-grid and incosahedral-grid
(quasi-uniform grids) are adopted.
(iii) Development of models to include new elements
such as aerosols' effects on clouds, or the global carbon
cycle, on the basis of currently existing climate
models cooperating with other research programs.
(iv) In addition to the above described model development,
ocean data assimilation systems are also being
developed in this program. Four-dimensional variational
data assimilation systems, which incorporate
satellite and in-situ observational data into numerical
models, are the target of development. These can
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provide realistic initial conditions for adequate prediction
and also useful re-analysis datasets for accurate
estimation of ocean circulation processes.
a. Coupled Model Development
a-. Future Climate Change Projection Using a High-
Resolution Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Climate
Model
The aim of this project is to conduct a series of future
climate change projection experiments using a high-resolution
coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model on the
Earth Simulator. The project team consists of members
of Center for Climate System Research of the
University of Tokyo (CCSR), National Institute for
Environmental Studies (NIES), and Frontier Research
System for Global Change (FRSGC).
For the high-resolution future climate change projection,
we have targeted the following spatial resolution
of the model:
T spectral truncation (approximately .˚) in horizontal
and levels in vertical for the atmospheric part
.˚ .˚ in horizontal and levels in vertical
for the oceanic and sea-ice part
With this atmospheric resolution, regional-scale climatic
features such as Baiu front and tropical cyclones
can be represented. The oceanic resolution should be
higher so that the model can reproduce realistic temporal
variation of sea-surface height and the complex ocean
current system in the northern North Atlantic and the
Arctic Oceans, which is critically important to reproduce
the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) realistically.
Further details are referred to the report of the project
in this volume.
a-. Improvement of Physical Processes in Climate
Models
(i) Development of new radiation scheme
So far there has been no unique method applicable
to treat any overlapping of bands on radiative transfer
calculation when we require both high accuracy and
computational efficiency. After examining several possible
schemes, it is found that only one scheme is not
sufficient to treat all overlapping bands with the same
accuracy. Therefore we develop an optimized scheme
to obtain k-distribution parameters for overlapping
bands by combining completely uncorrelated, perfectly
correlated and partly correlated schemes.
By use of this newly developed scheme, calculations
of radiative flux and atmospheric heating/cooling rate
were performed and the results were compared with
corresponding results of the LBL calculations for six
model atmospheres (Tropical, Midlatitude summer and
winter, Subarctic summer and winter and the US
Standard Atmosphere). The results are shown in Fig.
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
a
TRO
CKD
LBL
Error
1E+3
-12.0 -8.0 -4.0 0.0 4.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
c
CKD
LBL
Error
CKD
LBL
Error
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
1E+3
-12.0 -8.0 -4.0 0.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
e
MLW
SAW
1E+3
-12.0 -8.0 -4.0 0.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
1E+3
b
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
d
MLS
CKD
LBL
Error
-12.0 -8.0 -4.0 0.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
CKD
LBL
Error
CKD
LBL
Error
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
1E+3
-12.0 -8.0 -4.0 0.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4 -0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
Error (K/d)
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
1E+3
f
SAS
USS
-12.0 -8.0 -4.0 0.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
Fig.18 The comparison of heating rates for four transmission
schemes to those of LBL model. Black solid line represents
LBL results; the dashed lines with different colors
represent errors of the four schemes to LBL results. (a)
H 2 O, CO 2 and O 3 (630-700cm -1 ); (b) H 2 O, N 2 O and CH 4
(1200-1350cm -1 ); (c) H 2 O, CO 2 and O 3 (940-1200cm -1 ); (d)
H 2 O and CH 4 (3900-4540cm -1 ).
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P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
1E+3
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
1E+3
a
TRO
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
1E+3
c
e
MLW
SAW
CKD
LBL
Error
CKD
LBL
Error
CKD
LBL
Error
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
1E+3
0.1
1
10
1E+2
1E+3
b
MLS
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
P (mb)
0.1
1
10
1E+2
d
SAS
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
P (mb)
f
USS
CKD
LBL
Error
CKD
LBL
Error
CKD
LBL
Error
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
1E+3
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
Heating Rate (K/d)
to Baiu. As to the effect on the intra-seasonal (M-J)
oscillation, the inclusion of the trigger apparently
improves its generation and propagation.
(iii) Improvement in the diagnosis of cloud amount
So far there was a problem regarding the determination
of cloud amount in the currently used CCSR/NIES
AGCM. Namely, in increasing the vertical resolution
hence increasing the number of cloud layers the simulated
total cloud amount tends to be larger compared
with the observation though the TOA radiation balance
is correct (parameters are tuned to keep the balance).
The most likely cause of the problem was considered
to come from more and more "thin clouds" formation
with the increase of layers. So, in counting cloud
amount or identifying cloud area, a threshold in cloud
optical thickness was introduced. The value is . in
accord with the threshold adopted by ISCCP. Results
of simulation with this threshold were apparently better
than those without it.
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
-0.2 0.2
-0.4 0.0 0.4
Error (K/d)
Fig.19 Spectrally integrated longwave heating rates calculated by
ck-D model, LBL model and differences between them for
six atmospheres (a, b, c, d, e and f).
and . For long wave the new scheme has such an
accuracy that heating/cooling rate errors are less than
. K/day in the entire troposphere and . K/day
above the tropopause. At short wave range the error in
heating rate is less than . K/day in the troposphere
and less than . K/day above the tropopause.
(ii) Introduction of "trigger" into the convection parameterization
Since most of cumulonimbus type convection occurs
under the latent instability conditions, there must be
some triggering mechanism to bring an air-parcel up to
the level of free convection by overcoming the negative
buoyancy. So, we have introduced a trigger process to
the CCSR/NIES AGCM and tested its performance.
The introduction of the trigger intensifies the ITCZ
and also enhances the precipitation belt corresponding
a-. AGCM Simulation of Synoptic- and Meso-scale
Weather Systems
Recent progress of AGCM enables us to make simulation
studies of various circulation systems. However,
the previous studies mainly discussed the features of
circulation systems in seasonal or monthly averaged
fields, without special interest in individual weather
systems, such as the extratropical cyclone, polar front,
polar low and Meiyu-front. AGCM studies of each
weather system are needed to understand the actual climate
variations. We therefore focus our attention on
these weather systems simulated in the AGCM.
In , we mainly analyzed the results of simulation
by seasonally varying climatological SST run by
TL. The result for June and July indicates quasiperiodic
alternation of "Baiu phase" and "non-Baiu
phase". In the "Baiu phase", the large-scale circulation
systems, such as the upper cold lows and blocking
ridge in the northern latitudes, and westward extending
Pacific subtropical anticyclone, monsoon westerly and
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subtropical jet stream are properly maintained. Only
under this large-scale condition, the realistic Baiu
frontal precipitation zone is formed in the model.
The simulation for January indicates the reasonable
quasi-periodic development of extratropical cyclones
over the east coast of the Asian continent and associated
polar air outbreak. A typical polar low is formed
over the coastal sea area ~km west of the major
extratropical cyclone that developed over the
Northwestern Pacific Ocean, under the influence of a
short wave trough. The strong heating due to the energy
supply from the sea surface contributes to the genesis
of the polar low through decreasing the vertical stability
and sustaining the thermal gradient.
Takeshi Enomoto primarily investigated the summer
climate in east Asia using observed data and model
output. He extended his research on the Ogasawara
(Bonin) anticyclone that appears in late summer over
Japan to study its interannual variability. He confirmed
a robust relation between the undulation of the subtropical
jet and intensification of the high in its inter annual
variability using NCEP Reanalysis, which is consistent
with his previous numerical work.
In association with researchers in other program at
FRSGC and the Earth Simulator Center, he also performed
a -km mesh global simulation of the
Baiu/Meiyu frontal zone using AFES (AGCM code for
the Earth Simulator) of the CCSR/NIES model.
b. Next-generation Model Development
b-. Next generation Atmospheric Modeling
A new high resolution atmospheric general circulation
model referred to as NICAM (Nonhydrostatic
ICosahedral Atmospheric Model) is being developed.
It is a grid model with an icosahedral structure and is
based on the non-hydrostatic equations. The main target
is high-resolution climate simulations by improving
representation of cumulus convection with higher resolutions.
This project started in and to date a
dynamical core of the global model has been developed.
We are running the new model on the Earth
Simulator and found that the computational efficiency
of NICAM is superior to that of a well-tuned spectral
transformation model at high resolutions with a grid
size smaller than km.
As a subset of NICAM, we are also developing a
regional Cartesian non-hydrostatic model. The model
structure is almost parallel to the global icosahedral
model, so that new dynamical and physical schemes
are tested in order to be installed to the global model.
Both models are based on the newly considered flux
form Eulerian scheme, which guarantees conservation
of mass and total energy. We are introducing physical
processes to the regional model and tesing their performances.
We are also performing radiative-convective
equilibrium experiments to study interaction
between clouds and radiation.
We have performed the standard experiments proposed
by Held and Suarez () and compared the
results with those obtained with the CCSR/NIES spectral
model adapted to the Earth Simulator, called AFES
(Shingu et al., ). Both models are run as the
dynamical cores, i.e. no physics are included. We
found that the result of NICAM is almost comparable
to that of AFES at the resolution glevel (∆x km)
for NICAM and T for AFES.
Figure compares the computational time
required for one time step integration using the Earth
Simulator. We use nodes where each node has
processors and the corresponding peak performance is
T Flops. The abscissa is the maximum total wave
number N of the triangular truncation in spectral model
or the minimum horizontal wavelnegth λ min corresponding
to N. Figure shows that while the curve for
AFES approaches asymptotically to the line N , the
curve for NICAM approaches the line N as resolution
becomes higher. If we interpret the resolution of
NICAM as λ min = ∆x, this shows that NICAM is
almost one-order magnitude efficient in comparison to
AFES for all the resolutions. Even if the resolution of
NICAM is interpreted as λ min = ∆x, the efficiency of
NICAM becomes superior to AFES at higher resolu-
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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10000
1000
100
10
160
(250km)
320
(125km)
640
(63km)
1280
(31km)
2560
(15.6km)
Truncation wavenumber N (Resolvable scale λ res)
tions than T.
Elapse time for 1 time step [msec] on ES (80 nodes)
3
N slope
gl-7
2
N slope
gl-8
The next case is the result from the life cycle experiment
of extratropical cyclones, which is proposed by
Polvani and Scott () as a standard experiment of
the dynamical core. It compares deterministic stage of
the nonlinear evolution of extratropical cyclones for
about days. We have succeeded in the simulation at
the resolution of glevel (∆x .km) using
nodes of the Earth Simulator.
b-. Next Generation Ocean Modeling Group
5120
(7.8km)
We are developing an ocean circulation model
which has a very high physical and computational performance.
As the first step of this development, an
ocean circulation model, in which we focused on
increasing the computational performance on the
Earth Simulator, has been developed. The model is
based on the Bryan-Cox ocean model and is well vectorized
and parallelized. By improving the data
exchange method, the computational performance of
this model reaches . T flops using nodes on
the Earth Simulator.
In order to realize higher computational performance,
we have started to develop an ocean circulation
model using cubic grid. The cubic grid is generated
gl-9
gl-10
NICAM(λ res=2∆x)
NICAM(λ res=4∆x)
AFES(λ res=2πa/ N)
gl-11
Fig.20 Comparison of computational time for one time step
between NICAM and AFES. The sustained performances
are also shown.
by mapping grids on the surface of a cube to the sphere.
Various mapping methods have already been proposed.
First we tried "conformal" cubic grid and developed an
accurate finite difference scheme including the vertices
and succeeded a long time integration of a shallow
water model by use of this grid. However, this grid system
has a shortcoming; sizes of square shape grids are
larger near the center of the surface of the original cube
and smaller near the original vertices and the ratio
between the largest and the smallest grid size increases
with increase of resolution to reach about at the targeted
resolution, km. Thus this conformal version of
cubic grid tends to loose the "quasi-uniform" nature.
Therefore we decided to abandon the development by
the end of FY . After examination of various methods,
we have come to adopt the method proposed by
Purser and Rancic (). Generally, the cubic grid is
considered to be more advantageous than other quasihomogeneous
grids. The grid is quadrilateral so that it
is relatively easier to introduce the schemes used in
the current ocean circulation models. Moreover,
the cubic grid is structured grid so that the vectorization
and parallelization will be easier and this is crucial to
use the computational power of the Earth Simulator
efficiently. On the way of the development, we derive
Arakawa-Jacobian applied to the entire cubic grid
including the singularities. With the Arakawa-Jacobian,
we developed a momentum-advection scheme which
conserves energy and enstrophy in non-divergent case.
These conservative properties prevent a type of nonlinear
instability caused by anomalous energy cascade so
that we anticipate to simulate well the behavior of
meso-scale eddies which has only a few grids scale
even in the high resolution computation.
We applied the scheme to the standard shallow
water test suite (Williamson et al ). We also
applied the scheme which does not conserves energy
nor enstrophy for comparison. In the test shown below,
no numerical viscosity was applied to clarify the effect
of conservative nature. Fig. shows the free-surfaceheight
field of the simulation of Rossby-Haurwitz
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with energy and enstrophy
conservation scheme
without energy and enstrophy
conservation scheme
Fig.21 Free surface height field of the Rossby-Haurwitz test case (Case 6 of Williamson's test suit)
wave (test case of Williamson's test suit). The resolutions
of both calculation were about deg. The height
field of the model with energy and enstrophy conserving
scheme was much smoother than that of the other
model. In addition, no apparent noise was generated
from the singularity, which is shown as the threeforked
line points on the figures.
c. Development of an Integrated Earth System Model
for Global Warming Prediction
Climate change, such as global warming, is an outcome
of complex interactions among climate, terrestrial
and oceanic ecosystems, and chemical composition
of the atmosphere. The purpose of this project is to
develop an integrated earth system model that can simulate
these interactions, and provide reliable predictions
for change of the global environment.
In current studies of climate change due to an
increase of greenhouse gases, specifically CO , the
atmospheric CO concentration is first calculated using
CO emission scenarios and simple models of terrestrial
and oceanic carbon budgets. The calculated atmospheric
CO concentration is then substituted into a climate
model, and predictions of the future climate are
made. However, this approach does not consider any
feedbacks between climate and carbon cycle; while
increase of atmospheric CO concentration would
cause global warming, global warming could in turn
affect the process of CO release and uptake by terrestrial
and oceanic ecosystems and by the sea water.
Moreover, climate change could also affect concentration
of tropospheric ozone, which is another greenhouse
effect gas. Therefore, for providing reliable predictions
of global warming and climate change, it is
strongly required to develop an integrated earth system
model combining climate, carbon cycle, and chemical
composition of the atmosphere and to use it for global
warming prediction.
This is a project originally planned as the third target
of the model development at the Integrated Model
Development Program. The project team was organized
by participation of members from many other programs
of FRSGC. The project started from FY as
Subject of the MEXT project for Sustainable Coexistence
of Human, Nature and the Earth. For details,
refer the report of this project.
d. Data Assimilation Group
d-. Improved Estimates of Dynamical State of the
North Pacific
We have validated our global ocean dataset derived
from our D-VAR data assimilation experiment for climatological
seasonal state by comparison with recent
observational/reanalysis datasets.
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Our dataset shows good consistency with previous
knowledge on the ocean state. As for water masses,
North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), Subtropical
Mode Water, and South/North Pacific Tropical Water,
which characterize subsurface water mass structure in
the North Pacific, are well reproduced. In order to validate
the net air-sea heat flux field in the North Pacific,
we compared our result with recent products derived
from the satellite data (J-OFURO, Kubota et al., ).
Since the satellite products are only one-year measurement,
the quantitative difference between the two
mainly comes from large interannual variabilities.
Nevertheless, its overall patterns/intensities in the midlatitude
region (˚N(S)-˚N(S)) have good similarities
(.Wm rmsd) with the observation.
Further, we have compared our results with those
obtained by the nudging method often used. As a result
the NPIW is reproduced largely by the artificial supply
of less saline water in the nudging case (not shown),
which prevents us from investigating its formation and
transformation processes. In contrast, it is not the case
in our reanalysis dataset because artificial sources or
sinks for temperature and salinity are never added in
our D-VAR system.
We have also performed a sensitivity experiment.
This is the powerful advantage that facilitates the identification
of the water mass pathway. The experiment
reveals that the origin of NPIW can be traced back to
the Okhotsk Sea and the Bering Sea in the subarctic
region and to the subtropical Kuroshio region further
south (Fig.). These results are in broad agreement
with recent studies (e.g., Yasuda et al. ).
d-. Preliminary Results of s Ocean Reanalysis
Using the assimilation method described above, we
have initiated a long-term ocean reanalysis experiment.
The aims are to get a dynamically consistent ocean
state in the s and to investigate the origin and the
propagation of interannual phenomena like El Niño.
The assimilation method is the D-VAR with preconditioned
CG, using the ocean model MOM and its adjoint
code. The period is from January to December
, and a spinup is performed from to .
Taking account of the typical time scales of interannual
phenomena, assimilation windows are set to . years.
We have already performed the preliminary experiment
to check the ability of our method.
adS*dS sens_1nn2 -01yrs -0 / 4 sigma 26.8
adS*dS sens_1nn2 -05yrs -0 / 4 sigma 26.8
65N
65N
60N
60N
55N
55N
50N
50N
45N
45N
40N
40N
35N
35N
30N
30N
25N
25N
20N
20N
15N
15N
10N
10N
5N
110E 120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180 170W 160W 150W 140W 130W 120W 110W
-5e-05-4.5e-05-4e-05-3.5e-05-3e-05-2.5e-05-2e-05-1.5e-05-1e-05 -5e-06
-5e-05-4.5e-05-4e-05-3.5e-05-3e-05-2.5e-05-2e-05-1.5e-05-1e-05 -5e-06
adS*dS sens_1nn2 -03yrs -0 / 4 sigma 26.8
adS*dS sens_1nn2 -06yrs -0 / 4 sigma 26.8
65N
65N
60N
60N
55N
55N
50N
50N
45N
45N
40N
40N
35N
35N
30N
30N
25N
25N
20N
20N
15N
15N
10N
10N
5N
110E 120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180 170W 160W 150W 140W 130W 120W 110W
5N
110E 120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180 170W 160W 150W 140W 130W 120W 110W
5N
110E 120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180 170W 160W 150W 140W 130W 120W 110W
-5e-05-4.5e-05-4e-05-3.5e-05-3e-05-2.5e-05-2e-05-1.5e-05-1e-05 -5e-06
-5e-05-4.5e-05-4e-05-3.5e-05-3e-05-2.5e-05-2e-05-1.5e-05-1e-05 -5e-06
Fig.22 Product of adjoint variable of S by its increment dS on 26.8 sigma in the case of 'artificial cost' input
at 43N, 180E (400m-depth) with streamline on the same isopycnal surface; 1-year, 3-year, 5-year,
and 6-year backward calculation.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
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d-. Development of Assimilation Scheme Using
Statistical Method
The analysis scheme for the Ensemble Kalman
Filter has been implemented using MPI fortran on
the Compaq Alpha SC. The system has been tested
on the Compaq Alpha SC with an ensemble size of
members, assimilating a range of real data. The
analysis code has been successfully tested on the Earth
Simulator.
A further issue under investigation is the use of a
range of parameter values across the ensemble members.
This is intended to address the question of model
error, since using (incorrectly specified) fixed parameter
values contributes to structural model error. Some
preliminary experiments have been undertaken in collaboration
with the Paleoclimate Group of the Global
Warming Research Program using a low-resolution climate
model in identical twin tests.
7. International Pacific Research Center (IPRC)
Since FRSGC's IPRC Program is fully integrated
into the research at the IPRC, the IPRC research efforts
and results for FY are briefly summarized below.
For more detailed information visit the IPRC website,
http://iprc.soest.hawaii.edu, which posts the IPRC
annual reports and issues of the IPRC Climate, IPRC's
semiannual newsletter.
Science Plan
The work of the IPRC scientists is guided by the
IPRC Science Plan, which is reviewed annually and
updated to reflect developments. The newest version,
Version ., is posted on the IPRC website. The plan
consists of the following four scientific themes:
Theme : Indo-Pacific Ocean Climate
Theme : Regional Ocean Influences
Theme : Asian-Australian Monsoon System
Theme : Impacts of Global Environmental Change
Each theme has a Goal, which broadly outlines the
theme's subject matter and specific Objectives, which
are achievable within a finite amount of time and with
well-defined resources. It is expected that these four
themes will endure throughout the IPRC lifetime, but
additional themes may be added at some future time.
The objectives, on the other hand will change with
research developments.
The IPRC research strategy is to carry out diagnostic
analyses and modeling studies of the atmosphere,
ocean, and coupled ocean-atmosphere-land system,
rather than to conduct experimental programs.
Research on FY
a. Theme : Indo-Pacific Ocean Climate
Regarding Pacific Ocean circulation and climate,
research included modeling studies of the Kuroshio
Extension, the California Current, and the low-latitude
western boundary currents, as well as studies of inertial
instability of the equatorial undercurrent. Regional
atmospheric models, including the IPRC Regional
Climate Model, were applied to the study of the
Kuroshio, the East China Sea, and eastern tropical
Pacific climate–particularly the effects of the Andes.
Atmospheric and coupled GCMs were used to study the
effect of continental asymmetry on the northward-displaced
ITCZ and the influence of SST anomalies on
extratropical storm tracks. Regarding the Indian Ocean,
studies were conducted on the relationship between the
Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Niño-Southern
Oscillation; the remote climate effects of Indian Dipole
events; the effects of the monsoons, El Niño, La Niña,
and the Indian Ocean Dipole on Indian Ocean circulation
by using salinity tracers in a .-layer ocean
model; and the relative strength of the fall and spring
Wyrtki Jets by analyzing data products and comparing
them with ship-drift data.
Application of satellite observations to climate
research has emerged as a new strength of Theme-
research and has led to the discovery of SST effects on
local winds: From the equator to mid-latitudes, results
show a robust and ubiquitous pattern of ocean-toatmosphere
feedback, namely, surface wind speeds
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tend to increase on the warmer flank of major ocean
fronts and decrease on the colder flank (Figure ).
b. Theme : Regional Ocean Influences
Research projects under Theme were conducted to
do the following: understand Kuroshio-path dynamics;
analyze mean states and mesoscale variability of the
Kuroshio-Oyashio system (KOS) by using satellite
altimeter, drifters, historical data, and an eddy-resolving
model; model pathways between subtropical and subpolar
gyres; improve and apply data-assimilation schemes
for analyzing the KOS and mode waters; describe
detailed circulations of the North and South Pacific lowlatitude
boundary currents (LLWBCs) by using historical,
existing, and model data; simulate LLWBCs and
their climatic variability; study regional circulation and
variability of the Indonesian Throughflow with a focus
on variations in its vertical structure; and capture the
oceanic response in the eastern Indian Ocean to active
and break periods during the monsoon onset. Other studies
included the influence of ocean stirring and mixing
caused by eddying flows on the marine ecosystem; the
damping of TIWs through negative atmospheric feedback;
the monsoon's effect on the partitioning of North
Equatorial Current transport into the Mindanao Current
and Kuroshio and on the water-mass distribution
between the tropical and subtropical North Pacific.
Theme- researchers have also been closely
involved in the establishment of the Asia-Pacific Data-
Research Center (APDRC).
c. Theme : Asian-Australian Monsoon System
Theme- researchers investigated the following
areas: the nonlinearity of El Niño and La Niña; the
effect of thermocline and ocean-zonal-advective feedback
on the time scales of various Pacific coupled
modes; the impact of the late 's basic-state shift in
the Pacific Ocean on different components of the
40N
Sea Surface Temperature
(a) 1998
(b) 2001
35N
140E
30N
130E
140E
130E
30N
130E 140E 130E
140E
15
18 21 24 ˚C
Surface Winds
40N
(c) 1998
(d) 2001
35N
5 6 7 8 9 m / s
Fig.23 April to June mean fields in SST and surface wind speed for 1998 (panels a and c) and for
2001 (panels b and d) based on TRMM Microwave Imager data sets. The shift between
Kuroshio's straight (panel a) and meandering path (panel b) is accompanied by large differences
in SST. The high wind speed over the straight warm SST path is markedly reduced
when the warm water is replaced by cool water in the meandering path.
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Asian-Australian monsoon; the effect of air-sea interactions
in the warm-pool region on the Asian summer
monsoon; and the influence of the Asian-Australian
and the South American monsoons on SST in the tropical
Pacific. Other projects studied the development of
tropical cyclones by analyzing satellite data and -D
high-resolution atmospheric model simulations; spatial
and temporal structures of the tropospheric biennial
oscillation; mechanisms underlying the northward
propagation of the boreal summer intra-seasonal oscillation;
relationships between ENSO and the Indian
Ocean Dipole by analyzing observations and solutions
to numerical modeling studies; and a realistic simulation
of the East Asian summer monsoon with the
IPRC Regional Climate Model, which was also used to
simulate and understand the atmospheric circulation
and climate in the eastern tropical Pacific. Intra-seasonal,
annual, and interannual events in the Asian-
Australian Monsoon region were simulated with the
latest version of the ECHAM atmospheric model.
Theme- researchers also worked on the development
of a suite of hierarchical coupled models, which
is becoming a powerful and indispensable tool for
understanding monsoon variability and the complex
atmosphere-ocean-land interactions of the Asian-
Australian Monsoon System. The suite includes a fully
coupled GCM, a hybrid coupled model, an intermediate
coupled atmospheric model, and the IPRC Regional
Climate Model.
d. Theme : Impacts of Global Environmental Change
Accomplishments in Theme include the following
studies: the response of a troposphere-stratospheremesosphere
GCM to dynamical perturbations imposed
in the stratosphere, allowing an unambiguous demonstration
of a dynamical downward coupling of the
large-scale stratospheric circulation to the surface climate;
global climate sensitivity and feedbacks in coupled
ocean-atmosphere GCM simulations (Figure a
and b); and the analysis of output from very highresolution
global atmospheric models.
e. The Asia-Pacific Data-Research Center (APDRC)
A goal of the APDRC is to make the large and diverse
climate data sets and products manageable and easy to
access. To serve massive model-derived products from
supercomputers such as the Earth Simulator, the APDRC
has been increasing its storage capacity this year, as well
as developing the "sister server" concept, whereby
servers at other institutions store parts of the data sets,
but users will be able to access the diverse data sets
seamlessly at the APDRC site. The transfer of the IPRC
server systems (LAS, EPIC, and CAS) to Japanese
servers has therefore been a major effort this year.
Offerings on the APDRC servers have been expanded
and provide access to WOCE CTD stations, Upper
Ocean Thermal profiles, and current-meter records as
well as Argo profiles from the Global Data Assembly
Centers at US GODAE and IFREMER, France. The
EPIC server has been configured to allow easy sampling
of information by region, time, and float, and
creates graphic representations of the sampled data
(Figure a).
Plans have been made for participation in evaluating
and serving the GODAE products, which, with the help
of ocean data-assimilation models, will provide frequently
and at high spatial resolution, real-time and
forecast of temperature, salinity, sea level, and currents.
The APDRC is already serving the assimilationbased
products from JPL–ECCO, NOAA–GFDL, and
the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Layered Ocean
Model (NLOM) products (Figure b).
Finally, the APDRC has been assisting the
Integrated Modeling Research Program (under
Toshiyuki Awaji) in establishing an international data
network for its Earth Simulator data reanalysis from
the s by conducting data analyses and providing
quality control and value-added information. For the
Integrated Modeling Research Program and the Earth
Simulator Center collaboration, the APDRC's data
serving capacity based on the LAS, CAS, and GDS
infrastructure should become invaluable for serving the
large model output.
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ST(C)
(a)
variation of GLB mean ST for (+ 25%; +2.5%; control)
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
years
Fig.24a Annual-mean global surface temperature in
integrations of the NCAR coupled atmosphere-ocean
general circulation model in the
control run (green), and in runs with the
solar constant increased over the standard
value by 2.5% (red) and by 25% (blue).
(b)
Surface Temperature (+25%-Control)
60N
30N
EQ
30S
60S
0 60E 120E 180 120W 60W 0
Surface Temperature (+2.5%-Control)
60N
30N
EQ
30S
60S
0 60E 120E 180 120W 60W 0
60
55
50
45
40
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
Fig.24b Surface temperature in ˚C averaged over years
41–50 in the +25% solar constant run minus that in
the control run (top panel). Surface temperature
averaged over years 41–50 in the +2.5% solar constant
run minus that in the control run. Contours
labeled in ˚C (bottom panel).
Fig.25a The EPIC server for in situ ocean data serves both WOCE data and Argo float data.
Choosing Pacific Ocean Argo Float Data from APDRC's EPIC server gives the left panel
(11,120 profiles). Selecting a drag-and-drop sub-region in the North Pacific yields the upper
right panel. The temperature or salinity profiles can then be obtained from a specific float
or from a series of floats as shown for temperature on the lower right panel.
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Fig.25b The Live Access Server (LAS) version 6.0 at the APDRC serves QuikSCAT level 3 wind velocity data from
JPL (left) and allows model product comparison from two different sites, JPL-ECCO adjoint output and
NOAA-GFDL output (right) for fields such as ocean surface temperature.
8. International Arctic Research Center
Atmosphere/Ocean/Ice Physics Group
a. Introduction
The Atmosphere/Ocean/Ice Physics Group was
established in as part of the Frontier Research
System for Global Change (FRSGC) contribution to
IARC at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The
physics group is organized to contribute to the basic
understanding of the modern climate system and climate
change of the Arctic. With regard to climate
change, we adopt the usage of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) _ " any change in
climate over time, whether due to natural variability or
as a result of human activity." Our mandate includes
establishment/participation in multi-disciplinary studies
and leadership of international projects.
Individual research and corporate research projects
within IARC/Frontier are guided by four basic principles:
the scientific question must guide our research;
climate research builds upon a legacy of past studies
and observations; collaborative studies with individuals
and institutions in the international community are
necessary; and all scientists benefit from participation
in field work.
As an aid to organizing our studies, FRSGC suggests
the concept of a triangle with vertices of observations,
theory, and modeling. At present the physics group balances
its human resources as: analyses of observations
(%); theory and processes (%); GCM-type simulations
(%); and field/expedition work (%). Real
understanding of the climate system then comes from
artfully navigating the interior of the triangle.
b. Research
Together with colleagues at the UAF Institute of
Marine Sciences (IMS) and at the Arctic and Antarctic
Research Institute (AARI), we have assembled a year
time series of the pan-Arctic surface air temperature
(see Figure ). This time series clearly captures
the warming of the s, an event spanning years
during which the Arctic warmed by almost ˚C. The
temperature anomaly ˚C
1.0
0.5
0
-0.5
Global
(IPCC report)
Arctic
(Polyakov, et al.)
-1.0
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Fig.26 The instrumental surface air temperature record from pan-
Arctic stations (blue curve) and of globally averaged temperature
(red). The sharp increase of Arctic temperature,
1920 through the 1930s, is referred to as the warming of
the 1930s. The Arctic record is smoothed by a 6-year-filter.
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notion of "high latitude amplification" was introduced
in the early s. Early simulations of a xCO atmosphere
suggested that the Arctic might warm at rate twoto-four
times greater than the global average. This
notion is supported by a portion of the time series of
Arctic and global temperatures, i.e., the period -
. However, other portions of the record suggest no
amplification, e.g., the record from - shows
an Arctic warming rate of .˚C per decade compared
to the global value of .˚C per decade. In this analysis
of the -year record, we conclude "Intrinsic
Arctic variability obscures long-term changes, limiting
our ability to identify complex feedbacks in the Arctic
climate system." (Polyakov et al., )
The descending dense water along shelves/slopes differs
dynamically from the open ocean deep convection,
such as in the Labrador Sea and in the Norwegian and
Greenland seas. When the surface water loses heat to
the atmosphere or when sea-ice formation ejects salt to
the ocean surface, surface water becomes heavy enough
to become statically unstable. Along the coast of the
Arctic Ocean, seasonal variability of sea-ice cover produces
dense water on continental shelves/slopes due to
ice formation from an ice-free (or partial ice cover)
condition in summer-fall to a complete ice cover condition
in winter. Thus, the dense, cold shelf water is seasonally
supplied to the Arctic halocline layer, which
prevents sea ice from melting due to the underlying
warm Atlantic Water. Figure shows a plan-view of
the simulated dense water spreading downslope into the
deep basin using a -D primitive equation model. To
model this process, the bottom boundary layer (BBL)
must be resolved, or a BBL parameterization must be
implemented in the ocean GCMs. IARC/Frontier
researchers are working on the BBL parameterization
of the Arctic Ocean GCMs.
Dramatic changes of the Arctic atmosphere, sea-ice
and the ocean have been observed recently. Changes in
sea-ice and upper layers of liquid freshwater may
affect deep convections in the Greenland Sea and the
Labrador Sea by their export, which is believed to be
offshore deep ocean (km)
300
0 300
coast (km)
Fig.27 Horizontal salinity of bottom layer in case of surface salt
flux (-10.0 x exp (-4)[kg/s m 2 ]) forcing at day 100. Red (blue)
corresponds to high (low) salinity. This experiment shows
that turbulence of instability is developing with time integration.
Irregular turbulent flow occurs because of surface
salinity forcing at southern boundary. The turbulence reaches
the center of the model basin at day 100. Several small
scale eddies with radii of around 10km are found in the turbulence.
The growth of instability is consistent with previous
studies. The model domain is 300km x 300km.
linked to the North Atlantic Thermohaline circulation
and the associated multidecadal climate variability.
With an Arctic coupled sea-ice/ocean model for climate
study (Zhang and Zhang ), Xiangdong
Zhang, collaborating with Motoyoshi Ikeda and John
Walsh, performed modeling experiments to investigate
the Arctic sea-ice and freshwater changes driven by the
Arctic-climate-leading mode (Zhang et al. ).
IARC/Frontier scientists were developing a coupled
ice-ocean model (CIOM; Wang et al. ) that was
applied to the pan-Arctic and North Atlantic Ocean. At
m depth (Figure ), which represents the typical
Atlantic Water Layer (m), the Arctic Basin is
dynamically connected to the GIN seas, while the
northern North Atlantic Ocean is disconnected from
the Iceland-Faroe Ridge in Demark Strait, where dense
water outflow may climb the ridge and flow into the
deep ocean of the northern Atlantic.
The influence of realistic but extreme Arctic sea ice
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Current at Layer 500m
Current at Layer 500m
250
>3cm/s
250
>3cm/s
0 10 20 cm/s
0 10 20 cm/s
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
50 100 150 200
50 100 150 200
Fig.28 The CIOM simulated 500-m (Atlantic Water Layer) circulation of March (left column) and September (right).
anomalies on the atmosphere is investigated with the
NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM, version
.). Model experiments are performed for the winter
and summer seasons with the greatest and least Arctic
ice coverage during the period -, when ice concentration
estimates were available from satellites.
Since there is strong natural climate variability at high
latitudes, we integrated -member ensembles of the
GCM to enhance the signal and reduce the model
"noise." The atmospheric response to the winter
extreme maximum (-) and minimum (-)
produces a local response to ice anomalies over the
subpolar seas of both the Atlantic and Pacific. The
response is robust and generally shallow with large
upward surface heat fluxes (> Wm-), near-surface
warming, enhanced precipitation, and below-normal
sea level pressure where sea ice receded, and the
reverse where the ice expanded. Additional information
about the winter simulations can be found in
Alexander et al. (). The atmospheric response to
reduced Arctic summer sea ice (based on summer of
) produces a local response to ice anomalies over
the Arctic seas. Observed composites based on
reduced sea ice in the Kara Sea display a structure
similar to the model response. This suggests that the
summer sea ice may force anomalies in the atmosphere.
The likely mechanism is diagnosed in the GCM
and additional details about the summer simulations
can be found in Bhatt et al. (). IARC has cooperated
with GFDL to produce a coupled ice-ocean
model consisting of the MOM. z-coordinate ocean
model coupled to the GFDL Sea Ice Simulator (SIS).
This coupled ice-ocean model is presently being
developed for use in studying the ocean climate system,
and for eventual coupling to land, atmosphere,
and ocean biogeochemical models. Of particular interest
to IARC is the study of low-frequency variability
of the Arctic climate system.
In general, the initiation of new fieldwork to establish
baseline information about the climate system or to
detect change of the system is an ineffective strategy.
This does not mean that we abandon observational
work. Indeed, it is our responsibility to maintain,
improve, and (in some cases) expand the basic observational
network. IARC/Frontier has identified a small
number of new field projects designed to significantly
contribute to our observationally based understanding
of the climate system. Scientists from AARI, ARM,
and IARC/Frontier are conducting a side-by-side test of
the older Russian radiometers and the modern ARM
instruments at the Barrow, Alaska. This -year program
is designed to identify biases and other discrepancies
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between the older instruments and the modern instruments.
The results of the intercomparison will be used
to improve the -year database of direct, diffuse, and
global radiation under a wide range of synoptic weather
conditions. The global balance of atmospheric CO is
far from equilibrium. The characteristic exchange time
within the atmosphere/ocean/geosphere/biosphere system
is estimated at years. A portion of this
exchange takes place in the Arctic marginal seas, even
in the present of an ice cover. Scientists from the
physics group, together with chemists from the US-
IARC program and researchers from Cold Regions
Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), are
investigating the flux of atmospheric CO at the surface
of fast ice. Deal and colleagues have chosen the Bering
and Chukchi Seas as the domain of the ice-oceanecosystem
model they are developing. They will use
this model to improve understanding of how physical
factors (such as retreating sea ice, local climate change)
and biogeochemical changes (such as nutrient levels)
may influence phytoplankton and zooplankton dynamics
and thus DMS dynamics.
Research Project for Sustainable Coexistence
of Human, Nature, and the Earth
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology (MEXT) started new strategies to promote
science and technology. The above project is included
in the area of "Environment" as larger new initiative of
the MEXT named "Research Revolution
(RR)". The period of the Project is years starting
from Fiscal Year . Among seven subjects of the
Project, FRSGC is responsible in carrying out the
whole or part of the following three subjects.
Subject 1: Future Climate Change Projection using
a High-Resolution Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere
Climate Model
The aim of this project is to conduct a series of
future climate change projection experiments using a
high-resolution coupled ocean-atmosphere climate
model on the Earth Simulator, for reducing and understanding
the uncertainty of the projection. The project
team consists of members of Center for Climate
System Research of the University of Tokyo (CCSR),
National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES),
and Frontier Research System for Global Change
(FRSGC), and directed by Prof. Sumi of CCSR. The
climate model used is called MIROC and has been collaboratively
developed by CCSR, NIES and FRSGC.
The project includes the following four subjects:
. Development of a high-resolution coupled oceanatmosphere
climate model
. Designing future climate change projection experiments
based on IPCC SRES scenarios
. Development of component models for the climate
model
. Advancing the climate model of Hadley Centre, UK
Since the members of FRSGC are, in principle,
involved in the first subject, the activity of only that
part is introduced below.
Sub Group for the Development of a High-Resolution
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Climate Model
For the high-resolution future climate change projection,
we have targeted the following spatial resolution
of the model:
T spectral truncation (approximately .˚) in
horizontal and levels in vertical for the atmospheric
part
.˚ x .˚ in horizontal and levels in vertical
for the oceanic and sea-ice part
With this atmospheric resolution, regional-scale climatic
features such as Baiu front and tropical cyclones
can be represented. The oceanic resolution should be
higher so that the model can reproduce realistic temporal
variation of sea-surface height and the complex
ocean current system in the northern North Atlantic
and the Arctic Oceans, which is critically important to
reproduce the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)
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realistically. On the other hand, the model should run
efficiently on the Earth Simulator. We have set a target
that a -model-year integration should be done in
one calendar month. We have successfully achieved
these targets through the following activities.
a. Development of a Coupler for Rotated Ocean
Since the horizontal coordinate of the ocean model
is longitude-latitude grid, a singularity occurs at the
North Pole, around which longitudinal grids are concentrated.
To avoid this problem, the ocean model
coordinate is rotated from the geographic longitude-latitude
so that the model North Pole is located in
Greenland. To couple this rotated ocean with nonrotated
atmosphere, a new flux coupler has been developed.
The new coupler transfers geographically distributed
variables between the irregularly corresponding
atmospheric and oceanic grids, with attention paid to
area conservation (Fig.).
including Asian monsoon precipitation pattern and
radiation budget.
c. Long-term Integration of the Ocean Model
The ocean model with our target resolution has been
integrated for years. The model is forced by surface
stress and heat and freshwater flux boundary condition,
without any restoring to realistic sea surface
temperature or salinity. While realistic intensity of
NADW is reproduced, unrealistic deep convection in
the Antarctic Ocean, which would be partly due to
unrealistic forcing data, is identified.
d. Code Optimization of the Climate Model
In order to enhance the efficiency of the model run
on the Earth Simulator, optimization of the model code
has been done. As a result, the coupled model runs on
nodes of the Earth Simulator with reasonable computational
performance (. TFLOPS).
b. Improvement and Tuning of the Atmospheric Model
Because of the inherent uncertainty residing in parameterizations,
an increase in the resolution of climate
models does not always result in the improved climate
reproducibility. This is especially the case for the
atmospheric part, in which complex moist processes
are parameterized. We have, thus, conducted more
than cases of test run of the T atmospheric
model improving parameterizations and tuning uncertain
parameters. This process results in improved climate
reproducibility of the model in multiple aspects,
e. Experiments with a Medium-resolution Climate
Model
A medium resolution version of the coupled oceanatmosphere
model is utilized to gain the experience of
coupling without flux correction in advance of the
high-resolution model experiments. A control experiment,
in which greenhouse gas concentrations are kept
fixed to the present level, and a transient climate
change experiment, in which CO concentration is
increased by % per year compounded, are successfully
done. The model does not show serious climate drift
in the control run.
Fig.29 Sea surface temperature distribution calculated by the highresolution
ocean model (shown in the rotated coordinate).
Subject 2: Development of Integrated Earth System
Model for Global Warming Prediction
a. Development of a Coupled Carbon Cycle – Climate
Change Model
a-. Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Model
This group develops a model that estimates the carbon
budget of terrestrial ecosystems, which may exert
short- to long-term effects on atmospheric carbon diox-
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ide concentration. The model should allow us to predict
leaf area index: an index of land-surface functions
with respect to atmosphere-biosphere exchange. In
FY, we developed a framework of the ecosystem
model, on the basis of Sim-CYCLE (Simulation model
of Carbon cYCle in Land Ecosystems), which is a simple
compartment model including physiological
responses to light, temperature, CO , and water availability.
The model could appropriately capture the
observed state of terrestrial carbon dynamics in various
ecosystems, then we applied the model to a preliminary
off-line experiment to examine the responsiveness
of terrestrial carbon budget to global environmental
change derived from the IPCC/SRES scenario. The
experiment showed that terrestrial ecosystems act as
both a positive and negative feedback mechanism,
dependent on prescribed climate scenario, implying an
uncertainty of model prediction with the model (Figure
). Next fiscal year, we are planning to validate the
model with a variety of observation data (e.g. satellite
image and flux measurement) to reduce the uncertainty.
Then, the model will be incorporated into the climate
system model, allowing us to perform on-line
simulations including the interaction between carbon
cycle and climatic dynamics.
a-. Oceanic Biogeochemical Model
This group is in charge of developing the ocean
component of the integrated earth system model. In the
first year of the project, an ecosystem model was
embedded in an ocean general circulation model and
the model results were compared with observations
after integration of years. The ecosystem model is a
simple nitrogen-based model with compartments,
and the circulation model is COCO, which is cooperatively
developed by CCSR and FRSGC. Spatial and
temporal variations of the mixed layer depth, one of
the most important physical factors for pelagic ecosystems,
are reproduced by the model including the large
amplitudes of seasonal variations in the northern North
Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. The model results are
well compared to satellite observations regarding sur-
Pg C yr-1
190
180
170
160
150
Photosynthesis
CCSR/NIES-A2
CCSR/NIES-B2
CCCma-A2
CCCma-B2
HadCM3-A2
HadCM3-B2
Pg C
750
700
650
Plant biomass
140
600
130
550
120
Pg C yr-1
110
1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
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180
170
160
150
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130
120
Ecosystem respiration
Pg C
500
1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
1450
Soil carbon
1400
1350
1300
1250
1200
110 1150
1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
Year
Year
Fig.30 Predicted changes in carbon dynamics of the global terrestrial ecosystem in off-line simulations
with Sim-CYCLE. Simulations are based on climate change scenarios obtained by three different
coupled general circulation models using SRES emission scenarios.
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face chlorophyll distribution, in that the concentrations
are high in the areas with Ekman upwelling such as the
northern North Atlantic, northern North Pacific, equatorial
regions, and the Southern Ocean (Figure ). The
model also captures the distinct blooming event in the
northern North Atlantic due to the sudden shallowing
of the mixed layer depth in spring. Incorporation of the
carbonate system into the model is also completed.
Model integration of a few thousand model years,
required for achieving the stationary state, is going to
be conducted. The model has a relatively fine resolution
for a model for a global scale, and it is estimated
that approximately months are needed even using the
Earth Simulator to carry out such a long integration,
which means that the integration is virtually impossible
with other existing supercomputers.
a-. Dynamical Global Vegetation Model
The objective of this group is to establish a plantdynamics-model,
which will be incorporated into the
integrated-terrestrial-model in subject of the MEXT's
project. This plant-dynamics-model is specifically
designed for predicting vegetation changes at high latitudes
in the Northern Hemisphere, where potentially
large, rapid climate changes occur. Although most of the
present Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs)
assume that vegetation dynamics were regulated by gap
mechanism, vegetation dynamics at high latitude would
be primarily regulated by climate and disturbance
regimes rather than gap mechanism. Accordingly, as a
base of the vegetation-dynamics-model, we employ
ALFRESCO that simulates vegetation change from arctic
tundra to boreal forest in response to global changes
in climate, fire, and land use. Although, ALFRESCO
predicts landscape-level response of vegetation, it does
not predict changes in plant biomass or forest size-structure,
which will be required for the integrated-terrestrialmodel.
Thus, we extend ALFRESCO to incorporate
plant growth models for predicting both of the changes
in plant biomass and forest size-structure. For finer simulation
of vegetation change, we are also looking to
incorporate () seed dispersal process, and () highly
heterogeneous landscapes in boreal and arctic areas.
b. Development of a Coupled Atmospheric Composition
– Climate Change Model
b-. Model for Global warming – Atmospheric
Composition Change Interaction
Feb. Apr.
May. Jul.
80˚N
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0.05
0
80˚N
Aug. Oct.
5
1.5
80˚N
Nov. Jan.
5
1.5
1
1
40˚N
0.75
0.5
40˚N
0.75
0.5
0.4
0.4
0˚
0.35
0.3
0.25
0˚
0.35
0.3
0.25
40˚S
0.2
0.15
0.1
40˚S
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.07
0.07
80˚S
50˚E 150˚E 110˚W 10˚W
0.05
0
80˚S
50˚E 150˚E 110˚W 10˚W
0.05
0
Fig.31 Seasonal variation of surface chlorophyll in the model. Units are mg/m 3 .
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Ozone, a greenhouse gas as well as carbon dioxide
and methane, is the most important chemical species
for tropospheric photochemistry to control the lifetime
of other chemical species. The principal objective of
our study is to evaluate the influence of tropospheric
and stratospheric ozone on climate change by using a
photochemically coupled global circulation model.
Additionally, our model will be used as a sub-component
of the integrated model, and the interaction with
other sub-component such as vegetation and ocean
chemistry will be considered. In this year, a new
advection scheme was introduced into the model. After
-years' integration, it is found that the new advection
scheme improves the humidity in the upper troposphere.
Next, the model, which is fully coupled with
tropospheric photochemistry, is used for the simulation
to evaluate impacts of emission change and climate
change independently (Figure ). Global mean
methane concentration increased to about ppmv in
with emission change only, but to . ppmv with
climate change, reflecting the impact of temperature
and water vapor increases on the methane lifetime
(Figure (b)).
b-. Accurate Estimate of Feedbacks on the Global
Warming through Interactions in the Cloud –
aerosol – radiation System
The purpose of our sub-group is to develop the parameterization
for GCM to estimate the effect of tropospheric
aerosol on the optical properties of clouds i.e.
the indirect radiative forcing of aerosol.
First, we investigated the parameterization to estimate
the indirect radiative forcing of aerosol in
CCSR/NIES-GCM and ECHAM-GCM (Max Plank
Institute). Second, we developed the parameterization
to estimate the effect of cloud condensation nuclei
(CCN) on the microstructure of cloud (Kuba et al.,
, Kuba and Iwabuchi, ). Third, we examined
the treatment the output of SPRINTARS (aerosol
transportation model: Takemura et al., ) to make
this parameterization effective.
The scale gap between cloud microphysical model
and GCM is remarkable. To bridge this scale gap we
are planning to install the cloud microphysical model
in NICAM (New ICosahedral Atmospheric Model:
Satoh, , Tomita, ) and MRI/NPD-NHM
(Saito and Kato, ). We conducted many numerical
experiments using our cloud microphysical model with
particle method to develop the parameterization to estimate
the relationship between CCN and cloud
microstructure. Due to the scale gap between microphysical
model and GCM, there are many problems to
install this parameterization to GCM, such as how to
estimate the updraft velocity in the cloud from grid
mean updraft velocity, and how to estimate LWP of the
cloud from the grid mean LWP. Therefore, we are trying
to compare the simulated results between GCM
(grid scale is a few hundred km), NICAM ( km) coupled
with cloud microphysical model with base function
expansion method and NHM ( m) coupled with
cloud microphysical model with bin method.
Trp. O3 Burden [TgO3]
500
450
400
350
Tropospheric Ozone Burden: Global
A2: Exp2
A2: Exp1
4.0
Global CH4 concentration
A2: Exp2
A2: Exp1
1.1
a)
3.5
3.0
b)
1
0.9
0.8
c)
2.5
0.7
2.0
0.6
CH4 mixing ratio [ppmv]
Sulfate burden [TgS]
1.2
Sulfate burden
A2: Exp2
A2: Exp1
300
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
year
1.5
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
year
0.5
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
year
Fig.32 Time evolution of (a) tropospheric ozone inventory, (b) global mean methane, and (c) sulphate
aerosol inventory simulated by the model using the SRES-A2 scenario. Solid lines represent experiments
that consider the effects of climatic changes, and dashed lines represent those that do not.
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c. Development of a Cryospheric Climate System Model
Ice sheets are huge glaciers that extend over the continents.
At present there are two ice sheets on the earth,
the Antarctic ice sheet and the Greenland ice sheet,
which are together equivalent to more than meters'
sea level. Slight changes in the ice sheets have the potential
to affect the geography and economy of the world's
coastal regions. Therefore it is critical that we understand
how much the ice sheets will change in size due to
future changes, such as Global Warming. The aim of our
research is to tackle these issues by using coupled models
of the ice sheets, the atmosphere and the seaiceoceans
to simulate the evolution of the ice sheets. Runs
on the Earth Simulator supercomputer are planned.
For FY, the ice sheet model was developed and
validated, since it has to sufficiently simulate the present
situation. Sensitivity of the ice sheet model to
regional warming was investigated and it was found
that a to degree Celsius warming is sufficient for
the Greenland ice sheet to fall to half its volume or
raise the sea level by meters, although the response
time is in the order of hundreds to thousands of years.
For the future prediction, not only the ice sheet model
but also the climate model (General Circulation Model,
GCM) should predict the regional climate changes
over the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet region with
both high resolution and high precision, since ice sheet
is very sensitive to small temperature changes. The
evaluation of the atmospheric GCM is done in a high
resolution (T, deg. lat. and lon.) AGCM, which
was done so far only by one GCM (ECHAM) referred
in the IPCC Third Assessment Report. It is concluded
that careful treatment of the albedo of the snow over
the ice sheet and the altitude correction could bring
about a more realistic result. Moreover, one way coupling
of high resolution GCM to Ice sheet model was
attempted. The role of ice sheet flow becomes important
after the st century and lasts for a millennium.
Since this one-way coupling does not include the
detailed scenario of warming and the albedo feedback
effect, the fully coupled ice sheet – GCM is essential
for the next step.
To investigate the other important cryosphere component,
sea ice, in the coupled GCM, we focused on
sea ice dynamics and assessed its effect on the presentday
sea ice climatology. Previous studies using numerical
models have shown that summer sea ice area in the
Southern Ocean decreases due to the sea ice dynamics.
In winter, on the other hand, sea ice dynamics cause
little difference in the simulated sea ice area. However,
one of the reasons for this less sensitivity in winter
may be that the dynamic response of the ocean, such as
convection, has not been incorporated in the sea ice
models used in the experiments. In the present study,
therefore, we employ a coupled ocean-atmosphere
GCM (OAGCM) to verify whether sea ice dynamics
can affect sea ice distribution by controlling the ocean
convection process. It is found that (a) sea ice dynamics
increase the static stability of the ocean by enhancing
freshwater release near the ice edge, and (b) sea ice
dynamics increase the static stability by decreasing the
sea ice concentration and thickness, which enhances
the deep water cooling in winter (especially near the
Antarctic continent). In the Northern Hemisphere, on
the other hand, impact of sea ice dynamics on the sea
ice extent appears to be minor, although significant
effect on sea ice thickness was found.
d. Improvement of the Physical Climate System Model
The main objective of this sub-group is to improve a
climate model (CCSR/NIES model) which consists of
a coupled atmosphere and ocean general circulation
model (GCM), a sea ice model, and a land surface
model. In particular, various important processes in the
stratosphere will be improved and/or newly implemented.
The effects of anthropogenic gases and aerosols on
the ozone chemistry may cause dramatic climate variability
over the whole atmosphere through complex
interactions between radiative and dynamical processes.
In addition, variability of solar radiation can cause
ozone changes and climate variability in the middle
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atmosphere, which may be coupled with climate
change near the surface. Hence, numerical studies
should be conducted with an improved version of the
climate model.
Behaviors of internal gravity waves and those influences
on the general circulation should be investigated
by performing numerical experiments with an ultrahigh
resolution GCM, since they play very important
roles in the middle atmosphere.
This year, the vertical domain of the atmosphere
GCM was extended to the mesopause level (~ km).
The importance of various atmospheric waves controlling
mean states and variability of the middle atmosphere
was confirmed by a series of numerical experiments.
For this purpose, hundreds of sets of horizontal-and-vertical
resolution and physical parameters of
the model were tested. Simultaneously, numerical
resources of the Earth Simulator required for these
simulations were checked. The highest resolution simulation
performed to date is T L, i.e., .
degrees in both longitude and latitude and m in
vertical.
The sigma vertical coordinate system used in the
original GCM was replaced with a sigma-pressure
hybrid coordinate. As a result, the accuracy of transport
processes in the stratosphere was improved. On
the other hand, causal mechanisms of cold and moist
biases near the tropopause were investigated, though
they are yet to be solved.
Subject 7: Research Development of the Advanced
Four-Dimensional Data Assimilation System Using a
Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean-Land Surface Model
Toward the Construction of High-Quality Reanalysis
Datasets for Climate Prediction
The main objective of this research approved by the
MEXT(Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science,
and Technology) as part of the "RR" Project is to
construct an innovative four-dimensional data assimilation
system capable of providing a high-quality comprehensive
dataset referred to as "reanalysis dataset".
This is stimulated by recent remarkable progress in the
earth observing system and numerical models. Though
observations are still sparse in time and space, their
synthesis with the state-of-the-art general circulation
models (GCMs) has the ability to produce a -dimensional
(D) reanalysis dataset. Such datasets are vital
for more accurate seasonal to interannual (S-I) prediction
and for a better description of the dynamical state
of the global warming and hydrological cycle.
Data assimilation (DA) studies so far have shown
that variational (VAR) assimilation approaches using
GCMs are the most likely means of creating dynamically
consistent datasets. However, the computational burden
required is quite heavy (at least times that of
simulation models). This limited us to use the D-VAR
model when applying the VAR method to the climate
system covering the entire globe. The D-VAR method
has the potential to ensure good dynamical consistency
in space, but it is not the case for the model time trajectory.
The Earth Simulator (ES) could give a breakthrough
for such limitation. That is, huge computational
capability of ES enables us to construct an advanced
D-VAR coupled DA system (using atmospheric and
ocean GCMs) for the first time. This could greatly contribute
to better understanding dynamical and thermodynamical
processes in the climate system on the earth
and to increasing skills on climate prediction.
In order to realize our purpose, five functional components
are organized in this program as shown in
Figure :
Theme : Development of data assembly systems, quality
control, and international data network.
Theme : Development of a high-resolution climate
GCM on ES.
Theme : Development of D-VAR coupled DA system
on ES and construction of a reanalysis
dataset in s and its validation.
Theme : Improvement of initialization and predictability
by a nonhydrostatic coupled GCM.
Theme : Development of distributed sheared-database
system with DODS/LAS/CAS/EPIC.
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Fig.33 Relationship of functional components of our program.
In the following, we make a brief summary of our
results in the first year of the research period ( years)
with an emphasis on Theme for which the Frontier
Research System for Global Change (FRSGC) is mainly
responsible.
The main research activity regarding Theme during
FY, whose principal investigator (PI) is Dr.
Mitsudera at the International Pacific Research Center
(IPRC) of University of Hawaii, was directed to the
acquisition and quality check of observational and
reanalysis datasets for atmosphere, ocean, and land surfaces
through the international data network. As a result,
many important datasets (Table ) have been archived.
A close examination shows that the BUFR dataset
obtained from NCEP/NCAR is the most suitable input
data for our D-VAR coupled DA experiment and that
the ERA- of ECMWF is better for the assessment of
our experimental results. In addition, a very high resolution
SST dataset (km cloud-free and global) has been
constructed as well as mean sea surface fluxes in the
Pacific by colleagues of some universities.
A high-resolution coupled GCM in Theme was
improved markedly in both computational speed and
climate dynamics on ES by the joint group of ES
Center and FRSGC (PI is Dr. Kurihara of FRSGC).
This improved coupled GCM was used as the forward
model of our D-VAR DA system in Theme . The DA
group of FRSGC has completed the oceanic component
of our D-VAR coupled DA system and applied it to the
state estimation of global ocean circulation. As for the
atmospheric component, the DA system using a dry
model version has been constructed and applied to a sensitivity
experiment. We summarize these results below.
Using a sophisticated ocean GCM (MOM) and the
D variational adjoint method, we have succeeded in
obtaining a dynamically-self consistent reanalysis data
for climatological seasonality of the global ocean, with
finer resolution than the existing systems. A synthesis
of available observational records and the model provided
realistic features of ocean circulations with no
artificial sources/sinks for temperature and salinity
fields, in contrast to the nudging approach often used.
Thus, this new dataset enables us to qualify the water
mass formation and movement as well as the surface
conditions. For example, we made a water mass analysis
of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW)
that characterizes the subsurface region in the North
Pacific. The sensitivity experiment using the backward
adjoint code revealed that the origin of the NPIW can
be traced back to the Sea of Okhotsk and to the Bering
Sea in the subarctic region and to the subtropical
Kuroshio region further south (Figure ). This is in
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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Table 3 Archived data sets
Ocean In Situ Obs. Data
WOCE CTD, bottle & current meter, UOT;
ARGO pacific & Indian ocean;
Ocean GPV
Levitus climatology, COADS climatology,
Oceanic Reanalysis
Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), ECCO Kalman filter, ECCO adjoint
Atmospheric GPV
CMAP precipitation,
Atmospheric Reanalysis Data
ECMWF Reanalysis (ERA-17,40), ECMWF operational (ds111.1, ds111.2, ds.111.3),
NCEP Reanalysis 1 & 2
Satellite Data
QuikSCAT Level 3, Atlas SSMI, TMI precipitation radar, GSSTF Turbulent fluxes,
GOES precipitation index, WOCE satellite winds (ERS1,2, NSCAT, QuikSCAT,
SeaWinds on QuikSCAT), GHRSST, J-OFURO flux data
Land Data
Vegetation data (NCAR vegetation, NOAA Ecosystem database (vegetation, FAO Ecocrop)
Soil data (FAO Soil Map & Soil Properties)
Precipitation data(GPCP)
Snow-ice data (NSIDC)
Others (GLCC global land cover characteristics database, ISLSCP)
Fig.34 Sensitivity to a salinity fluctuation input on the density surface of NPIW
(information of specified fluctuations is calculated backward in time).
good agreement with recent observational findings.
We further estimated the seasonally-varying state of
heat balance in the upper equatorial Pacific for the first
time (Figure ), and found that the result has an
important implication for the so called phase-locked
process of the El Niño onset in the western equatorial
Pacific (presence of upward net heat flux between
˚E and ˚E in winter and spring), but clarification
of the detailed mechanism is left for future work.
Figure shows the result of the sensitivity of the
atmospheric adjoint model to a velocity fluctuation
input in the upper equatorial troposphere (exactly, at
˚), where information of specified fluctuations is
calculated backward in time. It is visible that the signal
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Estimated Po temp (K) & Temp transport (PWT) at Equator
(Jan)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Selection of visualization
Output format
Region
200
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
14 16 18 20 21 22 23 24 26 28 30
Time
Estimated Po temp (K) & Temp transport (PWT) at Equator
(Jul)
Depth
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
14 16 18 20 21 22 23 24 26 28 30
Fig.35 State estimation of seasonally-varying heat balance in the
upper equatorial Pacific (upper: January; lower: July).
Arrows denote heat fluxes (unit in PWT).
adT at sigma 0.12
6JAN3-
11JAN3-
16JAN3-
21JAN3-
26JAN3-
0 60E 120E 180 120W 60W 0
-0.025 -0.015 -0.005 0.005 0.015 0.025
-0.02 -0.01 0.01 0.02
Fig.36 Sensitivity to a velocity fluctuation input in the upper equatorial
troposphere(information of specified fluctuations is
calculated backward in time).
of the velocity disturbance can be traced back to the
Asian continent, in good agreement with observations.
These aspects of our D-VAR DA system underline
Fig.37 Product server with LAS constructed in Theme (5).
its usefulness for state estimation and prediction of
climate change.
Regional nonhydrostatic models for atmosphere and
ocean in Theme have been constructed by Kyoto
University's group and showed good performance in
simulating cumulus convection processes in the tropical
atmosphere and eddy transport in the ocean, respectively.
The nesting method with global-scale GCMs is
currently underway.
The relevant prototype of distributed sheared-database
system in Theme has been constructed by the
joint group of AESTO and IPRC (PI is Dr. Waseda of
IPRC). In particular, the Live Access Server (LAS),
which is a highly configurable Web server designed to
provide flexible access to geo-referenced scientific
data, allows us to utilize distributed datasets as a unified
virtual data base through the DODS networking
(Figure ). This server system is anticipated to work
as a very useful basic tool in our DA system.
The results shown above indicate that the research
objectives planned in have been successfully
achieved, thereby suggesting good prospects for our
research development.
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Research Activities
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
Overview of Research Activities
The Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change (FORSGC) aims to contribute to the realization
of the reliable prediction of global change and the fight against global warming in collaboration with the Earth
Simulator (supercomputer operation) and the Frontier Research System for Global Change (model studies).
Scientists have highlighted the critical need for high-precision, large-scale and long-term observation data in the
development of a next-generation high-resolution integrated global model for predicting global environmental variability.
However, because of a lack of related data, it is essential to establish a new observational research framework
that enables flexible and intensive observational research through the efficient use of existing facilities and
close cooperation with existing research projects, and domestic and overseas research organizations. FORSGC
undertakes observational research aimed at contributing to the elucidation of large-scale (both in time and space) climate
change phenomena, the acquisition of global observational data essential for model studies, and the establishment
of a global observational system for data assimilation. Under the leadership of excellent supervisors, we will
achieve these objectives through the temporary researcher employment system, close cooperation with affiliated
ministries, national research institutes, universities and private sector organizations, and the effective use of observation
technicians and other research support staff.
FORSGC was established in August , and Dr. Nobuo Suginohara assumed office as the third Director-
General in October .
Climate Variations Observational Research Program
The purpose of the Climate Variations Observational
Research Program is to elucidate the mechanism of climate
variations with years to decades time scale,
through observations by three groups in three key
regions; i.e. the warm water pool region of the tropical
Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, the western
boundary current "Kuroshio" in the Pacific Ocean, and
the subsurface and middle layers of the ocean. The first
two groups aim at improving accuracy of model predictions
through the more precise observations than ever.
The third group aims to develop a system that enables
large-scale and continuous observations in order to elucidate
the variation mechanism.
(I) Air-Sea Interaction Group
The Air-Sea Interaction Group aims to elucidate the
air-sea interaction process associated with the climate
variation in the tropical western Pacific Ocean and the
Indian Ocean, mainly focusing on intra-seasonal oscillation,
El Niño and Southern Oscillation and Indian
Ocean Dipole Mode Oscillation. The group consists of
two sub-groups, the Palau sub-group and the Indian
Ocean sub-group.
(a) Palau sub-group
Around the western tropical Pacific (Palau) region,
surface weather observations were undertaken continuously
from November . In this fiscal year, we
intensified the observations targeting water vapor
transport by using a microwave radiometer, etc. In
order to understand the detailed upper air conditions,
we requested the National Weather Service of Palau to
increase the frequency of the routine radiosonde observations
to times a day during IOP (Intensive
Observation Period) in December . During the
IOP, aviation observations using Gulfstream II (Fig.)
were carried out to reveal the structure of the convective
system and its environmental condition over the
warm water pool, south of Palau in collaboration with
the R/V Mirai MR-K cruise. A Doppler lidar and
a cloud radar were also on board of Gulfstream II in
collaboration with CRL (Communication Research
Laboratories). We carried out flight missions twice
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Latitude
Fig. 1 Gulfstream II at Koror International Airport
Mirai Doppler RADAR & GMS-VIS
Dropsonde (1 - 7)
5
0
130 135 140
Longitude
Fig. 2 Doppler radar reflectivity of R/V Mirai, located on 2N
138.5E, was superposed on GMS visible image. The blue
line is a flight path of Gulfstream II. The numbers (1 to 7)
are positions of dropsonde launching.
within the Doppler radar observation range of the R/V
Mirai. In the case of line-shape convective clouds, a
total of dropsondes were launched from the aircraft
(Fig. ). We are now making a comparison between
the observation and meso-scale numerical models. We
also obtained the data of the other case of dry-air intrusion
to the middle troposphere after the MJO passage.
In March , the wind profiler system that had
been used in the observation of downstream Yangtze
River by the Cloud and Precipitation Processes Group
was installed at Aimeliik, a new site in Palau.
controls the global climate variability through coupled
processes between the atmosphere and the ocean. In
order to clarify important processes and mechanisms
involved in the variability in the tropical Indian Ocean
and to contribute to accumulation of the in situ data of
the upper-layer conditions, we are continuing to conduct
the following observations (Fig. ). They include
() an ADCP mooring at E on the equator, () VOS
XBT/XCTD lines, () wide area XBT/XCTD observations,
() hydrographic observations by the R/V Mirai,
and () surface drifting buoy deployments.
In FY, we participated in the MR-K
cruise of the R/V Mirai to replace the ADCP mooring
in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, and we
obtained about months of upper-layer velocity data.
The preliminary analysis of these data indicate quite
energetic intra-seasonal variability both in zonal and
meridional currents (Fig. ). We also observed the
spatial structure of the temperature, salinity, and
velocity along the cruise track, using XCTD, CTD,
and the ship-mounted ADCP.
In addition, in this fiscal year, we continued to
maintain two VOS XBT/XCTD lines one in the
northern Indian Ocean and the other in the western
tropical Pacific Ocean (Fig. ). The subsurface temperature
and salinity data along the two lines are continuously
being accumulated for studying the interannual
variability in the tropical Indo-Pacific sector.
(b) Indian Ocean Observation sub-group
Warm surface water pool in the tropical eastern
Indian Ocean is known as an important factor that
Fig. 3 Summary of the observations
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Depth (m)
Depth (m)
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-390
Nov
2000
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
Dec Jan
2001
Zonal curent LPF (5dy)
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
2002
Meridional curent LPF (5dy)
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
rial regions of the North Pacific Ocean, the eastern
region of the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean, in
collaboration with Japan Meteorological Agency,
Japan Coast Guard, Hokkaido University, and Tokyo
University of Fisheries (Fig. and ).
-350
-60
-390
Nov
2000
Dec Jan
2001
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan
2002
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
-80
Fig. 4 Time-depth sections of the zonal (top panel) and meridional
(bottom panel) currents obtained from 20-months ADCP
mooring at 90E on the equator.
0
Salinity [psu]
37
100
36
Depth [m]
200
300
35
400
500
60E 70E 80E 90E
Fig. 5 Example of the salinity distribution along the VOS XCTD
line in the northern Indian Ocean.
Ocean Data View
34
33
Fig. 6 Deployment locations of Argo floats in the North Pacific
deployed by JAMSTEC in FY 2002.
We also continued wide area XBT/XCTD observations
using fishing vessels. These XBT/XCTD observations
are being operated in collaboration with Japan
Meteorological Agency and National Research
Institute of Far Seas Fisheries.
(II) The Subsurface and the Middle Layer Ocean
Variation Research Group / Argo Group
We aim to elucidate the subsurface and the middlelayer
ocean variation mechanisms - believed to be the
major factors influencing climatic changes in years
to several decades cycle - on a Pacific-wide scale.
Along these lines, we have been undertaking Argo
float deployment jointly with the JAMSTEC Ocean
Observation and Research Department since FY.
After determining efficient (optimum) release points
through numerical-model simulations, we deployed a
total of floats in FY in the subarctic to equato-
Fig. 7 Deployment locations of Argo floats in the Indian and
Southern Ocean deployed by JAMSTEC in FY 2002.
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Quality control of Argo float data is one of most
important missions of our group. We have used the
method developed by PMEL/NOAA as the standard
delayed-mode quality control procedure for Argo
salinity data. Examining and evaluating this method
along with a lot of test calculations, we came to the
conclusion that we should use more sophisticated climatological
dataset to obtain better results on applying
PMEL's method. We are now performing additional
tests to obtain higher-quality float data, and preparing
a new sophisticated dataset of the Pacific Ocean in
cooperation with PMEL.
Using Argo float data and other hydrographic data,
we have been studying the role of mesoscale eddies on
the formation and transport of the North Pacific
Subtropical Mode Water and the characteristics of the
North Pacific Central Mode Water in relation to the
frontal structure.
For the effective use of sparsely distributed Argo
data, we have been developing a D-VAR data assimilation
system on the basis of MOM (GFDL) in cooperation
with researchers of FRSGC. We carried out an
identical twin experiment to verify that the developed
assimilation system performs satisfactorily.
We held an Argo symposium in the spring
meeting of the Japan Oceanographic Society and
reported on the current state of Argo and discussed its
future vision.
(III) Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment
The Kuroshio is one of the major currents in the
world, and plays an important role in the pole-ward
heat transport as a western boundary current of the
North Pacific subtropical gyre. Our goal is to improve
the accuracy of numerical prediction models for global
climate change by observational study on the variation
mechanism of volume transport and path of the
Kuroshio south of central Japan.
It is believed that the northward current in the
southeast of Nansei Islands (Ryukyu Current System)
and the Kuroshio in the East China Sea meet south of
Kyushu, and form the Kuroshio to the south of
Shikoku and Honshu Islands. However, due to the
mesoscale eddies coming frequently from the east of
the Kuroshio Extension region, there are still several
open questions on the Ryukyu Current System. For
examining its mean state and seasonal variation, and
elucidating the effects of mesoscale eddies and bottom
topography on its driving and variation mechanism,
we have been conducting intensive surveys in the
southeast of Okinawa Island since . We succeeded
in estimating for the first time the mean volume
transport of the Ryukyu Current System in the southeast
of Okinawa Island to be . Sv ( Sv = m /s)
from November to August . This result was
published in the international journal "Geophysical
Research Letters" in January (Zhu et al., ).
In June , PIES (Pressure gauge equipped
Inverted Echo Sounder) were deployed in the southeastern
shelf slopes of Okinawa and Amami-Oshima
Islands from the R/V Mirai in co-operation with
OORD of JAMSTEC, and recovered in December by
the S/V Yokosuka together with the current meters
deployed in November by the T/V Keitenmaru of
Kagoshima University. During the Yokosuka cruise,
we also deployed PIES in the southeastern shelf
slope of Amami-Oshima Island; PIES, ADCP
(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) and two DACM
(-Dimensional Acoustic Current Meter) in the southeastern
shelf slope of Okinawa Island; and PIES and
RCM (Recording Current Meter) in the southeastern
shelf slope of Miyakojima Island collaborating with
OORD/JAMSTEC and Kagoshima University, as well
as CPIES (current meter equipped PIES) and PIES
in the East China Sea Kuroshio region collaborating
with the University of Rhode Island (Fig. ).
In addition to the hydrographic surveys, CTD
(Conductivity, Temperature and Depth Meter)
with LADCP (Lowered ADCP), XBT (eXpendable
BathyThermograph) or XCTD (eXpendable CTD)
observations were conducted in June (R/V Mirai),
September (T/S Kakuyomaru of the Nagasaki
162

1000
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
Mooring Sites as of March 1, 2003
29˚N
Amami-Ohshima
29
1000
1000
1000
Amami-Ohshima
28˚N
AE01
28
1000
1000
Latitude (N)
27
26
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
Okinawa
1000
27˚N
26˚N
Okinawa
OS-Line
OS01
E-Line
AE-Line
E07
AE08
25
24
1000
Miyakojima
1000
124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132
Longitude (E)
Fig. 8 Locations of moored instruments deployed in December
2002 by S/V Yokosuka.
mark: PIES, mark: CPIES, markCurrent meters
University), October (R/V Chofumaru of the Japan
Meteorological Agency) and December (S/V Yokosuka)
along the ground trucks of the satellite altimeter. From
the data obtained by these hydrographic observations
in , we have obtained the following results:
) In June, September and October, the volume transport
of the Ryukyu Current System southeast of
Amami-Ohshima Island was much larger than that
southeast of Okinawa Island by - Sv. This
large difference can be explained well by the westward
current flowing into the region between
Amami-Ohshima and Okinawa Islands (Fig. ).
AE01 AE03 AE05 AE07
0
25˚N
127˚E 128˚E 129˚E 130˚E 131˚E 132˚E
Transport
(Sv)
AE-Line
E-Line
OS-Line
Res i due
OS06
E01
Jun.
R/V Mirai
22.08
29.08
-4.49
+2.51
Sep.
T/S Kakuyo-maru
17.10
6.15
7.05
-3.90
Oct.
R/V Chofu-maru
19.36
17.53
4.81
+2.98
upper layer (01000dbar) referred to shipboard ADCP data at 100m depth
Fig. 9 Map showing the volume transport budget in the area
enclosed by AE-line southeast of Amami-Ohshima Island,
OS-line southeast of Okinawa Island, and E-line connecting
the southeasternmost stations of AE- and OS-lines in June
(Red), September (Blue) and October (Green). Numerals in
the bottom table are the geostrophic volume transport in
Sv in the top 1000 dbar layer referred to current velocity at
100m depth measured by ship-mounted ADCP.
) Around -m depth layer in the southeast of
Amami-Ohshima Island, there was a subsurface
maximum velocity core in June, September and
October. The difference of current speed at the
maximum core from that of surrounding was more
than cm/s (Fig.).
Contour interval; 0.1m/s
dbar
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Jun. Sep. Oct.
Geostrophic current velocity
referred to Shipboard ADCP data at 100m Depth
Fig.10 Vertical sections of geostrophic current referred to current velocity at 100m depth
measured by ship-mounted ADCP in the southeast of Amami-Ohshima Island in June
(left), September (middle) and October (right) of 2002. Shaded areas indicate the southwestward
current. Contour interval is 0.1 m/s.
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
) Volume transport of the Ryukyu Current System
southeast of Miyakojima Island was Sv northeastward
in December.
Hydrological Cycle Observational Research Program
The purpose of the Hydrological Cycle Observational
Research Program is to elucidate physical processes
involved in interannual variations in Asian monsoons
which have a major impact on Japan's climatic variability,
and long-term variations in monsoon and water
resources associated with global warming, focusing on
the Asian monsoon region and the Eurasian Continent,
as well as contributing to the development of an integrated
model and observation system for them.
(I) Large-scale Hydrological Cycle and Processes Group
In FY, the Large-scale Hydrological Cycle and
Processes Group continued observations in Indonesia,
Thailand, Tibet and Siberia, with the aim of elucidating
the large-scale energy and water cycles in Monsoon
Asia. The results, obtained since the establishment of
this group in , have been published in international
journals and presented at international meetings, and
some have won prizes from societies. An overview of
our activities and achievements is as follows:
(a) Diurnal, intraseasonal, seasonal and interannual
variability of precipitating cloud systems and
energy/water cycles over the Indonesian maritime
continent
At Kototabang, in West Sumatra, Indonesia, the
major base of observations, continuous measurements
of precipitation characteristics, sensible and latent heat
fluxes, lower-atmospheric winds, rainfall amounts in
the surrounding area and so on have been carried out
automatically. Rawinsondes (meteorological balloons)
were launched intensively ( or times per day) for
weeks in total in this fiscal year. In addition, standard
meteorological observations have been started also at
Padang in the west coast and at Siberut Island off the
coastline, and preliminary site surveys for future
Fig. 11 Maintenance and data recovery from rain gauges in the
West Sumatra (at 12 locations in total).
extension of observations were conducted at Biak,
Papua Province.
Based on the analyses of the data obtained so far,
papers concerning the suppression of diurnal cycle of
precipitating cloud in the westerly phase of intraseasonal
variations and the geographical and interannual
variations of the rainy season over Indonesia and their
link to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have
been published. A gigantic diurnal cycle of cloud formation
and movement has been discovered from the
data of intensive observational periods. Seasonal variations
of the Hadley circulation, tropopause level and
temperature and their relationship with ENSO have
also been analyzed in detail.
(b) Diurnal variations of water and heat transport
processes in Indonesia, Thailand and Tibet
Based on continuous automatic observations of precipitable
water by GPS (Global Positioning System) at
Kototabang (mountainous area near the western coast)
and Jambi (plain near the eastern coast) in Sumatra,
Indonesia since FY, a striking diurnal variation of
water vapor associated with a local circulation has
been analyzed in particular at Kototabang. The paper
about this study was accepted for publication in an
international journal. GPS observations have also been
started at Padang, Siberut Island and Pontianak (west
Kalimantan) from this fiscal year () in order to
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
Fig.12 GPS receiver at Pontianak, Indonesia.
study the water cycle in a broader area. Observations
at Chiang Mai, Bangkok and Phuket in Thailand started
in the previous fiscal year () have been successfully
continued. A gigantic diurnal cycle of water
vapor with an increase during afternoon before
evening has been discovered from GPS data analysis
at Gaize and Naqu in Tibet, and numerical simulations
using a local atmospheric circulation model are also
prepared for publication.
(c) Origin of precipitating water in Siberia, Tibet,
Thailand and Indonesia
In addition to water sampling in Siberia and Tibet
since FY and at four stations in Thailand and two
stations in western Indonesia since FY, observations
have been started at three stations (Denpasar of
Bali, and Makassar and Manado of Sulawesi) in central
Indonesia and at Palau in the western Pacific
(located in the north of Biak, eastern Indonesia) from
this fiscal year.
Seasonal characteristics of water transport over
Siberia and Tibet have been analyzed, and the origin
of water of a broad region from Himalaya to central
Tibet have been found in the Indian Ocean. Analysis
of data obtained in the past over the southern Pacific
and in Indonesia led to a striking interannual variation
of water isotope ratio in this broad region and a clear
correlation with ENSO. It was published in an international
journal and also commended by the Japanese
Fig.13 Rain gauge at Manado weather station, Indonesia.
Association of Hydrological Science and the Director-
General of FORSGC.
The studies of (a) and (c) are carried out in collaboration
with Kyoto University.
(II) Land-Surface Hydrological Cycle and Processes Group
The objectives of the Land-Surface Hydrological
Cycle and Processes Group are to clarify the surface
processes and the atmosphere-land surface interactions
in the cold continental regions and to understand the
role of these regions in the regional/global hydrological
cycles. The observational studies made in
were as follows:
(a) Clarify the land water cycle and the thermal conditions
of the cold regions such as Eastern Siberia,
Tibet, and Mongolia, and the influence of snow
cover, frozen ground and vegetation on these
processes.
(b) Develop high quality data-sets of the water and
thermal cycle.
(c) Develop physical models of the water and thermal
cycle and validate these models.
In order to fulfill these objectives, the following
observations were made in .
( i ) Observation on the surface heat/water exchange
at the various sites in eastern Siberia such as
tundra (Tiksi) and taiga (Yakutsk).
(ii) Continuance of the observation on water/heat
165

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
balance in Western Tibet.
(iii) Initiation of water/heat balance and drainage
study in North Central Mongolia.
(iv) Further data accumulation of the solid precipitation
evaluation and the role of drifting/blowing
on surface water/heat exchange at Barrow.
In , we emphasized initiation at the Mongolian
observation site (iii), and (ii) was downscaled due to
decrease of the budget. Data accumulation at the discontinuous
permafrost zone (iii) will make it possible
to do the comparative study on the characteristics of
land hydrological cycle at the discontinuous and continuous
permafrost zone. Enough data accumulation
for (iv) has been made, and the primary result can be
deduced from the three-year observation. In this study
snow particle counter is playing an important role. The
group is participating in the CREST project related to
water cycle and vegetation, and this aspect will be
studied in detail under that project.
During the past three years, the observation network
has been established and the preparation has been
basically finished for the data collection for implementing
objective (a) – (c). Therefore, the main part of
the activities will be shifted to data accumulation,
analysis, modeling, and integration.
(III) Cloud and Precipitation Processes Group
In order to clarify the hydrological cycle in heat
source regions of the Asia and the maritime continent,
especially the atmospheric hydrological cycle processes
in the regions from the western tropical pacific to the
Baiu front, this group is carrying out multi-scale observations
on hydrological cycle processes of cloud clusters
and elucidating roles of mesoscale cloud and precipitation
systems in each process of atmospheric hydrological
cycles. The results of the observations and analyses
will contribute to the development and improvement
of numerical models of global atmosphere.
This group is conducting observation of the structure
and evolution of cloud and precipitation systems in the
downstream region of the Yangtze River. It is also collaborating
closely with the Air-Sea Interaction Group
of Climate Variations Observational Research Program
of FORSGC on the observation of cloud and precipitation
processes in the western tropical Pacific region.
The first intensified observation in the downstream
region of the Yangtze River was performed in FY
and data collected during this year have been analyzed
in detail. The preliminary results on the formation and
development processes of precipitation systems along
the Baiu front were presented in the China-Japan
Workshop on Heavy Rainfall Experiment and Study
(Fig.).
In FY, the second intensified observation in the
downstream region of the Yangtze River was carried out
using Doppler radars, a bistatic receiver, a wind profiler,
automatic weather stations (AWS), and a micro rain
radar (Fig.). After the completion of the observation,
all the observation equipment from Japan has been
Fig.14 A commemorative photograph of the China-Japan
Workshop on Heavy Rainfall Experiment and Study held in
Haikou, China.
Fig. 15 A commemorative photograph of the intensified observation
held in 2002.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
Fig.16 Time-height section of reflectivity observed by a Doppler
radar in 2002.
shipped back to Japan. Many precipitation systems
observed in showed different characteristics from
those observed in the last year (Fig.). Data from two
years' observations provided a good opportunity for
studying various processes of cloud and precipitation
systems in the downstream region of the Yangtze River.
For the observation in the western tropical Pacific
region, refer to the section of Air-Sea Interaction Group
of Climate Variations Observational Research Program.
Atmospheric Composition Research Task Team
The Atmospheric Composition Research Task Team
was set up in FY to execute a sub-sub theme of the
Category of MEXT RR Project for Sustainable
Coexistence of Human, Nature and the Earth.
In FY, an Implementing Arrangement was
concluded with the Institute of Atmospheric Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences in order to facilitate the
observation of the spatial distribution and temporal
variability of O
and CO in China, a major emission
area in East Asia. Three potential sites, Mt. Taishan,
Mt. Huashan and Mt. Huangshan, were selected as
observation sites and a visit to Mt. Taishan and Mt.
Huashan was made to investigate the feasibility of
observation. An instrument for continuous measurement
of O
based on UV absorption method and an
instrument for CO based on non-dispersive infrared
absorption were installed at Mt. Taishan and the
observation has been initiated. For the purpose of
obtaining the background data to East Asia, research
cooperation with Limnological Institute, Russian
Academy of Sciences, was made to facilitate the
observation of O
and CO at Mondy station in East
Siberia near lake Baikal.
Further development of the Laser Induced
Fluorescence (LIF) instrument for the OH/HO
measurement
was made, and sensitivity was improved to
obtain the same level of detection limit as the other
world top class instruments.
(a) Variability of tropospheric ozone in Asia and its
impact on global warming
This research aims at carrying out an atmospheric
chemistry observation related to tropospheric ozone in
Asia for the purpose of verification and development
of high precision global chemical transport model.
The research subject of this study includes:
( i ) Continuous measurements of tropospheric
ozone (O
) and carbon monoxide (CO) in
China, Siberia and Central Asia to obtain seasonal
variation of their concentration.
(ii) Intensive campaign including direct measurement
of HOx (OH and HO
) radicals to verify
tropospheric photochemistry theory.
(iii) Preparation of emission inventory data for
future emission of ozone precursors until .
Observation and research at International Arctic
Research Center
The International Arctic Research Center (IARC)
aims to understand natural and anthropogenic variations
occurring in the Arctic region and predict their
impacts. Its FY activities are described below.
(I) Coupled Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere System Group
The Coupled Ocean-Ice-Atmosphere System Group
aims to elucidate interaction among the ocean, sea ice
and atmosphere so as to shed light on the complex Arctic
Ocean climatic system. In FY , the following observations
were undertaken in parts of the Arctic region
with close relationship with the Pacific Ocean.
) Tracking of freshwater distribution by source through
the use of stable oxygen isotopes and barium (Ba)
167

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
) Observation of Arctic surface water via mooring
buoys
) Development of a database compiling Arctic Ocean
chemical composition data
During the observational cruise of the R/V Mirai in
FYs , and , the water samples for isotopic
composition analysis were collected in the
Beaufort Sea. From the analytical results, riverine and
ice melt water distributions were estimated and it
became clear that both the river-origin and ice melt
waters contributed to the decrease in salinity of surface
water (stratification) to similar degrees. A comparison
of the results of FYs , and part of
results of FY show that the distribution pattern of
these two types of water showed significant difference
in terms of oceanic structure both horizontally and
vertically year by year, which implies that the high
oceanic variability is due to the complexity in the
freshwater distribution pattern. Ba, which is a tracer
for river water from the North American continent, is
also measured at Hokkaido University.
The analytical results of Ba revealed that approximately
half of its amount was removed from seawater
by biological activity, thus casting doubt on the
preservability of the element, which is an important
property for a water mass tracer. The removal ratio in
Ba/Si from surface seawater was found to be . to .
and substantially larger than other oceans where the
ratio is approximately .. The larger removal ratio
could be attributed to biogenic precipitation of Ba and
subsequent removal, which is presumably also related
with brine in frozen sea ice. A preliminary analysis of
Ba in ice reveals enrichment of Ba compared with surrounding
seawater (Fig.).
The response of the Arctic Ocean to external forcing
such as atmospheric disturbance has been monitored
by a mooring system with MMP in Canada
Basin. Another new mooring system with MMP was
also deployed in the Laptev Sea (Fig.). The mooring
system in Canada Basin was retrieved for data recovery
and redeployed at the same location. The preliminary
analysis of the data showed unexpected high frequency
response of the Arctic Ocean almost throughout
the water column. The results are expected to give
us clear pictures on energy dissipation in the ocean
and to contribute to the improvement in accuracy of
the Arctic Ocean model. With regard to the data set
construction, data processing for the Bering Sea,
Greenland Seas, etc is now under way.
-0.50
-1.00
y = -0.93581 -0.082362x R = 0.99221
O-18
80
70
140
120
Ba
n-Ba
-1.50
60
50
100
80
O-18
-2.00
-2.50
40
30
20
Ba
Ba
60
40
-3.00
Ba
10
20
-3.50
0
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Salinity
A
Salinity
Fig.17 AO 18 and Ba vs. Salinity. AlthoughO 18 (red open circles) shows simple mixture of
sea ice and surrounding seawater, Ba(closed circles) shows significant enrichment with
increase in seawater fraction deduced by salinity. BNormalized Ba (n-Ba) to the salinity
of 30 psu vs. salinity. This shows relative degree of enrichment of Ba in sea ice.
B
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
Sea Surface
Acoustic Transponder
McLANE Flotation Buoy
Bumper
CTD SBE-37
Current and CTD miter
Anderaa RCM-7
CTD SBE-16
McLANE CTD and current
profiler
Bumper
Sea Bottom
CTD SBE-37
Anderaa RCM-7
Double Release 8242SX
800 kilo Anchor weight
Fig.18 Sensor configuration of NABOS mooring system deployed in FY2002.
(II) Multi-Disciplinary Group
The Multi-Disciplinary Group mainly aims to clarify
the impact of bio-geochemical processes on climate and
environmental changes. In FY, seawater and bottom
sediment samples were collected taking advantages
of the cruises of the R/V Mirai, Hokkaido University's
training vessel Oshoromaru and UAF R/V Alpha Helix,
and biological and chemical analyses started. Analytical
items are concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl a), nutrient
salts, lipid biomarkers and dissolved organic carbon/nitrogen,
their stable isotope ratios, and turbidity.
The analytical results obtained so far suggest that
ammonia-rich subsurface water, iron, organic phosphorus,
etc. are involved in the formation of coccoliths, but
the identification of the decisive factors will still
require further investigation. The intensity of coccolithophere
blooming is weakening in time and space.
Marine biological activity beneath ice is a unique
bio-geochemical process characterizing sea ice zones,
and its contribution to global warming is not yet wellknown.
Following polar dawn, regular observations of
bio-production (abundance of plankton), biomarkers,
dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate
(DMSP) were made at Point Barrow. The measurement
of the opto-environmental condition including
solar radiation, observation of sea ice composition,
meteorological parameters, etc. were also carried out
in collaboration with other organizations. Although
the amount of chlorophyll, an indicator of bio-productivity
potential, dramatically increased by more than
times within about one month as observed last
year, it was followed by a rapid fall. A slight decrease
in sea ice thickness and presence of large-size zooplankton
were also observed this year. Since this phenomenon
seemed due to feeding pressure from zooplankton
and other organisms based on the
results, we tried to examine the zooplankton grazing
pressure. However, owing to the lack of professional
assistance, the zooplankton grazing pressure could not
be studied this year. This plan is to be executed in the
FY field activity. Throughout the observation
period, DMSP was observed at high levels, irrespective
of the abundance of chlorophyll. This fact indicates
that DMSP that has been generated beneath sea
ice is not easily transformed into DMS (Fig.).
To continue the observation of carbon exchange
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change
NEP (gC/m2/yr)
0
20
40
60
80
Scale
kilometers
50 0 50
Fig.20 NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) map produced by satellite
data and ground-based soil respiration in Alaska.
Fig.19 Evolution of DMSP beneath ice and in seawater beneath
ice at Barrow, Alaska.
between land surface and atmosphere after the manmade
forest fire and develop the technology to estimate
greenhouse gas emissions from satellite data, a
cross-Alaska observation was carried out continuing
from the previous fiscal year. We first tried to estimate
NEP (Net Ecosystem Production) from satellite observations
and formulate soil respiration from the above
observations. The NEP map is shown in Fig.. Since
the coverage of the data is still very limited in both
time and space, we plan to complete the data coverage
by utilizing the existing models for terrestrial ecosystem
material cycle such as Biome-BGC.
170

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
OD21 Program Department
Outline of the Ocean Drilling in the 21st Century (OD21)
The Ocean Drilling in the st Century (OD) is the ultimate project seeking to comprehensively understand the
whole global system, and establishes a new era in earth and life science by verifying the mechanisms of crustal
movement, elucidating the dynamic evolution of the global environment, and exploring the unknown deep biosphere.
This analysis is accomplished by studying core samples, monitoring the boreholes, and drilling into seismogenic
zones, which are thought to cause major impacts such as earthquakes and tsunamis. With existing platforms, it
is almost impossible, or quite difficult, to drill directly into the zones. The OD intends to build and operate the
unique deep sea drilling vessel "CHIKYU", which is the first scientific drillship to be equipped with a riser system,
and has the most advanced scientific drilling capability in the world.
Meanwhile the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) led by U.S. achieved outstanding results in the late th century,
such as the substantiation of plate tectonics, elucidation of the dynamic evolution of the global environment and discovery
of the new deep biosphere. From October onwards, the ODP will be integrated with the OD into the
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) under the co-leadership of Japan and U.S. The IODP is an international
project which mainly utilizes two drilling vessels: one is the riser drilling vessel "CHIKYU" to be provided by
Japan, and the other is a non-riser drilling vessel to be provided by the U.S.
The IODP, operating unprecedented large-scale and powerful facilities including "CHIKYU", aims to achieve significant
advances in the geoscience and life science field for the st century, which will create a new wisdom for
all human beings. The IODP will also address themes that help to find solutions for world issues, such as reduction
of natural disasters, and through this, contribute to the further improvement of living standards for humankind.
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) is the overall coordinating and promoting organization
for the IODP in Japan. The OD Program Office in JAMSTEC is responsible for the construction of
"CHIKYU" and development of associated technologies, setup of the "CHIKYU" operational structure, and arrangement
of the domestic/international supporting structures.
1. Development of Technologies for Exploration
of the Earth's Deep Interior
(1) Construction of Ultra Deep Water Drilling Vessel
The ultra deep water drilling vessel CHIKYU
(Figure , ), to be operated in OD, is a riser
drilling vessel, and is the first scientific drilling vessel
to apply mud circulation, a technology commonly
used for petroleum exploration. CHIKYU aims to penetrate
to a depth of , meters in the ocean floor up
to a water depth of , meters (, meters in the
future) all over the world, except icebound seas.
CHIKYU is equipped with facilities to collect continuous
cylindrical core samples of sedimentary rocks or
igneous rocks by drilling, to conduct various physical
and chemical measurements in boreholes, to analyze
obtained core samples and to interpret data on geological
formations. Standard outer diameter of core
samples obtained in the drilling is approximately
mm and it is comparable to that of the Ocean
Drilling Program (ODP). Table shows the major
specifications of CHIKYU.
As the objective of CHIKYU is scientific drilling, it
must be able to drill the seafloor of all sea areas in the
world. In order to achieve this, severe conditions are
set for the structural design of the vessel. Design condition
on the wind velocity is .m/s, and on the significant
wave height is equivalent to that expected
once in years, in the long-range wave data of the
Global Wave Statistics (published by the British
Maritime Technology). CHIKYU is also designed to
be able to carry out drilling operation safely and effectively
under harsh meteorological and oceanographic
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
OD21 Program Department
pipe handling system
derrick with top drive
drill string (inside)
riser (outside)
Fig. 2 Appearance of the CHIKYU
Table 1 Principal Particulars of CHIKYU
drill string
BOP
riser drilling
max water depth; 2,500m
(final target; 4,000m)
drill string
well head
casing
core bit
Fig. 1 Conceptual Drawing of CHIKYU
penetration depth:
7,000m
conditions, and incorporates automatic or laborsaving
features in drilling operations.
CHIKYU is equipped with six azimuth thrusters for
the dynamic positioning system (DPS) to keep it in
position efficiently. To determine the exact location of
the vessel, it has a global positioning system (GPS)
and an acoustic positioning system. Also, the vessel's
dynamic positioning system is designed to minimize
the upper and lower angle of the riser to prevent the
riser from being damaged.
CHIKYU is designed for high workability and living
comfort, considering the expected long-term stays
on the sea for drilling and research work. The design
secures sufficient allowance for variable loads, considering
ultra-deep-drilling on ultra-deep seafloors in
remote sea areas. Further, from the viewpoint of
marine environment conservation, CHIKYU will be
equipped with facilities to reduce the volume of
drilling waste such as cuttings and waste mud generated
by drilling operations, and to hold the waste instead
Length
210m
Width
38m
Depth 16.2m
Draft 9.2m
Gross tonnage 57,500
Variable load
Approx. 25,500 tons
Service Speed
Approx. 10 knots
Accommodation
150 persons
Classification NK NS*, "Deep Ocean Drillship",
MNS*(M0), DPS-B
NK : Class NK
NS* : A vessel built in compliance with the requirements
of the NK Rules
"Deep Ocean Drillship" : Type of special purpose vessel
MNS* : A self-propelled vessel compliant with the
requirements of the NK Rules
(M0) : A vessel installed with remote controlled propulsion
units
DPS-B : A vessel installed with an automatic position
keeping system in compliance with the requirements
of DPS-B class of the NK Rules
(The symbol * is given to a vessel surveyed by NK during
construction.)
of dumping it into the sea.
Effective use of data on various core samples and
geological formations obtained through the operation
of CHIKYU is expected to promote understanding on
the mechanisms of global warming and the initiation
of earthquakes, mantle materials and the deep biospheres
in the earth's crust. CHIKYU will contribute
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
OD21 Program Department
significantly to advancing earth and life sciences.
Construction of CHIKYU began at the end of FY
, with the main contract for construction awarded
to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. In FY outfitting
of equipments on hull parts and interior works
at laboratory/accommodation areas were carried out at
the Tamano Shipyard of Mitsui Engineering and
Shipbuilding Co., Ltd., which is in charge of hull construction.
In this fiscal year, hull construction was
almost completed. Regarding the drilling part of the
vessel, equipment for pipe handling and mud circulation,
drilling control system and derrick were fabricated.
At the beginning of FY , sea trial on the hull
part will be carried out. After that, CHIKYU will be
shifted to the Nagasaki Shipyard of Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries, Ltd., and outfitting of drilling related
equipments will be started.
Observatory
Station
Borehole
Sensor
Vehicle
(2) Research and Development on a Borehole
Observatory System
The borehole is not a mere relic after recovering the
core sample from the sea floor, rather it is a scientifically
very important window for monitoring the
earth's interior. The BENKEI borehole reentry/observatory
deployment ROV is a tool to deploy observatories
and to conduct various measurements inside boreholes,
for the purpose of scientific research. It has
been developed over three years since FY .
Figure is a photo showing the appearance of
BENKEI.
The BENKEI system consists of a borehole sensor
lowered into a borehole; an observatory station, to
Fig. 3 Appearance of BENKEI
function as the platform (hereinafter referred to as the
"station"); a vehicle to transport, deploy, and recover
the station; and a support vessel, the KAIREI, to monitor
and control all these instruments. Table shows the
principal specifications of the BENKEI system. The
primary cable, launching, and recovery system on the
KAIREI are used for not only the KAIKO, but also the
BENKEI. The maximum operation depth of the
BENKEI is , meters. One of the important missions
of the BENKEI is the preliminary survey inside
boreholes before deploying a long-term borehole
observatory. The BENKEI system can measure pressure,
temperature, pH and borehole diameter up to a
Table 2 Principal specifications
Maximum operation depth 6,000m
Maximum operation borehole depth 1,000m
Vehicle dimension – weight in air (weight in water)
Station dimension – weight in air (weight in water)
Sensor dimension – weight in air (weight in water)
Maximum sensor payload (weight in water)
5m 2.6m 2m 48.0kN31.4kN
2.3m 2.8m 35.3kN24.5kN
205mm 5.1m 1.8kN1.1kN
4.5kN3.3kN
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
OD21 Program Department
depth of , meters below the seafloor. For real-time
measurement, the vehicle approaches the re-entry cone
with the entire system, then the station is deployed on
the re-entry cone at the seafloor, and the sensors are
lowered into the borehole. The station and the vehicle
are connected by a fine optical fiber cable for real-time
communication between the support vessel.
In FY , the development of a long term borehole
seismic observatory system was started. A newly
developed observatory station will be deployed on
ODP Hole A (Leg ) in the Indian Ocean. This
project is being implemented under international collaboration
between Japan (JAMSTEC) and France
(IPGP and IFREMER). The system is scheduled to be
deployed in FY . Hole A is located at
˚.'S, ˚.'E (Ninety East Ridge
Observatory site: NERO site); the water depth is
,m, the basement depth is metes below the
seafloor, the casing depth is mbsf, and the total
hole depth in mbsf (Figure ).
First, the deployment plan, the observation plan,
Fig. 5 Configuration of the observatory station for NERO
and the required system were investigated. Figure
shows the configuration of the observatory station for
NERO. In this fiscal year, within the overall system,
the winch for the sensor cable, the mating/release
device, the sensor cable, and the frame structure and
so on, were designed and produced.
16-in casing shoe
at 48.8 mbsf
Basement at
371.0 mbsf
10 3 /4-in casing shoe
at 414.4 mbsf
14 3 /4-in hole to
422.0 mbsf
9 7 /8-in hole to total
depth of 493.8 mbsf
7.6 m
71.8 m
43.4 m
79.4 m
Fig. 4 ODP HOLE1107A
Seafloor at
1648 mbsl
(3) Research and Development on Maintenance of
Extreme Environments
Recent developments in deep-sea research have
advanced research into useful microorganisms that
inhabit the deep sea, their unique functions and the
mechanisms by which they can adapt to their environment.
Once scientific drilling into the harsh subsurface
conditions beneath the seafloor under the OD program
begins, we can expect remarkable progress in
research into the distinctive microorganisms inhabiting
extreme environments, and also in research into
their application in medicine, engineering, and environmental
preservation.
Microorganisms that inhabit the characteristic environments
found in the deep sea or deep within the
earth's crust will either die or undergo functional
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
OD21 Program Department
decline under surface conditions, so it is crucial that we
maintain and control the environmental conditions that
will enable these unique microorganisms to survive.
Scientific drilling under the OD program will target
microorganisms inhabiting environments far more
extreme than the conditions that can be maintained and
controlled by the deep-sea microorganism collection
and cultivation systems currently operated by JAM-
STEC, so this research aims at developing an experimental
system that can collect samples, then recover,
extract and cultivate live subsurface microorganisms
without contamination from other microorganisms.
In fiscal we used an actual drilling machine to
carry out evaluation trials on the bacteriostatic core barrel
prototype produced in fiscal (Fig. ). We
drilled through rock blocks set every meter to quantify
contamination within the rock sample. The results were
satisfactory, and confirmed that contamination will be
greatly reduced when the sample is combined with
highly viscous liquid with the appropriate properties
(we used absorbent high polymer gel in this trial). For
research on cultivating microorganisms, we designed
and produced a prototype piston cultivating tank envisioning
the injection of a gas cultivating medium. This
device is fitted with a cylinder normally maintained at
an even pressure, and when the differential pressure is
greater than envisioned, it functions as a pressure tight
container. Practical trials are scheduled for fiscal .
2. Activities related to the Deep Earth Exploration
Vessel
(1) CDEX
CDEX (Center for Deep Earth Exploration), established
last October as the operator of "CHIKYU"
(deep earth exploration vessel) and headed by Dr.
Asahiko Taira, has been conducting various preparations
for "CHIKYU's" safe and efficient operations;
() forming an HSE (Health, Safety and Environment)
management system and organizations, () developing
drilling plans for the training cruise, based on the site
survey data acquired in and , and () building
science support systems and structures for core
analysis and repository both onboard "CHIKYU" and
onshore. CDEX has been cooperating with the JAM-
STEC engineering/vessel constructing department and
will provide advice on the drilling systems installation
and commissioning from an operator's point of view.
Fig. 6 Evaluation trial on the bacteriostatic core barrel prototype
using a drilling machine
(2)Pre-drilling site survey
The "CHIKYU" will be able to perform deep/ultra
deep drilling under several different conditions, such
as through hydrocarbon-bearing and/or complicated
geological structural zones, which are impossible to be
drilled by the riserless drilling vessel in the present
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), to achieve the scientific
goals. To ensure safe and efficient drilling operation
in such locations, it is indispensable to carry out
the pre-drilling site survey to collect accurate informa-
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
OD21 Program Department
Fig. 7 Image of the Marine Core Research Center at Kochi
University
tion, such as weather, metocean, sea-floor topography,
and underground structure. In particular, the survey
determines underground geo-hazards which could
become a major obstacle to drilling, and using such
information to plan a detailed drilling program ensures
the program is implemented safely and efficiently.
In fiscal , JAMSTEC/CDEX processed and interpreted
the seismic data collected in the previous fiscal
year, and a further study was conducted to select riser
drilling sites during the training cruise of the "CHIKYU".
As a result, JAMSTEC/CDEX selected two sites
offshore Shimokita Peninsula as the riser drilling sites,
and, as a series of site surveys, shallow high resolution
seismic surveys were carried out to detect shallow
sub-surface hazards up to ,m below the seafloor.
The data were then processed.
(3) Construction of the "Management System for
the Deep Earth Exploration Vessel Operation"
"CHIKYU" must operate under severe conditions,
such as deep-sea ultra deep drilling, and remote locations
for long durations. Even under those operating
conditions, JAMSTEC has to perform the efficient
drilling and science services with operational safety,
pollution prevention and asset preservation. To achieve
the mission, it is necessary to construct a "Management
System" based on the functions and specifications of
"CHIKYU", and that can adapt to on/offshore organizations
and structures, including contractors.
In fiscal , JAMSTEC, as the IODP riser
drilling operator, started developing the "CHIKYU"
Operation Management System, and started formulating
a basic safety, health and environment policy
appropriate to the basis of the system, including the
CDEX HSE-MS (HSE-Management System) Manual,
and a draft manual for riser drilling procedure.
(4) Preparation of the Science Services System
In all the science data obtained by the "CHIKYU"
onboard is safely, efficiently and effectively analyzed
and stored in proper manner. The science services system
achieves the above tasks and manages the implementing
organizations.
"CHIKYU" is under construction, and was fitted
with an X-ray CT scanner, a fluorescence X-ray core
logger system, etc. as large onboard analysis instruments
during fiscal . The prototype of the database
software for managing the data produced by
research activities onboard was created, and external
evaluation was performed.
A brand new facility is under construction in Kochi
University. This facility includes large core repository
space (up to , cores at . m length), and many
core analysis facilities that correspond to the on-board
laboratory of "CHIKYU". The construction of the
building was completed at the end of March, .
This center will be operated under the cooperation
between JAMSTEC and Kochi University.
3. Activities of the Ocean Drilling in the 21st
Century (OD21) for the Integrated Ocean
Drilling Program (IODP)
(1) OD21 International Activities for the IODP
The Ocean Drilling in the st Century (OD),
advocated by JAMSTEC, will advance to the
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) under
international cooperation and funding. Scheduled to
start from October , the IODP is an international
scientific program which mainly utilizes two drilling
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
OD21 Program Department
vessels: one is the riser-capable vessel "CHIKYU" to
be provided by JAMSTC, and the other is a non-riser
vessel to be provided by the National Science
Foundation (NSF). JAMSTEC has been working to
build up the collaborative, cooperative and operational
structure with IODP member countries through various
activities at the international level, such as the
International Working Group (IWG) and interim
Science Advisory Structure (iSAS). The IWG/IODP
Meetings were held at Stockholm, Sweden and Nice,
France on June and January respectively.
Continuing from last fiscal year, JAMSTEC has
provided staff to the IWG Support Office (IWGSO)
established in Washington D.C. with the cooperation
of Japan and U.S. in order to support the IWG and
other related activities. JAMSTEC has accommodated
the iSAS Office in Yokosuka Headquarter since June
to support iSAS activities such as recommendations
on the Science Advisory Structure (SAS), promotion
of proposal submission and evaluation of proposals
in preparation for the start of the IODP.
IODP Management International Inc. (IMI) was
established in February to manage and operate
the central management office (CMO) of the IODP.
From the begining, JAMSEC has contributed as one of
the members of the CMO working group, whose task
is to recommend how to form the IMI. IMI
Headquarters will be located in the U.S., and the
major function of IMI, science support and planning,
will be implemented by the office in Japan.
The Center for Deep Earth Exploration (CDEX) consisting
of specialists in various fields was established in
JAMSTEC in October to achieve the scientific
objectives of IODP and expand the management capability
in operation, drilling and science service, though
the safe and effective operation of "CHIKYU".
For the promotional activities and public relations
of IODP, JAMSTEC provided an exhibition booth
both at the Society of Professional Well Logging
Analysts (SPWLA) in June in Ohiso, Kanagawa
and at the Annual Meeting of American Geophysical
Union (AGU) in December in San Francisco.
(2) OD21 Domestic Activities for the IODP
For the successful implementation of the IODP/
OD, the OD Program Department has been constructing
the scientific riser-drilling vessel,
"CHIKYU", which is one of the core capabilities of
the program. The Department is also setting up its
operational structure and scientific research system in
close collaboration with and by support from governmental
agencies, universities and research institutions.
For the promotion of domestic research, OD has
served as the secretariat for the OD Science
Advisory Committee (OD SAC; Chaired by Dr.
Hajimu Kinoshita) organized in FY. Through the
supporting activities of the OD SAC panels and
working groups, OD and the OD SAC have developed
the domestic strategy on scientific research, and
planned concrete research objectives for the IODP,
helped the IODP interim Science Advisory Structure
(iSAS), and advised and supported domestic proponents
to develop IODP proposals. Also, OD and the
OD SAC have published "Toward an Understanding
of Earth System Evolution: Japan National Science
Plan for the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (both in
English and Japanese)" which serves as guidelines for
the promotion of science in Japan, and "Downhole
Measurement/ Monitoring Working Group Interim
Report (both in English and Japanese)". OD SAC
ended in FY, and the Japan Drilling Earth Science
Consortium established in February took over
SAC's role. The achievements of OD SAC were
summarized in the OD SAC Activity Report.
The Department has continuously maintained the
OD HP for promotional activities and public relations,
and published the OD Newsletters (vol. to
vol., both in English and Japanese) to enhance the
support to the IODP/OD from both domestic and
international scientists.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
International Continental Scientific Drilling Program
The international Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) is an international joint research program that
began in , with participation by Germany, the United States, and China.
In fiscal year , JAMSTEC was assigned as Japan's representative to this project. In October , JAMSTEC
signed on a memorandum to participate in this project with the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Potsdam, Germany,
the representative of ICDP. The OD Program Department serves as the secretariat office to support domestic
activities, publish the newsletters and maintain the HP for the ICDP.
179

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
The Earth Simulator Center
Recognized as World's Fastest Supercomputer
The New York Times bannered the incident regarding
the Earth Simulator being the world's fastest
supercomputer on the front page with the coined term
"Computenik". It compares the impact the US government
and scientific realm had received from the
achievement of calculation performance of the Earth
Simulator to that given by the Soviet Union's
"Sputnik", the world's first successful satellite.
The Earth Simulator was completed at the end of
February and the research project started from March
. As a result of executing the global standard
Linpack Benchmark Test, the Earth Simulator was
proven to be the world's fastest computer, and this lead
to the front page headline in the New York Times.
Fig. 1 The Earth Simulator
Fig. 2 Top500 Certification ranked as No.1.
Fig. 3 SC2002 Gordon Bell Award
The achieved calculation performance was five
times as fast as the previous No. supercomputer, the
ASCII White at the US Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, with . Tflops (. trillion floatingpoint
instructions per second) which was almost the
% of the theoretical performance of Tflops.
With adequate optimization, the global scale simulation
executed by the Earth Simulator realized a sustained
performance of . Tflops, which was %
of the theoretical performance. In comparison with the
capability of parallel scalar supercomputers to realize
only a few percent of the theoretical performance, this
achievement was quite an astonishing result.
This result demonstrated that vector-parallel supercomputers
such as the Earth Simulator are very efficient
computers which can lead to a breakthrough in the
current technological field, compared with the parallel
scalar supercomputers promoted in the US, with performance
of a few percent of the theoretical performance.
With this achievement, the Earth Simulator won
the "Gordon Bell Award" for , which is the
most prestigious award given at the SC High
Performance Networking and Computing held in
November at Baltimore, Maryland in the US.
The groups connected with the Earth Simulator were
awarded in three of the five categories in the Gordon
Bell Award, such as "A . Tflops Global
Atmospheric Simulation with the Spectral Transform
Method on the Earth Simulator" for peak performance
181

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
The Earth Simulator Center
Fig. 4 Gordon Bell Award winners and the concerned parties.
category, and two more in computer language and special
accomplishment categories.
Selection of Earth Simulator Research Projects
The Advisory Committee for the President of JAM-
STEC, " The Earth Simulator Advisory Committee"
established the following Basic Principles: . provide
an open usage system, . disclose results promptly, .
evaluate the results and operations, and . use only for
peaceful purposes.
Following the above Basic Principles, the "Mission
Definition Committee", which is the Advisory
Committee for the Director of the Earth Simulation
Center, established the specific forms of usage in June,
, such as the principles of resources allocation and
project selection. Under these principles the Selection
Committee selected projects in July. In November,
more projects were selected, which finalized the ES
research projects to projects for FY.
The breakdown of the selected projects are as follows:
Ocean and Atmosphere Simulation field:
projects, Solid Earth Simulation field: projects,
Computer Science Simulation field: projects, and
Innovative Simulation category which is expected to
achieve outstanding results with the use of the Earth
Simulator: projects.
Findings from the research
In Ocean and Atmosphere fields, conventional simulation
cut the globe into grids of up to km, but the
Earth Simulator has enabled the grids to be as fine as
km. The typhoons in atmospheric phenomena and
the Kuroshio eddies in oceanic phenomena are reproduced
with the km grid.
In the Solid Earth field, large-scale simulation
research on unraveling the reversing of geomagnetic
fields, mantle convection and tectonic activities have
started. A remarkable reproduction of seismic wave
propagation associated with the Nankai trough earthquake
has already been obtained. In the Innovative
Project field, the simulation of carbon-nanotube
(CNT) in the scale of nm, nm becomes possible
using the Earth Simulator. The thermal conductivity
of the CNT is quantitatively obtained, an achievement
that would not have been possible without the
Earth Simulator.
In spite of its short operational period of only
months in FY, the Earth Simulator User's
Conference was held in February on all projects
and the products they attained. The outcome of
the conference will be reflected in the mission structure
of FY in order to open up new terrain in the
academic field.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
The Earth Simulator Center
Fig. 5 Snapshot of precipitation by Atmospheric Global Simulation
Fig. 6 Close-up of Precipitation near Japan
70N
60N
50N
40N
30N
20N
10N
EQ
10S
20S
30S
40S
50S
60S
70S
60E 120E 180 120W 60W
Fig. 7 A snapshot of sea surface temperature by Oceanic Global
50N
45N
40N
35N
30N
25N
20N
15N
10N 110E 120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180 170W 160W
Fig. 8 Close-up of Kuroshio current
183

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Activities
Mutsu Research Group
Research project; Category 1
1. Time-series observational study in the North
Pacific (HiLATS project)
(1) Overview
The importance of time-series observation has been
recognized for the better understanding of the ocean's
role in the uptake of the increasing atmospheric carbon
dioxide. However repeatable observation by ordinary
research vessels is indeed difficult both economically
and physically. Although the time-series sediment
trap experiment has been one of the effective
approaches for time-series observation, this instrument
is usually moored in the deep sea and does not always
give us the information about seasonal and interannual
variability in biogeochemistry in the upper ocean.
In order to clarify the "biological pump" more precisely,
time-series observation in the shallow and
intermediate water is essential using autonomous
observation instruments. Under this situation, the
North Pacific Time-Series Observational Study
(HiLATS project) initiated in as a research programs
at Mutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO) of
JAMSTEC. This is also a joint program with the Joint
Pacific Research Center (JPAC) of the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution (WHOI).
(2) Outline of research activity
Fiscal years / and / were devoted
to the preparation of time-series instruments such
as automated incubation chamber, automated oceanographic
sampler and CTD profiler. In , the first
set of moorings were deployed in the northwestern
North Pacific. In / fiscal year, the first mooring
systems and data set were recovered.
(3) 2002/2003 annual report (HiLATS)
In the R/V MIRAI MR-K cruise conducted from
October to November , time-series mooring systems
(two moorings for biogeochemistry: BGC mooring,
one for physical oceanography: PO mooring; Fig.
) deployed at stations K and K (Fig. ) in September
were successfully recovered. In this cruise, a pair
of BGC mooring and PO mooring was also deployed at
stations K, K and K. In order to study material cycle
in the mesopelagic layer or "twilight zone", ten sediment
traps were installed on K BGC mooring (MEX
mooring; Fig. ). These mooring systems will be recovered
in September using R/V KAIREI.
Fig. shows seasonal variability in concentrations
of nutrients (silicate and nitrate/nitrite) at a depth of
around m observed using the automated water sam-
55˚N
50˚N
K1
45˚N
K2
40˚N
K3
35˚N
SeaWiFS Chl-a map (May 2002)
(Courtesy of Dr. Sasaoka of NASDA)
30˚N
140˚E 145˚E 150˚E 155˚E 160˚E 165˚E 170˚E
Fig. 1 Time-series stationsK1: 51N165E, K2: 47N160E, K3: 39N160E
185

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Mutsu Research Group
BGC mooring
K2-MEX
PO mooring
~ 30m
~ 30m
~ 40m
Incubation chamber (SID)
Phytoplankton sampler (PPS)
Water sampler (RAS)
~ 50m
~ 50m
Zooplankton sampler (ZPS)
~ 150m
~ 250m
~ 400m
CTD/ACM profiler
(MMP)
~ 1000m
Sediment trap
~ 500m
~ 600m
~ 800m
~ 2000m
~ 1000m
~ 5000m
~ 2000m
~ 4950m
~ 5000m
~ 4550m
5100 ~ 5200m
Fig. 2 Mooring systems for biogeochemistry (BGC mooring) and physical oceanography
(PO mooring)
30
10/25
Si(OH)4(35)
50
25
10/9
NOx(35)
11/26
11/18
40
10/17
NOx(35)
(µmol / kg)
20
11/10
30
n-Si(OH)4(35)
(µmol / kg)
15
10/1
11/2
20
Oct.-Dec. Jan.-Mar. Apr.-Jun. Jul.-Sep.
10
0 50 100 150 julian day 200 250 300 350
Oct.1
2001
Nov.19
2001
Jan.8
2002
Feb.27
2002
Apr.18
2002
Jun.7
2002
Jul.27
2002
Sep.15
2002
10
Fig. 3 Seasonal variability in concentrations of nutrients (silicate and opal) at 50m observed using RAS
pler (RAS). In October just after BGC mooring
was deployed, concentrations changed significantly
and suddenly. Based on seasonal variability in water
temperature and salinity around m observed by
using CTD profiler (MMP) (Fig. ), high temperature
and low salinity were observed when concentrations
of nutrients decreased. It indicates that sudden and
unstable vertical mixing took place in October, and
surface mixed layer thickened temporally, resulting in
the increase in productivity. It was certified that the
time-series mooring system enables us to observe such
a short-term event and oceanographic change.
Meanwhile, our group and our partner in cooperative
research, the Joint North Pacific Research Center
of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (J-PAC),
launched the HiLATS web site for science and education
(http://jpac.whoi.edu/hilats/index.html).
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Mutsu Research Group
10
33.2
10/6/01
33.15
8
10/26/01
11/5/01
33.1
Temp. (deg-C)
6
4
9/16/01
11/25/01
sal
33.05
33
Salinity (PSU)
2
9/26/01
10/16/01
11/15/01
12/05/01
12/25/01
1/14/02
3/2/02
32.95
temp
32.9
9/6/01
0
0 40 80 julian day 120 160
32.85
Fig. 4 Seasonal variability in water temperature and salinity at 50m observed by using MMP
2. Study on the past marine environmental changes
Since FY, a paleoceanography project, "Study
on the past marine environmental changes" has been
carried out as one of the Research Projects in Mutsu
Institute for Oceanography (MIO).
We focus on reconstructing the natural variability of
global and regional climate recorded in the deep-sea
sediment during the late Quaternary. We are seeking
to clarify the following themes:
a) Changes in sea surface temperature and surface
current systems
b) Changes in biogeochemical cycles in the ocean
(Carbon Cycle)
c) Changes in global thermohaline circulation
We also seek to find new paleo-proxies and to
develop the paleo-proxies as follows:
- Proxies of chronology (Compound-specific radiocarbon
analysis and amino acid chronology)
- Proxies of nutrients and temperature (analysis of
trace elements such as Cd, Mg, Ca contained in
foraminiferal tests with culture experiments of
foraminifers)
We introduce the following two results as the main
results of this research project in FY.
() The past change in intermediate/deep water in the
North Pacific since the Last Glacial Maximum is not
well understood because of sparse data in this region.
Sediment core MR-K PC collected from the continental
slope off northern Japan (˚.'N,
˚.'E; m depth) was used for estimating the
paleo ventilation by using foraminiferal radiocarbon
( C) technique. The C contents in planktonic and benthic
foraminifers were measured by the accelerator mass
spectrometry (AMS). Some samples were prepared by
using a micro-scale preparation technique (Uchida et al.,
submitted) because they contained only small amounts
of foraminifers. Our preliminary result indicates that
there was significant variation in mid-depth ventilation
during the last deglaciation in the northwest Pacific,
especially in the Bølling–Allerød (ca.– ka) and
Younger Dryas (ca..– ka) intervals. The middepth
ventilation in the northwest Pacific was significantly
reduced in the Bølling–Allerød warming, while
the resumption of ventilation was started at the onset
of the Younger Dryas cooling (Ahagon and Uchida,
submitted). The latter may support the idea that
the intermediate water formation in NW Pacific
was strengthened in contrast to the interruption of
North Atlantic Deep Water formation during the
Younger Dryas.
() There are few conventional dating methods that
can be used to estimate the geological age of siliceous
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Mutsu Research Group
sediments on the order of to yr. In contrast,
methods such as δ O are available for dating carbonate-containing
sediments in this geological age range.
We focused on amino acid chronology as an alternative
dating method for siliceous sediments. We analyzed
the enantiomeric ratio (D-isomer/L-isomer) of
aspartic acid (Asp) in bulk diatom assemblages in
siliceous sediment cores collected at Station (St.)
(approx. lat ˚N, long ˚E) and St. (approx. lat
˚N, long ˚E) in the northwestern North Pacific.
Radiocarbon and paleomagnetic ages were also
obtained from both cores to use as reference ages. Asp
ages estimated by the parabolic model were consistent
with the reference ages (Figure ). However, although
generally the D/L ratio of Asp increased with increasing
depth in the core at St. , the ratio did not continue
to increase below about m depth. The D/L ratio of
Asp and the paleomagnetic age at that depth were .
and kyr BP, respectively. Therefore, the Asp
racemization reaction apparently does not continue to
progress in diatom frustules older than this age. This
finding implies that Asp chronology can be used to
determine ages up to about kyr BP in sediments
composed of diatom ooze. Although the Asp dating
method using the parabolic model has a limitation of
D/L ratio of Asp
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
D/L=a x square root (t) +C
a=4.45x10 -4 , C=0.12, r 2 =0.94
kyr BP for siliceous sediments, it is available for
the estimation of ages on the order of to yr BP,
which is beyond the time range (up to kyr BP) datable
by the C method (Harada et al., ).
Personal Research
1. The study of ecology and genetics of living calcareous
plankton
Planktonic foraminifera and coccolithophores, a
group of free-floating marine protista, secrete calcareous
hard skeletons. They are very sensitive to the
oceanic surface environmental changes and their
shells settle quickly and deposit in the sediment after
they died. Their calcareous tests provide considerable
information about the sea water when they lived and
are widely used for paleo-environmental reconstruction.
In spite of their importance, their ecology was
not well understood. In particular, there are few studies
on the ecology of living cold water species. We
then started () the collection of calcareous plankton
from the surface seawater, and () their cultivation in
the laboratory. Living specimens were collected
monthly from the Tsugaru Strait (˚.'N,
˚.'E; ca. ~m below surface), northernmost
part of Honshu, Japan. This area is located in the mixing
zone of the Tsugaru warm current and the cold
Oyashio component water, therefore it is suitable for
the study of the ecology of cold water species, as well
as the warm water species. The aims of this study are
) establishment of the cultivation protocols of calcareous
plankton in the laboratory, ) elucidation of
the ecology of the northern species, and ) clarification
of the relationships between skeletal microstructure
and gene.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Square root of 14 C and paleomagnetic ages
Fig. 5 Relationship between the D/L ratio of Asp obtained by the
parabolic model and the square root of the 14 C and paleomagnetic
ages from the sediment core from St. 5.
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Mutsu Research Group
a
(x200)
b
(x100)
c
(x100)
d
e
f
Fig. 6 Living calcareous plankton collected from the Tsugaru Strait.
a~c: planktonic foraminifera
a: Neogloboquadrina incompta (Cifelli)
b: Globigerina bulloides d'Orbigny
c: Globigerina quinqueloba (Natland)
d~f: coccolithophores
d: Emiliania huxleyi (Lohman)
e: Gephyrocapsa oceanica Kamptner
f: Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich)
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Support Activities
Computer and Information Service
Activity overview
The Computer and Information Division (CID) has four functions: information activities consisting of collecting,
managing and disseminating publications, and providing technical advice; data management activities consisting
of data processing and quality control, and database development and operation for data dissemination; computer network
activities consisting of managing computers ranging from PCs to the supercomputer, providing technical support
to researchers, and network management and design; and promoting the use of information on environmental change
consisting of digitization of information such as deep-sea images and research achievements, collection and dissemination
of global environmental data, and providing access to facilities and equipment for researchers and public.
The CID organization is characterized by research support functions, as well as a research organization for
various technologies covering information, data management, and computational science. The main activities of
CID are as follows.
(1) Information activities
– Collection, management, provision and storage of information relating to marine science and technology
– Technical consultation concerning marine science and technology
– Editing and publishing of publications
(2) Data management activities
– Quality control of ocean observation data through correction, improvement of accuracy and other techniques
– Development and management of the various observation databases
– Numerical analysis, processing, storage and dissemination of observation data
(3) Computer network activities
– Management of computer systems and networks
– Computer-based data analysis and processing
– Investigation into the most advanced computer technologies
(4) Promoting the use of information on environmental change
– Digitization of information such as deep-sea images and research achievements and reports held by JAMSTEC
– Collection, processing and dissemination of international ocean and global environmental data
– Providing access to facilities and equipment useful not just for researchers but for local residents and schools as well
Provision of research information
(1) Collection, management and provision of books,
periodicals and other publications
CID collects, classifies, and stores a wide range of
material (books, journals, technical reports, conference
material, etc.) relating to marine science and technology
and the earth sciences from Japan and overseas. Books
are entered into a database using the LINUS library
management system, which is linked to the National
Institute of Informatics' National Center for Science
Information Systems (NACSIS) database. The library
management system connects the three research centers:
Table 1 Library inventory (books)
Type Inventory New purchases
Japanese language 11,788 4,031
Foreign language 6,152 2,393
Donated 6,268 700
Total 24,208 7,124
Table 2 Library inventory (journals and periodicals)
Type Inventory New purchases
Japanese language 1,512 titles 33 titles
Foreign language 842 titles 71 titles
Total 2,354 titles 104 titles
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Table 3 JAMSTEC reports and periodicals
Type
New publications
Periodicals
15 titles
Consigned research reports
3 titles
Commissioned research reports 0
Others
4 titles
Total
22 titles
Yokosuka Headquarters, Yokohama Institute for Earth
Sciences and Mutsu Institute for Oceanography over a
network, allowing researchers at all three research centers
and reserve books from their own computer terminals.
(2) Collection of domestic and overseas information
As research and development grows more comprehensive,
interdisciplinary and international, CID is working
closely together with information-related institutions
both in Japan and overseas to enhance the range of
ocean-related information available to researchers.
(a) Domestic activities
a. We collected the latest information on library management
by other domestic organizations and trends
in electronic journals through the Japan Library
Association and the Technical Library Council.
b. We gathered information about the reference rooms
and facilities at private companies and public organizations
within Kanagawa Prefecture through participation
in discussions at the Kanagawa Prefecture
Data Research Society (KPDRS).
(b) International activities
a. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
(IOC) is established to advance knowledge about
natural marine phenomena and marine resources,
and JAMSTEC has been receiving IOC publications
since fiscal .
b. The International Association of Aquatic and Marine
Science Libraries and Information Centers
(IAMSLIC) was established to facilitate the exchange
of marine science information, and JAMSTEC has
been receiving publications since fiscal .
c. The Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA)
is an integrated marine science and technology
database run by United Nations. JAMSTEC took
part in Japanese ASFA committee meetings, and
contributed through data input and the like.
d. CID continued gathering information on trends in
international organizations and research programs
considering their importance in determining the
broad framework of future marine science research.
(3) Editing and publishing
In fiscal the periodical reports and journals
listed in Table were edited and published to disseminate
JAMSTEC's research achievements and raise
general awareness about the ocean.
Table 4 JAMSTEC publications
Title
Content
Report of JAMSTEC Journal of academic theses on research Nos. 46, 47
achievements
JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research Journal of academic theses on deep-sea Nos. 19, 20
research achievements
Blue Earth Issues and articles designed to enhance Nos. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
general awareness about the ocean
JAMSTEC Annual Report Business report Fiscal 2001 edition
(Japanese)
JAMSTEC Annual Report Business report Fiscal 2001 edition
(English)
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Computer and Information Service
Database title
Table 5 External Database Currently Available
Outline
1 JOIS Information on literature and research themes on science and technologies
(Japanese and English)
2 STN International More than 200 international databases are available (English)
3 G-SEARCH Contact point for Japanese/overseas databases (Japanese/English)
4 DIALOG About 500 databases are available (English)
5 NACSIS Database for supporting academic research activities (Japanese and English)
6 AIREX System for management of literature on space by Japanese organizations and NASA
(Japanese and English)
7 ASFA International literature search system for fisheries
8 GEOREF Literature database on earth science from sources throughout the world (English)
9 Medical and Pharmaceutical Full-text PDF database of proceedings from about 200 societies
Proceedings full text database
(4) Investigation and information services
JAMSTEC provides a broad range of information and
data for effective use by both internal and external users.
(a) Books and journals
a. Inclusion of information about selected books in the
JAMSTEC Newsletter.
b. Introduction of electronic journals that are accessible
over the intranet.
(b) Internal and external databases
a. Provision of a publication search service through
the JAMSTEC Library Search System.
External databases are used for search and copying
publications not held by JAMSTEC.
b. Number of times external databases were accessed
by users: .
(c) Current information
a. Provision of newspaper articles relating to the ocean
through the daily Newsletter.
b. Provision of an index of newspaper articles relating to
the ocean on the CID home page under "Press releases".
c. Provision of information on ocean-related conferences
and exhibitions as required on the CID home page.
(d) Reference service
a. Provision of a reference service for books, journals
and other reference material held by JAMSTEC.
b. Provision of an advice and referral service for external
enquiries on marine science and technology matters.
Fig. 1 Top page of the JAMSTEC homepage
(5) Management of the JAMSTEC homepage
CID is working to develop an interesting and
attractive JAMSTEC homepage, including a site overhaul
to promote easier access by the general public to
JAMSTEC information. We responded to questions
raised through the Hyper Encyclopedia of the Ocean
and Earth, opened in fiscal with the support
of the Nippon Foundation. We also distributed the
JAMSTEC Mail News containing the latest information
about JAMSTEC to subscribers (Figure ).
Data management activities
(1) Oceanographic data management activities
To manage and disseminate observed data during
oceanographic surveys and deep-sea surveys in
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Computer and Information Service
researchers both from Japan and overseas can utilize the
data held by JAMSTEC more effectively and efficiently.
We have been collecting information on distributed
shared databases, which are being developed mainly in
the U.S., and continued testing prototype systems based
on DODS (Distributed Oceanographic Data System)/
LAS (Live Access Server), which have only recently
started to be used by oceanographic researchers.
Fig. 2 MIRAI Data Web
accordance with the "Guidelines on the Release of
Observation Data at JAMSTEC", a data management
system for regular implementing data quality control,
accuracy improvement, etc. has been developing.
To be concrete, the quality control of observed data
and the development of quality control techniques
about a variety of data types and formats have been
developing, by the expert staff in areas such as physical
oceanography, chemical oceanography, geophysics and
database technology. In addition, the sorting and
archiving of deep-sea videos and slides obtained
by deep-sea submersibles and the digitization and
indexing of deep-sea images are performed. Those
activities are carried out in collaboration with the
Global Oceanographic Data Center (GODAC), in Nago
City, Okinawa Prefecture.
With regard to the R/V Mirai, observed data are
released through the Internet as soon as possible
(Figure ). There are many accesses from research
institutes, universities, enterprises, etc., both within
and outside Japan.
(2) Database development
CID develops the databases necessary for the effective
management and dissemination of observed data.
Moreover, vast amounts of data are required for research
into climate change and environmental issues of a global
scale, and the efficient management of these data is
absolutely crucial. In this light, there is a need to examine
the framework for international data exchange and
gather information on data exchange technologies so that
(3) Advanced processing of ocean observation data
JAMSTEC has been carrying out ocean observation
to elucidate the mechanisms of ocean and meteorological
change using the oceanographic research vessel
MIRAI, ARGO floats, TRITON buoys and other
observation systems, and has accumulated vast
amounts of data. While these data are made available
through various databases, there is a need to process
the data so they have a greater reach and are even
more readily accessible to users. For this, we have
been studing data assimilation methods.
One data assimilation method that has attracted
attention over recent years is the statistics-based assimilation
of observation data into numerical models. This
can be used to draw up high-quality four-dimensional
reanalysed datasets.
In this fiscal year, we applied data assimilation
based on the optimum interpolation and nudging
methods to the ocean general circulation model
(MOM) paralleled in JAMSTEC's supercomputer SC
system, and examined advanced processing methods
for ocean observation data obtained by MIRAI,
ARGO floats and TRITON buoys. From this, we drew
up reanalysis data covering the world's oceans in
, and were able to clearly illustrate monthly
variations in water temperature and salinity at various
depths in the Pacific Ocean. At the same time, we
were able to clarify future issues in preparing and
providing high-quality four-dimensional reanalysed
datasets using more advanced data assimilation
methods such as the adjoint method.
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Computer and Information Service
Computer network management
(1) Computer systems
(a) Supercomputer system
Understanding the various ocean phenomena
through mathematical analysis and forecasting change
through numerical models are pivotal to gaining a clear
scientific grasp of global environmental issues. This
requires the power of a supercomputer. JAMSTEC
began using a supercomputer the SX-/ system
on March , , and replaced it with the
supercomputer SC system in September . This
SC system is a -node SMP server using scalar
processors. Peripheral devices include hard disk units
connected by fiber channels, and a tape archival
system expandable to TB. The system also
features a vector-type high-speed computation server
to operate existing applications. The SC system has
been being used in explaining various ocean phenomena
and predicting change through numerical modeling,
and science and technology computation and data
processing in reflection seismic surveys, genome
analysis, and research and development projects.
(b) Shared computer systems
JAMSTEC has been operating the following shared
computer systems: AlphaServer with VMS operating
system, AlphaServer DSE with Digital UNIX
operating system for use in data transfer to the supercomputer
and small-scale computation, and the SGI
ONYX for image analysis and processing.
(2) Networks
(a) JAMSTEC network
The JAMSTEC network connects the Yokohama
Institute for Earth Sciences and the other major
centers with the necessary bandwidth for data
exchange and communication. In fiscal a local
area network based on FDDI was established at the
Yokosuka Headquarters, and in fiscal the base
was upgraded from FDDI to Gigabit Ethernet. The
networks within the Yokohama Institute for Earth
Sciences, Mutsu Institute for Oceanography, and
GODAC comprise Gigabit Ethernet base LAN and
Fast Ethernet branch lines.
Figure shows the network connection between
JAMSTEC Headquarters and the research institutes.
Mutsu Institute for Oceanography and the Tokyo Branch
are connected to Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences
by a Mbps wide-area LAN line. Yokohama Institute for
Earth Sciences is connected to Yokosuka Headquarters
by a Mbps ATM line, and GODAC in Okinawa is
connected by the JGN (Japan Gigabit Network).
(b) Internet
Since JAMSTEC first established its presence on
the internet with a kbps connection in , the
speed of the connection has increased with the rise in
traffic. In fiscal JAMSTEC connected to SINET
by a Mbps leased line. Internet connection was initially
from Yokosuka Headquarters, but today it is
from Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences.
GODAC was connected to the internet by leased
line in fiscal . The introduction of this high-speed
link has enabled the effective use of image and video
data, both of which require large bandwidth.
(c) Security
JAMSTEC installed a network firewall in fiscal ,
and has continued to upgrade this as required to ensure
the security of all network computers. Moreover, security
monitoring through an intrusion detection system, regular
SINET
Science
Information
Network
IARC
IPRC
100Mbps
3Mbps
3Mbps
100Mbps
6Mbpsvia Japan Gigabit Network
Fig. 3 JAMSTEC network
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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Table 6 Digital processing of image data (no. of tapes processed)
Submersible/
ROV
Year
Encoding
(tapes)
Indexing
(tapes)
Primary
release (tapes)
Request for correction
by researcher (tapes)
Secondary
release (tapes)
SHINKAI
2000
1988
1989
2
134
0
87
0
45
0
7
0
3
1990
169
95
26
8
7
1991
150
37
12
4
4
1992
165
45
26
6
6
1993
51
0
0
0
0
1994
6
0
0
0
0
1998
62
14
0
0
0
1999
76
15
4
0
0
2000
58
6
0
0
0
2001
0
0
0
0
0
2002
2
1
0
0
0
Subtotal
875
300
113
25
20
SHINKAI
6500
1992
1994
95
154
39
20
28
10
0
10
0
10
1995
66
0
0
0
0
1998
18
12
0
0
0
Subtotal
333
71
38
10
10
DOLPHIN
-3K
1993
1996
12
16
12
16
12
6
0
0
0
0
1997
16
16
0
0
0
1998
48
28
0
0
0
1999
30
6
0
0
0
2000
2
2
0
0
0
Subtotal
124
80
18
0
0
KAIKO
1998
78
8
2
1
0
Subtotal
78
8
2
1
0
HYPER-
DOLPHIN
2000
Subtotal
3
3
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
Total
1,413
461
173
36
30
network security tests, applying security patches,
and updating network service applications ensure that a
high level of security is maintained.
A virus checking function was incorporated into
the server to prevent viruses from spreading over the
network.
Promoting the use of information on environmental
change (Global Oceanographic Data
Center GODAC)
Continuing from last fiscal year, we digitized information
such as deep-sea images and research achievements
and reports mainly held by JAMSTEC, and
expanded the database. We also collected, processed
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
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Table 7 Digital processing of text data (regular publications)
Publication
Deep Sea Research 12–20 11 3,017
SHINKAI 2000 Record of 500 and 1,000 dives 2 330
JAMSTEC Annual Report
FY1972–1988
Primary release
Edition No. of issues Pages
FY1989–2000 32 3,517
(including three reference editions)
Blue Earth Editions 47–61 15 618
Special No.1–No.2 2 94
Newsletter NATSUSHIMA 173–202 30 160
Total 92 7,736
Publication
Secondary release
Edition No. of issues Pages
SHINKAI 2000
Research Symposium 1 142
Special Edition
SHINKAI 2000 2–9 8 2,564
Research Symposium
Deep Sea Research 10–11 2 935
Total 11 3,641
and disseminated international ocean and global environmental
data, and, as a feature of GODAC operations,
we provided open access to GODAC facilities
and equipment as a part of its function of a dissemination
center for oceanographic data that is of great value
not just to researchers, but to residents and schools of
the region, and also to the local tourism industry.
(1) Digital archiving of image and bibliographical
information
We constructed an image database of deep-sea
images captured mainly by SHINKAI and
SHINKAI , and made it available to the general
public over the internet (Table ). We scanned publications
such as "JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea
Research" and "Report of Japan Marine Science and
Technology Center", converted them into PDF format,
then split and linked the files according to size. We
placed the information through OCR processing and
proofing, and built up a publicly accessible full-text
search database providing not just bibliographical information,
but whole text information as well (Table ).
(2) Disseminating global environmental data
We collected various forms of global environmental
data online over the internet and offline through
digital media provided by various research institutions,
processed and entered the data into the database,
disseminated various datasets, and operated a publicly
accessible data visualization system. We operated
the global environment portal system, which is the
point of access for these data, and connected to
the JAMSTEC intranet through the JGN (Japan Gigabit
Network) developed and operated by Telecomunication
Advancement Organization of Japan. This enabled us
to provide these data to researchers, and also provide
data visualized through the "Virtual Earth" for general
users over the internet and the Nago local intranet, and
maintain user registration data.
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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(3) General use of facilities and equipment
We have developed displays and contents for
visitors to GODAC from within and outside the local
region that will deepen their knowledge about
and interest in the global environment, deep-sea
organisms, and global environmental change, and an
integrated system that can be used in Period for
Integrated Study at schools (Figs. , , , ).
No. of visitors
1,800
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
-
1556
892
864
766 778
725
665
640
585
568
490
347
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
Month
Fig. 4 No. of visitors during fiscal 2002
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
-
Total
Month
4
6
8
10
12
2
- 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600
No. of visitors
Tour Inspection Contents users Other training
Computer use
Fig. 5 No. of visitors by purpose of visit in fiscal 2002
Fig. 6 Kindergarten children viewing 3-D images "The Deep Sea"
(lecture room)
Fig. 7 Information course training using PC for high school
students (lecture room/Satsuki High School, Nagano
Prefecture)
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Support Activities
Training and Education Service
Outline
JAMSTEC has run training courses for diving techniques since for deep-sea divers, researchers, engineers
and rescue members of the police and the fire service. Over this period, the programs of these courses have been
changed to meet the demands of the time. The SCUBA diving course and the Diving Management course have been
operated regularly, and JAMSTEC also runs education programs on marine science and technology for high school
students, university students and schoolteachers mainly during the summer vacation.
In addition to these training and education courses, since FY JAMSTEC has run the "Asia-Western Pacific
Ocean Research Network program", a training program on ocean observation technology and data processing for
establishing an oceanographic observation network in the Asia and Western Equatorial Regions.
1. Diving training courses
JAMSTEC has run training and education courses
for diving techniques since and about , people
have participated as of the end of FY. There
have been changes in their programs to meet the
demands of the time. The Mixed Gas Diving course
for deep-sea divers was held once a year from the
beginning until . And the SCUBA (Self-
Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) Diving
course has been in operation since and more than
persons have attended the course annually over
the last two years. The Diving Management course for
diving supervisors has been run regularly, once or
twice a year, since . (Fig. )
() SCUBA diving training course
This course is held by request of organizations
related to diving work, and trainees including rescue
members of the police and the fire service, fisheries
high school students and company employees
attended the courses in FY. (Fig. )
500
7,000
Total number for each year
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Fiscal year
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Total number
Scuba course (police rescue)
Scuba course (fiseries high school)
Diving management cource
Scuba diving course
Education in safety and hygiene regulations
Total number
Scuba course (fire service rescue)
Scuba course (others)
Mixed gas diving course
Deep sea diving course
Other courses
Fig. 1 The total number of participants on JAMSTEC's diving training courses (1974-2002) and breakdown by course.
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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Fig. 2 Entry method training on the SCUBA diving training
course.
Fig. 3 Deep sea organisms lecture on the Science Camp.
Fig. 4 Lecture about Cruising Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
"URASHIMA" on the Marine Science School.
Fig. 5 Lecture using ocean bottom seismometer on the Marine
Science School.
() Diving Management course
The course was held from November to , ,
and nine persons from seven organizations attended.
2. Marine science education programs
() Science Camp
The Science Camp was held by national or independent
administrative experiment and research institutions,
and five corporations under the Ministry of
Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.
JAMSTEC accepted high school students from all
parts of Japan for the three-day camp during the summer
vacation (from August to , ) at Yokosuka
Headquarters. (Fig. )
() Marine Science School programs
The Marine Science School programs have been
conducted every year since with the financial
assistance of the Nippon Foundation. Twenty teachers
attended theteachers' course from August to , .
A total of students attended the students' course;
the first course of this year was held from July to
, , and the second was from March to ,
. (Fig. )
Another course for university students and postgraduate
students has been conducted from at the
Mutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO). In FY,
this course was held at Yokosuka Headquarters. The
first seminar of this year was held from August to
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
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; a total of students attended. And the second
was from March to , ; a total of students
attended. (Fig. )
() Training Program for Asia-Western Pacific Ocean
Research Network
JAMSTEC has held a training program from
FY for establishing an oceanographic observation
network in the Asia and Western Equatorial Regions
with the financial assistance of the Nippon Foundation.
This program is an initiative to share the knowledge on
the past and current ENSO events as well as data on
the ocean and atmosphere among participating countries,
and enable them to predict such events and
implement the necessary countermeasures.
In FY, the workshop was held from October
to December , ( weeks) at Yokosuka
Headquarters, MIO and the Global Oceanographic
Data Center (GODAC) in Nago, Okinawa. Six scientists
and engineers attended from Solomon Islands,
Samoa, Nauru, Micronesia, Vanuatu, and Tuvalu.
The training workshop focused on the technologies
for oceanic and atmospheric observations, especially
on maintaining TRITON buoy system (oceanographic
observation buoys deployed in the tropical regions by
JAMSTEC). (Fig. , , )
Fig. 6 Discussion among participants on the "Asia-Western
Pacific Ocean Network Program".
Fig. 7 Participants with TRITON buoys that will be deployed
around their countries.
Fig. 8 Oceanographic observation training using XBT.
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Support Activities
Research Support Department
The Research Support Department provides support for surveys and R&D carried out by JAMSTEC through the operation
and maintenance of JAMSTEC's fleet of vessels, submersibles and ROVs, and the shared use of research facilities.
1. MIRAI public invitation system
JAMSTEC invites applications for research using
MIRAI based on the Long-term Observation and
Research Plan for Utilizing the Oceanographic
Research Vessel MIRAI, and successful research
applications are screened and selected by the MIRAI
Operation Planning Committee.
The application period for operations during fiscal
was from June to July , , and applications
could be submitted by post or over the internet.
A total of applications covering research
themes were received, and from these, the MIRAI
Operation Planning Committee selected applications
covering themes.
2. Deep-sea research application system
JAMSTEC invites applications for deep-sea
research themes in line with JAMSTEC's long-term
research plans, and applications are screened
and selected by the Deep-sea Research Planning
Committee, Deep-sea Research Planning and
Coordination Subcommittee, and the Deep-sea
Research Promotion Committee.
The application period for deep-sea research in fiscal
was from September to October , , and
applications had to be submitted over the internet.
Operations open to public applications were diving
missions by the manned research submersible SHINKAI
, four missions by the ROV KAIKO, independent
missions by deep-sea research vessel KAIREI (excluding
an MCS mission of days), and the support vessel
NATSUSHIMA (total of days HYPER-DOL-
PHIN or DEEP TOW). Applications were submitted by
researchers proposing research themes and
researchers proposing joint research covering a total of
research themes, and from these, the Deep-sea
Research Promotion Committee selected themes.
3. Research support
Technicians from Nippon Marine Enterprises, Ltd.,
Marine Works Japan Ltd., and Global Ocean
Development Inc. provide a range of onboard and
onshore research support (e.g., operation of observation
equipment and systems, deep-sea survey support, and
data processing). In fiscal the observation network
of TRITON buoys in the western Pacific Ocean,
Indian Ocean and low-latitude sea areas was completed.
Observation data is transmitted to Mutsu Institute for
Oceanography through ARGOS satellite, and made
available to the public on JAMSTEC's website.
In seafloor seismic surveys, seismographs are
being operated, and in fiscal the seismograph
recovery rate was .% ( deployed, recovered).
4. INMARTECH 2002
The th INMARTECH (International Marine
Technician Symposium) was held at the Yokosuka
Headquarters over the five-day period October –,
. Held every two years, this symposium was the
first to be held in the Asia-Western Pacific region, and
had the largest attendance to date overseas participants
from countries including the U.S., Australia
and South Korea, and from Japan for a total of
participants. Participating countries introduced their latest
technologies at the sessions, and this stimulated
great interest and discussion among participants.
The next survey will be held in September at
Cambridge, U.K., and will be hosted by the British
Antarctic Survey.
5. Blue Earth Symposium
The Blue Earth Symposium (combining the th
SHINKAI Symposium and the th MIRAI Symposium)
was held at the Pacifico Yokohama on January and
, . Numbers were up slightly over the previous
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year () with a total of , participants over the two
days. The symposium featured a special lecture by
JAMSTEC Executive Director Dr. Susumu Honjo, and
various presentations by researchers.
JAMSTEC participated in the International Ship
Operators Meeting (ISOM) in Finland's capital
Helsinki, and the International Submersible Safety
Symposium held in Harbor Branch, USA, where a
great deal was learned about safety and management
conditions in other countries that will be of considerable
benefit to the safe operation of JAMSTEC's fleet
of research vessels.
As a part of technical exchanges on submersible
operations between JAMSTEC and IFREMER, the
two organizations implemented a submersible operator
exchange program involving two SHINKAI
operators and two operators from the NAUTILE.
Unfortunately, because of a tanker accident off the
coast of Spain, JAMSTEC's submersible operators
were not able to participate in a dive by NAUTILE,
however, one of the French operators was able to
take part in a dive by SHINKAI offshore of
Hatsushima Island as an observer.
6. Ship operations
JAMSTEC carries out deep-sea research and ocean
observation using the five research vessels of NAT-
SUSHIMA, KAIYO, YOKOSUKA, KAIREI, and
MIRAI, and the deep-sea research systems of
SHINKAI , SHINKAI , DOLPHIN-K,
HYPER-DOLPHIN, KAIKO, and DEEP TOW. These
vessels and systems also took part in open days at various
ports of call and other public relations activities.
() NATSUSHIMA
NATSUSHIMA undertook missions and was at
sea for a total of days. Figure shows the operational
areas. A breakdown of NATSUSHIMA opera-
Fig. 1 M/V NATSUSHIMA Cruise Tracks, FY02
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tions are: SHINKAI and DOLPHIN-K operations
seven missions for a total of days;
HYPER-DOLPHIN operations three mission for a
total of days; and UROV-K operations one
mission for seven days. It held open days for the general
public during port visits to Okinawa (July ),
Takamatsu (August and ), Sasebo (November
and ), and Kobe (November and ).
From December , to February , NAT-
SUSHIMA underwent a statutory routine inspection at
the Kobe Shipyard and Machinery Works of Kawasaki
Heavy Industries, Ltd. Checks and maintenance were
carried out on the various systems and equipment, and
with the suspension of operations by SHINKAI
and DOLPHIN-K, equipment and fittings for DOL-
PHIN-K were removed, while the equipment
required to mount and operate HYPER-DOLPHIN
was fitted. In addition, the second and third laboratories
were modified (second laboratory was modified
into a dry laboratory, and the functions of the laboratory
benches in the third laboratory were upgraded),
the container laboratory (wet laboratory) modified for
NATSUSHIMA was mounted, a rock sample cutting
room was established, and container space was set up
on the port side of the boat deck. A shipboard LAN
was also installed (see Figure).
() KAIYO
KAIYO undertook missions and was at sea for a
total of days. Figure shows the operational
areas. A breakdown of KAIYO missions are: HYPER-
DOLPHIN operations four missions for a total of
days; MCS/OBS surveys (offshore Tottori, Nankai
Trough, Mariana sea area) two missions for a total
of days; Observational studies on primary productivity
(Nansei Islands) one mission for days;
Tropical Ocean Climate Study (TOCS; western equatorial
Pacific Ocean) one mission for days; OBS
Fig. 2 R/V KAIYO Cruise Tracks, FY02
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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(Ocean Bottom Seismometer) deployment (Nankai
Trough) one mission for eight days; DEEP TOW
operations (Mariana sea area) one mission for
days; heat flow measurement and piston core (Sagami
Bay, Nankai Trough) one mission for days; and
multichannel seismic reflection tests (Suruga Bay)
one mission for days. On May , KAIYO
was open to the general public and took some visitors
on a short cruise around Yokosuka Port as a part of the
JAMSTEC open day at Yokosuka Headquarters.
From May to June , KAIYO underwent
a statutory routine inspection at the Yura Works of
Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. during
which checks and maintenance were carried out on the
various systems and equipment.
() YOKOSUKA
YOKOSUKA undertook missions and was at sea
for a total of days. Figure shows the operational
areas. A breakdown of YOKOSUKA missions are:
SHINKAI operations five missions for a total
of days; URASHIMA sea trials (Suruga Bay)
two mission for a total of days; UROV-K operations
(Izu-Ogasawara) one mission for days; and
independent YOKOSUKA operations three missions
for a total of days.
Independent research operations consisted of:
Monitoring the dynamics of Japanese coastal currents
and elucidating the mechanisms of change (Nansei
Islands and the continental slope of the East China
Sea) one mission for days; Submarine earthquake
observation in the French Polynesia region
(French Polynesia sea area) one mission for
days; and Quasi-normals of meteorological elements
(Okino Torishima) one mission for days.
From April to May , YOKOSUKA underwent
a statutory routine inspection at the Kobe
Shipyard and Machinery Works of Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Ltd. during which checks and maintenance
were carried out on the various systems and equipment.
Fig. 3 M/V YOKOSUKA Cruise Tracks, FY02
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() KAIREI
KAIREI undertook missions and was at sea for a
total of days. Figure shows the operational
areas. A breakdown of KAIREI missions are: KAIKO
trials and training two missions for a total of
days; KAIKO survey operations six missions for a
total of days; independent KAIREI operations
five missions for a total of days; and MCS (multichannel
reflection system) survey two missions for
a total of days.
Independent operations were carried out in Izu-
Ogasawara, off the southern coast of Honshu, northwest
Pacific Ocean around Japan, Mariana sea area,
and the Philippine Sea using piston cores, dredges,
gravity cores, multi-narrow-beam echo sounders, proton
magnetometers, and other survey systems.
MCS surveys were carried out in Izu-Ogasawara
and the Kumano Sea.
From January to March , KAIREI underwent
a statutory routine inspection at the Kobe
Shipyard and Machinery Works of Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Ltd. during which checks and maintenance
were carried out on the various systems and equipment.
() MIRAI
MIRAI undertook five missions and was at sea for a
total of days. Figure shows the operational
areas. A breakdown of MIRAI missions are:
Observational research on the sub-tropical gyre system
in the North Pacific and the subarctic gyre system
(sea areas to the south and east of Japan) days;
Observational research of the western tropical Pacific
and Indian Oceans (equatorial regions of the western
Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans) days; Arctic
Ocean observation and material circulation in high-latitude
sea areas (Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea)
days; Observational research on air-sea interaction,
observational research in the western tropical Pacific
Ocean, and observational studies on primary productivity
in equatorial regions (western and central Pacific
Fig. 4 R/V KAIREI Cruise Tracks, FY02
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Fig. 5 R/V MIRAI Cruise Tracks, FY02
Ocean) days; and research on material circulation
in high-latitude sea areas (northwestern Pacific
Ocean) days.
From April to May , MIRAI underwent a
statutory routine inspection at the Shimonoseki
Shipyard & Machinery Works of Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries, Ltd. during which checks and maintenance
were carried out on the various systems and equipment
in preparation for BEAGLE hydrographic
survey in the southern hemisphere.
7. Deep-sea survey systems
() SHINKAI
SHINKAI was scheduled to undertake seven
missions and dives (including test and training
dives) during the year, and completed research
dives and test/training dives for a total of dives
around the Nansei Islands, Suruga Bay, Sagami Bay,
Nankai Trough and Izu-Ogasawara.
On November , SHINKAI completed
its ,th and final dive in Sagami Bay, bringing an
end to its operational life of years, and on
November it was brought ashore to the Yokosuka
Headquarters submersible maintenance yard.
Many researchers expressed great regret at the operational
retirement of SHINKAI , and several academic
societies and associations started a signature
campaign.
() SHINKAI
SHINKAI was scheduled to undertake five
missions and dives (including test and training
dives) during the year, and completed research
dives and test/training dives for a total of dives
around the Nansei Islands, Nankai Trough, Suruga
Bay, Sagami Bay, Chishima Trench, and around
Hawaii and Java-Sunda Trench.
Between November , and February ,
SHINKAI underwent a statutory routine inspection
at the submersible maintenance yard during which
all equipment and systems were thoroughly checked
and where necessary parts were replaced to maintain its
performance. Following this inspection, it conducted
test dives, including a maximum depth dive, around the
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Nansei Islands. All tests were completed by March .
A few years have passed since SHINKAI was
built, so generally the equipment is beginning to show
its age, so it is believed that an equipment upgrading
program is urgently required.
() DOLPHIN-K
DOLPHIN-K undertook a total of dives consisting
of preliminary survey dives to confirm safety
for SHINKAI dives around the Nansei Islands,
Nankai Trough, and Izu-Ogasawara, and research
dives in Kagoshima Bay. On September ,
DOLPHIN-K completed its th and final dive in
the sea area around Ogasawara Island, bringing an end
to its operational life of years.
() HYPER-DOLPHIN
HYPER-DOLPHIN undertook a total of training
dives.
HYPER-DOLPHIN's support vessel was initially
KAIYO, but this was changed to NATSUSHIMA following
modifications during NATSUSHIMA's fiscal
statutory inspection in preparation for the implementation
of deep-sea research programs in fiscal .
() KAIKO
KAIKO undertook a total of dives consisting of
test/training dives in Nansei Islands, Suruga Bay,
and Izu-Ogasawara, and research dives in the
northwestern Pacific Ocean, offshore of Kushiro
Tokachi, Japan Trench, Nankai Trough, Mariana
Trench, and the western Philippine Sea.
Annual maintenance was carried out between
December , and March , .
() DEEP TOW
DEEP TOW was used on one research mission in
the Mariana sea area.
() UROV-K
UROV-K underwent sea trials in Sagami Bay and
the Izu-Ogasawara sea area.
() URASHIMA
URASHIMA conducted two sea trials in Suruga
Bay during which it achieved a deep-sea cruising distance
of .km with lithium-ion batteries.
Between October , and March ,
URASHIMA underwent annual maintenance and was
fitted with a new power source at the AUV maintenance
yard in the Marine Technology Research
Building. The lithium-ion secondary battery
URASHIMA had been powered by until fiscal
was replaced by a fuel cell. With the fitting of the fuel
cell, URASHIMA was also fitted with peripheral
equipment such as hydrogen occlusion alloy container
for fuel, and oxygen tanks.
() BENKEI
Annual maintenance on BENKEI was carried out
from October to March at the submersible
maintenance yard.
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Research Evaluation
In August , the Prime Minister decided on the "National Guideline on the Method of Evaluation for
Government R&D (hereinafter in this chapter referred to as National Guideline)." In response to that, JAMSTEC
formulated, in October , the "Outline of Steps Taken to Evaluate Research at the Japan Marine Science and
Technology Center (hereinafter in this chapter referred to as JAMSTEC Outline Steps)." The purpose of the JAM-
STEC Outline Steps is to realize strict and fair evaluation of JAMSTEC's research projects and the whole management,
and eventually to contribute to effective and productive allocation of research resources (human resources and
economic resources). Every year JAMSTEC implements research evaluation under the JAMSTEC Outline Steps. In
fiscal JAMSTEC began examining R&D cost effectiveness and quantitative evaluation methods.
1. R&D Theme Evaluation
R&D theme evaluation applies to all R&D projects
implemented by JAMSTEC except those classified as
large-scale and important projects (e.g., mega-science
projects carried out at a national level), and those
implemented by the Frontier Research Systems. These
projects are evaluated under different procedures.
Evaluation is conducted by the R&D Theme
Evaluation Committee and Subcommittees, consisting
of third-party experts and intellectuals. The R&D projects
that are promoted by priority fund (Research
Project; Category ) are subjected to the in-advance
evaluation, and interim and result evaluation, the R&D
projects promoted by basic fund (Research Project;
Category , Personal Research, Cooperative Research)
are subjected to the result evaluation. These evaluations
are conducted strictly based on the evaluation
items and methods set by the R&D Theme Evaluation
Committee.
In fiscal , the in-advance evaluation was conducted
on July , , and the interim and result
evaluation was conducted from October to
December . Although JAMSTEC had some R&D
projects pointed out the necessity of improvements,
the results of evaluations were generally affirmative.
The results of evaluations are disclosed on the
JAMSTEC's homepage (http://www.jamstec.go.jp),
together with the JAMSTEC's policy in response to
the results and the documents of the relevant research.
JAMSTEC is committed to advance of researches in
accord with the results of evaluations.
(1) In-advance Evaluation
) Themes for the evaluation (Attached Table )
The in-advance evaluation was conducted for
the Research Project; Category that would newly
start or would restructure in fiscal before budget
request.
) System of the evaluation
The R&D Theme Evaluation Committee (Table )
conducted evaluations.
) Method of the evaluation
Each researcher made a presentation on his or her
research theme, and follow-up question-and-answer
sessions were held between the researcher and the
committee. The committee evaluated the R&D projects
based on the key points given in ) after discussion
among the committee.
Subject
Table 1 Subject for In-advance Evaluation in Fiscal 2002
Department
1 Research and Development of Advanced Technology (Stage 2) Marine Technology Department
2 Study for Understanding of Function and Structure of the Marine Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Research
in the Earth System.
Department
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Evaluation
) Key points/factor of the evaluation
The R&D themes were evaluated from the following
key points.
Adequacy of purposes, targets, and direction of the
research and development
Adequacy of planning and approaches of the
research and development
Adequacy of funds and framework for research and
development
Expected results and impacts of the research and
development
(2) Interim and Result Evaluation
) Themes for the evaluation (Attached Table )
The Interim and Result Evaluation was conducted
for the Research Project; Category that have passed
five years after commencement, or that have completed
since last year. Also evaluated were basic researches
(Research Project; Category , Personal research,
Cooperative Research) that were completed since last
year or before.
) System of the evaluation
The R&D Theme Evaluation Committee (Table )
and four Subcommittees conducted evaluation. These
four Subcommittees were the Subcommittee for the
Ocean and Solid Earth Science, the Subcommittee for
Ocean Observation and Research, the Subcommittee for
Marine Biology and Ecology, and the Subcommittee for
Marine Technology (Table ).
Table 2 Subject for Interim and Result Evaluations in Fiscal 2002
R&D based on Priority Funding (Research Project ; Category 1)
Subject Department Evaluation Category
1 Research for the geodynamic mechanism of earth deep interior Deep Sea Research Result
Department
2 Development of marine observation buoy systems Marine Technology Result
Department
3 Research and development of ocean acoustic tomography system Ocean Observation and Result
Research Department
4 Research and development of ocean LIDAR observation technology Ocean Observation and Result
Research Department
5 Research and development of underwater work techniques Marine Ecosystems Result
(1995–97), Research on scientific diving (1998–99) Research Department
Underwater research on ecosystems and research and development on
support technologies (2000), Safety management techniques (2001)
R&D based on Basic Funding (Research Project ; Category 2 < 2 >, Personal Research < P >, Cooperative Research < C >)
Subject R&D Department Evaluation Category
Category
1 Rock and paleomagnetic study of the deep-sea sediment : 2 Deep Sea Research Result
Implication for paleoenvironment change
Department
2 Research on deep structure and post seismic sea floor 2 Deep Sea Research Result
disturbance off Kozu and Miyake Islands
Department
3 Detection of submarine volcanic activity by long-term P Deep Sea Research Result
seafloor cabled observatories
Department
4 Study on the relationship between regional P Deep Sea Research Result
variation of seismic activity and the crustal structure in
Department
the Japan Trench region
5 Development of sediment sampling system for analysis P Deep Sea Research Result
of activity of deep sea active fault
Department
6 Research on improvements to the anti-rolling device P Marine Technology Result
Department
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7 Research of very high resolution and long range sonar P Marine Technology Result
for seafloor surveying
Department
8 Study on the influences of the Kuroshio Current on the P Marine Ecosystems Result
hydrodynamic fluctuating characteristics of the deep
Research Department
seawater in Suruga Bay
9 Study on autonomic nervous system on adaptation and P Marine Ecosystems Result
readaptation
Research Department
10 Study on photographing methods and video image C Research Support Result
quality evaluation, and performance improvement of the
Department
video imaging device in the Underwater Super-HARP
High Definition TV Camera
11 Research into parallel computing techniques in marine P Computer and Result
science
Information Department
Table 3 Member List of the R&D Theme Evaluation Committee in Fiscal 2002
Chairman TAIRA, Keisuke Inspector General, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Member ASAI, Tsuneo Secretary General, Japanese Association of Science & Technology
Journalists
Member FUJINO, Masataka Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo (Chief,
Subcommittee for Marine Technology)
Member IMAWAKI, Shiro Professor, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics Kyushu University
(Chief, Subcommittee for Ocean Observation and Research)
Member NITTA, Yoshitaka Associate Vice President, Central CS Promotion Office, Central
Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
Member TAMAKI, Kensaku Professor, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo (Chief of
Subcommittee for Ocean and Solid Earth Science)
Member TANIGUCHI, Akira Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
(Chief of Marine Biology and Ecology)
(Listed alphabetically except chairman)
Table 4 Member list of R&D Theme Evaluation Subcommittees in Fiscal 2002
Subcommittee for Ocean and Solid Earth Science
Chief TAMAKI, Kensaku Professor, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo
Member NOTSU, Kenji Professor, Laboratory for Earthquake Chemistry Graduate School of
Science, University of Tokyo
Member SHIMIZU, Hiroshi Professor, Institute of Seismology and Volcanology, Faculty of
Sciences, Kyushu University
Member YUASA, Makoto Geologist, Geological Survey Promotion Office, Geological Survey of
Japan, The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Subcommittee for Ocean Observation and Research
Chief IMAWAKI, Shiro Professor, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics Kyushu University
Member ENDO, Nobuyuki Professor, Department of Electrical, Electronics and Information
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University
(Extraordinary member)
Member GAMO, Toshitaka Professor, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate
School of Science, Hokkaido University
Member KITAMURA, Yoshiteru Head of 1st Laboratory, Oceanographic Research Department,
Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency
Member SENGA, Yasuhiro Professor, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University
(Extraordinary member)
Member WAKATSUCHI, Masaaki Professor, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
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Subcommittee for Marine Biology and Ecology
Chief TANIGUCHI, Akira Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University
Member OMORI, Makoto Executive Chief Director, Akajima Marine Science Laboratory,
Establishment of Tropical Marine Ecological Research Organization
Member OTA, Suguru Professor, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo
Member SHIRAKI, Keizo Professor, Department of Environmental Physiology, School of
Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
Subcommittee for Marine Technology
Chief FUJINO, Masataka Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo
Member HONDA, Nakaji Professor, Department of Systems Engineering, The University of
Electro-Communications
Member INOUE, Kiyoshi Head of Ocean and Offshore Engineering Field Working Group,
Technical Committee, The Shipbuilders' Association of Japan
Member SHIMIZU, Hisaji Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University
(Listed alphabetically except chief and extraordinary members)
) Method of the evaluation
First, each Subcommittee heard a presentation by
each researcher on his or her research theme, followed
by a question-and-answer session between the
Subcommittee and the researcher. Committee members
evaluated the projects in line with the items listed
in ) based on the question and answer session, and
such material as R&D reports prepared by researchers,
and separately published papers.
Thereafter, the R&D Theme Evaluation Committee
finalized the result of interim and result evaluations,
referring to the discussions of each Subcommittee.
) Key points / factor of the evaluation
The research themes were evaluated based on the
following items categorized according to the progress
of the each theme.
(i) Interim Evaluation (ongoing projects but five or
more years passed after commencement)
Adequacy of purposes, targets, and direction of
research and development
Adequacy of the outline, plan, and method of
research and development
Adequacy of expenses and framework for research
and development
Progress of research and development
Future schedule (plan)
(ii) Result Evaluation (projects that have been completed
by the preceding fiscal year)
Adequacy of purposes and targets of research and
development
Adequacy of outline, plan, and method of research
and development
Adequacy of expenses and framework for research
and development
Degree of achievements of research and development
Impacts of the outcomes, extensions, and reflection
on new projects
Self-examination on causes for successes and failures
2. Study into R&D Cost Effectiveness and
Quantitative Evaluation Methods
Administrative reform including reform of special
corporations, and amendments to the research evaluation
guidelines by the Council for Science and
Technology Policy under the Science and Technology
Basic Law now require JAMSTEC to carry out a
cost effectiveness and quantitative evaluation of
R&D.
In the light of these requirements and JAMSTEC's
own social mission: () JAMSTEC will clearly convey
the significance and results of its R&D to the government
and the people (accountability) to gain the under-
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standing and support of society and the nation as a
whole; () JAMSTEC will deploy its limited resources
effectively to improve organizational efficiency and
economic efficiency of R&D projects; and () JAM-
STEC staff will be conscious of the social relevance of
their work, and plan R&D with clearly defined objectives
and anticipated results. To achieve this, JAM-
STEC began the necessary examinations for introducing
R&D cost effectiveness and quantitative evaluation.
For this, we set up an internal examination group
making up the members engaged in the research, and
established an examination committee consisting of
intellectuals and others from outside JAMSTEC. We
also held an international workshop on research effect
analysis, and exchanged views on approaches used
overseas.
(1) Examination committee of intellectuals
Since there was no precedent of an examination of
cost effectiveness and quantitative evaluation methods
at an R&D institution, and no organization has specifically
studied the methodology for this, we established
an examination committee, and for its members, we
chose intellectual members of the community with an
expertise in evaluation of policy, universities, and
R&D companies. The committee, comprising five
members chaired by Professor Hirasawa of the
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (Table
) and invited observers from related corporations,
met four times.
The committee's examination focused primarily on
the research evaluation matrix, and reflected the discussions
held by the internal examination group indicated
below.
(2) Internal examination group
When examining R&D effect and evaluation, there
is a need to ensure there is not too great a burden
placed on researchers, and the results must be fed back
into the R&D effectively, so we set up an internal
examination group mainly consisting of researchers in
various R&D fields. The group, chaired by the
Director of the Planning Department, and comprising
eleven members made up of staff in the Research
Evaluation Promotion Office and researchers from the
frontier research systems and other research departments,
met four times.
(3) Research effect analysis workshop report
On February and , JAMSTEC held a
workshop in the Miyoshi Memorial Hall, Yokohama
Institute for Earth Sciences to examine the kind of
effect research carried out by JAMSTEC has on society.
A total of people were invited to take part in the
workshop, including members of such institutions as
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA), which had already undertaken a similar
study.
Presentations were given by two members of NOAA,
three members of International Research Institute for
Climate Prediction (IRI), and from Japan, one member
of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
(IGES), one member of the Institute of Physical and
Chemical Research, three members of the Frontier
Research System for Global Change, and two members
of JAMSTEC, and were followed by lively discussions
and the free exchange of ideas and opinions.
In its report on its study of the effect El Niño prediction
has on agriculture, NOAA estimated that for
every dollar spent on research (research costs etc.), a
return of $.–$. was achieved through a reduction
of damage to agriculture, so the effect was quite
significant. Meanwhile, IRI undertakes climate prediction
using numerical simulation, and from this forecasts
floods and drought, and the outbreak of dengue
fever and the like caused by mosquito infestation, then
works closely with local communities to prevent or
minimize the disaster.
Such studies or activities have rarely, if ever, been
undertaken in Japan, but the workshop and its report
have provided a key pointer for future activities by
JAMSTEC.
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Research Evaluation
Fig. 1 Participants in the research effect analysis workshop
Table 5 Members of the committee for examining cost effectiveness and quantitative
evaluation methods for R&D by JAMSTEC in fiscal 2002
Chairman HIRASAWA, Ryo Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
Member SAITO, Fujio Secretary, Research Evaluation Subcommittee, Japan Society for
Science Policy and Research Management
Member NIWA, Fujio Professor, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
Member NISHIOKA, Shuzo Executive Director, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Member HAYASHI, Takayuki Research Fellow, Faculty of University Evaluation and Research,
National Institution for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation
(Listed alphabetically except Chairman)
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Appendix A
Research Achievements
(1) Deep Sea Research Department
a. Publications
a-1. Reviewed Articles
) Bourlange, S., P. Henry, J. C. Moore, H. Mikada, and A. Klaus,
Fracture porosity in the decollement zone of Nankai accretionary
wedge using Logging While Drilling resistivity data.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, , -, .
) Deschamps, A., K. Okino, and K. Fujioka, Late amagmatic
extension along the central and eastern segments of the West
Philippine Basin fossil spreading axis. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, , -, .
) Deschamps, A., and S. Lallemand, The West Philippine Basin:
an Eocene to Early Oligocene back-arc basin opened between
two opposed subduction zones. Journal of Geophysical
Research, , JB, .
) Deschamps, A., and S. Lallemand, Geodynamic setting of Izu-
Bonin-Mariana boninites. Journal of Geophysical Society of
London Special Book, .
) Fujie, G., J. Kasahara, R. Hino, T. Sato, M. Shinohara, and K.
Suyehiro, A significant relation between seismic activities and
reflection intensities in the Japan Trench region. Geophysical
Research Letters, , ./GL, .
) Fujioka, K., K. Okino, T. Kanamatsu, and Y. Ohara, Morphology
and origin of the Challenger Deep in the Southern Mariana
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) Fujiwara, T., J. Lin, T. Matsumoto, P. B. Kelemen, B. E.
Tucholke, and J. F. Casey, Crustal Evolution of the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge near the Fifteen-Twenty Fracture Zone in the
last Ma. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, ,
./GC, .
) Goto, S., M. Kinoshita, O. Matsubayashi, R. P. Von Herzen,
Geothermal constraints on the hydrological regime of the TAG
active hydrothermal mound, inferred from long-term monitoring.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, , -, .
) Hayakawa, T., J. Kasahara, R. Hino, To. Sato, M. Shinohara,
A. Kamimura, M, Nishino, Ta. Sato, and T. Kanazawa,
Heterogeneous structure across the source regions of the
Tokachi-Oki and the Sanriku-Haruka-Oki earthquakes at
the Japan Trench revealed by an ocean bottom seismic survey.
Physics of the Earth and Planet Interiors, , -, .
) Hirata, K., M. Aoyagi, H. Mikada, K. Kawaguchi, Y. Kaiho,
R. Iwase, S. Morita, I. Fujisawa, H. Sugioka, K. Mitsuzawa,
K. Suyehiro, and H. Kinoshita, Real-Time Geophysical
Measurements on the Deep Seafloor using Submarine Cable in
the Southern Kurile Subduction Zone. IEEE Journal of
Oceanic Engineering, , -, .
) Hirata K., H. Takahashi, E. L. Geist, K. Satake, Y. Tanioka,
H. Sugioka, and H. Mikada, Source depth dependence of
micro-tsunamis recorded with ocean-bottom pressure gauges:
the January , Mw . earthquake off Nemuro
Peninsula, Japan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, ,
-, .
) Hirono, T., W. Lin, and M. Takahashi, Pore space visualization
in unlithified sediments and rocks, Jour. Of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
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) Hirono, T., T. Yokoyama, M. Takahashi, S. Nakashima, Y.
Yamamoto, and W. Lin, Nondestructive observation of internal
structure in sediments and rocks using microfocus X-ray
CT system, Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, ,
-, .
) Hirono, T., and L. Abrams, The three dimensional measurements
of electric resistivity and nondestructive observation
by X-ray CT. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program
Scientific Results, SR-, .
) Hirono, T., Strain partitioning between the Suruga Trough and
the Zenisu Thrust: Neogene to present tectonic evolution in the
onland and offshore Tokai district, Japan. Tectonophysics, ,
-, .
) Housen, B., and T. Kanamatsu, Magnetic Fabrics from the
Costa Rica margin: Sediment Deformation During the Initial
Dewatering and Underplating Process. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, , -, .
) Jarrard, R. D., L. Abrams, R. Pockalny, R. Larson, L. Roger,
and T. Hirono, Physical properties of upper oceanic crust:
Ocean Drilling Program Hole C and the waning of
hydrothermal circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research,
, .
) Kawaguchi, K., K. Hirata, and T. Nishida, S. Obana, and H.
Mikada, A new approach for mobile and expandable real time
deep seafloor observation -Adaptable Observation System-.
IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, , -, .
) Kawamura, K., K. Ikehara, T. Kanamatsu, and K. Fujioka,
Paleocurrent analysis of turbidites in the Parece Vela Basin
using anisotorpy of magnetic suceptibility. The Journal of the
Geological Society of Japan , -, .
) Kido, M., D. A. Yuen, and A. Vincent, Continuous waveletlike
filter for a spherical surface and its application to localized
admittance function on Mars. Physics of the Earth and Planet
Interiors, , -, .
) Kim, H.-J., H.-T. Jou, H.-M. Cho, H. Bijwaard, T. Sato, J-K.
Hong, H.-S. Yoo, and C.-E. Baag, Crustal structure of the continental
margin of Korea in the East Sea (Japan Sea) from deep
seismic sounding data: evidence for rifting affected by the hotter
than normal mantle. Tectonophysics, , -, .
) Kodaira, S., E. Kurashimo, J-O. Park, N. Takahashi, A.
Nakanishi, S. Miura, T. Iwasaki, N. Hirata, K. Ito, and Y.
Kaneda, Structural factors controlling the rupture process of a
megathrust earthquake at the Nankai trough seismogenic zone.
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
Geophysical Journal International, , -, .
) Kodaira, S., K. Uhira, T. Tsuru, H. Sugioka, K. Suyehiro, and
Y. Kaneda, Seismic image and tis implications for an earthquake
swarm at an active volcanic region off the Miyake-jima-
Kozu-shima, Japan. Geophysical Research Letters, ,
./GL, .
) Kubo, Y., W. Soh, H. Machiyama, and E. Tokuyama, Bedforms
produced by the Kuroshio current over the Izu Ridge: side-scan
sonar survey around Niijima, Kozushima and Miyake Islands,
Journal of the Geological Society of Japan, , -, .
) Lin, W., Permanent strain of thermal expansion and thermally
induced microcracking in Inada granite. Journal of Geophysical
Research, , , .
) Lin, W., Y. Ohta, M. Takahashi, and N. Sugita,: Effect of strain
rate on compressive strength and deformability of granite,
Journal of the Mining and Materials Processing Institute of
Japan, , -, .
) Machiyama, H., T. Yamada, N. Kaneko, Y. Iryu, K. Odawara,
R. Asami, H. Matsuda, S. F. Mawatari, Y. Bone, and N. P.
James, Carbon and oxygen isotopes of cool-water bryozoans
from the Great Australian Bight and their paleoenvironmental
significance. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program
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) Maeda, J., H. R. Naslund, Y. D. Jang, E. Kikawa, T. Tajima, &
W. H. Blackburn, High-temperature fluid migration within
oceanic layer gabbros, Hole B, Southwest Indian Ridge:
Implications for the magmatic-hydrothermal transition at slowspreading
mid-ocean ridges. In Natland, J.H., Dick, H.J.B.,
Miller, D. J., and Von Herzen, R. P. (eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci.
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) Malavieille J., S. E. Lallemand, S. Dominguez, A. Deschamps,
C. Lu, P. Schnurle, and the ACT scientific crew, Geology of
the arc-continent collision in Taiwan: Marine observations and
geodynamic model. Geological Society of America Special
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) Mazzoti, S., S. J. Lallemant, P. Henry, X. LePichon, H.
Tokuyama, and N. Takahashi, Intraplate shortning and underthrusting
of a large basement ridge in the eastern Nankai subduction
zone. Marine Geology, , -, .
) Mikada, H., K. Becker, J. C. Moore, A. Klaus, et al., Proc.
ODP, Init. Repts., [CD-ROM]. Available from: Ocean
Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station TX
-, USA, .
) Miura, S., S. Kodaira, A. Nakanishi, T. Tsuru, N. Takahashi,
N. Hirata, and Y. Kaneda, Crustal Structure of southern Japan
trench, off Fukushima forearc region, revealed by ocean bottom
seismographic data. Tectonophysics, , -, .
) Nakanishi, A., H. Shiobara, R. Hino, J. Kasahara, K. Suyehiro,
and H. Shimamura, Crustal structure around the eastern end of
coseismic rupture zone of the Tonankai earthquake.
Tectonophysics, , -, .
) Nakanishi, A., H. Shiobara, R. Hino, K. Mochizuki, T. Sato, J.
Kasahara, N. Takahashi, K. Suyehiro, H. Tokuyama, J. Segawa,
M. Shinohara, and H. Shimamura, Deep crustal structure of the
eastern Nankai Trough and Zenisu Ridge by dense airgun-OBS
seismic profiling. Marine Geology, , -, .
) Nishio, Y., and S. Nakai, Accurate and precise lithium isotopic
determinations of igneous rock samples using multi-collector
inductively coupled plasma mass. Analitical Chimica Acta,
, -, .
) Park, J-O., T. Tsuru, N. Takahashi, T. Hori, S. Kodaira, A.
Nakanishi, S. Miura, and Y. Kaneda, A deep strong reflector in
the Nankai Accretionary wedge from multichannel seismic
data: Implications for underplating and interseismic share
stress release. Journal of Geophysical Research, , ./
JB, .
) Smith, J. R., K. Satake, and K. Suyehiro, Deepwater multibeam
sonar surveys along the southeastern Hawaii Ridge: guide to the
CD-ROM, in Hawaiian Volcanoes: depp watger underwater
perspectives, Eds., E. Takahashi, P. W. Lipman, M. O. Garcia,
J. Naka, and S. Aramaki, AGU Geophys. Monogr. , Am.
Geophys. Union, -, .
) Soh, W., and H. Tokuyama, Rejuvenation of submarine canyon
associated with ridge subduction, Tenryu Canyon, off Tokai,
central Japan. Marine Geology, , -, .
) Suyehiro, K., The earth's next move. ODP Highlights, , .
) Suyehiro, K., Borehole observatories into subduction seismogenic
zones, in Seismotectonics in Convergent Plate Boundary,
Eds., Y. Fujinawa, and A. Yoshida, Terrapub, -, .
) Suyehiro, K., E. Araki, M. Shinohara, and T. Kanazawa, Deep
sea borehole observatories ready and capturing seismic waves in
the western Pacific. Eos, Transactions, , , -, .
) Suyehiro, K., and K. Mochizuki, Marine Seismology, in
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Seismology, Eds, W. H. K. Lee, H. Kanamori, P. C. Jennings,
and C. Kisslinger, International Geophys. Ser. A, Academic
Press, -, .
) Tadai, O., W. Soh, and A. Taira, Estimation of past carbonate
dissolution in deep-sea sediments using the ESR method.
Advances in ESR Applications, , -, .
) Takahashi, H., and K. Hirata, The Nemuro-Hanto-Oki
earthquake, off eastern Hokkaido, Japan, and the high intraslab
seismic activity in the southwestern Kuril trench. Journal
of Geophysical Research, , ./JB, .
) Takahashi, M., X. Li, W. Lin, T. Narita, and Y. Tomishima,:
Permeability measurement techniques for intermediate principal
stress direction, Jour. Japan Soc. Eng. Geol., , -,
.
218

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Research Achievements
) Takahashi, M., W. Lin, T. Hirono, and Y. Yamamoto,: On
visualization of inner microstructure in rocks by micro focus X
ray CT, Jour. Japan Soc. Eng. Geol., Vol., No., pp.-
, .
) Takahashi, N., H. Mikada, K. Suyehiro, T. Urabe, and H.
Shimizu, Crustal structure beneath the Shimabara Peninsula
deduced from a controlled source seismic experiment, Kazan.
, , -, .
) Takahashi, N., S. Kodaira, A. Nakanishi, J-O. Park, S. Miura,
T. Tsuru, Y. Kaneda, K. Suyehiro, H. Kinoshita, N. Hirata, and
T. Iwasaki, Seismic structure of the western end of the Nankai
trough seismogenic zone. Journal of Geophysical Research,
, ./JB, .
) Takahashi, N., H. Amano, K. Hirata, H. Kinoshita, S. Lallement,
H. Tokuyama, F. Yamamoto, A. Taira, and K. Suyehiro, Faults
configuration around the eastern Nankai trough deduced by multichannel
seismic profiling. Marine Geology, , -, .
) Takahata, N., R. Yokochi, Y. Nishio, Y. Sano, Volatile element
isotope systematics at Ontake volcano, Japan, Geochemical
Journal, , -. .
) Uno, K., Y. Otofuji, T. Matsuda, K. Furukawa, T. Mishima,
Y. Kuniko, R. Enami, R. G. Kulinich, P. S. Zimin, A. P.
Matunin, and V. G. Sakhno, An example of multicomponent
magnetization in welded tuffs: a case study of Upper Cretaceous
welded tuffs of eastern Russia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,
, -, .
) Yamamoto, Y., K. Shimura, H. Tsunakawa, T. Kogiso, K. Uto,
H. G. Barsczus, H. Oda, T. Yamazaki, and E. Kikawa,
Geomagnetic paleosecular variation for the past Ma in the
Society Islands, French Polynesia. Earth, Planets and Space,
, -, .
) Yoneshima, S., T. Endo, V. Pistre, J. Thompson, P. Campanac,
H. Mikada, J. C. Moore, M. Ienaga, S. Saito, and the Leg
Scientific Party, Processing leaky-compressional mode from
LWD sonic data in shallow ocean sediments: ODP sites in
Nankai trough, Proc. 6th SEGJ Internatinal Symposium, -
, .
a-2. Non-reviewed Articles
) Abe, N., and H. Takayama (), Leg Evolution of nonvolcanic
continental margin -Returen to iberia-. Chikyu
Monthly, Special issue No., -.
) Asakawa, K., Y. Shirasaki, M. Yoshida, and T. Nishida,
Feasibility Study on Long-term Continuous Monitoring from
Seafloor with Underwater Cable Network, Proceedings of
International Symposium on Ocean Space Utilization Technology,
-, .
) Asakawa, K., H. Mikada, K. Kawaguchi, R. Iwase, K. Hirata, T.
Goto, K. Mitsuzawa, H. Matsumoto, T. Watanabe, and K.
Suyehiro, Envisioned Network System for Future Underwater
Observations, Proceedings of Techno-Ocean CD-ROM, .
) Asakawa, K., J. Muramatsu, M. Aoyagi, K. Sasaki, and K.
Kawaguchi, Feasibility Study on Real-time Seafloor Globe
Monitoring Cable-Network -Power Feeding System-,
Proceedings of Underwater Technology, -, .
) Asakawa, K., Construction and Maintenance Technology for
Underwater Optical Communication Cables, J. Marine
Accoustic Soc. Jpn., Vol. No., -, .
) Becker, K., H. Mikada, S. Saito, M. Kinoshita, and M. Ienaga,
Leg : Nankai Trough LWD/ACORK, ODJ Newsletter, ,
-, .
) Fujikura, K., M. Aoki, Y. Fujiwara, S. Ichibayashi, M. Imamura,
J. Ishibashi, R. Iwase, K. Kato, A. Kosaka, H. Machiyama, H.
Miyake, J. Miyazaki, C. Mizota, Y. Morimoto, T. Naganuma, N.
Nakayama, K. Okamoto, K. Okoshi, W. Sato-okoshi, T. Okutani,
T. Satoh, Toth, L. G., S. Tsuchida, M. Wakamatsu, H. Watanabe,
T. Yamanaka, H. Yamamoto, Report on investigation of vent and
methane seep ecosystems by the crewed submersible 'Shinkai
' and the ROV 'Dolphin K' on the Hatoma and the
Kuroshima Knolls, the Nansei-shoto area, JAMSTEC Jour. Deep
Sea Research, : -, .
) Goto, T., K. Sayanagi, H. Mikada, and T. Nagao, Calibration
and Running Test of Torsion Magnetmeter made in Russia,
JAMSTEC Jour. Deep Sea Research, , -, .
) Goto, T., N. Seama, H. Shiobara, K. Baba, M. Ichiki, H.
Iwamoto, T. Matsuno, K. Mochizuki, Y. Nogi, S. Oki, K.
Schwalenberg, N. Tada, K. Suyehiro, H. Mikada, T.
Kanazawa, Y. Fukao, and H. Utada, Geophysical Experiments
in the Mariana Region: Report of the YK-cruise,
InterRidge News, Vol., , -, .
) Hirata, K., and K. Kawaguchi, Attitude of cabled ocean-bottom
seismometers and strong ground motion on the seafloor,
JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res., , -, .
) Hirono, T., and S. Nakashima, Ionic difusivity and molecular
structure in nanopore of sediments and rocks, Chikyu Monthly,
Special issue No., -, .
) Ichiyanagi, M., H. Takahashi, Y. Motoya, M. Kasahara, H.
Mikada, K. Hirata, and K. Suyehiro, An unusual seismic activity
from October, to June, , off Tokachi, Hokkaido,
Japan, Geophysical Bull. Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, , -,
.
) Kanazawa, T., Y. Hayasaka, E. Araki, M. Mochizuki, and K.
Hirata, Leg.: Seafloor Borehole Broadband Seismic
Observatories WP- and petrologic features of basaltic rocks
in the hole D, Chikyu Monthly, Special issue, No., -
, .
) Kasaya, T., N. Oshiman, I. Shiozaki, S. Nakao, S. Yabe, K.
Kondo, Y. Fujita, T. Uto, and K. Yoshida, Resistivity Structure
219

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
around the Northern Hyogo Prefecture, Annuals of Disaster
Prevention Research Institute Kyoto University, No. B,
pp.-, .
) Kawaguchi, K., An approach for Mobile and Real-time
Observation on the Seafloor, Proceedings CD-ROM of
INMARTECH, .
) Kimura, R., and M. Kinoshita, Change in physical properties
of surface sediment according to the evolution of Nankai
accretionary prism, Chikyu Monthly, , , -,
(Japanese).
) Kinoshita, M., and S. Saito, Long-term hydrological observatory
in boreholes for a quantitative explanation of seismogenic
zones, Chikyu Monthly, Special Issue, , -,
(Japanese).
) Machiyama, H., R. Iwase, K. M. Brown, R. Matsumoto, Y.
Maki, N. Nakayama, A. Kosaka, K. Fujikura, H. Miyake, T.
Okutani, T. Naganuma, H. Watanabe, S. Ogihara, R. Takeuchi,
R. G. Jenkins, Y. Chen, M. Aoki, M. Imamura, W. Soh, Outline
of "Shinkai " dive surveys and long-term monitoring on
the Kuroshima Knoll, off Ishigaki Island - Preliminary report of
the NT- & Cruise -, JAMSTEC Jour. Deep Sea
Research, : -, .
) Matsumoto, H., and K. Hirata, Micro-tsunami detected by a
real-time cable system, Proceedings of the International
Workshop "Local Tsunami Warning and Mitigation", Moscow,
Janus-K, -, .
) Matsumoto, H., G. A. Papadopoulos, and A. Ganas, Re-examination
of the unexpected earthquake of September in
Athens, Greece, Research Report on Earthquake Engineering,
Tokyo Inst. Tech., , -, .
) Matsumoto, H., K. Kawaguchi, R. Otsuka, Effects of background
noise due to deep sea environment on ocean-bottom
seismometers attachedon the real-time cabled-observatory off
Kushiro-Tokachi, JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res., , -,
.
) Mikada, H., K. Becker, J. C. Moore, A. Klaus, and the Leg
Shipboard Scientific Party, ODP Leg : Logging-whiledrilling
and Advanced CORKs at the Nankai Trough
Accretionary Prism, JOIDES J., (), -, .
) Mikada, H., M. Kinoshita, K. Becker, E. E. Davis, R. D.
Meldrum, P. Flemings, S. P. S. Gulick, O. Matsubayashi, S.
Morita, S. Goto, N. Misawa, K. Fujino, M. Toizumi,
Hydrogeological and geothermal studies around Nankai trough
(KR- Nankai trough cruise report), JAMSTEC J. Deep
Sea Res., , -, .
) Mikada, H., S. Saito, M. Ienaga, M. Kinoshita, K. Becker, J. C.
Moore, A. Klaus, and the Leg- Shipboard Scientific Party,
Leg : New technologies applied to scientific drilling at the
Nankai trough and the achievement -Longging-While-Drilling
and Advanced-CORKs, Chikyu Monthly, Special issue, No.,
-, .
) Mishima, T., H. Yamamoto, T. Kanamatsu, Lithology of piston
cores recovered from continental slope off east coast of
Honshu, Japan on the R/V Mirai cruise MR-K, JAMSTE-
CR :-, .
) Moe K. T., K. Tamaki, S. Kuramoto, R. Tada, S. Saito, and T.
Williams, Core-log-seismic data integration from high-resolution
seismic stratigraphy, Frontier Research on Earth Evolution,
IFREE Report for 2001-2002, Vol., .
) Muramatsu, J., K. Asakawa, K. Kawaguchi, and Y. Shirasaki,
Outline or Earth Observation Submarine Cable System -
ARENA (Advanced Real-time Earth Monitoring Network in
the Area)-, Proceedings of Techno-Ocean 02 CD-ROM,
) Nishio, Y., S. Nakai, K. Hirose, T. Ishii, Y. Sano, Li isotopic
systematics of volcanic rocks in marginal basins, Geochimica
et Cosmochimica Acta , A, .
) Ogihara, S., R. Matsumoto, R. Jenkins, H. Machiyama, Organic
geochemical study of bacterial mats collected from Kuroshima
Knoll, JAMSTEC Jour. Deep Sea Research, : -, .
) Ogihara, S., R. Takeuchi, R. Matsumoto, H. Machiyama, The
origin of carbonate chimney from Kuroshima Knoll, JAM-
STEC Jour. Deep Sea Research, : -, .
) Ogihara, S., H. Tomaru, R. Matsumoto, H. Machiyama,
Biomarker composition of bacterial mats collected from
Kuroshima Knoll, JAMSTEC Jour. Deep Sea Research, :
-, .
) Ohta, Y., W. Lin, and M. Takahashi, Fracture and deformation
properties of basaltic rock under various temperatures, pressures
and strain rates, Proceedings of 2002 ISRM Regional
Symposium (3rd Korea-Japan Joint Symposium) on Rock
Engineering, Rock engineering problems and approaches in
underground construction, Vol., pp.-, .
) Sayanagi, K., M. Kinoshita, et al., Development of long-term
electric potential measurement in boreholes, Chikyu Monthly,
Special Issue, , -, (Japanese).
) Seama, N., T. Goto, Y. Nogi, M. Ichiki, T. Kasaya, N. Tada,
H. Iwamoto, K. Kitada, T. Matsuno, S. Yoshida, Y. Kawada,
M. Ito, R. Ishii, K. Takizawa, K. Suyehiro, H. Utada, and M.
Shimoizumi, Preliminary Report of KR- Kairei cruise.
JAMSTEC Jour. Deep Sea Res., , .
) Shirasaki, Y., T. Nishida, M. Yoshida, Y. Horiuchi, J. Muramatsu,
M. Tamaya, K. Kawaguchi, and K. Asakawa, Proposal of Nextgeneration
Real-time Seafloor Globe Monitoring Cable-network,
Proceedings of OCEANS CD-ROM, .
) Takahashi, M., X. Li, W. Lin, T. Narita, and Y. Tomishima, A
new technique for measuring permeability in intermediate
principal stress direction, Proceedings of 2002 ISRM Regional
Symposium (rd Korea-Japan Joint Symposium) on Rock
220

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
Engineering, Rock engineering problems and approaches in
underground construction, Vol., pp.-, .
) Yamano, M., M. Kinoshita, and S. Goto, Thermal structure and
borehole long-term temperature measurements in the Nankai
subduction zone, Chikyu Monthly, Special Issue, , -,
(Japanese).
b. Talks and Presentations
b-1. International Talks and Presentations
) Araki, E., M. Shinohara (ERI), K. Nakahigashi (U-Tokyo), T.
Kanazawa (ERI), and K. Suyehiro, Upper mantle structure of
the Northwestern Pacific Plate from WP borehole seismometer
in the Pacific Ocean, AGU Fall Meeting, Dec., .
) Araki E., and Shipboard Scientific Party of ODP LegPost,
On long period noise in seismic observation in the ocean borehole
and seafloor, Post cruise meeting of ODP Leg, May,
.
) Araki, E., and Shipboard Scientific Party of ODP Leg,
Performance of WP- Borehole Seismic Observatory at
Site, Post cruise meeting of ODP Leg, May, .
) Deschamps, A., T. Fujiwara, & T.-N. Goto, Asymmetry in the
slow-spreading Mariana back-arc basin, AGU Fall Meeting,
San Francisco, Californie, EOS, Transactions, , , ,
Dec. -, .
) Deschamps, A., T.-N. Goto, N. Seama, New insight on the
Mariana Basin ridge processes, abstract to NSF-IFREE MAR-
GINS Workshop on the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Subduction
System, Honolulu, Hawai, September -, .
) Gomado, M., and M. Kinoshita, Dual-scale hydrothermal circulation
inferred from detailed heat flow measurements in the
Suiyo Seamount Hydrothermal System, Izu-Bonin Arc,
AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. .
) Goto, T., N. Seama, M. Ichiki, K. Baba, K. Schwalenberg, N.
Tada, H. Iwamoto, H. Utada, K. Suyehiro, and H. Toh, Mantle
Conductivity Structure below the Mariana Island Arc, th
SGEPSS Fall Meeting, .
) Goto, T., N. Seama, M. Ichiki, K. Baba, K. Schwalenberg, N.
Tada, H. Iwamoto, H. Utada, K. Suyehiro, and H. Toh, Ocean
Bottom Electromagnetic Obeservation in the Mariana Region,
NSF-IFREE Margins Subduction Factory Izu-Bonin-Mariana
Arc Workshop, .
) Goto, T., N. Seama, M. Ichiki, K. Baba, K. Schwalenberg, N.
Tada, H. Iwamoto, H. Utada, K. Suyehiro, and H. Toh, The
Mantle Conductivity Structure below the Marianas Island Arc,
AGU Fall meeting, .
) Hirata, K., H. Takahashi, E. Geist, K. Satake, Y. Tanioka, H.
Sugioka, and H. Mikada, Source depth dependence of microtsunamis
recorded with ocean-bottom pressure gauges and its
use for earthquake source parameter studies, AGU Fall
Meeting, SA-, .
) Iwamoto, H., M. Yamamoto, N. Seama, K. Kitada, T. Matsuno,
Y. Nogi, T. Goto, T. Fujiwara, K. Suyehiro, and T. Yamazaki,
Tectonic Evolution of the Central Mariana Trough, AGU
Fall Meeting, Dec., .
) Kawaguchi, ., An Approach for Mobile and Real-time
Observation on The Seafloor, INMARTECH , Oct., .
) Kinoshita, M., S. Goto, S. P. Gulick, H. Mikada, Very focused
expulsion of pore fluid along the western Nankai accreionary
complex detected by closely-spaced heat flow measurements,
AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. .
) Kitada, K., N. Seama, T. Fujiwara, T. Yamazaki, N. Wakabayashi,
K. Nakase, K. Okino, Y. Nogi, and K. Suyehiro, Gravity Anomaly
of the Mariana Trough, AGU Fall Meeting, Dec., .
) Kumagai, H., Noble gas signatures of abyssal gabbros and
peridotites from the Indian Ocean, McDonnel Center for the
Space Sciences, Washington Univ. St. Louis, Robert M.
Walker Symposium (poster session), .
) Kumagai, H., Henry J. B. Dick (WHOI), I. Kaneoka (Univ.
Tokyo), and S. Arai (Kanazawa Univ.), Noble gas signatures of
gabbros and submarine peridotites at Atlantis Bank, Inter Ridge,
South West Indian Ridge Workshop (poster session), .
) Lallemand, S., and A. Deschamps, Geodynamic setting of Izu-
Bonin-Mariana boninites, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco,
Californie, EOS, Transactions, , , , Dec. -, .
) Lallemand, S., and A. Deschamps, Geodynamic setting of Izu-
Bonin-Mariana boninites, abstract to NSF-IFREE MARGINS
Workshop on the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Subduction System,
Honolulu, Hawai, September -, .
) Matsumoto, H., and K. Hirata, Water pressure related to seismic
wave and tsunami, International Workshop on Local
Tsunami Warning and Mitigation, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy,
Russia, Sep., .
) Mikada, H., M. Kinoshita, K. Becker, E. E. Davis, B. D.
Meldrum, P. Flemings, S. P. S. Gulick, O. Matsubayashi, S.
Morita, S. Goto, N. Misawa, K. Fujino, M. Toizumi, Scientific
Cruise Report from KR-: Hydrogeological and Geothermotic
study around the Nankai Trough, AGU Fall Meeting, Eos,
(), H, .
) Mikada, H., Critical technologies for borehole observatory
and logging, JOI-USSSP NanTroSEIZE Workshop, Boulder,
Colorado, July, .
) Maeda, J., H. R. Naslund, Y. D. Jang, E. Kikawa, T. Tajima,
and W. H. Blackburn, High-temperature fluid migration within
oceanic layer gabbros, Hole B, Southwest Indian Ridge:
Implications for the magmatic-hydrothermal transition at slowspreading
mid-ocean ridges. In Natland, J. H., Dick, H. J. B.,
Miller, D. J., and Von Herzen, R. P. (eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci.
Res., , -, .
221

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
) Morita, S., K. Aoike, T. Sawada, J. Ashi, S. P. Gulick, P. B.
Flemings, S. Kuramoto, S. Saito, H. Mikada, M. Kinoshita,
Observations and Rock Analyses in a Kumano Mud Volcano
in Nankai Accretionary Prism.
) Nishio, Y., S. Nakai, K. Hirose, T. Ishii, and Y. Sano, Li isotopic
systematics of volcanic rocks in marginal basins, th
annual V. M. Goldschmidt conference, Davos, Switzland
(//-).
) Nishio, Y., S. Nakai, J. Yamamoto, T. Matsumoto, S. Prikhod'ko,
and S. Arai, Lithium isotopic ratios detect the alien component in
the subarc mantle, Meeting of Isotope-ratio Mass Spectrometry
(//-), Jeju-do, Korea.
) Ohkushi, K., M. Uchida, T. Mishima, T. Kanematsu, and N.
Ahagon, Intermediate water ventilation in the northwestern
Pacific based on AMS radiocarbon age. Ninth International
Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, .
) Sakamoto, I., T. Fujiwara, and O. Ishizuka, Geological and tectonic
development around the Sofugan Tectonic Line (STL),
Central part of Izu-Ogasawara Arc (IOA), AGU Fall
Meeting, Dec., .
) Saito, S., S. Kuramoto, J. Ashi, M. Kinoshita, K. Ujiie, A.
Sagaguchi, S. Lallemant, T. Toki, Y. Kubo, N. Misawa, Tectonic
features of out-of-sequence-thrusts in central Nankai accretionary
prism, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. .
) Sawada, T., J. Ashi, M. Murayama, K. Aoike, Y. Ujiie, S.
Kuramoto, M. Kinoshita, H. Tokuyama, Surface Geology and
History of Mud Volcanoes in the Kumano Trough Based on
Analysis of Piston Cores, AGU Fall Meeting, San
Francisco, Dec. .
) Seama, N., A. Nishizawa, K. Nishimura, F. Murakami, M.
Kinoshita, Y. Kaiho, M. Kagaya, N. Isezaki, and H. Tokuyama,
Geophysical structure of a hydrothermal system in the Suiyo
Seamount, the Izu-Bonin Island Arc, Western Pacific,
AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. .
) Seama, N., T. Yamazaki, H. Iwamoto, K. Kitada, M.
Yamamoto, T. Fujiwara, Y. Nogi, K. Okino, and K. Suyehiro,
Tectonic features of the Mariana Trough, AGU Fall
Meeting, Dec., .
) Shinohara, M., T. Kanazawa, E. Araki, K. Suyehiro, H.
Shiobara, T. Yamada, K. Nakahigashi, H. Mikada, Y. Fukao,
Ambient Seismic Noise Levels of the Seafloor Borehole
Broadband Seismic Observatories in the Northwestern Pacific,
AGU Fall Meeting, EOS, (), H, .
) Suyehiro, K., Technology and Infrastructure Capabilities and
Needs, International Global Ocean Exploration Workshop,
IOC, May, .
) Suyehiro, K., Scientific Isuues to Understand before OD,
Chelung-pu Fault Conference, July, .
) Suyehiro, K., NantroSEIZE: iPC and iSAS roadmap for complex
drilling projects, NANTROSEIZE Workshop, Colorado,
July, .
) Suyehiro, K., Seismological Arc Structure at Northern Izu
Section of IBM, Hawaii IBM Workshop, Hawaii, Sep., .
) Suyehiro, K., "Earth Oceans and Life": Initial Science Plan of
IODP, its Global Significance and Regional Interest, Korea-
Japan Symposium, Gyeonju, Korea, Sep., .
) Suyehiro, K., Plate coupling: what does it mean? ocean drilling
in seismogenic zones, ICDP Workshop, Nov., .
) Suyehiro, K., Implications from Marine Seismological Studies
in the Western Pacific Marginal Basins, Japan-Taiwan
Symposium, Feb., .
) Suyehiro, K., Advances in OBS Technology: JAMSTEC's
Development, Taiwan International OBS Symposium, Mar.,
.
) Takahashi, N., S. Kodaira, Jin-Oh Park, T. Tsuru, K. Suyehiro,
and J. Diebold, Structural Nature of Western Nankai
Seismogenic Zone Deduced By Controlled Source Seismic
Data, AGU fall meeting, Dec., .
) Tanaka, A., T. Urabe, M. Kinoshita, A. Schultz, Long-Term
Monitoring at Hydrothermal Sites of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-
Ogasawara Arc, Western Pacific, AGU Fall Meeting, San
Francisco, Dec. .
) Taniguchi, M., T. Gamo, J. Shimada, T. Tokunaga, Y. Mahara,
M. Kinoshita, J. Zhang, Investigations of submarine groundwater
discharge in the Suruga Bay, Japan, AGU Fall
Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. .
b-2. Domestic Talks and Presentations
) Abe, N., ODP Leg "Non-volcanic continental margin"
drilling about all sorts of things. Symposium "Frontier of oceanfloor
petrology and scientific strategy for IODP"., Kanazawa,
Mar., .
) Araki, E., M. Shinohara, and OD SAC Downhole
Measurement/Monitoring Working Group, Long-term borehole
seismo-geodetic observation in seismogenic zone,
Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, .
) Ashi, J., S. Kuramoto, and S. Saito, Relationships between
fault movement and cold seep activity in the Nankai Trough,
Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, J-
, .
) Fujikura, K., M. Aoki, Y. Fujiwara, S. Ichibayashi, M.
Imamura, J. Ishibashi, R. Iwase, K. Kato, A. Kosaka, H.
Machiyama, H. Miyake, J. Miyazaki, C. Mizota, Y. Morimoto,
T. Naganuma, N. Nakayama, K. Okamoto, K. Okoshi, W.
Sato-Okoshi, T. Okutani, T. Satoh, L. G. Toth, S. Tsuchida, M.
Wakamatsu, H. Watanabe, T. Yamanaka, H. Yamamoto,
Investigation of vent and methane seep ecosystems by the
crewed submersible "Shinkai " and the ROV "Dolphin-
222

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
K" on the Hatoma and the Kuroshima Knolls, the Nanseishoto
area, The th Shinkai symposium, .
) Goto, T., M. Kinoshita, H. Mikada, K. Sayanagi, T. Nagao, M.
Uyeshima, and OD SAC Downhole Measurement/Monitoring
Working Group, Design for Borehole Electromagnetic
Observatory in and around Seismogenic Zone, Japan Earth
and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, .
) Goto, T., N. Seama, M. Ichiki, K. Baba, N. Tada, H. Iwamoto,
T. Matsuno, Y. Nogi, H. Utada, K. Suyehiro, and H. Toh, The
Conductivity Structure of the Mantle Wedge below the
Mariana Islands, th JAMSTEC Shinkai Symposium, .
) Hirata, K., Eric L. Geist (USGS), K. Satake (AFRC/AIST), Y.
Tanioka (MRI/JMA), Slip distribution of the Tokachi-Oki
earthquake (M.) along the Kuril trech deduced from tsunami
waveform inversion, Japan Earth and Planetary Science
Joint Meeting, S, .
) Hirata, K., Heterogeneous slip distribution of the Tokachi-
Oki earthquake resolved using tsunamis, Workshop for studies
on the Nankai earthquakes - meanings and archive of historical
seismograms, Kochi, Mar., .
) Ienaga, M., S. Saito, H. Mikada, and ODP Leg Shipboard
Party, Development of the Decollement in the Toe of Nankai
Accretionary Prism: Results from ODP Leg . Japan
Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, J-, .
) Ishikawa, S., A. Omura, K. Hoyanagi, M. M. I. El-Masry, S.
Saito, and A. Taira, Glacial-interglacial cycles and sedimentary
organic matters of the Pleistocene core in the Choshi area, central
Japan. Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint
Meeting, L-P, .
) Iwase, R., Y. Fujinawa (NIED), T. Goto, T. Matsumoto (NIED),
K. Takahashi (CRL), Observation of Electric Field Changes
Using Submarine Cable on Seafloor off Hatsushima Island in
Sagami Bay, Fall meeting (poster session), Seismological
Society of Japan, , .
) Iwase, R., and H. Machiyama, cold seepage fluctuation accompanied
by conductivity reduction on the seafloor off
Hatsushima Island in Sagami Bay, Japan Earth and Planetary
Science Joint Meeting, H-P, .
) Iwase, R., H. Machiyama, W. Soh, K. M. Brown, M. Tryon
(Scripps Institution of Oceanography), Detailed mapping of
subbottom temperature gradient at cold seepage site off
Hatsushima Island in Sagami Bay, Fall meeting (poster
session), Seismological Society of Japan, , .
) Iwase, R., H. Machiyama, W. Soh, T. Goto, K. M. Brown, and
M. Tryon (Scripps Institution of Oceanography), Detailed
mapping of subbottom temperature gradient and flow rate
measurement experiment at cold seepage site off Hatsushima
Island in Sagami Bay, the th SHINAKI Symposium, .
) Jenkyns, R., S. Ogihara, R. Matsumoto, R. Takeuchi, H.
Machiyama, Biomarker of cold seep carbonates from the
Kuroshima Knoll, The th Shinkai Symposium, .
) Kamikuri, S., I. Motoyama, H. Nishi, S. Saito, Paleoceanographic
changes during the last m.y. in the Northwest Pacific based on
analyses of radiolarian assemblages, Japan Earth and
Planetary Science Joint Meeting, L-, .
) Kanamatsu, T., D. Champion, and K. Matsuo, Stratigraphy of
Deep-sea Sediments From Piston Cores Adjacent to the
Hawaiian Islands, Japan Earth and Planetary Science
Joint Meeting, Tokyo, .
) Kasaya, T., N. Oshiman, I. Shiozaki, S. Nakao, S. Yabe, T.
Uto, and K. Yoshida, The resistivity structure around Eastern
Tottori prefecture and Northen Hyogo prefecture, Japan Earth
and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, .
) Kido, Y., and T. Fujiwara, Subducting Nankai seismogenic zone
with regard to geomagnetic anomaly, SGEPSS Fall meeting,
.
) Kido, Y., T. Fujiwara, and Y. Noda, Magnetic anomalies over
the Shikoku Basin through Nankai Trough, Shinkai symposium,
.
) Kinoshita, M., M. Gomado, K. Nakamura, and NT-
Shipboard Scientists, Hydrothermal model in the Suiyo
Seamount hydrothermal field, Japan Earth and Planetary
Science Joint Meeting, (Japanese).
) Kinoshita, M., K. Nakamura, A. Tanaka, and NT-
Shipboard Scientists, Possible cause for the temperature variations
at the seafloor observed in the Suiyo Seamount
hydrothermal field, Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint
Meeting, (Japanese).
) Kinoshita, M., and N. Misawa, Behaviour of methane hydrate
associated with environmental/geological changes and possible
causes for double BSR, Japan Earth and Planetary Science
Joint Meeting, (Japanese).
) Kinoshita, M., A. Ijiri, N. Misawa, S. Asai, M. Gomado, and
K. Obana, Heat flow in the Nankai Trough: Results from
KY- cruise and strategy in the future, Japan Earth and
Planetary Science Joint Meeting, (Japanese).
) Kinoshita, M., and R. Kimura, Initial process of Nankai
Accretionary complex off Muroto inferred from sediment physical
properties, Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint
Meeting, (Japanese).
) Kinoshita, M., S. Goto, H. Mikada, and KR- Shipboard
Scientists, Localized heat flow anomalyin the prism toe of
Nankai accretionary complex off Muroto, Japan Seismological
Society Meeting, (Japanese).
) Kosaka, A., N. Nakayama, U. Tsunogai, T. Gamo, K. Fujikura,
H. Machiyama, H. Kakuno, K. Nagao, Geochemistry of cold
seep fluids at Kuroshima Knoll, th Annual Meeting of the
Geochemical Society of Japan, .
223

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
) Kosaka, A., N. Nakayama, U. Tsunogai, T. Gamo, K. Fujikura,
H. Machiyama, H. Kakuno, K. Nagao, Geochemistry of cold seep
fluids at Kuroshima Knoll, The th Shinkai Symposium, .
) Machiyama, H., R. Iwase, W. Soh, K. M. Brown, R. Matsumoto,
Y. Maki, Cold seep and long-term minitoring at the Kuroshima
Knoll, Off Yaeyama Islands, The th Shinkai Symposium, .
) Machiyama, H., W. Soh, R. Iwase, K. M. Brown, Geologic
structure and methane seep monitoring of the Kuroshima
Knoll, off Yaeyama Islands: Outline of KY- & NT-
Cruises. The th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society
of Japan, .
) Matsumoto, H., and K. Hirata, Analysis of micro-tsunamis
observed with the deep seafloor observatory off Kushiro,
Hokkaido, Japan, the th JAMSTEC Shinkai Symposium,
Jan., .
) Mikada, H., The present status of oceanfloor observations in
earth science and the future directions, Fukada Geological
Institute Seminar, Komagome, Tokyo, Apr., .
) Mikada, H., Integration of drilled-hole measurements with
seafloor observations, ERI Workshop on seismogenic zone
drilling in view of physical processes in seismogenisis,
Earthquake Research Institute, Univ. Tokyo, Jun, .
) Mishima, T., T. Kanamatsu, K. Matsuo, I. Motoyama, K.
Ohkushi, M. Uchida, N. Ahagon, Rock-magnetic study on
MR-K sediment cores from off Kushiro and off
Shimokita, northwest Pacific, Japan Earth and Planetary
Science Joint Meeting, .
) Mishima, T., T. Kanamatsu, and H. Yamamoto, Rotation of the
piston corer during the coring, th SGEPSS Fall Meeting,
.
) Mizota, C., T. Yamanaka, Y. Maki, K. Fujikura, Y. Fujiwara,
S. Tsuchida, H. Machiyama, H. Tsutsumi, Carbon, nitrate, and
sulfer isotopic compositions of organisms from the Kuroshima,
Hatoma, and Daiyon yonaguni Knolls, The th Shinkai
Symposium, .
) Mizota, C., T. Yamanaka, Y. Maki, K. Fujikura, Y. Fujiwara,
S. Tsuchida, H. Tsutsumi, H. Machiyama, Carbon-nitrogen-sulfur
isotopic characterization of biological samples from chemosynthetic
communities in southern Okinawa Trough, th
Annual Meeting of the Geochemical Society of Japan, .
) Miyashita, S., (Niigata Univ.), T. Morishita (Kanazawa Univ.), J.
Maeda (Hokkaido Univ.), T. Matsumoto, Y. Ohtomo (Yamagata
Univ.), H. Kumagai, A. Hamadate (Kanazawa Univ.), H. J.B.
Dick (WHOI), Onboard Scientific Party of ABCDE Cruise,
Preliminary report on geology and petrology of Atlantis Bank
along the Atlantis II Fracture Zone, Southwest Indian Ocean,
Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, .
) Ogihara, S., R. Matsumoto, H. Machiyama, Organic geochemistry
of bagterial mats from the Kuroshima Knoll, The th
Shinkai Symposium, .
) Ohkushi, K., T. Itaki, T. Mishima, Evidence from benthic
foraminifera and radiolarian assemblages of intermediate water
ventilation in the glacial North Pacific, Japan Earth and
Planetary Science Joint Meeting, .
) Sato, T., T. Sato (Chiba Univ.), M. Shinohara (ERI, Univ.
Tokyo), T. Kanazawa (ERI, Univ. Tokyo), R. Hino (Tohoku
Univ.), M. Nishino (Tohoku Univ.), Han-Joon Kim (KORDI,
Korea), Boris Karp (POI, Russia), N. Isezaki (Chiba Univ.),
Formation Tectonics of the Tsushima basin in the Japan Sea by
seismic exploration using ocean bottom seismographs, Japan
Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, .
) Saito, S., J. Ashi, Y. Kubo, and N. Misawa, Submarine active
structure and cold seepage in the Nankai Trough: Results from
Deeptow camera survey. Japan Earth and Planetary
Science Joint Meeting, J-P, .
) Seama, N., T. Yamazaki, H. Iwamoto, K. Kitada, M.
Yamamoto, T. Fujiwara, Y. Nogi, K. Okino, J. Naka, and K.
Suyehiro, Tectonics of the Mariana Trough, ORI symposium,
InterRidge/Archean Park symposium, .
) Seama, N., T. Yamazaki, H. Iwamoto, K. Kitada, M. Yamamoto,
T. Fujiwara, Y. Nogi, K. Okino, and K. Suyehiro, Tectonics of
the Mariana Trough, Shinkai Symposium, .
) SW Japan Arc Seismic Survey Research Group (presenter:
Takeshi Sato), Deep seismic profiling from the SW Japan arc
to off Tottori, Fall Meeting, Seismological Society of
Japan, .
) Soh, W., R. Iwase, H. Machiyama, K. M. Brown (Scripps Inst.
Oceanography), M. Tryon (Scripps Inst. Oceanography), Deep
water colony and fluid activity along the active submarine fault,
The th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan.
) Soh, W., R. Iwase, H. Machiyama, K. M. Brown, M. Tryon,
Deep water colony and fluid activity along the active submarine
fault, The th Annual Meeting of the Geological
Society of Japan ().
) Soh, W., R. Iwase, H. Machiyama, T. Goto, And M. Kinoshita,
Hydrogeologic framework of cold seepage, off Hatsushima. a
transection profile survey using ROV:Hyper Dolphin,
Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, .
) Suyehiro, K., The Science Plan of IODP (Integrated Ocean
Drilling Program), Spring Meeting of the Japanese
Association for Petroleum Technology, May, .
) Suyehiro, K., On Marine Observations of the Mariana Back
Arc Basin, Workshop on Deep Sea AI Robotics, Jun, .
) Suyehiro, K., E. Araki, T. Sato, H. Mikada, I. S. Sacks, A. T.
Linde, M. Shinohara, and T. Kanazawa, Deep Sea Borehole
Geophysical Observatories in Operation, Blue Earth
Symposium, Jan., .
) Suyehiro, K., Vision of Deep Sea Earth Research, JAMSTEC
224

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
Symposium, Feb., .
) Takahashi, N., S. Kodaira, J-O. Park, T. Tsuru, K. Suyehiro,
and J. Diebold, Heterogeneous structure of western Nankai
seismogenic zone deduced by multichannel reflection data and
wide-angle seismic data, fall meeting, Seismological Society
of Japan, .
) Takahashi, N., S. Miura, S. Kodaira, T. Tsuru, A. Nakanishi, J-
O. Park, Y. Kaneda, K. Suyehiro, H. Kinoshita, S. Abe, M.
Nishino, and R. Hino, Seismic structure of the seismogenic
zone off Sanriku, Japan, fall meeting, Seismological Society of
Japan, .
) Takeuchi, R., H. Machiyama, R. Matsumoto, Methane seep
and carbonates from the Kuroshima Knoll, The th Shinkai
Symposium, .
) Toizumi, M., R. Ishii, G. Matsumoto, S. Okumura, W. Tokunaga,
T. Kodera, T. Fujiwara, and Y. Kido, Gravity data management
in JAMSTEC, th Shinkai Symposium, .
) Yamazaki, T., N. Seama, H. Iwamoto, K. Kitada, M. Yamamoto,
T. Fujiwara, Y. Nogi, K. Okino, J. Naka, and K. Suyehiro,
Tectonics of the Mariana Trough, ORI symposium, Evolution of
back-arc, arc-ternch systems, .
(2) Marine Technology Department
Publications
) Aoki, T., T. Murashima, S. Tsukioka, H. Nakajoh, T.
Hyakudome, T. Ida, T. Maeda (MHI), K. Hirokawa (MHI), S.
Ishibashi (Tokyo Univ. of Mercantile Marine), Cruising
Autonomous Underwater Vehice URASHIMA, The Twelfth
() International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Conference, The Proceedings of The Twelfth (2002)
International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference.
Vol. pp.-.
) Hyakudome, T., T. Aoki, T. Murashima, S. Tsukioka, H.
Nakajoh, T. Ida, T. Maeda, T. Ichikawa (MHI), Buoyancy
Control for Deep and Long Cruising Range AUV, The Twelfth
() International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Conference, The Proceedings of the twelfth (2002) International
Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Vol. -.
) Hyakudome, T., T. Aoki, T. Murashima, S. Tsukioka, H.
Yoshida, H. Nakajoh, T. Ida, S. Ishibashi, Key Technologies
for AUV "URASHIMA", Oceans 2002 MTS/IEEE, Oceans
MTS/IEEE/Vol./pp.-.
) Hyakudome, T., T. Aoki, T. Murashima, S. Tsukioka, H.
Yoshida, H. Nakajoh, T. Ida, S. Ishibashi, R. Sasamoto, Recent
Research and development Trend On The Underwater Vehicle in
JAMSTEC, ISOPE Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium
(PACOMS) , The Procedings of The Fifth () ISOPE
Pacific/Asia Offshore Mechanics Symposium/ pp.-.
) Hyakudome, T., T. Aoki, T. Murashima, S. Tsukioka, H.
Yoshida, H. Nakajoh, T. Ida, S. Ishibashi, R. Sasamoto, The
Development Forefront of AUVs in JAMSTEC, Techno-
Ocean , Techno-Ocean /CD-ROM.
) Kobayashi, E. (MHI), T. Aoki, T. Maeda (MHI), K. Hirokawa
(MHI), T. Ichikawa (MHI), S. Miyamoto (MHI), S. Iwasaki
(MHI), H. Kobayashi (MHI), Development and Application of
an AUV Maneuvering and Control System Simulator, The
Twelfth () International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Conference, The Proceedings of The Twelfth ()
International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Vol.
pp.-.
) Miyazaki, T., H. Osawa, T. Ogata, Y. Tsuritani, A. Kobayashi,
K. Masuda, The Open Sea Tests of The Offshore Floating
Type Wave Energy Device "Mighty Whale" - Response of
Motions and Long Period Waves -, TECHNO-OCEAN ,
Session No.T-C-.
) Murashima, T., T. Aoki, S. Tsukioka, H. Nakajoh, T.
Hyakudome, T. Ida, Optical Communication System for
URASHIMA, The Twelfth () International Offshore and
Polar Enginnering Conference, The Proceedings of the twelfth
() International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Conference. Vol. -.
) Nagata, Y., S. Yamashita (IHI), Y. Washio, H. Osawa, T.
Ogata, Y. Tsuritani, The Offshore Floating Type Wave Power
Device Mighty Whale Open Sea Tests - Environmental
Conditions-, ISOPE-.
) Ogata, T., H. Osawa, S. Yamashita, Y. Washio, Y. Tsuritani,
Y. Ngarta, THE OPEN SEA TESTS OF THE OFFSHORE
FLOATING TYPE WAVE POWER DEVICE "MIGHTY
WHALE"-PERFORMANCE OF THE PROTOTYPE-,
OMAE', OMAE -.
) Osawa, H., Reflect on Open tests of Offshore floating wave
power device "Mighty Whale" prototype, TECHNO MARINE,
, p-p.
) Shimura, T., Y. Amitani, T. Sawa, and Y. Watanabe, A basic
research on the improvement of propulsion maneuvering
system and the automatic motion control of SHINKAI ,
Oceans , OCEANS IEEE MTS CONFERENCE
PROCEEDINGS /-.
) Shimura, T., Y. Amitani, T. Sawa, Y. Watanabe, H. Suzuki,
Research on Improvement of the Propulsion Maneuver System
of SHINKAI -Result of Sea Trial-, The Society of Naval
Architects of Japan , p-.
) Tsukioka, S., T. Aoki, H. Ochi, T. Murashima, H. Nakajoh, T.
Hyakudome, T. Ida, Capabilities of the Homing Sonar on the
Autonomous underwater Vehicle "Urashima", The Twelfth
() International Offshore and Polar Enginnering Conference,
The Proceedings of The Twelfth () International Offshore
and Polar Engineering Conference. Vol. pp.-.
225

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
Talks and Presentations
) Ochi, H., T. Kikuchi, Analysis of Acoustic Propagation at
Near Bottom in Deep-sea Area., Technical Report of IEICE,
US-/-/pp.-.
) Ochi, H., T. Kikuchi, The Influence of Sub-bottom Sound
Speed Profile for Lateral Wave., The Autumn Meeting of
the Acoustical Society of Japan, pp.-.
) Shimura, T., T. Kikuchi, T. Tsuchiya, Convergence of phase
conjugate waves in shallow water by horizontal array*, The
Spring Meeting of the Acoustical Society of Japan,
pp.-.
) Shimura, T., T. Kikuchi, T. Tsuchiya, Relation of Mode and
Phase of Phase-Conjugate Waves in Shallow Water, The th
Symposium on ULTRASONIC ELECTRONICS (USE),
-.
) Shimura, T., T. Kikukchi, T. Tsuchiya, Convergence in time
domain of phase conjugate waves in shallow water, The
Spring Meeting Acoustical Society of Japan, pp.-.
) Shimura, T., Y. Amitani, H. Ochi, T. Sawa and Y. Watanabe,
Research on the improvement of propulsion maneuvering
system of SHINKAI with experimental thrusters and
automatic motion control, The International Marine
Technicians Workshop (INMARTECH), Proceedings on
CD-ROM.
) Shimura, T., Y. Amitani, T. Sawa and Y. Watanabe, Research
of Improvement of the Propulsion Maneuver System of
SHINKAI ~The Result of the Real Sea Test~, Tecno
Ocean , Proceedings on CD-ROM.
) Shimura, T., Y. Amitani, T. Sawa, Y. Watanabe, H. Ochi, T.
Aoki, S. Tsukioka, T. Murashima, H. Nakajoh, T. Hyakudome,
"Research on the improvement of thruster system and the automatic
motion control of SHINKAI" and "Acoustic
Systems of the AUV URASHIMA", The Society of Naval
Architects of Japan Ocean Engineering Committee.
) Yamaguchi, H., S. Kato, N. Koishi, Numerical Simulation
needed for the Study on Remediation of Eutrophic Semi-
Closed Estuaries, The third joint meeting of the UJNR/CEST
panel.
(3) OD21
Publications
) Takagawa, S., IODP (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program) and
Science Drillship "CHIKYU", ISOPE 2002.
) Takagawa, S., Ocean Science Drilling and Underwater
Technologies, UT2002, pp-.
) Yano, Y., S. Takagawa, K. Wada, Outline of scientific ocean
drilling and specifications of riser drilling vessel Chikyu,
Journal of Marine Science and Technology, Volume No.
pp-.
(4) Ocean Observation and Research Department
Publications
) Ando, K., I. Ueki, Y. Kuroda, K. Kutsuwada (Tokai Univ.),
Effect to the dynamic processes of salinity variation in the
Pacific warm pool area, Kaiyo Monthly, , CVol., No.,
p.-.
) Ando, K., Y. Kuroda, TWO MODES OF SALINITY AND
TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN THE SURFACE LAYER
OF THE PACIFIC WARM POOL, Journal of Oceanography,
Vol., -.
) Andreev, A., M. Kusakabe, M. Honda, A. Murata, C. Saito,
Vertical fluxes of nutrients and carbon through the halocline in
the Western Subarctic Gyre calculated by mass balance, Deep-
Sea Research II, /-/-.
) Andreev, A., S. Watanabe, Temporal changes in dissolved oxygen
of the intermediate water in the subarctic North Pacific,
Geophysical Research Letters, ./GL.
) Aoyama, M. (MRI), T. Joyce (WHOI), T. Kawano, Y. Takatsuki,
Standard seawater comparison up to P, Deep-Sea Research,
Vol., , -.
) Hosoda, S., N. Koyama, K. Mizuno, Y. Washio, Measurement
of the Draft Variation of the TRITON Surface Float Buoy
using a Depth Recorder, Report of Japan Marine Science and
Technology Center, ()//-.
) K. Donohue, E. Firing, G. D. Rowe, A. Ishida, H. Mitsudera,
Equatorial Pacific Subsurface Countercurrents: A Model-Data
Comparison in Stream Coordinates, Journal of Physical
Oceanography, vol., No., -.
) Kashino, Y., M. Kawabe, Y. Kuroda, W. Zenk, T. J. Muller,
Variability of the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent and water
property of the Antarctic Intermediate Water, Report of Japan
Marine Science and Technology Center, , Cp-.
) Kawabe, M., D. Yanagimoto, S. Kitagawa, Y. Kuroda,
Variations of the deep circulation current in the Wake Island
Passage, JAMSTECR, , -.
) Kawano, T., Y. Takatsuki, M. Aoyama (MRI), Lot dependency
in the conductivity of the standard KCl solution - potential cause
of "initial offset" of standard seawater -, Journal of the Japan
Society for Marine Survey and Technology, Vol., , -.
) Kikuchi, T., Ice-Drifting buoy observation of the multi-year ice
zone in the Arctic Ocean, Kaiyo Monthly, ., p-.
) Koizumi, I., T. Irino, H. Yamamoto, Changes in the warm
water Kuroshio Current system from the ending period of the
last glacial to the present interglacial based on diatom fossiles
in the western North Pacific Ocean sampled on the R/V Mirai
cruise [MR-K], JAMSTECR46, , p-.
) Kumamoto, Y., A. Murata, C. Saito, M. Honda, M. Kusakabe,
Bomb radiocarbon invasion into the northwestern North
Pacific, Deep-Sea Research II, /-/-.
226

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
) Kuroda, Y., K. Kutsuwada, Y. Kitamura, The present and
future development of the observation system in the tropical
ocean, Oceanography in Japan, (), -.
) Kusakabe, M., A. Andreev, V. Lobanov, I. Zhabin, Y.
Kumamoto, A. Murata, The effects of the anticyclonic eddies
on the water masses, chemical parameters and chlorophyll
distributions in the Oyashio Current region, Journal of
Oceanography, //-.
) Matsumoto, K., T. Oba, J. Lynch-Stieglitz, H. Yamamoto,
Interior hydorography and circulation of the glacial Pacific
Ocean, Quaternary Science Reviews 21 () -,
() -.
) Matsuura, H., Observed variations of upper ocean zonal currents
in the western equatorial Pacific and their relation to the
local wind, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol., C,
, doi:./JC.
) Miyama, T., J. P. McCreary, T. G. Jensen, J. Loschnigg, S.
Godfrey, A. Ishida, Structure and Dynamics of the Indian-
Ocean Cross-Equatorial Cell, Deep Sea Research, Vol./
-.
) Murata, A., T. Takizawa, Impact of a cocclithophorid bloom on
the CO system in surface waters of the eastern Bering Sea
shelf., Geophysical Research Letters, Vol., No., -, -.
) Nishino, S., Buoyancy- and eddy-driven circulation in the
Atlantic layer of the Canada Basin, Journal of Geophysical
Research/ American Geophysical Union, Vol., No.C,
./JC, .
) Payne, R. E., K. Huang, R. A. Weller, H. P. Freitag, M. F.
Cronin, M. J. McPhaden, C. Meining, Y. Kuroda, N. Ushijima,
R. M. Reynolds, A Comparison of Buoy Meteorological
Systems, WHOI Technical Report, WHOI--, pp.
) Soloviev, A. (Nova Southeastern Univ.), R. Lukas (Univ. of
Hawaii), H. Matsuura, Sharp frontal interfaces in the near-surface
layer of the tropical ocean, Journal of Marine Systems, ,
-.
) Ueki, I., K. Ando, Y. Kuroda, K. Kutsuwada (TOKAI Univ.),
Salinity variation and its effect on dynamic height along the
E in the Pacific warm pool, Geophysical Research Letters,
(), , doi: ./GL.
) Ueki, I., T. Matsumoto (MWJ), T. Nagahama (MWJ), K.
Ando, and Y. Kuroda, The improvement of correction method
for the time drift of conductivity sensor on TRITON buoy,
Report of Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, ,
-.
) Yamamoto, H., K. Aoki, Late Quaternary tephrostratigraphy
in piston cores collected during "Mirai" MR-K cruise,
JAMSTECR46, , P-.
) Yamamoto, H., M. Fukasawa, Y. Yoshikawa, T. Hatayama,
A. T. Morrison III and J. M. Toole, THE FIRST SCIENCE
DEPLOYMENT OF A MCLANE MOORED PROFILER,
Techno Ocean 2002.
) Yamamoto, H., M. Yamauchi, Changes in the warm water
Kuroshio Current system from the endingperiod of the last glacial
to the present interglacial, it is based on radiolalia fossils
in the western North Pacific Ocean on the R/V Mirai cruise
[MR-K], JAMSTECR46, , p-.
) Yamamoto, H., T. Hatayama, Y. Yoshikawa, M. Fukasawa,
The first science deployment of a McLane Moored Profiler,
JAMSTECR47, Cp-.
Talks and Presentations
) Ando, K., Y. Kuroda, K. Yoneyama, H. Hase, K. Mizuno, M.
Katsumata, Ocean responce to the MJO in November-
December, , Spring meeting of Meteorological Society of
Japan in , p.
) Aranami, K. (Hokkaido Univ.), S. Watanabe, S. Tsunogai
(Hokkaido Univ.), K. Demura (Hokkaido Univ.), H. Yamamoto
(Hokkaido Univ.), Low Chlorophyll-a High Dimethylsulfide in
the North Pacific, Fall Meeting of the Oceanographic
Society of Japan.
) Asanuma, I. (NASDA), K. Matsumoto, T. Kawano, Primary
Productivity and Carbon Flux, Fall Meeting of the
Oceanographic Society of Japan.
) Atmadipoera, A. (BPPT), J. Pariwono (BPPT), I. Jaya (BPPT),
Y. Kuroda, Water mass vatiations on the Halmahera eddy region
observed from a TRITON Buoy*), PORSEC', Proceedings.
) Fukushima, N. (Soka Univ.), E. Watanabe (Soka Univ.), T.
Takano (Soka Univ.), T. Kawano, S. Taguchi (Soka Univ.),
PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EMILIANIA
HUXLEYI IN THE EASTERN BEING SEA, -,
Symposium in Spring meeting of the Oceanographic
Society of Japan.
) Hase, H., K. Mizuno, Intraseasonal variability of surface currents
in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, Research seminar
in commemoration of the visit of RV MIRAI to Malaysia.
) Hosoda, S., K. Mizuno, Attempt and expectation of composite
analysis with Argo float and TRITON buoy data, Symposium
in Fall meeting of the Oceanographic Society of Japan
) Hosoda, S., K. Mizuno, Attempt and expectation of composite
analysis with Argo float and TRITON buoy data, The th
"Mirai" Symposium.
) Iseda, M. (Shizuoka Univ.), K. Matsumoto, Y. Yokouchi
(NIES), S. Hashimoto (Shizuoka Univ.), Significant difference
in the distribution of halocarbons in air seawater in the eastern
area of the equatorial Pacific from that in the western area,
Fall Meeting of the Oceanographic Society of Japan.
) Ishida, A., S. Hosoda, Y. Kashino, K. Ando, H. Mitsudera,
The El Niño Cycle and the Low-Latitude Western Boundary
227

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
Currents in an OGCM., Symposium in Fall meeting of
the Oceanographic Society of Japan.
) Ishida, A., Y. Kashino, H. Mitsudera (IPRC/FRSGC),
T. Kadokura (FRIC), Interannual variability in warm water
volume transports in the equatorial Pacific in an OGCM,
WOCE (the the World Ocean Circulation Experiment) and
Beyond.
) Ishii, M. (MRI), H. Y. Inoue (MRI), S. Saito (MRI), T. Tokieda
(MRI), M. Aoyama (MRI), H. Matsueda (MRI), T. Kawano, K.
Matsumoto, I. Asanuma (NASDA), Variability of total CO in
the equatorial Pacific, Fall Meeting of the Oceanographic
Society of Japan.
) Ishii, M. (MRI), S. Saito (MRI), T. Tokieda (MRI), H.
Yoshikawa (MRI), T. Kawano, K. Matsumoto, A. Murata,
Temporal and spatial variations in oceanic carbonate system in
the central and western equatorial Pacific, Japan Earth and
Planetary Science Joint Meeting.
) Itoh, M., Varieties of Temperature Minimum Water in the
Western Arctic Ocean, Beaufort Sea Physical Oceanography
Workshop.
) Kasamatsu, N. (The Graduate Univ. for Advanced Studies),
S. Kawaguchi (NRIFS), S. Watanabe, T. Odate (National
Institute of Polar Research), M. Fukuchi (National Institute of
Polar Research), Possible impacts of zooplankton grazing on
DMS concentration in the Antarctic Ocean, Third International
Symposium on Biological and Environmental Chemistry of
DMS(P) and related Compounds (Poster session).
) Kasamatsu, N. (Univ. Advanced Studies), S. Kawaguchi
(AAD), S. Watanabe, T. Odate (NIPR), M. Fukuchi (NIPR),
Effects of zooplankton grazing on DMS production in the
Antarctic Ocean, XXV Symposium on Polar Biology.
) Kashino, Y., Y. Kuroda, A. Purwandani, Variability of Water
Masses North of New Guinea Observed from TRITON Buoys,
Techno-Ocean , Techno-Ocean CD.
) Kashino, Y., Y. Kuroda, M. Kawabe (ORI), W. Zenk
(Universitaet Kiel), Variability of the New Guinea Coastal
Undercurrent and Antarctic Intermediate Water, Symposium in
Fall meeting of the Oceanographic Society of Japan, P.
) Kumamoto, Y., A. Murata, M. Kusakabe (JAMSTEC), V.
Lobanov, I. Zhabin (POI), T. Aramaki, and O. Togawa
(JAERI), Radiocarbon in the Okhotsk Sea and off the Kuril
Islands, th SCOR international Symposium: A synthesis of
JGOFS North Pacific Process Study (poster session).
) Kumamoto, Y., A. Murata, S. Watanabe, M. Fukasawa, M.
Yoneda (NIES), Y. Shibata (NIES), Preliminary results of
radiocarbon measurement during the WHP PN re-visit
cruise in , th International Conference on Accelerator
Mass Spectrometry (poster session).
) Matsumoto, K., T. Kawano, primary productivity system of
picophytoplankton from warm water region to upwelling region
in the equatorial Pacific, Japan Earth and Planetary
Science Joint Meeting.
) Mizuno, K., H. Hase, Indian Oocean moored buoy observation
by JAMSTEC, Asia-Pacific Marine Science & Technology
Conference.
) Nakano, Y. (Hokkaido Univ.), T. Kimoto (Kimoto Electric), H.
Kimoto (Kimoto Electric), W. J. Suh (Kimoto Electric), S.
Watanabe, K. Harada (AIST), N. Tsurushima (AIST), S. Sugito
(JOIA), S. Tsunogai (Hokkaido Univ.), Development of an in
situ CO profiler using spectrophotometric technique, Techno
Ocean .
) Nishino, S., K. Simada, M. Ito, A tracer study on a pathway of
the Chukchi Sea bottom water to the Canada Basin by using
ammonia, The Blue Earth Symposium (The th R/V MIRAI
Symposium), p.-.
) Saito, S. (MRI), M. Ishii (MRI), H. Y. Inoue (MRI), T. Kawano,
Distribution and variation of pHT in the equatorial Pacific,
Fall Meeting of the Oceanographic Society of Japan.
) Saito, S. (MRI), M. Ishii (MRI), H. Y. Inoue (MRI), T. Kawano,
K. Matsumoto, pH distributions in central and western equatorial
Pacific observed in and , Japan Earth and
Planetary Science Joint Meeting.
) Shimada, K., E. Carmack, F. McLaughlin, S. Nishino and M.
Itoh, Spreading pathway of Eastern Chukuchi Summer Water in
the Western Arctic Ocean, Beaufort Sea Physical Oceanography
Workshop.
) Shimada, K., E. Carmack, F. McLaughlin, S. Nishino, and M.
Itoh, Circulation of Atlantic and Pacific Waters in the Western
Arctic Ocean,Workshop on Measurement and Modeling of the
Arctic Ocean Circulation.
) Shimada, K., E. Carmack, F. McLaulin, S. Nishino, and M. Itoh,
Overview of the Joint Western Arctic Climate Studies
(JWACS), SBE and SBI SSC/Advisory meetings.
) Shimada, K., M. Ito, S. Nishino, A. Murata, K. Hatakeyama,
H. Uno, T. Kikuchi, H. Sumata, M. Hosono, T. Takizawa, E.
Carmack, F. McLaughlin, JWACS (Joint Western Arctic
Climate Studies), The Blue Earth Symposium (The th R/V
MIRAI Symposium), p.-.
) Takatsuki, Y. (JMA), T. Kawano, T. M. Joyce (WHOI), M.
Aoyama (MRI), IAPSO SSW COMPARISON EXPERIMENTS
THROUGH AND FUTURE, "WOCE and Beyond"
Meeting.
) Ueki, I., K. Ando, Y. Kuroda, Salinity variation in the Pacific
warm pool, Fall meeting of Oceanographic Society of Japan
(poster session).
) Ueki, I., Y. Kuroda, Long-term observation of the low-latitude
western boundary currents in the southern Pacific, Western
Pacific Geophysics Meeting (AGU), EOS. Trans. AGU, (),
228

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
West. Pac. Geophys. Meet. Suppl., Abstract OSA-.
) Wakita, M. (Hokkaido Univ.), S. Watanabe, N. Tsushima
(National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology), T. Ono (Hokkaido National Fisheries Research
Institute), Y. W. Watanabe (Hokkaido Univ.), S. Tsunogai
(Hokkaido Univ.), Temporal change in dissolved inorganic carbon
content in the western North Pacific water, PICES Eleventh
Annual Meeting.
) Watanabe, S., H. Ogawa (ORI, Univ. Tokyo), J. Hamanaka, N.
Kasamatsu (Univ. Advanced Studies), N. Yoshida (T.I.T), O.
Yoshida (Hokkaido Univ.), Distributions of Nutrients and
Dissolved Gases near Ice Edge area along ˚E in ., XXV
Symposium on Polar Biology.
) Watanabe, S., J. Hamanaka, H. Ogawa (Univ. of Tokyo), N.
Kasamatsu (The Graduate Univ. for Advanced Studies), Timeseries
changes in marine chemical properties, JOS Fall
Meeting SCOR-JOS International Symposium and th SCOR
General Meeting "Time-series observations with employing
multi-ships operation in / austral summer season -
Processes of biological production and green house gases formation
in the Antarctic Ocean-".
) Watanabe, S., N. Kasamatsu (The Graduate Univ. for
Advanced Studies), S. Kawaguchi (NRIFS), J. Nishikawa
(Univ. of Tokyo), T. Shiotani (Hiroshima Univ.), N. Yoshida
(Tokyo Inst.Tech.), O. Yoshida (Hokkaido Univ.), Formation
processes of gases related to the global warming, JOS Fall
Meeting SCOR-JOS International Symposium and th SCOR
General Meeting "Time-series observations with employing
multi-ships operation in / austral summer season -
Processes of biological production and green house gases formation
in the Antarctic Ocean-".
) Yamamoto, H., M. Yamauchi (Konan high school), Changes
in the Kuroshio Current and the Oyashio Currnet from the ending
period of the last glacial maximum to the present interglacial,
The Oceanographic Society of Japan,
SCOR-JOS Joint Assembly in Sapporo ABSTRACTS p.
) Yamamoto, H., M. Yamauchi, Changes in the Kuroshio and
Oyashio current from the ending period of the last glacial to
the present interglacial, The th 'Mirai' symposium.
) Yamamoto, H., T. Hatayama, Y. Yoshikawa, M. Fukasawa, The
mooring observation by the MMP, The th 'Mirai' symposium.
) Yamamoto, H., T. Hatayama, Y. Yoshikawa, M. Fukasawa,
The mooring observation by the Moored profiler, FY, The
Oceanographic Sciety of Japan.
) Yoneyama, K., M. Katsumata, On the dry conditions during
the R/V MIRAI MR-K cruise., Joint Meeting of the
Marine Meteorological Society and the Japan Meteorological
Society, Kansai Branch, , p.-.
) Yoneyama, K., M. Katsumata, On the moisture variability in
the low-level troposphere associated with MJO, Fall Meeting
of Japan Meteorological Society, , C.
) Yoshida, O. (Hokkaido Univ.), S. Watanabe, S. Noriki
(Hokkaido Univ.), S. Tsunogai (Hokkaido Univ.), Methane in
the South Pacific including the Antarctica margin, Fall
Meeting of the Oceanographic Society of Japan.
(5) Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Publications
) Fujikura, K., J. Hashimoto, T. Okutani, Estimated Population
Densities of Megafauna in two chemosynthesis-based
Communities: a Cold Seep in Sagami Bay and a Hydrothermal
Vent in the Okinawa Trough, Benthos Research, //-.
) Fujikura, K., M. Aoki (Nippon Marine Enterprises, Ltd.), Y.
Fujiwara, S. Ichibayashi (Hokkaido University), M. Imamura
(Nippon Marine Enterprises, Ltd.), J. Ishibashi (Kyushu
University ), R. Iwase, K. Kato (Shizuoka University ), Report
on investigation of vent and methane seep ecosystems by the
crewed submersible "Shinkai " and the ROV "Dolphin
K" on the Hatoma and the Kuroshima Knolls, the Nanseishoto
area, JAMSTEC Deep Sea Research, /-.
) Furushima, Y., M. Okamoto (Tokyo University of Fisheries),
S. Nijima (Kyushu University), S. Kanno (Fuyo Ocean
Development and Engineering Co., Ltd.), Characteristics
of physical environment of Japanese coral reef region in
Sekisei lagoon (Okinawa prefecture, JAPAN), Oceans 2002
MTS/IEEE Proceedings, Volume II -.
) Furushima, Y., S. Kanno (Fuyo Ocean Development and
Engineering Co., Ltd.), Long-term Fluctuations of the
Environments Surrounding Coral Reef Regions, Japanese
Association for Coastal Zone Studies, , pp-.
) Kanno, S. (Fuyo Ocean Development and Engineering Co.,
Ltd.), Y. Furushima (JAMSTEC), M. Okamoto (Tokyo
University of Fisheries), S. Murakami (JAMSTEC), Box
Model Analysis for the Estimation of the Water Mass Transport
in Coral Reef Region, Japan, Oceans 2002 MTS/IEEE
Proceedings, Volume II -.
) Kato, C., A. Ishii, K. Nakasone, T. Sato, M. Wachi, M. Sugai,
K. Nagai, Isolation and Characterization of the dcw Cluster
from the Piezophilic Deep-sea Bacterium Shewanella violacea,
Journal of Biochemistry, , -.
) Kato, C., Bacterial cultivation under high-pressure, GREAT
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROORGAMISMS, pp. -
) Kato, C., World of Extremophiles, GREAT DEVELOPMENT
OF MICROORGAMISMS, pp. -.
) Lindsay, D. J., Carbon and nitrogen contents of mesopelagic
organisms: Results from Sagami Bay, Japan, JAMSTEC Journal
of Deep Sea Research 22: -, : -.
) Raffaelli, D. (University of York, UK), E. Bell, G. Weithoff,
229

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
A. Matsumoto, J. J. Cruz-Motta, P. Kershaw, R. Parker, D.
Parry, M. Jones, The ups and downs of benthic ecology: considerations
of scale, heterogeneity and surveillance for benthicpelagic
coupling., Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology., - (): p.-.
) Serisawa, Y. (Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba
Univ.), T. Ueshima (Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi
Univ.), K. Matsuyama, S. Taino (Nishinihon Institute of
Technology Co.), Z. Imoto (Usa Marine Biological Institute,
Kochi Univ.), M. Ohno (Usa Marine Biological Institute,
Kochi Univ.), Relationship between age and morphology of
Ecklonia cava (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) sporophytes growing
off Tei, Kochi Prefecture, Japan., SUISANZOSHOKU,
//-.
) Tsuchida, S., J. Hashimoto, A new species of bythograeid
crab, Austinograea rodriguezensis (Decapoda, Brachyura),
associated with active hydrothermal vents from the Indian
Ocean, Journal of Crustacean Biology, //-.
) Ymamoto, H., K. Fujikura, A. Hiraishi, K. Kato, Y. Maki,
Phylogenetic characterization and biomass estimation of bacterial
endosymbionts associated with invertebrates dwelling in
chemosynthetic communities of hydrothermal vent and cold
seep fields., Marine Ecology Progress Series, / -.
Talks and Presentations
) Fujikura, K., K. Okoshi (Ishinomaki Senshu University), T.
Naganuma (Hiroshima University), Use of strontium as a
growth marker for estimation of microscopic growth rate in a
bivalve, th Annual meeting of The Japanese Association of
Benthology, .
) Fujikura, K., K. Okoshi, T. Naganuma, Use of strontium as a
growth marker for estimation of microscopic growth rate in a
bivalve, The Annual meeting of The Malacological
Society of Japan, .
) Furushima, Y., M. Okamoto (Tokyo University of Fisheries), S.
Nijima (Kyushu University), S. Kanno (Fuyo Ocean Development
and Engineering Co., Ltd.), Characteristics of physical environment
of Japanese coral reef region in Sekisei lagoon (Okinawa
prefecture, JAPAN), Oceans MTS/IEEE.
) Ishibashi, J. (Kyushu Univ.), T. Yamanaka (Kyushu Univ.), A.
Nakano (Kyushu Univ.), Y. Umeki (Kyushu Univ.), H. Miyake,
J. Hashimoto (Nagasaki Univ.), Geochemical study of
hydrothermal system around the Wakamiko Caldera in
Kagoshima Bay, Geochemical Society of Japan.
) Kanno, S. (Fuyo Ocean Development and Engineering Co.,
Ltd.), Y. Furushima (JAMSTEC), M. Okamoto (Tokyo
University of Fisheries), S. Murakami (JAMSTEC), Box Model
Analysis for the Estimation of the Water Mass Transport in
Coral Reef Region, Japan, Oceans MTS/IEEE.
) Kosaka, A. (Hokkaido Univ.), N. Nakayama (Hokkaido
Univ.), U. Tsunogai (Hokkaido Univ.), T. Gamo (Hokkaido
Univ.), K. Fujikura, H. Machiyama, Geochemistry of cold seep
fluids at Kuroshima Knoll, Annual meeting of Geochemical
Society of Japan, .
) Kosaka, A. (Hokkaido Univ.), N. Nakayama, U. Tsunogai, T.
Gamo, K. Fujikura, H. Machiyama, Geochemistry of cold seep
fluids at Kuroshima Knoll, th Ammual Meeting of the
Geochemical Society of Japan, .
) Lindsay, D. J., Bioluminescence in the mesopelagic realm:
Results from JAMSTEC's Midwater Biology Program, Recent
Developments in Research on Bioluminescence in Marine
Organisms, a Symposium.
) Lindsay, D. J., H. Miyake, M. Kitamura, Symbiotic and parasitic
relationships in the midwater and benthopelagic zones,
Blue Earth Symposium.
) Lindsay, D. J., Marine Food Webs Applications of the Stable
Isotope Technique, Fujisawa Eco Net.
) Matsuyama, K., Y. Hamano (Tokai Univ.), Y. Serisawa (CHiba
Univ.), T. Nakashima, Macroalgae growth in response to deep
seawater, Algae (th Annual Congresses of Japanese
Society of Phycology and rd Asian Pacific Phycological
Forum) (poster session).
) Miyake, H., Jellies in the deep sea, kurage-kenkyu-kouryu-kai.
) Mizota, C. (Iwate Univ.), T. Yamanaka (Kyushu Univ.), Y.
Maki (Iwate Univ.), K. Fujikura, Y. Fujiwara, S. Tsuchida, H.
Tsutsumi (Kumamoto Pref. Univ.), H. Machiyama, Carbonnitrogen-sulfur
isotopic characterization of biological samples
from chemo-synthetic communities in southern Okinawa, th
Annual Meeting of the Geochemical Society of Japan, .
) Nakayama, N. (Grad.School Sci.,Hokkaido Univ.), F. Kouzuma
(Grad.School Sci.,Hokkaido Univ.), U. Tsunogai (Grad.School
Sci.,Hokkaido Univ.), T. Gamo (Grad.School Sci.,Hokkaido
Univ.), H. Chiba (ISEI, Okayama Uviv.), F. Inagaki, K. Fujikura,
Stable isotopic compositions of methane in a hydrothermal
site: North Knoll at the Iheya Ridge, Okinawa Trough, th
Annual Meeting of the Geochemical Society of Japan, .
) Ohashi, R. (Nihon University), Y. Furushima, K. Yoshihara
(Nihon University), The relation of sea conditions to marine
bio-productivity in coral reef.
) Okoshi, K. (Ishinomaki Senshu Univ.), K. Fujikura,
Biomineralization of radular teeth in deep-sea chitons, The
Annual meeting of The Malacological Society of Japan, .
) Okoshi, K. (Ishinomaki Senshu Univ.), W. Okoshi-Sato
(Tohoku Univ.), K. Fujikura, Distribution, shell structure and
growth performance of the deep-sea mussels in the Okinawa
Trough, th Annual meeting of The Japanese Association of
Benthology, .
) Okoshi, K. (Ishinomaki Senshu Univ.), W. Sato-Okoshi
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
(Tohoku Univ.), K. Fujikura, Y. Fujiwara, Shell microstructure
and growth performance of the deep-sea bivalves, The
Annual meeting of The Malacological Society of Japan, .
) Sasaki, T., T. Okutani, K. Fujikura, Taxonomic revision of
molluscs from chemosynthesis-based biological community in
the Okinawa Trough, The Annual meeting of The
Malacological Society of Japan, .
) Sato, T., J. Fukuchi, A. Ishii, K. Nakasone, C. Kato, K.
Horikoshi, The molecular breeding for piezophilic bacteria,
Shewanella violacea DSS12 and Moritella japonica DSK-1,
The th Annual meeting of the Molecular Biology Society of
Japan, p.
) Sato, T., The Bacterial Breeding using piezophilic bactera and
GFP, rd Annual meeting of Extremophiles, p.
) Sato-Okoshi W. (Tohoku Univ.), K. Okoshi (Ishinomaki Senshu
Univ.), K. Fujikura, Y. Fujiwara, Parasitic polychaetes which
inhabit the mantle cavity of the deep- sea bivalves, th Annual
meeting of The Japanese Association of Benthology, .
) Sato-Okoshi, W. (Tohoku University), K. Okoshi (Ishinomaki
Senshu University), T. Okutani, K. Fujikura, Y. Fujiwara,
Shell morphometrics and size histogram of the hadal bivalve
Maorithyas hadalis from the plate convergent area of the Japan
Trench, The Annual meeting of The Malacological
Society of Japan, .
) Takenaka, M. (Yokohama National Univ.), H. Miyake, T.
Kikuchi (Yokohama National University), Colonization, feeding
behavior, and production of deep-sea hydroid from m
depth of Sagami Bay, Japan, rd International Zooplankton
Production Symposium.
) Tsuchida, S., Y. Fujiwara, H. Miyake, K. Fujikura, Trophic
characterization of the galatheid crab, Shinkaia crosnieri associated
with hydrothermal vents in the southern Okinawa
Trough, The th "Shinkai" Symposium.
) Tsuchida, S., Y. Fujiwara, K. Fujikura, Distribution and feeding
of the galatheid crab, Shinkaia crosnieri assosiated with
hydrothermal vents in Okinawa Trough, Annual meeting of the
Carcinological Society of Japan.
) Yamamoto, H. (St. Marianna University School of Medicine),
K. Fujikura, A. Hiraishi (Toyohashi University of Technology),
K. Kato (Shizuoka University), Y. Maki (Iwate University),
Phylogeny and Quinone Analysis of Endosymbionts with
Invertebrates in Chemosyntheic Communities of Hydrothermal
Vent and Cold Seep Fields of Seafloor, Xth International
Congress of Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology in
International Union of Microbiological Societies, .
) Yamanaka, T. (SCS, Kyushu Univ.), J. Ishibashi (Fac. Sci.
Kyushu Univ.), K. Okamoto (Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ.), Y.
Morimoto (Fac. Sci. Kyushu Univ.), C. Mizota (Fac. Agr.
Iwate Univ.), K. Fujikura, Geochemical study of seafloor
hydrothermal systems at the southern Okinawa Trough, th
Annual Meeting of the Geochemical Society of Japan, .
) Yamanaka, T., C. Mizota, J. Ishibashi, N. Nakayama, U.
Tsunogai, Y. Morimoto, S. Kataoka, A. Kosaka, Y. Maki, Y.
Fujiwara, S. Tsuchida, K. Fujikura, Carbon, nitrogen and
sulfur isotopic characterization of biological samples from
chemosynthetic communities in southern Okinawa, Japan,
AGU Fall Meeting, -.
(6) Frontier Research System for Extremophiles
Publications
Original Papers
) Alargov, D. K., Deguchi, S., Tsujii, K. & Horikoshi, K.,
Reaction behaviors of glycine under superand subcritical water
conditions, Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere ,
-, .
) Alargova, R.G. & Tsujii, K., Behavior of colloids in supercritical
water: an attempt to study diffusion coefficients using
DLS, Progress in Colloid and Polymer Science, in press.
) Ara, K., Meguro, S., Hase, T., Tokimitsu, I., Otsuji, K., Kawai,
S., Ito, S. & Iino, H., Effect of spore-bearing lactic acid-forming
bacteria (Bacillus coagulans SANK) administration
on the intestinal environment, defecation frequency, fecalcharacteristics
and dermal characteristics in humans and rats,
Microbial Ecol. Health & Disease, , -, .
) Arakawa, S., Kato, C., Nogi, Y., Okamura, Y., Takeuchi,
A., Usami, R. & Horikoshi, K., Microbial diversity of the bacterial
mat at a depth of , m in Japan Sea (in Japanese),
JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res., , -, .
) Canganella, F. and Kato, C., Deep ocean ecosystems,
Encyclopedia of Life Science, in press.
) Canganella, F., Bianconi, G., Gambacorta, A., Kato, C. &
Uematsu, K., Characterization of heterotrophic microorganisms
isolated from the "Grotta Azzura" of Cape Palinuro
(Salerno, Italy), Marine Ecology, , -, .
) Deguchi, S. & Tsujii, K., Flow cell for in situ optical
microscopy in water at high temperatures and pressures up to
supercritical state, Review of Scientific Instruments, , -
, (also selected for Virtual Journal of Biological Physics
Research, , ()), .
) Fang, J., Barcelona, M. J., Abrajano, T., Nogi, Y. & Kato, C.,
Isotopic composition of fatty acids of extremely piezophilic
bacteria from the Mariana Trench at , m, Mar. Chem.,
, -, .
) Fiess., J. C., Hudson, H. A., Hom, J. R., Kato, C. & Yancey, P.
H., Phosphodiester amine, taurine and derivatives, and other
osmolytes in vesicomyd bivalves: correlations with depth and
symbiont metabolism, Cahiers de Biologie Marine, in press.
) Fukuchi, J., Sato, T., Kato, C., Ito, M. & Horikoshi, K., The
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
host-vector system for deep-sea piezophilic bacteria,
Shewanella violacea DSS and Moritella japonica DSK (in
Japanese), JAMSTECR, , -, .
) Hagihara, H., Igarashi, K., Hayashi, Y., Kitayama, K., Endo,
K., Ozawa, T., Ozaki, K., Kawai, S. & Ito, S., Improvement of
thermostability of a calcium-free a-amylase from an alkaliphilic
Bacillus sp. by protein engineering, J. Appl. Glycosci,
, -, .
) Hakamada, Y., Endo, K., Takizawa, S., Kobayashi, T., Shirai,
T., Yamane, T. and Ito, S., Enzymatic properties, crystallization,
and deduced amino acid sequence of an alkaline endoglucanase
from Bacillus circulans, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, ,
-, .
) Hamamoto, M., Nagahama, T. & Tamura, M., Systematic study
of basidiomycetous yeasts - evaluation of the ITS regions of
rDNA to delimit species of the genus Rhodosporidium, FEMS
Yeast Res , -, .
) Inagaki, F., Motomura, Y. & Ogata, S., Microbial silica deposition
in geothermal hot waters, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.
, in press.
) Inagaki, F., Sakihama, Y., Inoue, A., Kato, C. & Horikoshi, K.,
Molecular phylogenetic analyses of reverse transcripted bacterial
rRNA obtained from deep-sea cold seep sediments,
Environ. Microbiol., , -, .
) Inagaki, F., Sakihama, Y., Kato, C., Inoue, A. & Horikoshi, K.,
Microbial diversity in the cold seep sediment at the Japan
Trench, JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res., , -, .
) Inagaki, F., Sakihama, Y., Takai, K., Komatsu, T., Inoue, A. &
Horikoshi, K., Profile of microbial community structure and
presence of endolithic microorganisms inside a deep-sea rock,
Geomicrobiol. J. , -, .
) Inagaki, F., Sakihama, Y., Takai, K., Komatsu, T., Inoue, A. &
Horikoshi, K., Transition in microbial community structures
and presence of unusual microorganisms in a deep-sea rock,
Geomicrobiol. J. in press.
) Inagaki, F., Takai, K., Hirayama, H., Yamato, Y., Nealson, K.
H. & Horikoshi, K., Distribution and phylogenetic diversity of
the subsurface microbial community in a Japanese epithermal
gold mine, Extremophiles in press.
) Ishii, A., Nakasone, K., Sato, T., Wachi, M., Sugai, M., Nagai,
K. & Kato, C., Isolation and characterization of the dcw cluster
from the piezophilic deep- sea bacterium Shewanella violacea,
J. Biochem., , -, .
) Ito, S., Hatada, Y., Ozawa, T., Hagihara, H., Araki, H., Tsujino,
Y., Kitayama, K., Igarashi, K., Kageyama, Y., Kobayashi, T.
and Ozaki, K., Protein-engineered Bacillus α-amylases that
have acquired both enhanced thermostability and chelator
resistance, J. Appl. Glycosci., , -, .
) Ito, S., Kobayashi, T., Ozaki, K., Igarashi, K., Hagihara, H.,
Hayashi, Y., Ozawa, T., Hatada, Y. and Kawai, S.,
Carbohydrate-active enzymes from alkaliphiles, J. Appl.
Glycosci., in press.
) Kato, C., Nakasone, K., Ikegami, A., Kawano, H., Usami, R.
and Horikoshi, K., Bacteria-sensing mechanisms at transcription
level in piezophilic bacteria. J.S.B.B. Congress,
Proceedings, in press.
) Kato, C., Nakasone, K., Ikegami, A., Kawano, R., Usami, R.
and Horikoshi, K., Molecular mechanisms of pressure-regulation
at transcription level in piezophilic bacteria, In "Trends in
High Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology" (ed. R.
Hayashi), pp.-, .
) Kawano, H., Nakasone, K., Ikegami, A., Kato, C., Usami, R.
& Horikoshi, K., Purification and characterization of RNA
polymerase from deep-sea piezophilic Shewanella violacea.
JAMSTECR, , -, .
) Kawasaki, K., Nogi, Y., Hishinuma, M., Nodasaka, Y.,
Matsuyama, H. & Yumoto, I., Psychromonas marina sp. nov.,
a novel halophilic, facultatively psychrophilic bacterium isolated
from the coast of the Okhotsk Sea, Int J Syst Evol
Microbiol. , -, .
) Kobayashi, T., Sawada, K., Sumitomo, N., Hatada, Y. & Ito,
S., Bifunctional pectinolyti enzyme with separate pectate lyase
and pectin methylesterase domains from an alkaliphilic
Bacillus isolate, Curr. Microbiol., in press.
) Koyama, S. & Aizawa, M., PKC dependent IL- production
and inhibition of IL- production by PKC activation in normal
human skin fibroblasts under extremely high hydristatic pressure,
Extremophiles, , -, .
) Koyama, S., Fujii, S. & Aizawa, M., Post-transcriptional regulation
of immunomodulatory cytokines production in human
skin fibroblasts by intense mechanical stresses, J. Biosci.
Bioeng., , -, .
) Koyama, S., Horii, M., Yanagida, Y., Kobatake, E., Miwa, T.
& Aizawa, M., Pressure Sensitivity of HSP Promoter in
Transformed T-L Cells, JAMSTEC Journal Deep Sea
Research, .
) Koyama, S., Miwa, T., Horii, M., Horikoshi, K. & Aizawa, M.,
Tissue culture of the deep-sea eel Simenchelys parasiticus collected
at m, Extremophiles, in press.
) Koyama, S., Miwa, T., Horii, M., Ishikawa, Y., Horikoshi, K.
& Aizawa, M., Pressure-stat aquarium system designed for
capturing and maintaining deep-sea organisms, Deep Sea
Research Part I, Oceanographic Research Papers , ,
-, .
) Mitsuzawa, S. & Yukawa, T., Reverse chemical evolution: A
new method to search for thermally stable biopolymers,
Origins Life Evol.Biosphere. in press.
) Miura, T., Abe, F., Inoue, A., Usami R. and Horikoshi, K.,
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Research Achievements
Superoxide dismutase is involved in high tolerance to copper
in the deep-sea yeast Cryptococcus sp. N, Biotechnol. Lett.
, -, .
) Miwa, T., Sato, T., Kato, C., Aizawa, M. & Horikoshi, K.,
Restoration of Escherichia coli from high hydrostatic pressure
–A study of the FtsZ-ring formation using confocal laser
microscopy, Progress in Biotechnology , In "Trends in High
Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology" (ed. R. Hayashi), pp.
-, .
) Nagahama, T., Hamamoto, M., Nakase, T. & Horikoshi, K.,
Rhodotorula benthica sp. nov. and Rhodotorula calyptogenae
sp. nov., novel yeast species from animals collected from the
deep-sea floor, and Rhodotorula lysinophila sp. nov., which is
related phylogenetically, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, in press.
) Nakagawa, S., Takai, K., Horikoshi, K. & Sako, Y.,
Persephonella hydrogenophila sp. nov., a novel thermophilic,
hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal
vent chimney, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. in press.
) Nakasone, K., Ikegami, A., Kawano, H., Usami, R., Kato, C.
& Horikoshi, K., Transcriptional regulation under pressure
conditions by the RNA polymerase γ factor with a two components
regulatory system in Shewanella violacea,
Extremophiles, , -, .
) Nakasone, K., Kato, C. & Horikoshi, K., Cloning and sequencing
of the endA gene encoding deoxyribonuclease from a
deep-sea piezophilic bacterium, Shewanella violacea strain
DSS, JAMSTECR, , -, .
) Nogi, Y., Kato, C. & Horikoshi, K., Psychromonas kaikoae sp.
nov., isolation of novel piezophilic bacteria from the deepest
cold-seep sediments in the Japan Trench, Int J Syst Evol
Microbiol . -, .
) Nonaka, T., Fujihashi, M., Kita, A., Hagihara, H., Ozaki, K.,
Ito, S. & Miki, K., Crystal structure of calcium-free α-amylase
from Bacillus sp. strain KSM-K (AmyK) and its sodium
binding sites, J. Biol. Chem., in press.
) Nonomura, Y., Sugawara, T., Kashimoto, K., Fukuda, K.,
Hotta, H. & Tsujii, K., Langmuir, , -, .
) Nunoura, T., Aihara, S., Takai, K. & Sako, Y.,
Thermaerobacter nagasakiensis sp. nov., a novel aerobic and
extremely thermophilic bacterium, Arch. Microbiol. , -
, .
) Nunoura, T., Sako, Y., Wakagi, T. & Uchida, A., Regulation
of the respiratory chain in facultatively aerobic and hyperthermophilic
archaeon Pyrobaculum oguniense, Microbiology, in
press.
) Okamura, Y., Satake, K., Takeuchi, A., Gamo, T., Kato, C.,
Sasayama, Y., Nakayama, F., Ikehara, K. & Kodera, T.,
Techtonic, geochemical and biological studies in the eastern
margin of the Japan Sea –preliminary results of
Yokosuka/Shinkai YK- Cruise–, JAMSTEC J. Deep
Sea Res., , -, .
) Saeki, S., Magallones, M.V., Takimura, Y., Hatada, Y.,
Kobayashi, T., Kawai, S. & Ito, S., Nucleotide and deduce
amino acid sequences of a new subtilisin from an alkaliphilic
Bacillus isolate, Curr. Microbiol., in press.
) Sako, Y., Nakagawa, S., Takai, K. & Horikoshi, K.,
Marinithermus hydrothermalis sp. nov., a sterictly aerobic,
thermophilic bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent
chimney, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. in press.
) Sato, T., Miwa, T., Ishii, A., Kato, C., Wachi, M., Nagai, K.,
Aizawa, M. & Horikoshi, K., The dynamism of Escherichia
coli under high hydrostatic pressure–repression of the FtsZring
formation and chromosomal DNA condensation, Progress
in Biotechnology , In "Trends in High Pressure Bioscience
and Biotechnology" (ed. R. Hayashi), pp.-, .
) Shirai, T., Hung, S.-V, Hatada, Y., Ito, S. & Horikoshi, K.,
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray study of α-glucosidase
from Geobacillus sp. strain HTA-, one of the deepest sea
bacteria, Acta Crystallogr., accepted for publication.
) Sohirad, M., Miwa, T., Abe, F. & Aizawa, M., Cytoskeletal
adapted of living mammalian cells surviving under extremoly
high hydrostatic pressure, Trends in zzhigh Pressure,
Bioscience and Biotechnology, -, Elsevier B.V., .
) Takai, K. & Fujiwara, Y., Biodiversity in deep-sea hydrothermal
vents, Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology -
, .
) Takai, K., Hirayama, H., Sakihama, Y., Inagaki, F., Yamato,
Y. & Horikoshi, K., Isolation and metabolic characteristics of
previously uncultured members of the order Aquificales in a
subsurface gold mine, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , -
, .
) Takai, K., Inagaki, F. & Horikoshi, K., The presence of unusual
archaea in subsurface environments, AGU Monograph, in press.
) Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Komatsu, T. & Horikoshi, K., The
Archaea World: the Silent Majority in the Global Subsurface
Biosphere, AGU Monograph in press.
) Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Nakagawa, S., Hirayama, H., Nunoura,
T., Sako, Y., Nealson, K. H. & Horikoshi, K., Isolation and
phylogenetic diversity of members of previously uncultivated
ε-Proteobacteria in deep-sea hydrothermal fields, FEMS
Microbiol. Lett. in press.
) Takai, K., Inoue, A. & Horikoshi, K., Methanothermococcus
okinawensis sp. nov., a thermophilic methane-producing
archaeon isolated from a Western Pacific deep-sea hydrothermal
vent system. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. , -, .
) Takai, K., Kobayashi, H., Nealson, K. H. & Horikoshi, K.,
Deferribacter desulfuricans sp. nov., a novel sulfur-, nitrate- or
arsenate-reducing thermophile isolated from a deep-sea
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
hydrothermal vent. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. in press.
) Takai, K., Kobayashi, H., Nealson, K. H. & Horikoshi, K.,
Sulfurihydrogenobium subterraneum gen. nov., sp. nov., from
a subsurface hot aquifer, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. in press.
) Takai, K., Mormile, M. R., McKinley, J. P., Brockman, F. J. &
Fredrickson, J. K., Subsurface microbial community structures
associated with lithological and geochemical variations in
Cretaceous rock, Environ. Microbiol. in press.
) Takami, H., Takaki, Y. & Uchiyama, I., Genome sequence of
Oceanobacillus iheyensis isolated from the Iheya Ridge and its
unexpected adaptive capabilities to extreme environments,
Nucleic Acids Res. , -, .
) Tamegai, H., Kato, C. & Horikoshi, K., Gene cluster of nitrous
oxide reduction in the deep sea of Mariana Trench, J. Biochem.
Mol. Biol. Biophys., , -, .
) Xu, Y., Nogi, Y., Kato, C., Liang, Z., Rüger, H.-J., De Kegel
D. & Glansdorff N., Moritella profunda sp. nov. and Moritella
abyssi sp. nov., two psychropiezophilic organisms isolated
from deep Atlantic sediments, Int J Syst Evol Microbiol ,
-, .
) Xu, Y., Nogi, Y., Kato, C., Liang, Z., Rüger, H.-J., De Kegel
D. & Glansdorff N., Psychromonas profunda sp. nov., a psychropiezophilic
bacterium from deep Atlantic sediments, Int J
Syst Evol Microbiol , -, .
) Yasuda, J., Nakasone, K., Kato, C. & Horikoshi, K., Cloning
and sequencing of the phoA gene encoding alkaline phosphatase
from a deep-sea piezophilic bacterium, Shewanella
violacea strain DSS, JAMSTECR, , -, .
) Yoshitome, S., Nakamura, H., Nakajo, N., Kohara, H.,
Sugimoto, I., Fukuno, N., Katayama, K., Igarashi, K., Ito, S.,
Okamoto, K., Sagata, N. and Hashimoto, E., Mr , protein
(pp), a cytosolic non-crystallized yolk protein, is derived from
Xenopus vitellogenin B, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, in press.
Reviews
) Abe, F., Kato, C. and Horikoshi, K., Extremophiles _pressure-,
In Microbial Diversity and Bioprospecting, Ed. Bull, A. T.,
ASM Press, in press, .
) Abe, F., Observation of living yeasts under fluorescence
microscopy. In Great development of microorganisms (Eds,
Imanaka, T. et al.), pp.-, NTS Press, Tokyo, Japan, .
) Deguchi, S., Tsujii, K., Horikoshi, K., Development of hightemperature
and pressure optical microscope and its application
to extremophiles research, JASCO report, pp.-, .
) Deguchi, S., Tsujii, K., Horikoshi, K., High-temperature and
pressure optical microscope for in situ observation of biological
substances in supercritical water, In Great Development of
Microorganisms, Ed., Tadayuki Imanaka, NTS press. pp.-
, .
) Hirayama, H., In situ hybridization. In Great Development of
Microorganisms. (Ed. Imanaka, T.), pp.-, N.T.S.,
Japan, .
) Inagaki, F. and Takai, K., Extremophiles in subsurface biosphere.
Bioscience and Industry, , -, .
) Inagaki, F., Analysis of microbial community structures. In
Great Development of Microorganisms. (Ed. Imanaka, T.),
pp.-, N.T.S., Japan, .
) Inagaki, F., Challenge to deep-biosphere. Seibutsukougaku-
Kaishi, , , .
) Inagaki, F., Sakihama, Y., Kato, C., Inoue, A. and Horikoshi,
K., Microbial diversity in the cold seep sediment at the Japan
Trench. JAMSTEC J. Deep Sea Res., , -, .
) Inagaki. F. and Niitsuma, S., ODP Leg. : Subseafloor biosphere
in the Peru continental margin. ODP News Letter, ,
-, .
) Ito, S. & Kobayashi, T., Industrial enzymes . In Handbook of
Agricultural Chemistry (ed. Japan Soc. for Biosci. Biotechnol.
Biochem.), Asakura Syoten, in press.
) Ito, S., Green products. In Great Development of Microorganisms.
(Ed. Imanaka, T.), p-, NTS Press, Japan, .
) Ito, S., Industrial enzymes-Detergents. In Great Development
of Microorganisms. (Ed. Imanaka, T.), p-., NTS Press,
Japan, .
) Kato, C. and Horikoshi, K., Characteristics of deep-sea environments
and biodiversity of piezophilic organisms, EOLSS
publication, in press, .
) Kato, C., Characterization of the deep-sea piezophilic
microbes and development to the piezophysiology (in
Japanese), Bioscience and Industry, in press, .
) Kato, C., Imanaka, T., Kato, C., Kato, N., Kurane, R.,
Nishiyama, T., Yagi, O., Extremophiles World (in Japanese),
In Great Development of Microorganisms, Eds., NTS press.
pp.-, .
) Kato, C., Imanaka, T., Kato, C., Kato, N., Kurane, R.,
Nishiyama, T., Yagi, O., High Pressure Cultivation (in
Japanese), In Great Development of Microorganisms, Eds.,
NTS press. pp.-, .
) Kato, C., Windows of Biotechnology, "Pressure response in
microbial cells" (in Japanese), Bioscience and Industry, , ,
.
) Koyama, S., Acclimatization method for deep-sea multicellular
organisms, Seibutu-KougakuKaishi, , , .
) Koyama, S., New horizons of tissue engineering, Editor: The
Society for Biotechnology, Japan, Sankei-shya, .
) Miwa, T., Character of Carbon Electrode, Electrochemistry,
, , -, .
) Miwa, T., Kyo, M., Iwase, R., Electrochemistry for the deepsea,
Electrochemistry, , , -, .
234

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
) Nakasone, K., Mori, H., Baba, T. and Kato, C., Whole-
Genome Analysis of Piezophilic and Psychrophilic
Microorganism (in Japanese), KAGAKU TO SEIBUTU,
(), -, .
) ODP Leg. Shipboard Scientific Party (include. Inagaki,
F.), Controls on microbial communities in deeply buried sediments,
Eastern Equatorial Pacific and Peru margin, Sites -
. ODP Leg. Int. Rep., , -, .
) Sato, T., Imanaka, T., Kato, C., Kato, N., Kurane, R.,
Nishiyama, T., Yagi, O., Microscopic Observations (in
Japanese), In Great Development of Microorganisms, Eds.,
NTS press., .
) Takai, K. and Inagaki, F., Exploration of unseen microbes and
extreme microbial ecosystems. Bio-Industry. , -, .
) Takai, K. and Inagaki, F., Microbial ecosystem in extreme
environments and exploration of Extremophiles. Bioindustry.
, -, .
) Takai, K., Search for life in subsurface and universe. In Great
Development of Microorganisms. (Ed. Imanaka, T.), pp.-
, N.T.S., Japan, .
) Takami, H., Extremophilies: Enzymes from deep-sea microorganisms.
In: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems
(UNESCO), EOLSS Publishers in press, .
) Takami, H., Genome analysis of alkaliphilic Bacillus species.
In: Recent Research Developments in Molecular Microbiology
(S. G. Pandalai ed.), Research Singnpost, India. in press, .
) Takami, H., Whole genome analysis of alkaliphilic Bacillus
species isolated from various environments. In: Recent
Advances in Marine Biotechnology vol. , Molecular
Genetics of Marine Organisms (R. Nagabhushman and M.
Fingerman eds.), Science publisher of Enfield, New
Hampshire (USA) and Plymoth (UK). in press, .
) Tsujii, K., Interactions and Hybrid Materials of Polymer Gels
with Surfactants, Recent Research Developments in
Macromolecules (published by Research Signpost, India), ,
-, .
Talks and Presentations
Conference
) Abe, F. and Horikoshi, K., Rsp ubiquitin ligase regulates
amino acid permeases in response to increasing hydrostatic
pressure. Annual meeting for the Japan Society for Bioscience,
Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, Abstract p., Sendai,
, Apr.
) Abe, F., Horikoshi, K., The role of tryptophan permease Tat
in high-pressure growth of the yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae: activity and stability at high pressure. The th
International Congress on Extremophiles, Abs. p., Sep.
, Naples, Italy, .
) Abe, F., Involvement of Rsp ubiquitin ligase in high-pressure
growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The th annual
meeting for the Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology
News Japan, Abstract p., Hiroshima, , July.
) Abe, F., Piezophysiology using techniques of yeast molecular
biology during the analysis of ubiquitination on yeast amino
acid permeases. The rd meeting for the Japanese Society for
Extremophiles, Abstract p.-, Tokushima, , Dec.
) Abe, F., The role of tryptophan permease Tat in high-pressure
growth of yeast: activity and stability at high pressure. High
pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology (HPBB-), Abs.
p., Sep. , Dortmund, Germany, .
) Akita, M., Hatada, Y., Yamane, T., Kobayashi, T., Ito, S. and
Horikoshi, K., Tertial structure and deduced amino acid
sequence of a novel low-molecular-mass pectate lyase from an
alkalifile. The rd meeting for the Japanese Society for
Extremophiles, Abstract p., Tokushima, .
) Alargov, D. K., Deguchi, S., Tsujii, K., Horikoshi, K.,
Oligomerization of glycine in sub- and supercritical with special
attention to chemical evolution, The rd annual meeting of
the Society for Extremophiles, Dec., Tokushima, Japan, .
) Alargova, R. G., Deguchi, S. and Tsujii, K., Colloid Stability
in Near- and Supercritical Water Australia-Japan Joint
Symposium on Colloid Science, Feb. _ , Sydney,
Australia, , Feb.
) Alargova, R. G., Tsujii, K., Behavior of Colloids in
Supercritical Water: An Attempt to Study Diffusion
Coefficients Using DLS, th Annual Meeting of Colloid and
Surface Chemistry Division, The Chemical Society of Japan,
Sendai, Japan, , September.
) Alargova, R. G., Tsujii, K., Behavior of Colloids in
Supercritical Water: An Attempt to Study Diffusion
Coefficients Using DLS, XVIth European Conference of
Colloid and Interface Society (ECIS), Paris, France, ,
September.
) Ara, T., Aono, H., Kanaya, S., Baba, K., Oshima, T., Washio,
T., Kurokawa, A., Nakasone, K., Kato, C., Horikoshi, K. and
Mori, H., The genomic analysis of the psychrophilic and
piezophilic bacterium, Shewanella violacea DSS. The annual
meeting of the Molecular Biology Society of Japan, P-
, Dec., Yokohama, .
) Arakawa, S., Kato, C., Nogi, Y., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K.,
Microbial diversity of the bacterial mat at north east Japan-sea,
at a depth of m. Japan Society for Bioscience,
Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry annual meeting,
Abstract, p., Sendai, , March.
) Barbier, G., Gwenael, J., Flament, D., Pignet, P., Marie, D. and
Kato, C., Pressure influence on growth and gene expression of
coastal and deep-sea Pyrococcus at high temperatures, The th
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International Congress on Extremophiles, Abstract, p.,
Naples, Italy, , September.
) Canganella F., Biancom, G. and Kato, C., Microbial ecology of
an extreme marine environment: the thermally-heated submarine
caves of Cape Palinuro, The th International Congress on
Extremophiles, Abstract, p., Naples, Italy, ,
September.
) Canganella, F., Bianconi, G. and Kato, C., Microbial ecology
of non conventional marine ecosystems. th Symposium on
Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Abstract, p.L, Taormina, Italy,
, October.
) Deguchi, S., Tsujii, K., Horikoshi, K., In situ microscopic
observations of colloidal systems in nearcritical and supercritical
water. The th annual meeting of the Colloid and Surface
Chemistry Division of the Chemical Society of Japan, Sept.,
Sendai, Japan, .
) Fang, J., Barcelona, M. J., Abrajano, T., Nogi, Y., Kato, C.,
Isotopic composition of fatty acids of extremely piezophilic
Bacteria from the Mariana Trench at , meters.
Extremophiles , p Naples, Sep. .
) Fang, J., Barcelona, M.J., Abrajano, T., Nogi, Y. and Kato, C.,
Isotopic composition of fatty acids of extremely piezophilic
bacteria from the Mariana Trench at , meters, The th
International Congress on Extremophiles, Abstract, p.,
Naples, Italy, , September.
) Fukuchi, J., Sato, T., Kato, C., Ito, M. and Horikoshi, K., The
host-vector system of the piezophilic bacteria, Shewanella violacea
DSS and Moritella japonica DSK. The annual meeting
of Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology and
Agrochemistry, p, Sendai, Apr. .
) Hagihara, H., et al. and Ito, S., Enzymatic properties and structure-function
relationship of an oxidation stable, calcium-free
a-amylase from the alkaliphilic Bacillus isolate KSM-K:
International symposium of new approaches in starch science
and carbohydrate-active enzymes. Tokyo, .
) Hahihara, H., Igarashi, K., Katsuya, K. and Ito, S.,
Thermostabilization of calcium-free alfa- amykase. Annual
Meeting of the Applied Glycosci., Tokyo, .
) Hakamada, Y., Kobayashi, T., Ozaki, K. and Ito, S.,
Thermostabilizing of alkaline endo-glucanase Egl- from an
alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. KSM- by introduction of ion pairs:
International symposium of new approaches in starch science
and carbohydrate-active enzymes. Tokyo, .
) Hatada, Y., Akita, M., Suzuki, A., Yamane, T., Kobayashi, T.,
Ito, S. and Horikoshi, K., Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P pectate
lyase (Pel-): Int. Natl. Congr., Extremophiles, Napoli,
September .
) Hatada, Y., Akita, M., Suzuki, A., Yamane, T., Kobayashi, T.,
Ito, S. and Horikoshi, K., Bacillus sp. strain KSM-P pectate
lyase (Pel-): Int. Natl. Congr., Extremophiles, Sept., Napoli,
.
) Hirayama, H., Takai, K., Inagaki, F. and Horikoshi, K.,
Distribution of microbial community naturally occurred at the
subsurface geothermal water stream in the Hishikari gold
mine. The th annual meeting for Japanese Society of
Microbial Ecology, Abstract p., Mie, Japan, , Mar.
) Hirayama, H., Takai, K., Inagaki, F. and Horikoshi, K.,
Distribution of subsurface microbial communities in the
Hishikari gold mine. Annual meeting of Japan Society for
Bioscience, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, . Abstract
p.. Sendai, Japan, , Mar.
) Hirayama, H., Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Nealson, K. H. and
Horikoshi, K., Deep subsurface microbial communities in the
Hishikari epithermal gold mine: active thermophilic microorganisms
and endolithic ancient microbial relics,
International Symposium on Subsurface Microbiology,
Copenhagen, Denmark, , Sept.
) Horii, M., Miwa, T., Aizawa, M., Sato, A., Nakabayashi, S.,
Localization of microorganisms under extremely high gradient
magnetic field, International symposium on innovative materials
processing by controlling chemical reaction field, Miyagi,
(.).
) Horii, M., Miwa, T., Sato, A., Nakabayashi, S., Loaclization of
E. Coli and yeast under extremely high gradient magnetic
field, Autumn meeting of the electrochemical society of japan,
, Kanagawa (.).
) Hosoya, S., Nogi, Y., Kato, C., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K.,
Novel piezophilic bacteria isolated from the Japan Trench.
Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and
Agrochemistry annual meeting, Abstract, p., Sendai,
, March.
) Hosoya, S., Nogi, Y., Kato, C., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K.,
Taxonomic study of novel piezophilic bacteria isolated from
the Japan Trench, Japan Society for Extremophiles rd annual
meeting, December, Abstract, p., Tokushima, .
) Hung, S.-V, Hatada, Y., Lu, J., Ohta, Y., Ito, S. and Horikoshi,
Alfa-gllucosidase from s strain of Geobacillus, a new enzyme
having hhysrolysis, transglycosidation, and isomerization
activities: Int. Natl. Congr. Extremophiles, Sept., Napoli, .
) Hung, S.-V, Hatada, Y., Lu, J., Ohta, Y., Ito, S. and Horikoshi,
α-Gllucosidase from s strain of Geobacillus, a new enzyme
having hhysrolysis, transglycosidation, and isomerization
activities: Int. Natl. Congr. Extremophiles, Napoli, September
.
) Hung, S.-V, Hatada, Y., Lu, J., Ohta, Y., Takami, H., Ito, S.
and Horikoshi, K., Alfa-glucosidase from a strain of
Geobacillus, a new enzyme having hydrolysis, transglycosidation,
and isomerization activities. The rd meeting for the
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Research Achievements
Japanese Society for Extremophiles, Abstract p.,
Tokushima, .
) Hung, S.-V, Hatada, Y., Lu, J., Ohta, Y., Takami, H., Ito, S.
and Horikoshi, K., α-Glucosidase from a strain of Geobacillus,
a new enzyme having hydrolysis, transglycosidation, and isomerization
activities. The rd meeting for the Japanese Society
for Extremophiles, Abstract p., Tokushima, .
) Inagaki, F. and Takai, K., Subsurface biosphere in the continental
margin. The th annual meeting for Japanese Society
of Geology, Abstract p., Niigata, Japan (INVITED), ,
Sep.
) Inagaki, F., Microbial diversity in subsurface on Earth. The th
annual meeting for Japanese Society of Evolution. Abstract
p., Tokyo, Japan (INVITED), , Aug.
) Inagaki, F., Okada, H., Tsapin, A. I., Nealson, K. H. and
Horikoshi, K., Endolithic genetic record of ancient microbes in
Cretaceous black shale, ISSM (International Symposium on
Subsurface Microbiology) , Abstract p., Copenhagen,
Denmark, (,).
) Inagaki, F., Okada, H., Tsapin, A. I., Nealson, K. H. and
Horikoshi, K., Endolithic genetic record of ancient microbes in
Cretaceous black shale. Goldschmidt , Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta (S), A, Davos, Switzerland (INVIT-
ED), (,).
) Inagaki, F., Suzuki, M., Takai, K., Nealson, K. H. and
Horikoshi, K., Microbial population, activity, and phylogenetic
diversity in the subseafloor core sediment from the Sea of
Okhotsk. AGU (American Geophysical Union) Fall
Meeting, Eos. Trans. AGU, (), F, San Francisco,
USA, (, ).
) Inagaki, F., Suzuki, M., Takai, K., Oida, H. and Horikoshi, K.,
Analysis of microbial community structure in subseafloor core
sediments from the Sea of Okhotsk. The th annual meeting
for Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology, Abstract p., Mie,
Japan, , Nov.
) Inagaki, F., Suzuki, M., Takai, K., Oida, H., Horikoshi, K. and
IMAGES Okhotsk Core Scientific Party, Distribution and phylogenetic
diversity of deeply buried marine sediments from the
Sea of Okhotsk. The rd annual meeting for Japanese Society
of Extremophiles, Tokushima, Japan, , Dec.
) Inagaki, F., Takai, K., Hirayama, H., Nunoura, T., Kinoshita,
M., Fujioka, K., Nakagawa, S., Chiba, H., Doi, K., Nakayama,
N., Kozuma, F., Geomicrobiological survey in the mid-
Okinawa Tough hydrothermal fields: NT- cruise. The
th Blue Earth Symposium, Abstract p., Yokohama,
Japan, , Jan.
) Ishii, A., Nakasone, K., Sato, T., Wachi, M., Nagai, K. and
Kato, C., The mechanism of bacterial cell division under high
pressure, The Symposium for the Molecular Technology of the
Single-Cell, p, Nakano, Nov. .
) Ishii, A., Nakasone, K., Sato, T., Wachi, M., Nagai, K. and
Kato, C., The mechanism of high pressure regulation of the
bacterial cell division, The rd annual meeting of the Society
for the Extremophiles, p, Tokushima, Dec. .
) Ishii, A., Nakasone, K., Sato, T., Wachi, M., Sugai, M., Nagai,
K. and Kato, C., Analysis of cell division mechanisms under
high-pressure conditions in a piezophilic bacterium,
Shewanella violacea, nd General Meeting of American
Society for Mocrobiology, Abstract, p., Salt Lake City,
USA, , May.
) Ishii, A., Oshima, T., Nakasone, K., Sato, T., Mori, H. and
Kato, C., Analysis of RNA expression profiles under highpressure
conditions by Escherichia coli DNA microarray, The
th International Congress on Extremophiles, Abstract, p.,
Naples, Italy, , September.
) Ishii, A., Oshima, T., Nakasone, K., Sato, T., Mori, H. and
Kato, C., The analysis of gene expression under high pressure
using E. coli DNA microarray, The annual meeting of Japan
Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry,
p, Apr, Sendai, .
) Ito, S. and Kobayashi, T., Carbohydrate-active enzymes from
alkaliphiles: International symposium of new approaches in
starch science and carbohydrate-active enzymes. Tokyo
(Invited lecture), .
) Kato, C. and Nakasone, K., High pressure adapted bacteria,
and their genome analysis, nd International Congress on High
Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology, ABSTRACT p.,
Dortmund, Germany, , September.
) Kato, C., Fujioka, K., Sato, T. and Miwa, T., The cruse report
about the discovery of cold seep in the Chishima Trench in
, Blue Earth Symposium, p, Jan., Yokohama, .
) Kato, C., Ishii, A., Sato, T. and Nakasone, K., Molecular
mechanisms of bacterial cell division under pressure conditions.
(Invited talk), The th International Congress on
Extremophiles, Abstract, p., Naples, Italy, , September.
) Kato, C., Molecular biology and biotechnological applications
of piezophilic bacteria. (Invited talk), Federazione Italiana
Scienze della Vita, ˚ Convegno, p., Riva del Garda, Italy,
, September.
) Kawano, H., Nakasone, K., Abe, F., Ikegami, A., Kato, C.,
Yoshida, Y., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K., The effect of hydrostatic
pressure on stability and activity of RNA polymerase
isolated from the piezophilic bacterium Shewanella violacea
DSS, The th International Congress on Extremophiles,
Abstract, p., Naples, Italy, , September.
) Kawano, H., Nakasone, K., Abe, F., Ikegami, A., Kato, C.,
Yoshida, Y., Usami, R., Horikoshi, K., The effect of hydrostatic
pressure on stability and activity of RNA polymerase isolat-
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
ed from the piezophilic bacterium Shewanella violacea DSS.
The th International Congress on Extremophiles, Abs. p.,
Sep. , Naples, Italy, .
) Kawano, H., Nakasone, K., Abe, F., Kato, C., Yoshida, Y.,
Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K., The effect of high hydrostatic
pressure on subunit-subunit interactions of RNA polymerase of
piezophile using high-pressure electrophoresis apparatusproceedings
of th Symposium on Bio-Nano electronics
November , Kawagoe, Japan, p, .
) Kawano, H., Nakasone, K., Abe, F., Matsumoto, M., Kato, C.,
Yoshida, Y., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K., Analysis of NtrC
protein-DNA interaction using high-pressure gel shift assay.
The th annual meeting for the Molecular Biology Society of
Japan, Abstract p., Yokohama, , Dec.
) Kawano, H., Nakasone, K., Abe, F., Matsumoto, M., Kato, C.,
Yoshida, Y., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K., Development of
high-pressure gel shift assay: Analysis of transcription factor
and DNA interaction, Single-cell Molecular, , Nov.
) Kawano, H., Nakasone, K., Ikegami, A., Kato, C., Usami, R.
and Horikoshi, K., Reconstruction of RNA polymerase from
deep-sea piezophilic bacterium, Shewanella violacea. The
annual meeting of Japan Society for Bioscience,
Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, p, Apr. Sendai, .
) Kawano, H., Suzaki, Y., Nakasone, K., Abe, F., Kato, C.,
Yoshida, Y., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K., Overproduction of
the rpoZ gene encoding an RNA polymerase w subunit from a
deep-sea piezophilic Shewanella violacea strain DSS. The
rd meeting for the Japasese Society for Extremophiles,
Abstract p., Tokushima, , Dec.
) Kobayashi, K., Nogi, Y. and Horikoshi, K., Novel violet pigment
produce from Shewanella violacea DSS. Japan Society
for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry annual
meeting, Abstract, p., Sendai, , March.
) Konishi, S., Koyama, S., Miwa, T., Explore of phototaxis
under deep-sea environment, a case of off Hatsushima, th
Shinkai symposium, Yokohama (.).
) Koyama, S., Horii, M., Miwa, T. and Aizawa, M., Tissue culture
of deep-sea fish Simenchelys parasiticus collected at
m, The th International Congress on Extremophiles.,
Naple, Italy, , Sep.
) Koyama, S., Horii, M., Miwa, T., Aizawa, M., Development of
Deep-sea Aquarium, th The High Pressure Conference of
Japan, Ehime (.).
) Koyama, S., Horii, M., Miwa, T., Aizawa, M., Development of
Deep-sea Aquarium. JFSF, Nara (.).
) Koyama, S., Horii, M., Miwa, T., Aizawa, M., Primary culture
of deep-sea eel tissue under atmospheric pressure condtion,
th Shinkai symposium, Yokohama (.).
) Koyama, S., Horii, M., Miwa, T., Aizawa, M., Primary culture
of deep-sea eel tissue under atmospheric pressure condtion,
Meeting for The Society for Biotechnology, Japan, Osaka
(.).
) Koyama, S., Horii, M., Miwa, T., Aizawa, M., Tissue culture
of deep-sea fish (m deep) at under atmospheric pressure,
th Meeting of Marine Biotechnology, Tokyo (.).
) Koyama, S., Miwa, T., Horii, M. and Aizawa, M., Tissue culture
of deep-sea fish Simenchelys parasiticus collected at
m, Extremophiles the th international congress, Naples, Italy
(.).
) Minegishi, H., Abe, F., Miura, T., Usami, R. and Horikoshi,
K., Presusre and temperature dependence of the activity of
endopolygalacturonases from the deep-sea yeast Cryptococcus
sp. N. The rd meeting for the Japanese Society for
Extremophiles, Abstract p., Tokushima, , Dec.
) Mitsuzawa, S. and Yukawa, T., Reverse chemical evolution -
Search for primitive proteins. th International Conference on
the Origin of Life. Oaxaca, Mexico, .
) Miura, T. and Abe, F., Involvement of deubiquitinating
enzyme Doa in high-pressure growth of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The th annual meeting for the
Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology News Japan, Abstract
p., Hiroshima, , July.
) Miura, T., Abe, F. and Horikoshi, K., Involvement of Doa in
high-pressure growth of yeast. The rd meeting for the
Japanese Society for Extremophiles, Abstract p.,
Tokushima, , Dec.
) Miura, T., Abe, F., Horikoshi, K., Involvement of deubiquitinating
enzyme Doa in high-pressure growth of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, The th International Congress on
Extremophiles, Abs. p., Sep. , Naples, Italy, .
) Miura, T., Abe, F., Inoue, A., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K.,
Involvement of SOD in high copper-tolerance of the deep-sea
yeast Cryptococcus sp. N. Annual meeting for the Japan
Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry,
Abstract p., Sendai, , Apr.
) Miwa, T., Aizawa, M., Study of bioelectrochemical measurments
under deep-sea environment. Autumn meeting of the
electrochemical society of japan, Miyagi (.).
) Miwa, T., Exploration for tissue cultured cells on the extremely
environments. Symposium on Single-Cell Molecular
Technology, , Tokyo (.).
) Miwa, T., Koyama, S., Ishikawa, Y., Yoshimura, H., Ueda, I.,
Kuroki, H., Aizawa, M., Report of capturing for deep-sea
organisms on off. Hatsushima, th Shinkai symposium,
Yokohama (.).
) Miwa, T., Koyama, S., Takayama, T. and Aizawa, M.,
Observation of cytoskeletal assembly in living mammalian
cells under extremely high hydrostatic pressure, Extremophiles
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
the th international congress, Naples, Italy (.).
) Nagahama, T., Hamamoto, M., Nakase, T. & Horikoshi, K.,
New yeast species close to Rhodotorula minuta isolated from
benthic animals and their phylogenetic analysis, th
International Congress of Mycology, Paris, .
) Nagayama, A., Abe, F. and Kato, C., Cloning of a high-pressure
growth gene, HPG2, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The th annual meeting for the Yeast Genetics and
Molecular Biology News Japan, Abstract p., Hiroshima,
, July.
) Nagayama, A., Abe, F. and Kato, C., Mutations in terminal
domains of Tat prevents from pressure-induced degradation
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The th annual meeting for the
Molecular Biology Society of Japan, Abstract p.,
Yokohama, , Dec.
) Nakagawa, S., Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Hirayama, S., Nunoura,
T., Horikoshi, K., Uchida, A. and Sako, Y., Microbial distribution,
population and phylogenetic diversity in the mid-
Okinawa Trough hydrothermal system by exhaustive cultivation
analyses. The th annual meeting for Japanese Society of
Microbial Ecology, Abstract p., Mie, Japan, , Nov.
) Nakasone, K. and Kato, C., The genomic analysis of the deepsea
bacterium that is adapted to high pressure and cold temperature.
The Symposium for the Molecular Technology of the
Single-Cell, p, Nov, Nakano, .
) Nakasone, K., Baba, K., Ara, T., Okumura, Y., Baba, M.,
Nakamichi, T., Inamoto, H., Nakagawa, A., Toyonaga, H.,
Amano, C., Kurokawa, A., Aono, H., Washio, T., Ishii, A.,
Kato, C. and Horikoshi, K., The whole genomic analysis of the
deep-sea piezophilic bacterium, Shewanella violacea DSS.
The annual meeting of Japan Society for Bioscience,
Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, p, Apr, Sendai, .
) Nogi, Y. and Kato, C., A novel bacterium isolated from the
Japan Sea at m. Japan Society for Bioscience,
Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry annual meeting,
Abstract, p., Sendai, , March.
) Nogi, Y., Hosoya, S., Kato, C., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K.,
Analysis of Cellular Fatty Acids Compositions of the
Piezophiles and Isolation of Novel Piezophilic Bacteria from
the Japan Trench. Extremophiles p Naples, Sep.
.
) Nogi, Y., Hosoya, S., Kato, C., Usami, R. and Horikoshi, K.,
Analysis of cellular fatty acids compositions of the piezophiles
and isolation of novel piezophilis bacteria from the Japan
Trench, The th International Congress on Extremophiles,
Abstract, p., Naples, Italy, , September.
) Nogi, Y., Miyazaki, M., Hosoya, S. and Kato, C., Microbial
diversity of isolated bacteria from the Japan Trench and the
Suruga bay, The th SHINKAI Symposium, Abstract, p.,
January, Yokohama, .
) Nunoura, T., Oida, H., Masui, N., Inagaki, F., Takai, K. and
Horikoshi, K., Subsurface microbial communities in the Sagara
oil reservoir. The th annual meeting for Japanese Society of
Microbial Ecology, Mie, Japan, , Nov.
) Nunoura, T., Oida, H., Masui, N., Inagaki, F., Takai, K.,
Horikoshi, K. and Sagara Drilling Program (SDP) Scientific
Party, Subsurface microbial community structures in the
Sagara oil reservoir. The rd annual meeting for Japanese
Society of Extremophiles, Tokushima, Japan, , Dec.
) Nunoura, T., Oida, H., Masui, N., Inagaki, F., Takai, K.,
Nealson, K. H., Horikoshi, K., Sagara Drilling Program (SDP)
Scientific Party, Vertical distribution of the subsurface
microorganisms in Sagara oil reservoir, AGU Fall
Meeting (San Francisco), Dec. .
) Ogino, H., Ishii, A., Kato, C., Nagai, K., Sugai, M. and Wachi,
M., The role of GroEL in the process of the cell division in
Escherichia coli. The annual meeting of the Society for the
Extremophiles, P-, Tokushima, Dec. .
) Oida, H., Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Hirayama, H., Nunoura, T.,
Nakagawa, S. and Horikoshi, K., Relationship between subseafloor
microbial communities in the mid-Okinawa Trough
hydrothermal system and geo-hydrological setting. The th
annual meeting for Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology,
Abstract p., Mie, Japan, , Nov.
) Oida, H., Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Hirayama, H., Nunoura, T.,
Nakagawa, S. and Horikoshi, K., Relationship between subseafloor
microbial communities in the mid-Okinawa Trough
hydrothermal system and geo-hydrological setting. The rd
annual meeting for Japanese Society of Extremophiles,
Abstract p., Tokushima, Japan, , Nov.
) Sato, T., Fujioka, K., Nogi, Y., Miwa, T., Arawaka, S.,
Takahashi, H., Kato, C. and Horikoshi, K., The microbial
diversity of chemosynthetic biological colony in the cold seep
on the Cadet Sea Mount of Chishima Trench. Blue Earth
Symposium, p, Yokohama, Jan. .
) Sato, T., Fukuchi, J., Ishii, A., Nakasone, K., Kato, C. and
Horikoshi, K., The molecular microbial breeding using the
deep-sea piezophilic bacteria, Shewanella violacea DSS and
Moritella japonica DSK. The annual meeting of the
Molecular Biology Society of Japan, P-, Dec.,
Yokohama, .
) Sato, T., Fukuchi, J., Nakasone, K. and Kato, C., The establishment
of high pressure responsive cells. The Symposium for
the Molecular Technology of the Single-Cell, p, Nakano,
Nov. .
) Sato, T., Fukuchi, J., Nakasone, K., Kato, C. and Horikoshi,
K., The high pressure responsive bacteria using GFP as a
reporter. The rd annual meeting of the Society for the
239

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
Extremophiles, p, Tokushima, Dec. .
) Sato, T., Ishii, A., Alargova, R., Nakasone, K., Kato, C. and
Horikoshi, K., In vitro polymerization of FtsZ extracted from
deep-sea piezophilic bacterium, Shewanella violacea DSS.
The annual meeting of Japan Society for Bioscience,
Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, p, Apr. Sendai, .
) Sato, T., Ishii, A., Alargova, R.G., Nakasone, K., Kato, C. and
Horikoshi, K., Effect of pressure on the in vitro polymerization
of FtsZ protein from piezophilic bacterium, Shewanella violacea
DSS, The th International Congress on Extremophiles,
Abstract, p., Naples, Italy, , September.
) Takai, K., Co-Evolution of Earth and Life: lessons from the
microbial ecosystem in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The rd
annual meeting for Japanese Society of Extremophiles, Tokyo,
Japan (INVITED), , Dec.
) Takai, K., Hirayama, H., Nealson, K. H. and Horikoshi, K.,
Possible Existence of Hyperthermophilic Subsurface
Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystem (HyperSLiME) in the
Indian Ocean Hydrothermal Field, International
Symposium on Subsurface Microbiology, Abstract, p,
Copenhagen, Denmark, September, .
) Takai, K., Hirayama, S., Nealson, K. H. and Horikoshi, K.,
Presence of the 'Hyper-SLiME' in subsurface of the Indian
Ocean hydrothermal vent field. The th annual meeting for
Japanese Society of Microbial Ecology, Abstract p., Mie,
Japan, , Nov.
) Takai, K., Inagaki, F., Komatsu, T. and Horikoshi, K.,
Distribution of Archaea in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent
chimney and its relation with the sub-vent biosphere. The rd
annual meeting for Japanese Society of Extremophiles,
Abstract p., Tokyo, Japan, , Sep.
) Takai, K., Melanie, M. R., Mckinley, J. P., Brockman, F. J.
and Fredrickson, J. K., Shifts in Subsurface Microbial
Community Structure Associated with Lithlogical and
Geochemical Variations in Cretaceous Rock. ASM th
General Meeting, Abstract, p , Los Angels, CA, U.S.A.,
, May.
) Takai, K., Microbial ecosystems and genomics: Deep-sea
hydrothermal vent and subsurface. The th annual meeting for
Japanese Society of Marine Bio-Technology, Abstract p.,
Tokushima, Japan, , May.
) Takai, K., Possible Existence of "Planet-Eating" Microbial
Ecosystem beneath Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents.
ISLSWG International Workshop on the Microbial Ecology
and The Space Environment, Abstract, p, Tokyo, November,
.
) Takai, K., Possible Occurrence of Hyperthermophilic
Subsurface Lithoautotrophic Microbial Ecosystem
(HyperSLiME) in Subvent Biosphere, Goldschmidt
Conference , Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, pA, Davos,
Switzland, August, .
) Takai, K., Presence of 'Hyper SLiME' under the deep-sea
hydrothermal vent in the Indian Ocean. Japan Earth Planetary
Science Joint Meeting . Tokyo, Japan, , May.
) Takai, K., Topics of subsurface microbial ecology: Paleo-environmental
microbial ecology and Subsurface hyperthermophilic
biosphere. The th annual meeting for Advanced
Marine Science and Technology Society. Abstract p.-.
Tokyo, Japan, , May.
) Takaki, Y. and Takami, H., Commonalty and diversity of
extremophilic Bacillus species from the viewpoint of the comparative
genomics. Symposium on microbial genome technology.
Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and
Agrochemistry. Sendai, Miyagi, .
) Takaki, Y., Takami, H., Uchiyama, I. and Horikoshi, K.,
Comparative genomic analyses of the transport systems in
alkaliphilic Bacillus species. th International Congress on
Extremophiles , Naples, Italy, .
) Takami, H., Takaki, Y. and Uchiyama, I., Complete sequence
of Oceanobacillus iheyensis isolated from the Iheya Ridge and
its unexpected adaptive capabilities to extreme environments.
th International Congress on Extremophiles , Naples,
Italy, .
) Takami, H., Takaki, Y. and Uchiyama, I., Molecular diversity
of Extremophilic Bacillus-related species from the viewpoint
of whole genome analyses. GSAC Meeting in Boston, U.S.A.,
.
) Takayama, T., Miwa, T., Yoshimura, H., Molphological
change of PC under high pressure th annual meeting of
the biophysical society of japan, Aichi (.).
) Tamegai, H., Kato, C. and Horikoshi, K., The sequence analysis
of gene cluster of membrane bound sulfate reductase of the
bacterium isolated from the Mariana Trench. The annual
meeting of the Society for the Extremophiles, p, Tokushima,
Dec. .
) Tsujii, K., Alargova, R. G. and Deguchi, S., Colloid Stability
in Near and Supercritical Water, th Surfactants in Solution
Symposium, Barcelona, Spain, , Jun.
) Tsujii, K., Donnan equilibria in microbial cell walls _a pH
homeostatic mechanism in alkaliphiles. The th annual meeting
of the Colloid and Surface Chemistry Division of the
Chemical Society of Japan, Sept., Sendai, Japan, .
) Tsujii, K., Donnan equilibria in microbial cell walls _a pH
homeostatic mechanism in alkaliphiles-International Symposia
on Polyelectrolytes (Polyelectrolytes ), June - ,
Lund Sweden, June.
) Tsujii, K., Horikoshi, K., Donnan equilibria in microbial cell
walls _a pH homeostatic mechanism in alkaliphiles. th
240

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Research Achievements
International Congress on Extremophiles (Extremophiles
), Sep. - , Naples, Italy, September.
) Turumi, Y., Tanaka, M., Muramatu, H., Hino, N., Nogi, Y. and
Horikoshi, K., Search for microorganism from deep-sea sediment
with aim at the medicinal seed. Japan Society for
Extremophiles rd annual meeting, Abstract, p., December
Tokushima, .
) Vogel, R.F., Ehrmann, M.A., Ganzle, M.G., Kato, C.,
Scheyhing, C.A., Molina-Gutierrez, A., Ulmer, H.M. and
Winter, R., High pressure response of lactic acid bacteria, nd
International Congress on High Pressure Bioscience and
Biotechnology, ABSTRACT p., Dortmund, Germany, ,
September.
) Vogel, R.F., Molina-Gutierrez, A., Sato, T., Kato, C. and
Ganzle, M.G., Effect of pressure on cell morphology and division
of lactic acid bacteria, nd International Congress on High
Pressure Bioscience and Biotechnology, ABSTRACT p.,
Dortmund, Germany, , September.
(7) Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution
(IFREE)
Publications
) Aizawa, Y., Ito, K., and Tatsumi, Y., Compressional wave
velocity of granite and amphibolite up to melting temperatures
at GPa, Tectonophys., 351, -, .
) Araya, A., Kunugi, T., Fukao, Y., Yamada, I., Suda, N.,
Maruyama, S., and Mio, N., Iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG laser
applied to a long-baseline interferometer for wideband earth
strain observations, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 73, , -, .
) Baba, T., Tanioka, Y., Cummins, P. R., and Uhira, K., The slip
distribution of the Nankai earthquake estimated from
tsunami inversion using a new plate model, Phys. Earth
Planet. Int., 132, -, .
) Baba, T., Slip distributions of the Tonankai and
Nankai earthquakes including the horizontal movement effect
on tsunami generation, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Borissova, I., Coffin, M. F., Charvis, P., and Operto, S.,
Structure and development of a microcontinent: Elan bank in
the southern Indian Ocean, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Chang, Q., Shibata, T., Shinotsuka, K., Yoshikawa, M., and
Tatsumi, Y., Precise determination of trace elements in geological
standard rocks using inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS), IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Coffin, M. F., Pringle, M. S., Duncan, R. A., Gladczenko, T.
P., Storey, M., Müller, R. D., and Gahagan, L. A., Kerguelen
Hotspot Magma Output Since Ma, J. of Petr., 43, -
, .
) Cummins, P. R., Baba, T., Kodaira, S., and Kaneda, Y., The
Nankaido earthquake and segmentation of the Nankai
Trough, Phys. Earth Planet. Int., 132, -, .
) Cummins, P. R., Kodaira, S., and Ruff, L., Subduction zone
structure and megathrust earthquakes, (ed.), Phys. Earth
Planet. Int., 132, .
) Fang, J., Kawamura, K., Ishimura, Y., and Matsumoto, K.,
Carbon Isotopic Composition of Fatty Acids in the Marine
Aerosols from the Western North Pacific: Implication for the
Source and Atmospheric Transport, Envir. Sci. and Tech.,
.
) Fujie, G., Kasahara, J. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Hino, R.
(Tohoku Univ.), Shinohara, M. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), and
Suyehiro, K., The significant relation between seismic activities
and reflection intensities in the Japan Trench region,
Geophys. Res. Lett. (AGU), 29, , .
) Fuji-ta, K., Fujiwara, S., Ichiki, M., and Makino, Y., Onedimensional
resistivity modelling of NE Japan from stationary
wide-band magnetotelluric data, Tectonophys., 359, -,
.
) Fukao, Y., Mantle-Core Dynamics: Scope of the program,
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Fukao,Y., Koyama, T., Obayashi, M., and Utada, H., Trans-
Pacific temperature field in the mantle transition region from
seismic and electromagnetic tomography, IFREE REPORT for
2001~2002, .
) Fukao, Y., Toh, A., and Obayashi, M., Whole mantle travel
time tomography using P and PP-P data, J. Geophys. Res., 108,
NA ESE - ESE -, .
) Fukao, Y., Koyama, T., Obayashi, M., and Utada, H., Trans-
Pacific temperature field in the mantle transition region
derived from seismic and electromagnetic tomography, Earth
Planet. Sci. Lett., .
) Fukao, Y., Nishida, K., Suda, N., Nawa, K., and Kobayashi,
N., A theory of the Earth's background free oscillations, J.
Geophys. Res., 107, ESE - ESE -, .
) Fukuyama, E. (Nat. Res. Inst. for Earth Sci. and Disaster
Prevention), Hashimoto, C., and Matsu'ura, M., Simulation of
the transition of earthquake rupture from quasi-static growth to
dynamic propagation, Pure and App. Geophys., 159, -
, .
) Gooday, A. J. (SOC), Kitazato, H., Hori, S. (Shizuoka Univ.),
and Toyofuku, T., Monothalamous soft-shelled foraminifera at
the Abyssal site in the North Pacific: A Preliminary Report, J.
of Oceanography, .
) Gorbatov, A., and Tsuboi, S., Database of short-period waveforms
and times of seismic phase first arrivals, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Hamano, Y., Global time-domain analysis of the electrical
241

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
conductivity structure of the Earth's mantle, IFREE REPORT
for 2001~2002, .
) Hanyu, T., Tatsumi, Y., and Nakai, S., A contribution of slabmelts
to the formation of high-Mg andesite magmas; Hf isotopic
evidence from SW Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, .
) Hanyu, T., Tatsumi, Y., and Nakai, S., Hf isotopic study of
Setouchi high-Mg andesites: Evidence for slab-melts contribution
to magma formation, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Hashimoto, C., and Matsuura, M. (Univ. of Tokyo), -D
Simulation of Earthquake Generation Cycles and Evolution of
Fault Constitutitve Properties, Pure and App. Geophys., 159,
-, .
) Hashimoto, C., -D modelling of plate interfaces and numerical
simulation of long-term crustal deformation in and around
Japan, Pure and App. Geophys., .
) Hashimoto, C., Long-term crustal deformation in and around
Japan, simulated by a -D plate subduction model, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Hattori, Y. (Hiroshima Univ.), Suzuki, K., Honda, M., and
Shimizu, H. (Hiroshima Univ.), Re-Os isotope systematics of
the Taklimakan Desert sands, moraines, and river sediments
and of Tibetan soils, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66
(15A), .
) Heinz, P., Hemleben, Ch., and Kitazato, H., Time-response of
cultured deep-sea benthic foraminifera to different algae diets,
Deep Sea Res., I, 49, -, .
) Hirano, S., Araki, Y., Wada, H., and Sagara Drilling Program
Scientific Party, Lithology and physical properties of core
samples obtained from the Sagara oil field, central Japan:
Preliminary results of the Sagara Drilling Program (SDP),
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Hisamitsu, T., Hirano, S., Sakai, S., Kitazato, H., Murayama,
M., Tadai, O., and Yasuda, H., Liquid gelatin fixation method
for very soft sediment: New technique for sample handling on
non-destructive measurements of soft sedimentary cores by X-
ray CT scanning and Multi-Sensor Core Logger, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Honda, M., Suzuki, K., and Tatsumi, Y., Re-Os isotope systematics
of HIMU oceanic island basalts from Tubuai,
Polynesia, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Honda, M., Yabuki, S., Suzuki, K., Yei, W., and Tatsumi, Y.,
Re-Os isotope systematics in loess and paleosols from the Yili
Basin, NW China: Implications for the loess-paleosol sequence
osmium isotope record, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Hori, T., Physical criterion to evaluate seismic activity associated
with the seismic cycle of great interplate earthquakes,
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Ichiki, M., and Utada, H., Local Sq field behavior around
Japan, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Irino, N., Magma processes recorded in An-rich plagioclase:
Preliminary study from Asama volcano, central Japan, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Isse, T., and Nakanishi, I., Inner-core anisotropy beneath
Australia and differential Rotation, Geophy. J. Int., 151, -
, .
) Isse, T., Suetsugu, D., Shiobara, H., Fukao, Y., Mochizuki, K.,
Kanazawa, T., Sugioka, H., Kodaira, S., and Hino, R.,
Rayleigh wave phase velocities beneath the northeastern
Philippine Sea as determined by data from long term broadband
ocean bottom seismographs, IFREE REPORT for
2001~2002, .
) Itou, M., A novel proxy for oceanic mixed layer depth, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Itou, M., and Noriki, S., Shell fluxes of solution-resistant
planktonic foraminifers as a proxy for mixed-layer depth,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, , , .
) Johnson, S., Preliminary investigation of in-situ, high-pressure,
high-ƒO metasomatism and metamorphism of meta-basalt to
whiteschist, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kadono, T., Sugita, S., Mitani, N. K., Fuyuki, M., Ohno, S.,
Sekine, Y., and Matsui, T., Vapor clouds generated by laser
ablation and hypervelocity impact, Geophys. Res. Lett., .
) Kadono, T., Sugita, S., Mitani, N. K., Fuyuki, M., Ohno, S.,
Sekine, Y., and Matsui, T., Silicate vapor in laser ablation and
hypervelocity impacts, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kameyama, M., and Kaneda, Y., Thermal-mechanical coupling
in shear deformation of viscoelastic material as a model
of frictional constitutive relations, Propellants, Pure and App.
Geophys., 159, -, .
) Kameyama, M., On the relevance of thermal-viscous coupling
as a model of frictional constitutive relationship, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kamiya, S., Suetsugu, D., Fukao, Y., Isse, T., Obayashi, M.,
Tono, Y., and Yoshimitsu, J., Seismic phase project, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kaneda, Y., Kodaira, S., Park, J.-Oh., Nakanishi, A., Iidaka, T.
(ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Kurashimo, E. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo),
Sato, H. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Hirata, N. (ERI, Univ. of
Tokyo), and Iwasaki, T. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo.), Crustal
Structure of Central Japan obtained from Sawa Island, Ryukyu
Arc, J. of Struct. Geology, .
) Kaneda, Y., Plate Dynamics: Scope of the program, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kaneda, Y., Tsuboi, S., and Tatsumi, Y., Data and Sample
Analyses: Scope of the program, IFREE REPORT for
2001~2002, .
242

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
) Kato, A., Ohnaka, M., and Mochizuki, H., Constitutive properties
for the shear failure of intact granite in seismogenic environments,
Geophys. Res., .
) Kato, A., Sakaguchi, A., Yoshida, S., and Mochizuki, H.,
Permeability measurements and precipitation sealing of basalt
in an ancient exhumed fault of a subduction zone, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kido, Y., Fujioka, K., Machida, S., and Sato, H., Present and
fossil serpentine diapirs as sources of geophysical anomalies
along forearc regions of Izu-Bonin-Mariana and Southwest
Japan, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kido, Y., Machida, S., Sato, H., and Fujiwara, K., A serpentine
diapir as a source of magnetic dipole anomalies inferred from
aeromagnetic and surface susceptibility data -As a case study
of the central Shikoku, Southwest Japan, Water and Soil
Envir., .
) Kimura, G., Ikesawa, E., Ujiie, K., Park, J.-Oh., Matsumura,
M., and Hashimoto, Y., A rock of the seismic front in the subduction
zone: Melange including cataclastic fragment of
oceanic crust, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kitazato, H., Paleoenvironment: Scope of the program, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kitazato, H., Nomaki, H., Heinz, P., and T. Nakatsuka, T., The
role of benthic foraminifera in deep-sea food webs at the sediment-water
interface: Results from in situ feeding experiments
in Sagami Bay, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kitazato, H., Tazume, M., and Tsuchiya, M., Phylogenetic
relationships among the species of genus Bulimina
(Foraminifera) inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences,
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kodaira, S., Uhira, K., Tsuru, T., Sugioka, H., and Suyehiro,
K., Seismic image and its implications for an earthquake
swarm at an active volcanic region off the Miyake-jima -
Kozu-shima, Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, No., ,
/ GL, .
) Kodaira, S., Kurashimo, E., Park, J.-Oh., Takahashi, N.,
Nakanishi, A., Miura, S., Iwasaki, T., Hirata, N., Hirata, K.,
Ito, K., and Kaneda, Y., Structural factors controlling the rupture
process of a megathrust earthquake at the Nankai trough
seismogenic zone, Geophys. J. Int., 149, -, .
) Kodaira, S., Nakanishi, A., Park, J.-Oh., Ito, A., Tsuru, T., and
Kaneda, Y., Cyclic ridge subduction at an inter-plate locked
zone off central Japan, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Kogiso, T., and Hirschmann, M. M., Partial melting experiments
of bimineralic eclogite and the origin of ocean island
basalts, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Koyama, T., Fast three-dimensional inversion of the electrical
conductivity structure in a flat Earth, IFREE REPORT for
2001~2002, .
) Kozu, N., Kadono, T., Hiyoshi, R. I., Nakamura, J., Arai, M.,
Tamura, M., and Yoshida, M., Raman spectroscopy of lasershocked
nitrobenzene, Propell., Explosives, Pyrotech., .
) Matsumoto, K., Uchida, M., Kawamura, K., Shibata, Y., and
Morita, M., Compound specific radiocarbon and δ C measurements
of fatty acids in a continental aerosol sample and paleoceanographic
and geochemical significances, IFREE REPORT
for 2001~2002, .
) Matsuoka, J. (Hiroshima Univ.), Kano, A.(Hiroshima Univ.),
Oba, T. (Hokkaido Univ.), Watanabe, T. (Univ. of Tokyo),
Sakai, S., and Seto, K. (Shimane Univ.), Seasonal variation of
stable isotopic compositions recorded in a laminated tufa, SW-
Japan, Earth and Plan. Sci. Lett., .
) Miura, S., Kodaira, S., Nakanishi, A., Tsuru, T., Takahashi, N.,
Hirata, N., and Kaneda, Y., Structural characteristics controlling
the seismicity of southern Japan Trench fore-arc region,
revealed by ocean bottom seismographic data, Tectonophys.,
363, -, .
) Miura, S., Takahashi, N., Nakanishi, A., Ito, A., Kodaira, S.,
Tusru, T., and Kaneda, Y., Seismic velocity structure off
Miyagi fore-arc region, Japan Trench, using ocean bottom
seismographic data, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Miyazaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Shibata, T., and Tatsumi, Y.,
Evaluation of "Re-filaments" in order to obtain high reproducibility
in lead isotope measurements by thermal ionization
mass spectrometer (TIMS), IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
) Mizutani, H., and Geller, R. J., Optimally accurate finite difference
operators for computing synthetic seismograms when
elastic discontinuities do not coincide with the numerical grids,
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Moe, K. T., Tamaki, K., Kuramoto, S., Tada, R., Saito, S., and
Williams, T., Core-log-seismic data integration for high-resolution
seismic stratigraphy, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Naka, J., and Kanamatsu, T., Volcano-stratigraphic history
interpreted from deep sea piston cores collected south of
Hawaii, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Nakanishi, A., Shiobara, H. (Univ. of Tokyo), Hino, R.
(Tohoku Univ.), Mochizuki, K. (Univ. of Tokyo), Sato, T.
(Chiba Univ.), Kasahara, J. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Takahashi,
N., Suyehiro, K., Tokuyama, E. (Univ. of Tokyo), Segawa, J.
(Tokai Univ.), Shinohara, M. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), and
Shimamura, H. (Hokkaido Univ.), Deep crustal structure of the
eastern Nankai Trough and Zenisu Ridge by dense airgun -
OBS seismic profiling, Marine Geol., 187, -, .
) Nakanishi, A., Kodaira, S., Park, J.-Oh., and Kaneda, Y.,
Deformable backstop as seaward end of coseismic slip in the
Nankai Trough seismogenic zone, Earth and Plan. Sci. Lett.,
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
203, -, .
) Nakanishi, A., Shiobara, H. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Hino, R.
(Tohoku Univ.), Kasahara, J., Suyehiro, K., and Shimamura,
H. (Hokkaido Univ.), Crustal structure around the eastern end
of coseismic rupture zone of the Tonankai earthquake,
Tectonophysics, 354, -, .
) Nakanishi, A., Kodaira, S., Park, J.-Oh., and Kaneda, Y.,
Deformable backstop as seaward end of coseismic slip in the
Nankai Trough seismogenic zone, IFREE REPORT for
2001~2002, .
) Nakanishi, A., Takahashi, N., Park, J.-Oh., Miura, S., Kodaira,
S., Kaneda, Y., Hirata, N., Iwasaki, T., and Nakamura, M.,
Crustal structure across the coseismic rupture zone of the
Tonankai earthquake, the central Nankai Trough seismogenic
zone, J. of Geophys. Res., Am. Geophys. Union, 107, -,
.
) Nawa, K., Suda, N., Aoki, S., Shibuya, K., Sato, T., and
Fukao, Y., Sea level variation in seismic normal mode band
observed with on-ice GPS and on-land SG at Syowa station,
Antarctica Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, -, -, .
) Nishida, K., Kobayashi, N., and Fukao, Y., Origin of the
Earth's ground noise from to mHz, Geophys. Res. Lett.,
29, -, -, .
) Niu, F., Kwakatsu, H., and Fukao, Y., A slightly dipping and
strong seismic reflector at mid-depth beneath the Mariana subduction
zone, J. Geophys. Res., .
) Niu, F., Solomon, S. C., Silver, P. G., Suetsugu, D., and Inoue,
H., Mantle transition-zone sructure beneath the South Pacific
Superwell and evidence for a mantle plume underlying the
Society hotspot, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 198, -, .
) Obana, K., Kodaira, S., Kaneda, Y., Mochizuki, K., and
Shinohara, M., Seismicity around the seaward updip limit of
the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone revealed by repeated
OBS observations, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Obayashi, O., Suetsugu, D., and Fukao, Y., PP-P differential
traveltime measurement with crustal correction, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Ogawa, Y., Yamagishi, Y., and Kurita, K., Formation of the
depression on Mars - relating to melting of the permafrost -,
Procc. of the 35th ISAS Lunar and Planet. Symp., -, .
) Ogawa, N. O., and Wada, E., Nitrogen isotope ratio of fish
specimens and sediments as a tool for evaluating recent
changes in lacustrine environments, IFREE REPORT for
2001~2002, .
) Oguri, K., Itou, M., Sakai, S., Hisamitsu, T., Hirano, S.,
Kitazato, H., Koizumi, Y., Fukui, M., and Taira, A., A study
on anoxic environment in brackish lake, Kaiike, Kagoshima
prefecture: A gateway to ocean anoxic events in the Earth history,
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Ohkouchi, N., Eglinton, T., Keigwin, L., and Hayes, J., Spatial
and temporal offsets between proxy records in a sediment drift,
Science, 298, -, .
) Ohkouchi, N., Kuroda, J., Okada, M., and Tokuyama, H., Why
Cretaceous black shales have high C/N ratios: Implications
from SEM-EDX observations for Livello Bonarelli black
shales at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Ohtaki, T., Suetsugu, D., Kanjo, K., and Purwana, I., Evidence
for a thick mantle transition zone beneath the Philippine Sea
from multiple-ScS waves recorded by JISNET, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 29, ./GL, .
) Omori, S., Kamiya, S., Maruyama, S., and Zhao, D.,
Morphology of the intraslab seismic zone and devolatilization
phase equilibria of the subducting slab peridotite, Bull. Earthq.
Res. Inst., 76, -, .
) Ono, S., Mibe, K. (Carnegie Inst.), and Yoshino, T. (Okayama
Univ.), Aqueous fluid connectivity in pyrope aggregates: water
transport into the deep mantle by a subducted oceanic crust
without any hydrous minerals, Earth and Plan. Sci. Lett., 203,
-, .
) Ono, S., The compressibility of a natural composition calcium
ferrite-type aluminous phase to GPa, Phys. of the Earth and
Plan. Interiers, .
) Ono, S., Ito, E. (Okayama Univ.), and Katsura, T. (Okayama
Univ.), Mineralogy of subducted basaltic crust (MORB) from
- GPa, and chemical heterogeneity of the lower mantle,
Earth and Plan. Sci. Lett., .
) Ono, S., Hirose, K., Isshiki, M., Mibe, K., and Saito, Y.,
Equation of state of hexagonal aluminous phase of natural
composition to GPa at K, Phys. and Chem. of Minerals,
29, -, .
) Ono, S., Hirose, K., Murakami, M., and Isshiki, M., Poststishovite
phase boundary in SiO determined by in situ X-ray
observations, Earth and Plan. Sci. Lett., 197, -, .
) Ono, S., Mineralogy of peridotite and basalt at the Earth's
lower-mantle pressures, Acta Crystallographica, Sec. A 58
(Supp.), .
) Ono, S., Phase boundary of silicon dioxide SiO determined by
in situ X-ray and laser heating technique, SPring-8 Res.
Frontier, .
) Ono, S., Suto, T. (Tokyo Inst. Tech.), Hirose, K. (Tokyo Inst.
Tech.), Kuwayama, Y. (Tokyo Inst. Tech.), Komabayashi, T.
(Tokyo Inst. Tech.), and Kikegawa, T. (KEK), Equation of
state of Al-bearing stishovite to GPa at K, American
Min., 87, -, .
) Ono, S., Mineralogy and phase transitions in the lower mantle,
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Ono, S., Hirose, K., Nishiyama, N., and Isshiki, M., Phase
244

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
bountary between rutile - type and CaCl - type germanium
dioxide determined by in situ X-ray observations, Am.
Mineral., 87, -, .
) Park, J.-Oh., Tsuru, T., Kodaira, S., Cummins, P. R., and
Kaneda, Y., Splay Fault Branching Along the Nankai
Subduction Zone, Science, 297, -, .
) Park, J.-Oh, Tsuru, T., Takahashi, N., Hori, T., Kodaira, S.,
Nakanishi, A., Miura, M., and Kaneda, Y., A deep strong reflector
in the Nankai accretionary wedge from multichannel seismic
data: Implications for underplating and interseismic shear stress
release, J. of Geophys. Res., 107, , ./, .
) Park, J.-Oh., Splay fault branching along the Nankai subduction
zone, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Saita, T., Suetsugu, D., Ohtaki, T., Takenaka, H., Kanjo, K.,
and Purwana, I., Transition zone thickness beneath Indonesia
as inferred using the receiver function method for data from
the JISNET regional broadband seismic network, Geophys.
Res. Lett., 29, ./GL, .
) Sakaguchi, A., Tectonic setting of seismic faulting characterized
by repeated pseudotachylyte formation in an ancient subduction
zone, Okitsu Melange, Shimanto accretionary complex,
SW Japan, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Sakai, S., and Kano, A. (Hiroshima Univ.), Original oxygen
isotopic composition of planktic foraminifers preserved in diagenetically
altered Pleistocene shallow-marine carbonates,
Marine Geol., .
) Sakai, S., Quaternary sea surface temperatures and reef development
inferred from δ O of planktic foraminifers in shallowwater
carbonates, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Sakamoto, T., Tanabe, T., Shimizu, H., Iijima, K., Ikehara, M.,
Kimura, N., Aoki, K., Nakatsuka, T., and Wakatsuchi, M.,
Millennium scale sudden and abrupt sea-ice expansion events in
the Sea of Okhotsk based on analysis of ice-rafted debris (IRD)
in marine sediment cores, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Sato, K., Tatsumi, Y., Prikhodko, V. (Inst. Geology and
Tectonics, Russia), and Bretstein, Y. S. (Inst. Geology and
Tectonics, Russia), Cenozoic volcanism in northern Sikhote
Alin, FAR EAST Russia, and its implication for the opening of
the Japan Sea, Geologica, .
) Sato, K., Tatsumi, Y., and Prikhodko, V., Cenozoic volcanism
in northern Sikhote Alin, Far East Russia, and its implication for
the opening of the Japan Sea, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Seki, O., Ishiwatari, R., and Matsumoto, K., Millennial climate
oscillations in NE Pacific surface waters over the last kyr:
New evidence from alkenones, Geophys. Res. Lett., .
) Senshu, H., Matsui, T. (Univ. of Tokyo), and Kuramoto, K.
(Hokkaido Univ.), Thermal Evolution of a Growing Mars,
Geophys. Res., .
) Senshu, H., Shock heating of silicate-metal mixture, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Shibata, T., Yoshikawa, M., and Tatsumi, Y., An analytical
method for determining precise Sr and Nd isotopic compositions
and results for thirteen rock standard materials, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Shinotsuka, K., Suzuki, K., and Tatsumi, Y., Determination of
platinum group elements using preconcentration by nickel sulfide
fire assay, followed by tellurium coprecipitation, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Shiobara, H., Fukao, Y., Suetsugu, D., Sugioka, H., Kanazawa,
T., and Suyehiro, K., Polynesia broadband ocean bottom seismic
observation project, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Shukuno, H., Quantitative analysis of rock-forming minerals
and volcanic glasses by electron probe microanalyzer, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Smith, A. J., Baba, T., and Cummins, P. R., Seismicity within
the subducting Philippine Sea Plate, southwest Japan: Defining
a detailed -D plate interface, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Suetsugu, D., Saita, T., Takenaka, H., and Niu, F., Seismological
constraints on structure of the mantle transition zone beneath the
South Pacific and its implication for the ascending process of hot
plumes, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Suzuki, T., and Takahashi, E., Development of a MPa type
internally heated gas pressure vessel, IFREE REPORT for
2001~2002, .
) Suzuki, K., Aizawa, Y., and Tatsumi, Y., Osmium and rhenium
transport during serpentinite dehydration at . GPa,
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Suzuki, K., and Honda, M., Analytical procedure for osmium
and rhenium isotopes, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Takahashi, N., Kodaira, S., Nakanishi, A., Park, J.-Oh., Miura, S.,
Tsuru, T., Kaneda, Y., Suyehiro, K., Hirata, N. (ERI, Univ. of
Tokyo), and Iwasaki, T. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Seismic structure
of the western end of the Nankai trough seismogenic zone, J. of
Geophys. Res., 107, B, , dol:./JB,
.
) Takeuchi, N., Watada, S., Tsuboi, S., Fukao, Y., Kobayashi,
M., Matsuzaki, Y., and Nakamura, T., Application of distributed
object technology to seismic waveform distribution,
Seism. Res. Lett., , -, .
) Tamura, Y., Tatsumi, Y., Zhao, D., Kido, Y., and Shukuno, H.,
Hot fingers in the mantle wedge: new insights into magma genesis
in subductioin zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 197, -
, .
) Tamura, Y., and Tatsumi, Y., Remelting of an andesitic crust as
a possible origin for rhyolitic magma in oceanic arcs: an exam-
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
ple from the Izu-Bonin arc, J. of Petrol., 43, -, .
) Tamura, Y., A dynamic model of hot fingers in the mantle
wedge in northeast Japan, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Tamura, Y., Irino, N., and Shukuno, H., Remelting and antifractionation
of andesite magma body in Daisen volcano,
Japan, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Tanaka, H., Wang, C. Y., Chen, W. M., Sakaguchi, A., Ujiie,
K., Ito, H., and Ando, M., Initial science report of shallow
drilling into the Chelungpu fault zone, Taiwan, Terr. Atom.
and Ocean Sci., 13, -, .
) Tani, K., Compositional variations of the Tanzawa plutonic
complex, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Tatsumi, Y., Syukuno, H., Sato, K., Shibata, T. (Inst. for geothermal
sci., Kyoto Univ.), and Yoshikawa, M. (Inst. for geothermal
sci., Kyoto Univ.), The Petrology and Geochemistry of
High-Mg Andesites at the Western Tip of the Setouchi volcanic
belt, SW Japan, J. of Petrol., .
) Tatsumi, Y., Nakashima, T., and Tamura, Y., The petrology
and geochemistry of calc-alkaline andesites on Shodo-Shima
Island, SW Japan, J. of Petrol., 43, -, .
) Tatsumi, Y., Geochemical Evolutio: Scope of the program,
IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Tatsumi, Y., and Kogiso, T., The subduction factory: Its role in
the evolution of the Earth's mantle, IFREE REPORT for
2001~2002, .
) Tatsumi, Y., Genetic linkage between calc-alkalic andesites
and continental crusts: Contributions from NE Japan, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Tatsumi, Y., Shukuno, H., Sato, K., Shibata, T., and
Yoshikawa, M., The petrology and geochemistry of high-Mg
andesites at the western tip of the Setouchi volcanic belt, SW
Japan, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Tono, Y., Fukao, Y., and Takeuchi, N., Determination of arrival
time of diffracted P-waves by comparison of observed and synthetic
waveforms, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Tsuboi, S., Saito, M. (Yokohama City Univ.), and Kikuchi, M.
(Univ. of Tokyo), Real-time Earthquake Warning by Using
Broadband P Waveform, Geophys. Res. Lett., .
) Tsuboi, S., and Saito, M. (Yokohama City Univ.), Existence of
finite rigidity layer at the base of the Earth's liquid outer core
inferred from anomalous splitting of normal modes, Earth
Planets Space, 54, , -, .
) Tsuboi, S., and Saito, M., Physical significance of soft core
splitting modes of the Earth, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Tsuru, T., Park, J.-Oh., Miura, S., Kodaira, S., Kido, Y., and
Hayashi, T., Along-arc structural variation of the plate boundary
at the Japan Trench margin: Implication of interplate coupling,
JGR Solid Earth, .
) Tsuru, T., Park, J.-Oh., Miura, S., Takahashi, N., Nakanishi,
A., Kido, Y., Kodaira, S., and Kaneda, Y., Interplate sedimentary
layers observed by MCS reflection survey at the Japan
Trench margin, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Ujiie, K., Evolution and kinematics of an ancient decollement
zone, melange in the Shimanto accretionary complex of
Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Arc, J. of Str. Geology, 24, -,
.
) Ujiie, K., Deformation history recorded in accreted sediments
in an evolved portion of the Nankai accretionary prism, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Volti, T., Kaneda, Y., Zatsepin, S., and Crampin, S., Shear-
Wave splitting in Nankai trough (Japan) using ocean bottom
seismometers and Hinet data, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002,
.
) Wallace, P. J., Frederick, F. A., Weis, D., and Coffin, M.,
Origin and evolution of the Kerguelen Plateau, broken ridge
and Kerguelen Archipelago: Edit., J. of Peterol., .
) Wertz, K. L., Mosher, S., Daczko N. R., and Coffin, M. F.,
Macquarie Island's Finch-Langdon fault: A ridge-transform
inside corner structure, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Yamagishi, Y., and Yanagisawa, T., Modelling for convective
heat transport based on mixing length theory, IFREE REPORT
for 2001~2002, .
) Yamaguchi, K. E., Evolution of the geochemical cycles of redoxsensitive
elements, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Yamaguchi, K. E., Some problems associated with the analysis
and interpretation of mass-independent fractionation of sulfur
isotopes: Implications for the Earth's early sulfur cycle, IFREE
REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Yamamoto, Y. (Tokyo Inst. of Tech.), Shimura, K. (Tokyo
Inst. of Tech.), Tsunakawa, H. (Tokyo Inst. of Tech.), Kogiso,
T., Uto, K. (AIST), Barsczus, H. G. (The Second Univ. of
Montpellier), Oda, H. (AIST), Yamazaki, T. (AIST), and
Kikawa, E., Geomagnetic paleosecular variation for the past
Ma in the Society Islands, French Polynesia, Earth, Plan. and
Space J., 54, -, .
) Yamamura, K., Sano, O., Utada, H., Takei, Y., Nakao, S., and
Fukao, Y., Long-term observation of in situ seismic velocity
and attenuation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, ESE -, ESE -,
.
) Yanagisawa, T., and Hamano, Y., Experimental study of the
transition time of convection patterns, and its application to the
Wilson cycle, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Zhao, S., Wu, X., Hori, T., Smith, A., Kaneda, Y., and
Takemoto, S., Deformation and stress localization at the
Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, Earth and Plan. Sci.
Lett., 206, -, Jan. .
246

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
) Zhao, S., and Müller, R. D., Effect of crustal heterogeneities
on deformation and stress change associated with faulting,
Proc. of Int. Workshop on Phys. of Active Fault, -,
.
) Zhao, S., Deen, T. J., and Müller, R. D., D finite element modelling
of the northwest Australian stress field, PESA Review,
-, Jan. .
) Zhao, J., Wu, X., Hori, T., Smith, A., Kaneda, Y., and Takemoto,
S., Plate subduction and stress localization at the Nankai trough,
southwest Japan, IFREE REPORT for 2001~2002, .
) Zheng, Z., Tanaka, H., Tatsumi, Y., and Kono, M., Basalt platforms
in Inner Mongoria and Hebei Province, northeastern
China: new K-Ar ages, geochemistries, and revision of paleomagnetic
results, Geophys. J. Int., 151, -, .
Talks and Presentations
) Baba, T., Cummins, P. R., Hori, T., Townend, J., and Uhira,
K., Stress orientations in southwest Japan determined by focal
mechanism stress inversion, Western Pacific Geophys. Meet.,
SED- (poster sess.), .
) Baumgardner, J. R. (Los Almos Nat. Lab.), Yamagishi, Y., and
Stegman, D. R. (Univ. of California), Efficient Visual Data
Exploration in High-Resolution Global Dynamical Models of
the Earth's Mantle, AGU Fall Meet., .
) Fukao, Y., Koyama, T., Obayashi, M., and Utada, H., Trans-
Pacific Cross-section of Temperature Field in the Mantle
Transition Region From Seismic and Geoelectromagnetic
Tomography, AGU Fall Meet., .
) Fukao, Y., Tomographic imaging of subducted slabs and mantle
plumes (Invited talk), Misasa Geodynamics Workshop,
Misasa Japan, Oct. .
) Fukao, Y., Origin of Earth's ground noise at -mHz, th
IRIS Annual Workshop, Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA., June
.
) Fukao, Y., Trans-Pacific temperature field in the mantle transition
region from seismic and electromagnetic tomography,
AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, Dec. .
) Goto, T., Seama, N. (Kobe Univ.), Ichiki, M., Baba, K.,
Schwalenberg, K. (Univ. of Tronto), Tada, N. (Kobe Univ.),
Iwamoto, H. (Kobe Univ.), Utada, H. (Univ. of Tokyo),
Suyehiro, K., and Tada, N. (Kobe Univ.), The Mantle
Conductivity Structure below the Mariana Island Arc, AGU
Fall Meet., .
) Goto, T., Suyehiro, K., Mikada, H., Utada, H. (Univ. of
Tokyo), Shima, N. (Kobe Univ.), Nogi, Y. (Nat. Inst. of Polar
Res.), Baba, K., Ichiki, M., and Tada, N. (Kobe Univ.), Ocean
Bottom Electoromagnetic Observation in the Mariana Region,
The Japan Earth and Plan. Sci., Joint Meet., .
) Goto, T., Seama, N. (Kobe Univ.), Ichiki, M., Baba, K.,
Schwalenberg, K. (Univ. of Toronto), Tada, N. (Kobe Univ.),
Iwamoto, H. (Kobe Univ.), Utada, H. (Univ. of Tokyo),
Suyehiro, K., and Toh, H. (Toyama Univ.), The Mantle
Conductivity Structure below the Mariana Island Arc, IUGG,
.
) Goto, T., Seama, N. (Kobe Univ.), Ichiki, M., Baba, K.
(WHOI), Schwalenberg, K. (Univ. of Toronto), Tada, N. (Kobe
Univ.), Iwamoto, H. (Kobe Univ.), Utada, H. (Univ. of Tokyo),
Suyehiro, K., and Toh, H. (Toyama Univ.), Mantle conductivity
structure below the Mariana island arc, Soc. of Geomag. and
Earth, Plan. and Space Sci., Fall Meet., .
) Hanyu, T., Dunai, J. (Vrije Univ. Amsterdam), Davies, G. R.
(Vrije Univ. Amsterdam), Nakai, S. (Univ. of Tokyo), et al.,
Rare gas and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope systematics of Deccan flood
basalts, Goldschmidt Conf., (poster session), .
) Hanyu, T., Noble gas study of the Hawaiian hotspot, Hakone
Plume Symp., .
) Hori, T., and Kaneda, Y., A new criterion to evaluate seismic
activity associated with the seismic cycle of great interplate
earthquakes, Seism. Soc. of America, Ann. Meet. (poster
sess.), .
) Hori, T., Cummins, P. R., Baba, T., and Kaneda, Y., Deep
structures control the source process of the Nankai earthquakes,
The Japan Earth and Plan. Sci., Joint Meet., .
) Ichiki, M., Utada, H. (Univ. of Tokyo), and Shimizu, H. (Univ.
of Tokyo), Local Sq Field Behaviour around Japan, The th
Electromagnetic Induction Workshop (poster sess.), June .
) Ichiki, M., Utada, H. (Univ. of Tokyo), Asari, S. (Univ. of
Tokyo), and Koyama, T., A study on the phase shift of Sq field
around Japan Arc (III), The Japan Earth Plan. Sci., Joint
Meet. (poster sess.), .
) Isse, T., Regional differences of the anisotropy and differential
rotation of the inner core, The th Symp. of SEDI (poster
sess.), .
) Isshiki, M., Irifune, T., Kurio, A., Hirose, K., Ono, S.,
Nisibori, E., Ohishi, Y., and Wataki, T., Stability of magnesite
under the lower mantle conditions, AGU Fall Meeting, .
) Ito, A., Takahashi, N., Obana, K., Nakanishi, A., Miura, S.,
Tsuru, T., Park, J.-Oh., Kodaira, S., Kaneda, Y., and Hino, R.
(Tohoku Univ.), Seismic structure of the plate boundary zone
off-Aomori by airgun-OBS survey, Joint Meet. of Earth and
Plan. Sci., .
) Ji, T. (Univ. of Tokyo), Utada, H. (Univ. of Tokyo), Ueshima,
M. (Univ. of Tokyo), Zhao, G. (Seismo. Bureau of China), and
Ichiki, M., A study on electric resistivity structure beneath the
Tianchi volcanic area of Changbaishan Mountain, NE China,
and dynamic process, The Japan Earth and Plan. Sci.,
Joint Meet. (poster sess.), .
) Johnson, S. P., and Rivers, T., The anatomy of the
247

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
Neoproterozoic high- to ultra-high-pressure Zampezi and
Lufilian belts, central southern Africa: implications for the
amalgamation of West Gondwanaland, Ultra-high-press.
Metamorph. Symp., Beijin, China, Sept. .
) Johnson, S.P., In-situ, high-pressure, high ƒO metasomatism
of amphibolite to whiteschist: Implications for a rare matamorphic
process in the lower crust, Penrose Conf., Precambria
HP/HT granulite facites matamorpism: A key to understanding
the lower crust and reconstructing Precambrian Plate tectonics,
Beijinn, .
) Kameyama, M., On the Relevance of Thermal-Viscous
Coupling as a Model of Frictional Constitutive Relationship,
West. Pac. Geophys. Meet., .
) Kaneda, Y., Kodaira, S., Park, J.-Oh., Nakanishi, A., Iidaka, T.
(ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Kurashimo, E. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo),
Sato, H. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Hirata, N. (ERI, Univ. of
Tokyo), and Iwasaki, T. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Crustal
Structure of Central Japan obtained from Seismic Surveys -
Role of structure in megathrust earthquake occurrence - ,
IUGG, .
) Kido, Y., Serpentine landslide distribution derived from magnetic
measurement, st Int. Symp. of the Kanazawa Univ. stcentury
COE Prog., .
) Kido, Y., Tsuru, T., Nakanishi, A., Kaneda, Y., Fujioka, K.,
R/V Kairei and Yokosuka Shipboad scientific party,
Geophysical Investigation at the juncture of the Japan Trench
and Kuril Trench - box survey results by R/V Kairei KR-
and Yokosuka YK- cruises -, Seism. Soc. of Japan,
Fall meet., .
) Kido, Y., Seama, N., Nogi, Y., Iwamoto, H., Matsuno, T.,
Kitada, K., and Goto, T., Geophysical features on Mariana
forearc serpentine seamounts by R/V Yokosuka, AGU Fall
Meet., .
) Kodaira, S., Nakanishi, A., Ito, A., and Kaneda, Y., Central
Japan Onshore-Offshore Wide-angle Seismic Survey, AGU,
Fall Meet., .
) Kodaira, S., Nakanishi, A., Park, J.-Oh., and Kaneda, Y.,
Structural factors controlling ruptures of mega-thrust earthquakes
in the Nankai trough: results from wide-angle seismic
studies, The Joint Meet. of Japan Earth and Plan. Sci.,
.
) Kodaira, S., Park, J.-Oh., Nakanishi, A., Tsuru, T., Uhira, K.,
Ito, A., and Kaneda, Y., A possibility of cyclic ridge subduction
off the Tokai district inferred from integrated active seismic
studies, The Joint Meet. of Japan Earth and Plan.
Sci., .
) Kodaira, S., Nakanishi, A., Park, J.-Oh., and Kaneda, Y.,
SEISMOGENIC PROCESSES IN THE NANKAI TROUGH:
RESULTS FORM WIDE-ANGLE SEISMIC SURVEYS, th
Europ. Geophys. Soc. Gen. Ass., April .
) Kodaira, S., Nakanishi, A., Park, J.-Oh., Ito, A., Tsuru, T.,
Kaneda, Y., Iidaka, T., Kurashimo, E., Sato, H., and Iwasaki,
T., A role of subducting oceanic crust for mega-thrust earthquakes
at the Nankai margin, central Japan, deduced from seismic
imaging, The th Int. Symp. on deep seism. profiling of
the continents and their margins, Jan. .
) Kogiso, T., and Hirschmann, M. M. (Univ. of Minnesota),
Partial Melting Experiments of Bimineralic Ecologite and the
Origin of Ocean Island Basalts, AGU, Fall Meet., .
) Kogiso, T., Hirschmann, M. M. (Univ. of Minnesota), and
Reiners, P. E. (Yale Univ.), Length scales of mantle heterogeneities
in basalt source regions: constraints from basalt geochemistry,
th Int. Workshop on Orogenic Lherzolite and
Mantle Proc., .
) Kogiso, T., Hirschmann, M. M. (Univ. of Minnesota),
Pertermann, M. (Univ. of Minnesota), and Frost, D. J.
(Bayreuth Univ.), Role of pyroxenite partial melting in the
genesis of ocean island basalts, th Int. Workshop on Orogenic
Lherzolite and Mantle Proc., .
) Kogiso, T., and Hirschmann, M. M. (Univ. of Minnesota),
Mantle heterogeneity and recycling of subducted crust constrained
by pyroxenite melting experiments, The Joint
Meeting of Earth and Planet. Sci., May .
) Koyama, T., Shimizu, H., and Utada, H. (Univ. of Tokyo),
Three-dimensional conductivity structure in the mid-mantle
beneath the north Pacific, The th Electromag. Induct.
Workshop, .
) Koyama, T., Tsuboi, S., Ichiki, M., Shimizu, H. (Univ. of
Tokyo), Utada, H. (Univ. of Tokyo), Nakashima, T. (Fujitsu
Co. Ltd.), and Arai, T. (Fujitsu Co. Ltd.), A NEW NET-
WORKED ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM, IUGG, .
) Matsumoto, K., Uchida, M., Kawamura, K., Shibata, Y., and
Morita, M., COMPOUND SPECIFIC RADIOCARBON MEA-
SUREMENTS OF FATTY ACIDS IN CONTINENTAL
AEROSOL SAMPLES AND THEIR SOURCES, AMS-
(poster session), .
) Nakanishi, A., Kurashimo, E. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Miura,
S., Obana, K., Kodaira, S., Tsuru, T., Park, J.-Oh., Takahashi,
N., Kaneda, Y., Hirata, N. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), and Iwasaki,
T. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Crustal transect of the Kuril arctrench
system obtained from the onshore-offshore wide-angle
seismic study, The Japan Earth and Plan. Sci., Joint
Meet., .
) Nakanishi, A., Kurashimo, E. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Miura,
S., Kodaira, S., Takahashi, N., Tsuru, T., Obana, K., Kaneda,
Y., Hirata, N. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), and Iwasaki, T. (ERI,
Univ. of Tokyo), Subduction seismogenic zone structure of the
248

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
Kuril arc-trench system as revealed from onshore-offshore
wide angle seismic profiles, The th Int. Symp. on deep seismic
profilling of the continents and their margines (poster
sess.), .
) Nakanishi, A., Kurashimo, E. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Miura,
S., Kodaira, S., Takahashi, N., Tsuru, T., Obana, K.,
Kaneda,Y., Hirata, N. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), and Iwasaki, T.
(ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), Tectonics of the southernmost Kuril
arc-trench system built on the paleo-continental margin, The
th Int. Symp. on deep seismic profilling of the continents
and their margines (poster sess.), .
) Obayashi, M., Sugioka, H., and Fukao, Y., Seismic Slow
Anomalies in the Deep Upper Mantle Oceanward of
Subducting Slabs, AGU, Fall Meet., .
) Ono, S., Aqueous fluid connectivity in pyrope aggregates at
upper mantle conditions, AGU, Fall Meet., .
) Ono, S., Mineralogy of peridotite and basalt at the Earth's
lower-mantle pressures, XIX Cong. and Gen. Ass. of the Int.
Union of Crystallography, .
) Park, J.-Oh., Splay Fault Branching From the Nankai
Subduction Megathrust, UJNR Earthquake Res. Panel: The th
Joint Meet., .
) Park, J.-Oh., Tsuru, T., Smith, A., Ito, A., Kodaira, S., and
Kaneda, Y., A subducted ridge as earthquake barrier:
Preliminary results of KAIREI multichannel seismic survey
(KR-), The th Shinkai Symp., .
) Park, J.-Oh., Tsuru, T., Takahashi, N., Kodaira, S., and
Kaneda, Y., Seismic Reflection Image Across the Izu-Bonin
Island Arc System, AGU, Fall Meet. (poster sess.), .
) Park, J.-Oh., Tsuru, T., Kodaira, S., and Kaneda, Y., Backstop
structure and subduction megathrust earthquakes: the
Hyuga-nada earthquake (M.), West. Pac. Geophys.
Meet., .
) Park, J.-Oh., Tsuru, T., Kodaira, S., and Kaneda, Y., Seismic
reflection image of the Nankai accretionary wedge, The
Japan Earth and Plan. Sci., Joint Meet., .
) Park, J.-Oh., Tsuru, T., Kodaira, S., Hori, T., and Kaneda, Y.,
Structural constraints on subduction megathrust earthquakes in
Hyuga-nada region, Seismogen. Soc. of Japan, Fall Meet.,
.
) Park, J.-Oh., Tsuru, T., Kido, Y., Moe, K. T., Kodaira, S.,
Kaneda, Y., Takahashi, N., Watanabe, K., and Taniguchi, K.,
Multichannel seismic reflection image across the Izu-Bonin
island arc system: preliminary results, Seism. Soc. of Japan,
Fall Meet., .
) Park, J.-Oh., Tsuru, T., Kido, Y., Takahash, N., Kodaira, S.,
and Kaneda, Y., Structure across the Izu-Bonin island arc system:
Preliminary results of KAIREI multichannel seismic survey
(KR-), The th Shinkai Symp., .
) Ruttenberg, K. C., and Ogawa, N. O., A high through-put
solid-phase extraction manifold for quantifying different forms
of phosphorus and ion in particulate matter and sediments, The
th int. symp. on the geochem. of the earth sci. (GES-),
Hawaii, USA, May .
) Sakamoto, T., and Ikehara, M., Reconstructing sea-ice history
in the Sea of Okhotsk: a window into the glacial world, Int.
Symp. and Workshop "Land-Ocean Linkage in East Asia-NW
Pacific", .
) Sakamoto, T., New proposal of the Sea of Okhotsk and far
north Japan Sea for IODP, Int. Symp. and Workshop - "Land-
Ocean Linkage in East Asia-NW Pacific", .
) Sakamoto, T., High resolution paleoceanographic research in
the SE Okhotsk, IMAGES MD- Core analysis, Joint
meet. of Japanese-Korean Scientists by JSPS fellow, .
) Sakamoto, T., New development of non-destructive XRF
corescanner, TATSCAN F and F, Joint meet. of Japanese-
Korean Scientists by JSPS fellow, .
) Sato, K., Tatsumi, Y., Prikhodko, V. (Inst. Tectonics and
Geophys., Khabarovsk, Russia), and Bretstein, Y. S. (Inst.
Tectonics and Geophys., Khabarovsk, Russia), Cenozoic volcanism
in Sikhote Alin, Russia: Transition of magma type
associated with backarc opening, Goldschimit incoporated
with ICOG, .
) Suzuki, K., Honda, M., Shinotsuka, K., Shimoda, H. (AIST),
and Tatsumi, Y., Pt-Os and Re-Os systematics of ocean island
basalts: Preliminary results, th Annual meet. of the
Geochem. Soc. of Japan, .
) Suzuki, K., Honda, M., Shinotsuka, K., Shimoda, H. (AIST),
and Tatsumi, Y., Pt-Os and Re-Os systematics of ocean island
basalts: Preliminary results, Japan Earth and Plan. Sci.,
Joint Meet. (poster sess.), .
) Tatsumi, Y., and Tamura, Y., Genetic linkage between calcalkalic
andesites and continental crusts: contributions from NE
Japan, The Joint Meet. of Japan Earth and Plan. Sci.,
.
) Tatsumi, Y., and Kogiso, T., The subduction factory: Its role in
the evolution of the mantle reservoirs, The Goldschmidt
Conf., Davos, Switzerland, .
) Tatsumi, Y., Genetic linkage between calc-alkalic andesites
and continental crusts, The Goldschmidt Conf., Davos,
Switzerland, .
) Tatsumi, Y., The subduction factory: its role in the evolution
of the solid Earth, Living Earth Symp., Carnegie Inst. of
Washington, USA, .
) Tatsumi, Y., The subduction factory: its role in the evolution
of the crust and mantle of the Earth, The rd Ann. EDC
Geotherm. Conf. (GEOCON), Manila, .
) Tatsumi, Y., Implications of subduction zones for planetary
249

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
evolution, NSF-IFREE Margins Subduction Factory, IBM Arc
Workshop, Honolulu, USA, .
) Townend, J., Cummins, P. R., Hori, T., and Kaneda, Y., An
Integrated Earthquake Catalog for Seismicity and Stress-inversion
Studies in Central and Southwest Japan, Seism. Soc. of
America, Ann. Meet., April .
) Tsuru, T., Park, J.-Oh., Miura, S., and Kaneda, Y., Seismic
reflection imaging of seismogenic zones structures at Japan
Trench convergent margin, The st UE Kyoto (poster sess.),
.
) Tsuru, T., Park, J.-Oh., Miura, S., Ito, A., Fujie, G., Katayama,
T., Kaneda, Y., and Kasahara, J. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo),
Preliminary report of a two-ship seismic reflection experiment
off Kumanonada, southwest Japan, Amerian Geophys. Union,
.
) Tsuru, T., Miura, S., Kaneda, Y., and Park, J.-Oh., Underthrust
sediments observed at the southern Japan Trench and its implication
of the interplate coupling, Europian Ass. of
Geoscientists & Engineers (poster sess.), .
) Wada, K., Senshu, H., Yamamoto, S. (Univ. of Tokyo), and
Matsui, T. (Univ. of Tokyo), A Numerical Simulation of
Impacts into Granular Materials by Distinct Element Method,
th Lunar and Plan. Sci. Conf., Lunar and Plan. Inst.,
Houston, Texas, USA, .
) Yamagishi, Y., and Yanagisawa, T., Modeling for Convective
Heat Transport Based on Mixing Length Theory, AGU,
Fall Meet. (poster session), .
) Yanagisawa, T., and Kumagai, I. (Earth & Planet. Sci., Tokyo
Inst. of Tech.), An Experimental Model of Magma Ocean and
Core Formation, Superplume Workshop, Tokyo, .
) Zhao, S., Hori, T., Smith, A., and Kaneda, Y., Aseismic deformation,
plate subduction and stress localization in Kanto-
Tokai, Central Japan, Seism. Soc. of Japan Fall Meeting,
Yokohama, Nov. -, .
) Zhao, S., Kaneda, Y., and Takemoto, S., Aseismic fault slip
and stress change before large intraplate earthquakes, The
Joint Meeting of Japan Earth and Plan. Sci., Tokyo, May
-, .
) Zhao, S., Kaneda, Y., and Takemoto, S., Plate interaction and
stress change along the Japanese islands, The Joint
Meeting of Earth and Plan. Sci., Tokyo, May -, .
(8) Frontier Research System for Global Change
Publications
) Akimoto, H., Ozone, Chemistry of the Troposphere and Global
Environment (Gakkai Shuppan Center), -, (In
Japanese).
) Anguluri, S. R., S. K. Behera, Y. Masumoto (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), and T. Yamgata (FRSGC /Univ. of Tokyo), Interannual
variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean with a Special
Emphasis on the Indian Ocean Dipole, Deep-sea Res.-II, , ,
-, .
) Anguluri, S. R., V. V. Gopalakrishna (National Institute of
Oceanography, India), S. R. Shetye (National Institute of
Oceanography, India), and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), Why were cool SST anomalies absent in the Bay of
Bengal during the Indian Ocean Dipole?, Geophys. Res.
Lett., , , -- - (, ./ GL),
) Behera, S. K., and T. Yamatgata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the Southern
Oscillation, J. Meteoro. Soc. Japan, , , -, .
) Bian, L., R. L. Colony and X. Zhang, Observational estimates
of heat budgets over the Arctic open water and sea-ice in summer,
Science in China (Series D), , , -, .
) Chand, D. (Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, india).,
S. Lal (PRL, Ahmedabad, India), and M. Naja, Variations of
ozone in the marine boundary layer over the Arabian Sea and
the Indian Ocean during the and INDOEX campaigns,
J. Geophys. Res., , D, ACH-- - ACH--
(doi:./JD ), .
) Chiba, S., and T. Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), Interdecadal
change in upper water environment altered spring diatom community
structure in the Japan Sea: an early summer hypothesis,
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., , -, .
) Chiba, S., Breakthrough of plankton study for global change,
Bulletin of the Plankton Society of Japan, , , -,
(In Japanese).
) Chiba, S., The Plankton Center for Global Change, Ship &
Ocean Newsletter, , - , (In Japanese).
) Chiba, S., and T. Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), Response of
lower trophic level ecosystem to climate change in the Japan
Sea, Kaiyo Monthly, , , -, (In Japanese).
) Cohen, J. (Atmospheric and Environmental Research Inc.), and
K. Saito, A Test for Annular Modes, J. Clim., , , -
, .
) Cohen, J. (Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.), K
Saito, and D. Salstein (Atmospheric and Environmental
Research, Inc.), A dynamical framework to understand and
predict the major Northern Hemisphere mode, Geophys. Res.
Lett., , , --- (./GL), .
) Donohue, K., E. Firing, D. Rowe, A. Ishida, and H. Mitsudera,
Equatorial Pacific subsurfce countercurrents in JAMSTEC
high-resolution OGCM, J. Phys. Oceanogr., , -,
.
) Fujii, M. (Hokkaido University), Y. Nojiri (National Institute
for Environmental Studies), Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), and M.J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), A onedimensional
ecosystem model applied to time-series Station
250

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
KNOT, Deep-sea Res. II, , -, -, .
) Fujii, M.(Hokkaido Univ.), and Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/
Hokkaido Univ.), Effect of climate variability on the marine
ecosystem and biogeochemical cycles, Kaiyo Monthly, , -
, (In Japanese).
) Fukuda, H., X. Guo (FRSGC/Ehime Univ.), and T. Yamagata
(FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), A Numerical Model Study of
Furiwakeshio, Umi no Kenkyu, , , - , (In
Japanese).
) Guo, L., N. Tanaka, D.M. Schell, and P.H. Santsch, Nitrogen
and carbon isotopic composition of high-molecular-weight
dissolved organic matter in marine environments, Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser., , -, .
) Guo, X. (FRSGC/Ehime Univ.), H. Hukuda, Y. Miyazawa, and
T. Yamagata (FRSGC/ Univ. of Tokyo), A triply nested ocean
model for simulating the Kuroshio - Roles of horizontal resolution
on JEBAR-, J. Phys. Oceanogr., , , -, .
) Hargreaves, J., and J. D. Annan, Assimilation of paleo-data in a
simple Earth System model, Clim. Dyn. J., , -, .
) Honda, M., and H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Seasonal dependence of dominant variability in the wintertime
Northern Hemisphere and its impacts on the surface weather,
Gross Wetter, , - , (In Japanese).
) Ikeda, M. (FRSGC/Hokkaido University), Approximated variational
method for ocean data assimilation, J. Oceanogr., -
, .
) Ikeda, M. (FRSGC/Hokkaido University), J. Wang, and A. P.
Makshtas, Importance of clouds to the decaying trends in the
Arctic ice cover, J. Meteoro. Soc. Japan, , -, .
) Ikeda, M. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), J. Wang, and A.P.
Makshtas, Sea ice in the Arctic Ocean and global warming,
Kaiyo Monthly, , , - , (In Japanese).
) Ishijima, K.(Tohoku Univ.), M. Ishizawa, T. Nakazawa
(FRSGC/Tohoku Univ.), and S. Aoki (Tohoku Univ.),
Variations of atmospheric N O concentrations in the Pacific
ocean and its implication for the global N O budget,
Proceedings of the 13th Atmospheric Chemistry Symposium,
- , (In Japanese).
) Ishizawa, M., T. Nakazawa (FRSGC/Tohoku Univ.), and K.
Higuchi (Meteorological Service of Canada), A Multi-box
Model Study of the Role of the Biospheric Metabolism in the
Recent Decline of O in Atmospheric CO , TELLUS, B,
- , .
) Iwasa, Y., Y. Abe (Univ. of Tokyo), and H. Tanaka (Naogya
Univ.), Structure of the atmosphere in radiative-convective
equilibrium, J. Atmos. Sci., , , -, .
) Jameson, L., T. Waseda, and H. Mitsudera, Scale utilization
and optimization from wavelet analysis for data assimilation:
SUgOiWDAi, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., , , -, .
) Jin, M., and J. Wang, Implementation of an ocean circulation
model in the GOA, A transition from Sea to GEM Exxon
Valdez Oil Spill Resoration Project Final Report (02603),
Chugach Development Corporation, Anchorage, Alaska.
) Kanaya, Y., and H. Akimoto, Direct measurements of HOx
radicals in the marine boundary layer: Testing the current
tropospheric chemistry mechanism, The Chemical Record, ,
, -, .
) Kanaya, Y., J. Matsumoto (Univ. of Tokyo), and H. Akimoto,
Photochemical ozone production at a subtropical island of
Okinawa, Japan: Implications from simultaneous observations
of HO radical and NOx, J. Geophys. Res., , D, ACH-
- ACH- (, doi:./ JD), .
) Kanaya, Y., K. Nakamura, S. Kato, J. Matsumoto (Univ of
Tokyo), H. Tanimoto (NIES), and H. Akimoto, Nighttime
variations in HO radical mixing ratios at Rishiri Island
observed with elevated monoterpene mixing ratios, Atmos.
Environ., , , -, .
) Kanaya, Y., Y. Yokouchi (NIES), J. Matsumoto, K. Nakamura,
S. Kato (Univ. of Tokyo), H. Tanimoto (NIES), H. Furutani
(Univ. of Tokyo), K. Toyota, and H. Akimoto, Implications of
iodine chemistry for daytime HO levels at Rishiri Island,
Geophys. Res. Lett., , , - - - (./GL),
.
) Karumuri, A., Z. Guan, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), A look at the relationship between the ENSO and The
Indian Ocean Dipole, J. Meteoro. Soc. Japan, , , -,
.
) Kobashi, F., and H. Kawamura (Tohoku Univ.), Seasonal
Variation and Instability Nature of the North Pacific Subtropical
Countercurrent and the Hawaiian Lee Countercurrent,
J. Geophys. Res., , C, - - - (, doi:./
JC), .
) Kurosaki, Y. (Tsukuba Univ), and F. Kimura (FRSGC/
Tsukuba Univ.), Relationship between topography and daytime
cloud activity around Tibetan Plateau, J. Meteoro. Soc. Japan,
, , -, .
) Lengaigne, M., J. P., Boulanger, C. Menkes, S. Masson, G.
Madec, and P. Delecluse, Ocean response to the March
westerly wind burst, J. Geophys. Res., , C, SFR--
SFR- (, doi:./JC), .
) Ma, X., and Y. Fukushima (Research Institute for Humanity
and Nature), Numerical model of river flow formation from
small to large scale river basin, Mathematical Models of Large
Watershed Hydrology, -, .
) Ma, X., and Y. Fukushima (Research Institute for Humanity
and Nature), A numerical model of the river freezing process
and its application to the Lena River, Hydrolog. Process., ,
, -, .
251

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
) Maistrova, V. V., R. L. Colony, A. P. Nagurny, and A. P.
Makshtas, Long-Term trends of tempeature and specific humidity
of free atmosphere in the North Polar Region, Proceedings
of the Academy Nauk, (In Russian).
) Masson, S., C. Menkes (LODYC), P. Delecluse (LSCE), and J.-
P. Boulanger (LODYC), Impacts of the Salinity on the Eastern
Indian Ocean During the Termination of the Fall Wyrtki Jet, J.
Geophys. Res., , C, -- -, (, doi:./
JC), .
) Masson, S., P. Delecluse (LSCE), J.-P. Boulanger (LODYC),
and C. Menkes (LODYC), A model study of the seasonal variability
and formation mechanisms of the barrier layer in the
eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., , C,
SFR-- SFR- (, doi:./JC),
.
) Masuda, K., Y. Fukutomi, R. Suzuki, T. Yasunari (FRSGC/
Tsukuba Univ.), T. Hiyama (Nagoya Univ.), K. Takahashi
(MRI), T. Oki (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), Y. Agata (Univ. of
Tokyo), Y. Hirabayashi (Univ. of Tokyo), and A. Yatagai
(RIHN), The th GEWEX international conference, Tenki, ,
, - , (In Japanese).
) Menkes, C., S. Kennan, P. Flament, Y. Dandonneau, S.
Masson, B. Biessy, E. Marchal, G. Eldin, J. Grelet, A.
Morliese, A. Lebourges-Dhaussy, C. Moulin, G. Champalbert,
and A. Herbland, A whirling ecosystem in the equatorial
Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., , , -- - (./
GL), .
) Minobe, S. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Interannual to interdecadal
changes in the Bering Sea and concurrent /
changes over the North Pacific, Prog. Oceanogr., , -, -
, .
) Minobe, S. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), T. Manabe (JMA), and
A. Shoji (JMA), Maximal Wavelet Filter and its Application to
Bidecadal Oscillation over the Northern Hemisphere through
the th Century, J. Clim., , , - , .
) Minobe, S. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and T. Nakanowatari
(Hokkaido Univ.), Global structure of bidecadal precipitation
variability in boreal winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., , , --
- (./GL), .
) Miyazawa, Y., Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment-
Real Time Forecast System-, Proceedings of 'TECHNO-
OCEAN 2002' (CD-ROM) S-VII-, -, .
) Miyazawa, Y., A forecast system of Japan coastal ocean,
Seminar of Data Assimilation in Oceanography 2002, -
, (In Japanese).
) Motoi, T., Breakup of Antarctic ice shelves and variations of
atmosphere and ocean, Polar News, , , -, .
) Naja, M., and S. Lal (PRL, Ahmedabad, India), Surface ozone
and precursor gases at Gadanki (.˚N, .˚E), a tropical
rural site in India, J. Geophys. Res., , D, ACH--
ACH- (./JD), .
) Naja, M., H. Akimoto, and J. Staehelin, Ozone in background
and photochemically aged air over central Europe: Analysis of
long-term ozonesonde data from Hohenpeissenberg and
Payerne, J. Geophys. Res., , D, ACH-- ACH-
(./JD), .
) Nakamura, H. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), and M. Honda,
Interannual seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic Lows
Part III: Its influence upon the stratospheric variability, J.
Meteoro. Soc. Japan (special issue), , B, -, .
) Nakamura, H. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), M. Honda, S.
Yamane, and W. Ohfuchi (ESC), Interannnual seesaw between
the Aleutian and Icelandic lows, Tenki, , , - ,
(In Japanese).
) Nakamura, H. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), Arctic Oscillation,
Tenki, , , - , (In Japanese).
) Nakamura, H. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), and A. Kazmin,
Interannual and Decadal Changes in the North Pacific Oceanic
Frontal Zones as Revealed in Ship and Satellite Observations,
J. Geophys. Res., , C, - - - (, doi../
JC), .
) Ninomiya, K., T. Nishimura, T. Suzuki, S. Matumura, and W.
Ohfuchi (ESC), Polar Low genesis over the northwestern
Pacific simulated in an AGCM, Proceeding of International
Conference on Mesoscale Convective Systems and Heavy
Rainfall /Snowfall in East Asia, 29-31 October 2002, Tokyo,
Japan, -, .
) Ninomiya, K., T. Nishimura, W. Ohfuchi, T. Suzuki, and S.
Matsumura, Features of the Baiu front simulated in an AGCM
(TL), J. Meteoro. Soc. Japan, , , - , .
) Patra, P. K., S. Maksyutov, and M. S. Santhanam (IBM-IRL),
Derived trends of CH in the stratosphere from HALOE measurements,
Non-CO 2 Greenhouse Gases ISBN:---,
-, .
) Patra, P. K., and S. Maksyutov, Incremental approach to the optimal
network design for CO surface source inversion, Geophys.
Res. Lett., , , --- (./GL), .
) Patra, P. K., and M. S. Santhanam (IBM-IRL), Comment on
"Effects of Cosmic Rays on Atmospheric Chloroflurocarbon
Dissociation and Ozone Depletion", Phys. Rev. Lett., , ,
- - -, .
) Patra, P. K., and S. Maksyutov, CO observation network
design from inverse model prospective, Report of the Eleventh
WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide
Concentration and Releted Tracer Measurement Techniques,
WMO/GAW, , -, .
) Pochanart, P., H. Akimoto, Y. Kinjo (Okinawa Prefectural
Institute for Health and Environmental), and H. Tanimoto
252

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
(NIES), Surface ozone at four remote Island sites and the preliminary
assessment of the exceedances of its critical level in
Japan, Atmos. Environ., , , -, .
) Pochanart, P., H. Akimoto, Y. Kajii (Tokyo Metropolitan
University), V. M. Potemkin, and T. V. Khodzher (Limnological
Institute, Irkutsk), Regional background ozone and carbon
monoxide variations in remote Siberia/East Asia, J. Geophys.
Res., , D, ACH- -ACH- (, doi:./
JD), .
) Riger, I. G., J. M. Wallace, and R. L. Colony, The response of
Sea Ice to the Arctic oscillation, J. Clim., , -,
) Saito, K., and J. Cohen (AER Inc.), The potential role of snow
cover in forcing interannual variability of the major Northern
Hemisphere mode, Geophys. Res. Lett., , , -- -, .
) Sakuma, H., H. Sasaki, K. Takahashi, Y. Tsuda, M. Kanazawa,
S. Kitawaki, T. Kagimoto, and T. Sato, Fifty-years-long global
eddy-resolving simulation achieved by the Earth Simulator,
NEC Research & Development, , -, .
) Satoh, M. (FRSGC/SIT), Conservative scheme for the compressible
non-hydrostatic models with the horizontally explicit
and vertically implicit time integration scheme, Mon. Wea.
Rev., , , -, .
) Shimokawa, S. (NIED, Tsukuba), and H. Ozawa, On the thermodynamics
of the oceanic general circulation: Irreversible
transition to a state with higher rate of entropy production,
Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc., , -, .
) Smith, S. L., Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and M.
J. Kishi (FRSGC/ Hokkaido Univ.), Simulating the cycling of
Organic Matter with a Nitrogen-based oceanic ecosystem
model, PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organization)
Scientific Report, No. , -, .
) Sudo, K., M. Takahashi, J. Kurokawa, and H. Akimoto, CHAS-
ER: A global chemical model of the troposphere . Model
description, J. Geophys. Res., , D, ACH-- ACH-
(, ./JD), .
) Sudo, K., M. Takahashi, and H. Akimoto, CHASER: A global
chemical model of the troposphere . Model results and evaluation,
J. Geophys. Res., , D, ACH- - ACH- (,
./JD), .
) Suzuki, R., Some phenological aspects of vegetation over
Siberia and North America as revealed by NDVI, Proceedings
of the 2nd GAME-MAGS Joint International Workshop, -,
.
) Suzuki, R., and K. Masuda, A signal of vegetation interannual
change in the continental-scale evapotranspiration, The 12th
Seiken Forum 'monitoring of the earth environment from the
space', , -, .
) Suzuki, R., K. Masuda, T. Yasunari, and A. Yatagai, Signal of
vegetation variability found in regional-scale evapotranspiration
as revealed by NDVI and assimilated atmospheric data in
Asia, Proc. of International Symposium on Remote Sensing,
-, .
) Tadokoro, K., S. Chiba, and T. Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.),
Interannual variations of Neocalanus copepods biomass in the
Oyashio water, western subarctic north pacific, Kaiyo Monthly,
, , -, (In Japanese).
) Takahashi, J., and J. Wang, Arctic shelf model with BBL
model of dense water, Kaiyo Monthly, , , - ,
(In Japanese).
) Takahashi, M., and M. Ikeda(FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Yearly
primary productivity in the Arctic ocean and its surrounding
areas, Kaiyo Monthly, , - , (In Japanese).
) Takahashi, M., Sea ice ecology in Saroma-ko Lagoon,
Proceedings of the seminar Sea Ice Climate and Marine
Environments in the Okhotsk and Baltic Seas- The Present
Status and Prospects, Report Series in Geophysics, Division of
Geophysics, University of Helsinki, , -, .
) Takigawa, M., M. Takahashi (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), and H.
Akiyoshi (NIES), Simulation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols
using a Center for Climate System Research/National Institute for
Environmental Studies atmospheric GCM with coupled chemistry,
Part : Nonvolcanic simulation, J. Geophys. Res., , D,
AAC-- AAC- (, doi:./JD), .
) Tanaka, H. L. (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.), and K. Yamamoto
(Tsukuba Univ.), Numerical Simulations of volcanic plume
dispersal from Usu volcano in Japan on March , Earth,
Planets and Space, , -, .
) Tanaka, H. L. (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.), Numerical simulation
of Arctic oscillation by a simple barotropic model and the
analysis of the linear eigenmodes of the model, Gross Wetter,
, -, (In Japanese).
) Tanimoto, H., H. Furutani, S. Kato, J. Matsumoto, Y. Makide,
and H. Akimoto, Seasonal cycles of ozone and oxidized nitrogen
species in northeast Asia, , Impace of regional climatology
and photochemistry observed during RISOTTO -
, J. Geophys. Res., , D, ACH-- ACH- (,
doi:/JD), .
) Tanimoto, Y. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and S.-P. Xie (IPRC),
Inter-Hemisphere Decadal variations in SST, surface wind, heat
flux and cloud cover over the Atlantic Ocean, J. Meteoro. Soc.
Japan, , , -, .
) Tomita, T., S.-P. Xie (U. of Hawaii), and M. Nonaka, Estimates
of Surface and Subsurface Forcing for Decadal Sea Surface
Temperature Variability in the Mid-Latitude North Pacific, J.
Meteoro. Soc. Japan, , , -, .
) Tomita, H., M. Sato (FRSGC/SIT), and K. Goto (NEC), An
Optimization of the Icosahedral Grid Modified by Spring
Dynamics, J. Comput. Phys., , -, .
253

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
) Ueno, M., and J. Yoshimura, Impact of physical processes in a
GCM on the frequency of tropical cyclones, 2002 WGNE Blue
Book:"Research Activities in Atmospheric and Oceanic
Modelling", WMO/TD-No., -, .
) Wang, J., and M. Jin (University of Alaska, Fairbanks Institute
of Marine Science), A -D Coupled Biological-Physical Model
of the Ecosystem in Prince William Sound, Alaska, OSRI
Final Report, pages, .
) Wang, J., M. Jing (Univ. of Alaska), M. Ikeda (FRSGC/
Hokkaido Univ.), K. Shimada (JAMSTEC), and J. Takahashi, A
Nowcast/Forecast model for the Beaufort Sea ice-ocean-oil spill
system (NFM-BSIOS), Coastal Marine Institute Annual report,
, .
) Wang, J., Q. Liu, and M. Jin, A Nested Coupled Ice-Ocean
Model for the Beaufort Sea, Annual Report Number 8,
University of Alaska, MMS/Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage
Department of the Interior, , -, .
) Wang, J., C. M. Deal (Jodwalis), Z. Wan, M. Jin, N. Tanaka,
and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), User's guide for a
physical ecosystem model (PhEcoM) in the subpolar and polar
oceans, IARC-FRSGC Technical Report 03-01 Version 1, -,
.
) Wang, J., and M. Jin, Use's guide for a coupled ice-ocean
model (CIOM) in the Pan-Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans,
IARC-FRSGC Technical Report 02-01, -, .
) Wang, J., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), R. Colony, and
X. Zhang, Quansi-decadal variability of sea ice in the Arctic
Ocean, Kaiyo Monthly, , , -, (In Japanese).
) Wang, J., and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Lagrangian
description of sea ice finite element method, Technical Report,
FRSGC, Yokohama, Japan, .
) Waseda, T., and H. Mitsudera, Chaotic advection of the shallow
Kuroshio coastal waters, J. Oceanogr., , , -, .
) Waseda, T., H. Mitsudera, B. Taguchi, and Y. Yoshikawa,
On the eddy-Kuroshio interaction: Evaluation of the mesoscale
eddies, J. Geophys. Res., , C, - - - (doi:./
JC), .
) Waseda, T., L. Jameson, H. Mitsudera, and M. Yaremchuk,
Optimal Basis from emprical orthogonal functions and wavelet
analysis for data assimilation: Optimal basis WADAi, J.
Oceanogr., , -, .
) Watarai, Y.(Univ. Tsukuba), and H. L. Tanaka (FRSGC/
Tsukuba Univ.), Characteristics of barotropic-baroclinic
interactions during the formation of blocking events in the
Pacific region, J. Meteoro. Soc. Japan, , , -, .
) Wetherald, R. (GFDL/NOAA), and S. Manabe, Simulation of
hydrologic changes associated with global warming, J. Geophys.
Res., , D, -- - (, doi: ./JD),
.
) Wu, B., and J. Wang, Winter arctic oscillation, Siberian High
and the East Asia winter monsoon, Geophys. Res. Lett., , ,
- (, doi:./GL ), .
) Wu, B., and J. Wang, Possible impacts of winter Arctic
Oscillation on Siberian High and the East Asia winter monsoon,
Adv. in Atmos. Sci., , -, .
) Yamagata, T. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), S. K. Behera, S. A.
Rao, Z. Guan, A. Karumuri, and H.N. Saji, The Indian Ocean
Dipole: a Physical Entity, Clivar Exchanges, , , (), -,
.
) Yamane, S., M. Honda, H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Tokyo Univ.),
and W. Ohfuchi (ESC), Interdecadal modulation of observed
and simulated seesaw between Aleutian and Icelandic lows,
Gross Wetter, , - , (In Japanese).
) Yamasaki, M., A numerical study of cloud clusters associated
with a Baiu front by use of a mesoscale-convection-resolving
model, J. Meteoro. Soc. Japan, , , - , .
) Yamasaki, M., A study of tropical cyclones and tropical disturbances-understanding
of CISK and the mesoscale, Tenki, , ,
- , (In Japanese).
) Yan, X., T. Ohara (FRSGC/Shizioka Uni.), and H. Akimoto,
Development of region-specific factors and estimation of
methane emission from rice fields in East, Southeast and South
Asian countries, Global Change Biol., , -, .
) Yasunari, T. (FRSGC/Institute of Geoscience, University of
Tsukuba), The Role of Large-Scale Vegetation and Land Use
in the Water Cycle and Climate in Monsoon Asia, Challenges
of a Changing Earth, Proceedings of the Global Change Open
Science Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 10-13 July
2001, Chap. in the IGBP Series-, .
) Yoshimura, J., Changes in Tropical Cyclone Frequency and
Intensity in response to Greenhouse Warming, Journal of
Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science, , , - ,
(In Japanese).
) Zhang, H., and G.-Y. Shi (LASG, Institute of Atmospheric
Physics, CAS, Beijing , China), Numerical Explanation
for Accurate Radiative Cooling Rates Resulting from the
Correlated k Distribution Hypothesis, J. Quant. Spectrosc. &
Radiat. Transfer, , , -, .
) Zhang, H., and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Arctic seaice
changes by different atmospheric regimes: Thermodynamics
vx. Dynamics, Workshop on Sea-Ice Extent and the Global
Climate System, -, .
) Zhang, H., and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Effects of
spring sea-ice extent anomaly in the North Pacific on the East
Asian summer monsoon rainfall, Workshop on Sea-Ice Extent
and the Global Climate System, -, .
) Zhang, H., and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Arctic
sea-ice and freshwater changes as driven by the atmopsheric
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
leading mode, European Geophysical Society XXVII, General
Assembly, -, .
) Zubair, L., Suryachandra A. Rao, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/
Univ. of Tokyo), Modulation of Sri Lankan Maha rainfall by
the Indian Ocean Dipole, Geophys. Res. Lett., , , - - -
(, :/GL), .
Talks and Presentations
) Aita, M. N, Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido univ.), and M. J.
Kishi (FRSGC/ Hokkaido univ.), Effect of ontogenetic vertical
migration of zooplankton on the results of a version of
NEMURO embedded in a general circulation model, The
Second GLOBEC Ocean Science Meeting, Qingdao, China,
.
) Akimoto, H., P. Pochanart, and M. Naja, Recent Changes of
Ozone in the Far East Asia and Europe, Air Pollution as a
Climate Forcing, Hawaii, .
) Akimoto, H., M. Naja, P. Pochanart, and J. Staehelin (Swiss
Fed. Inst. for Tech.), Comparison of trends of tropospheric
ozone in Europe and Asia, Swiss-Japanese Seminar on "Ozone
and the Links with Climate - Observations and Modelling",
.
) Akimoto, H., Trends of Tropospheric Ozone in East Asia and
Europe: Implication of Regional Emission and Intercontinental
Transport, Workshop , .
) Akimoto, H., P. Pochanart, and T. Khodzer (Limnological
Institute), Evidence for trans-Eurasian long-range transport of
ozone and carbon monoxide as observed at Mondy, a remote
mountain site in East Siberia, IGAC/CACGP Conference on
Atmospheric Chemistry within the Earth System, .
) Akimoto, H., Short-and Long-term Variation of Tropospheric
Ozone in East Asia, The th Atmospheric Scientific Conference
of the Chinese Academy of Science (ASCCAS), .
) Akimoto, H., M. Zhang (IAP), and I. Uno (FRSGC/Kyushu
Univ.), Regional Simulation of HOx over East Asia during
TRACE-P, Atmospheric Science and Applications to Air quality,
Tsukuba, Japan, .
) Anguluri, S.R., S.K. Behera, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ.
of Tokyo), On the relative influence of IOD and ENSO on the
tropical Indian Ocean, Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting,
.
) Aumont, O. (LODyC), K. Caldeira (Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory), J.-M. Campin (University of Liege), S.
Doney ( NCAR), H. Drange (Nansen Environmental and
Remote Sensing Center), M. Follows (MIT), Y. Gao (Nansen
Environmental and Remote Sensing Center), N. Gruber
(UCLA), A. Ishida, F. Joos (U. of Bern), R. M. Key (Princeton
Univ.), K. Lindsay (NCAR), E. Maier-Reimer (Max Planck
Institut fuer Meteorologie), R. Matear (CSIRO), P. Monfray
(LSCE/CEA), R. Najjar (Penn. State Univ.), J. C. Orr
(LSCE/CEA), G-K. Plattner (University of Bern), A. Mouchet
(University of Liege), C. Sabine (PMEL), J. L. Sarmiento
(Princeton Univ.), R. Schlitzer (Alfred Wegener Institute for
Polar and Marine Research), R. D. Slater (Princeton Univ.), I.
Totterdell (Southampton Oceanography Centre), M.-F. Weirig
(Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research), M.
W. Wickett (AWI), Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.),
and A. Yool (Southampton Oceanography Centre), Multi-tracer
constraints on ocean storage of anthropogenic CO , AGU
Fall Meeting, .
) Behera, S. K., and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), The
Indian Ocean Dipole impact on Darwin pressure: Implication
for Southern Oscillation Index, CAS-TWAS-WMO Forum on
Climate modeling, Shanghai, China, .
) Behera, S. K., and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), The
Indian Ocean Dipole Impact on Darwin Pressure and Southern
Oscillation Index, PACON , Chiba, Japan, .
) Behera, S.K., and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Impact of the Indian Ocean Dipole on Southern Oscillation,
Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Dynamics in the Indian Ocean,
Tokyo, .
) Behera, S. K., S. Masson, J.-J. Luo, Y. Masumoto (FRSGC/
Univ. of Tokyo), H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), H.
Sakuma (Earth Simulator Center), S. Gualdi (INGV, Italy), E.
Guilyardi (LODYC, France), P. Delecluse (LODYC, France),
A. Navarra (INGV, Italy), and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), Coupled Model Studies to Understand and Predict the
Climate Variability in the Indo-Pacific Sector, EU-Japan
Second Symposium, Brussels, Belgium, .
) Behera, S. K., The role of oceans in climate: a special emphasis
on the Indian Ocean Dipole, FRSGC Annual Symposium,
Tokyo, Japan, .
) Chiba, S., and T. Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), Climateinduced
variability of the lower trophic level ecosystem in the
Japan/East Sea -a years retrospective approach-, CREAMS/
PICES Symposium on Recent Progress in Studies of Physical
and Chemical Processes and Their Impact to the Japan/East
Sea Ecosystem, .
) Chiba, S., K. Tadokoro, T. Ono (Hokkaido National Fisheries
Research Institute), and T. Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.),
Increased stratification and decreased primary productivity in
the western subarctic North Pacific -a years retrospective
study-, Workshop on Global Ocean Productivity and the
Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and
Models, .
) Chiba, S., K. Tadokoro, T. Ono (FRSGC/Hokkaido National
Fisheries Research Institute), and T. Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya
Univ.), Has lower trophic level ecosystem changed in the west-
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
ern subarctic North Pacific? -a years retrospective study-,
PICES th Annual Meeting, .
) Chiba, S., T. Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), Climate-induced
variability of the lower trophic level ecosystem in the
Japan/East Sea -a years retrospective approach-, Workshop
on Long-Term of Marine Ecosystem in the Western North
Pacific, .
) Colony, R., and A. P. Makshtas, Radiation in the Arctic, NSF
Arctic System Science Program, All- Hands workshop, Seattle,
Washington, USA, .
) Dutay, J.-C. (LSCE, France), P. Jean-Baptiste (Laboratoire des
Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement), J.-M. Campin
(Institut d’Astronomie et de Geophysique G. Lemaitre), A.
Ishida, E. Maier-Reimer (Max Planck Institut fuer
Meteorologie), R. J. Matear (Commonwealth Science and
Industrial Research Organization), A. Mouchet (Astrophysics et
Geophysics Institute, University of Liege, Belgium), I. J.
Totterdell (Southampton Oceanography Centre), Y. Yamanaka
(FRSGC /Hokkaido Univ.), K. Rodgers (Laboratoire des
Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement), G. Madec
(Laboratoire d'Oc&eacute;anographie Dynamique et de
Climatologie), and J. C. Orr (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat
et de l'Environnement), Evaluation of OCMIP- Ocean Models:
Deep Circulation deduced from Natural He simulations,
WOCE (The World Ocean Circulation Experiment) and Beyond,
San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A., .
) Endoh, T., H. Mitsudera, S.-P. Xie (University of Hawaii), and
B. Qiu (University of Hawaii), Numerical study on the formation
of the mesothermal structure in the North Pacific subarctic
gyres, AGU Fall Meeting, .
) Endoh, T., H. Mitsudera, S.-P. Xie (University of Hawaii), and
B. Qiu (University of Hawaii), Numerical study of the formation
of the mesothermal structure in the subarctic region
of the western North Pacific, Fall Meeting of the
Oceanographic Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Fujii, M. (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Y.
Yamanaka (FRSGC/ Hokkaido Univ.), Y. Nojiri (JST), and M.
J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Simulated Temporal
Variability of Biogeochemical Processes at the Subarctic North
Pacific Time-Series Stations, JGOFS, GSWG and JGOFS/
GAIM Task Team on D Ocean Carbon Modeling and
Analysis Workshop, Ispra, Italy, .
) Fujii, M. (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Y.
Nojiri (NIES), Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and
M.J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Simulated Temporal
Variability of Biogeochemical Processes at the Aubarctic
North Pacific Time-Series Stations, SCOR, .
) Fujii, M. (National Institute for Environmental Studies), and
Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/ Hokkaido Univ.), Dynamics of the
marine ecosystem's response to a storm at the subarctic
Northwestern Pacific time-series Station KNOT, Fall
Meeting of JOS, .
) Fujii, M. (JST/NIES), and Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), Linking Biogeochemistry and climate change
via a marine ecosystem model, Spring Meeting of the
Meteorological Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Fujii, M. (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Y.
Nojiri (NIES), Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and
M. J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Simulated temporal
variations of physical environments and biogeochemical
processes at the subarctic North Pacific time-series Station
KNOT, SCOR, .
) Fujii, M. (National Institute for Environmental Studies), Y.
Nojiri (NIES), Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido univ.), and
M. J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Simulated physical
environments and biogeochemical processes at the subarctic
North Pacific time-series Station KNOT (N, E), Ocean
Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Analysis International Open
Science Conference, .
) Fujiyoshi, Y. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), K. Yoshida (Graduate
School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido Univ.), H.
Horie (Communications Research Laboratory), I. Matsui
(National Institute for Environmental Studies), A. Shimizu
(National Institute for Environmental Studies), N. Sugimoto
(National Institute for Environmental Studies), O. Tsukamoto
(Faculty of Science, Okayama university), H. Ishida (Kobe university
of Mercantile Marine/ FORSGC), T. Endoh (inst. Low
Temp. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Japan) and S. Ohta (Hokkaido
University Graduate School of Engineering), Cloud Science in
the Arctic region, The th MIRAI Symposium, Yokohama,
(In Japanese).
) Fujiyoshi, Y. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), M. Yamasaki, K.
Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), K. Tsuboki (FRSGC/
Nagoya Univ.), M. Kawashima (Hokkaido Univ.), K. Saito
(JMA), and M. Yoshizaki (MRI), Numerical simulation of
cloud clusters associated with the Mei-yu frontal zone (I),
Spring Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Fujiyoshi, Y. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), K. Nakamura, K.
Tsuboki (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), M. Kawashima (Hokkaido
Univ.), K. Saito (JMA), and M. Yoshizaki (Meteorological
Research Institute), A numerical experiment of mesoscale disturbance
observed during GAME/HUBEX , Part , Spring
Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan, .
) Fujiyoshi, Y. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), M. Kawashima (Low
Temp. Sci., Hokkaido Univ.), M. Yamasaki, K. Nakamura
(FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo) and M. Yoshizaki (Meteorological
Research Institute), Numerical simulation of cloud clusters
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
associated with the Mei-yu frontal zone (II), The st China-
Japan Workshop on heavy rainfall experiment and study,
Haikou, China, .
) Fukutomi, Y., K. Masuda, and T. Yasunari (FRSGC/Nagoya
Univ.), Atmospheric processes responsible for the interannual
seesaw-like summer dry and wet regimes in Northern Eurasia,
AGU Fall Meeting, .
) Fukutomi, Y., K. Masuda, H. Igarashi (Tsukuba Univ.), and T.
Yasunari (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.), Interannual variability of
summer atmosphere-land water balance in Eastern Siberia,
Spring Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan.
(Omiya, - May ), (In Japanese).
) Guan, Z., A. Karumuri, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), Variations of the East Asian Summer Climate in
Association with the Indian Ocean Dipole, The Second
International Symposium on Physico-Mathematical Problems
Related to Climate Modeling And Prediction, CAS-TWAS-
WMO Sep.-, Shanghai, China, .
) Guan, Z., A. Karumuri, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), Influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole on the East
Asian Summer Climate, Fall Meeting of Meteorological
Society of Japan, Oct. -, Sapporo, Japan, .
) Guan, Z., A. Karumuri, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), The relationship Between the East Asian Summer
Climate Variability and the Indian Ocean Dipole, AGU Fall
Meeting, San Francisco, .
) Guo, X., and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Dependence of the model Kuroshio in the East China Sea on
spatial resolution, Proceedings of the Fifth IOC/WESTPAC
International Scientific Symposium, .
) Hacker, P., Y. Shen, G. Yuan, and T. Waseda, WOCE data are
served by the user-friendly data Servers at the University of
Hawaii’s Asia-Pacific Data-Research Center (APDRC),
WOCE & Beyond, November , San Antonio, Texas,
) Honda, M., and H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Interannual Seesaw Between the Aleutian and Icelandic Lows:
Its Seasonality, Three-Dimensional Evolution and Climatic
Impact, AGU Spring Meeting, .
) Honda, M., and H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Seasonal Dependence of Dominant Variability Over the
Wintertime Northern Hemisphere, AGU Fall Meeting, .
) Ishida, A., Y. Sasai, and Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), Preliminary results with CFC- in a high resolution
general circulation model, Global Ocean Productivity and the
Fluxes of Carbon and Nutrients: Combining Observations and
Models, .
) Ishijima, K. (Tohoku Univ.), T. Nakazawa (Tohoku Univ.), S.
Aoki (Tohoku Univ), and M. Ishizawa, Temporal and Spatial
Variations of Atmospheric N O concentrations in the Pacific
ocean, Fall Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
Sapporo, Japan, (In Japanese).
) Ishijima, K. (Tohoku Univ.), M. Ishizawa, T. Nakazawa
(FRSGC/Tohoku Univ.), and S. Aoki(Tohoku Univ.),
Variations of atmospheric N O concentrations in the Pacific
ocean and its implication for the global N O budget, The th
Atmospheric Chemistry Symposium, Toyokawa, Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Ishizaki, H. (Meteorological Research Institute), M. Endoh
(CCSR), H. Hasumi (CCSR), Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), M. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), T. Yamagata
(FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), M. Kamachi (MRI), T. Awaji (Kyoto
Univ.), and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Numerical
Modeling of Open Ocean Circulation, SCOR, .
) Ishizawa, M., K. Higuchi (MSC, Canada), and T. Nakazawa
(FRSGC/Tohoku Univ.), A multi-box model study of the role
of the biosphere in the recent decline of O in atmospheric
CO , Biosphere-Atmosphere Stable Isotope Network (BASIN)
Workshop, .
) Jensen, T. G., H.-W. Kang, Y. Y. Kim, T. Miyama, H.
Mitsudera, T. Qu, B. Bnag, and A. Ishida, Bifurcation of the
Pacific North Equatorial Current in models and in observations,
The th Pacific Congress on Marine Science and
Technology, July , Chiba, Japan, .
) Kagimoto, T., H. Sasaki (ESC), Y. Masumoto (FRSGC/Univ.
of Tokyo), A. Ishida, N. Komori (ESC), K. Takahashi (ESC),
Y. Sasai, Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), H. Sakuma
(ESC), and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), Eddyresolving
Simulation in the World Ocean Part III: Comparison
with the WOCE Hydrographic Observations, Fall Meeting of
the Oceanographic Society of Japan, Sapporo, Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Kanaya, Y., Y. Yokouchi (NIES), K. Nakamura (Univ. of
Tokyo), H. Tanimoto (NIES), J. Matsumoto, S. Kato (Tokyo
Metro Univ.), H. Furutani (UCSD), Y. Kajii (Tokyo Metro
Univ.), T. Inoue, S. Hashimoto, Y. Komazaki, S. Tanaka (Keio
Univ.), K. Toyota, and H. Akimoto, Impact of iodine chemistry
on mixing ratios of OH, HO , H O , ozone, and oxygenated
species and NO/NO ratios at Rishiri Island, Japan,
IGAC/CACGP Scientific Conference , .
) Kanaya, Y., K. Nakamura (Univ. of Tokyo), S. Kato, J.
Matsumoto (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.), H. Tanimoto (NIES),
and H. Akimoto, Nighttime variations in HO radical mixing
ratios at Rishiri Island observed with elevated monoterpene
mixing ratios, The th International Conference on
Atmospheric Sciences and Applications to Air Quality
(ASAAQ), Tsukuba, Japan, .
) Kanaya, Y., Y. Kajii (Tokyo Metropolitan Univ.), and H.
Akimoto, Measurements of actinic fluxes and J values using a
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
spectroradiometer: Detection of aerosol plume from forest fire,
The th Discussion Meeting on Atmospheric Chemistry,
(In Japanese).
) Kanaya, Y., K. Toyota, H. Akimoto, Y. Nakano, S. Enami, S.
Nakamichi, S. Aloisio, S. Hashimoto, and M. Kawasaki
(Kyoto Univ.), Oxidation processes of DMS as explored with a
box model using a newly measured rate coefficient of the DMS
+ IO reaction, The th Symposium on Atmospheric
Chemistry, Toyokawa, Japan, (In Japanese).
) Karumuri, A., Z. Guan, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), The Indian Ocean Dipole - Impact on the Indian and
Australian Climates During Boreal Summer, AGU Fall
Meeting, San Francisco, .
) Karumuri, A., Z. Guan, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), How the Indian Ocean Dipole-Modulated Hadley
Circulation reduces the ENSO influence on the Indian monsoon:
AGCM sensitirity studies, The Hadley Circulation;
Present, Past and Future, .
) Kato, T. (Tohoku Univ.), S, Sugawara (Miyagi Univ. of
Education), T. Nakazawa (FRSGC/Tohoku Univ.), S. Shuji
(Tohoku Univ.), and M. Ishizawa, Seasonal variations of O
in CO at Zao, Spring Meeting of Meteorological Society of
Japan, (In Japanese).
) Kim,Y. Y., T. Qu, and A. Ishida, Seasonal and Interannual
Variations of the NEC bifurcation latitude in a high-resolution
OGCM, AGU Fall Meeting, .
) Kimura, F., Y. Kitayachi, and T. Sato, Diurnal cycle of rainfall
around Sumatora Island simulated by two and a half dimensional
model, The nd Workshop on Regional Climate
Modeling for Monsoon System, .
) Kishi, M. J. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), S. Itoh (Tohoku
National Fisheries Research Institute), and B. A. Megrey
(National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science
Center), Tropho-dynamics of ocean ecosystem (), SCOR-JOS
International Symposium, .
) Kobashi, F., H. Mitsudera, and N. Maximenko (IPRC),
Relationship between seasonal variations of subtropical front
and subtropical mode water in the North Pacific, Spring
Meeting of the Oceanographic Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Komine, K., X. Zhang, K. Takahashi, H. Sakuma, and M.
Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Implementation and confirmation
of IARC sea-ice model in MOM, Yokohama, Japan,
.
) Komine, K., T. Motoi, K. Takahashi, X. Zhang, H. Sakuma,
M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and T. Sato, Sensitivity
experiments of sea-ice processes on world ocean circulation by
using a global coupled ocean/sea-ice model, WOCE and
Beyond: Achievements of the World Ocean Circulation
Experiments, San Antonio, Texas, .
) Komori, N., H. Sasaki, K. Takahashi, T. Kagimoto, Y.
Masumoto, A. Ishida, Y. Sasaki, T. Motoi, S. Masuda, and Y.
Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Eddy-resolving simulation
in the world ocean. Part . Regional features of surface
circulations, Fall Meeting of the Oceanographic Society
of Japan, .
) Kuba, N., Effect of cloud condensation nuclei on the precipitation-
Numerical simulation with a hybrid microphysical
model-, AMS The th Conference on Cloud Physics, .
) Kuba, N., Y. Fujiyoshi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and H.
Iwabuchi, Proposed method to predict number concentration of
cloud droplets and retrieve CCN spectrum, The Fifth APEX
International Workshop, .
) Kuba, N., H. Iwabuchi(Tohoku Univ.), and Y. Fujiyoshi
(FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Proposed method to predict number
concentration of cloud droplets and retrieve CCN spectrum,
Fall Meeting of the Meteorological Society of
Japan, .
) Kurihara, Y., A new approach to the cumulus parameterization,
The th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology,
San Diego, USA, .
) Kurihara, Y., On the structure change of tropical cyclones,
International Workshop on NWP Models for Heavy recipitation
in Asia and Pacific Areas, Tokyo, Japan, .
) Kurihara, Y., Hurricane Modeling in Retrospect and its
Prospect, Hurricane Modeling, Past and Future Perspectives
Princeton, NJ, USA, .
) Lebedev, K., H. Mitsudera, I. Nakano (JAMSTEC), M.
Yaremchuk (IPRC), and G. Yuan (IPRC), Monitoring Kuroshio
Extension through dynamically constrained synthesis of the
acoustic tomography, altimetry and in situ data, PICES (North
Pacific Marine Science Organization), .
) Liu, Q., J. Wang, and M. Jing (Univ. of Alaska), A Nested
Coupled Ice-Ocean Model for the Beaufort Sea, The st Workshop
on a Collaborative Marine Physical and Biogeochemical Research
in Barrow, Fairbanks, USA, .
) Ma, X., T. Yasunari (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.), T. Ohata
(FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Tian, Hydrological regimes
of the Selenge River basin, Mongolia, Western Pacific
Geophysics Meeting , .
) Ma, X., and Y. Fukushima (Research Institute for Humanity
and Nature), Hydrological study for cold and semiarid river
basins, International Workshop on Vulerability of Water
Resources to Environmental Change, .
) Ma, X., and Y. Fukushima, Modeling of river ice breakup data
and thickness in the Lena River, The th IAHR International
Symposium on Ice, .
) Maistrova, V., R. Colony, and A. P. Makshtas, Interannual
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
variability of air temperature and specific humidity in free
atmosphere above the Barents, Kara, Norwegian and
Greenland Seas, Sea-Ice Extent and the Global Climate System
Workshop, Long-Term Variability of the Barents Sea Region
Session, International ACSYS/Clic Office of the World
Climate Research Programme, Toulouse, France, .
) Makshtas, A. P., P. Nagurnya, V. Maistrova, and R. Colony,
Climate variability of the polar atmosphere on the base of historical
radio soundings information, IARC/CIFAR Final
Results Meeting, Boulder, Colorado, .
) Makshtas, A. P., R. Colony, and V. Maistrova, The investigations
of long-term variability of the free atmosphere in the
Arctic, NSF Arctic System Science Program, All-Hands
Workshop, Seattle, Washington, .
) Masson, S., J.-J. Luo, S. K. Behera, T. Yamagata (FRSGC/
Univ. of Tokyo), S. Gualdi (INGV), E. Guilyardi (LSCE), P.
Delecluse (LSCE), and A. Navarra (INGV), Performance of
the upgraded SINTEX coupled GCM in the Earth Simulator:
the oceanic part, The Second EU-Japan Workshop on Climate
Research, Brussels, Belgium, .
) Matsuno, T., Development of computer simulation of the
Earth's environment from numerical weather prediction to
global warming projection, Parallel CFD , .
) Matsuno, T., Numerical Modelling of Climate and its Changes,
Fall Meeting of the Astronomical Society of Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Maximenko, N. A., P. P. Niiler, G. G. Panteleev, T. Yamagata
(FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), and D. B. Olson, Absolute sea level
fields of the Kuroshio Extension derived from drifter and
altimetry data, International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics, June , Torino, Italy, .
) Maximenko, N. A., P. P. Niiler, G. G. Panteleev, T. Yamagata
(FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), and D. B. Olson, Absolute sea level
fields of the Kuroshio Extension derived from drifter and
altimetry data, WOCE and Beyond, San Antonio, Texas, .
) Mimura, Y., Y. Tanaka, M. Tsugawa, and T. Suzuki, Highly
Parallel Computation Method for an Ocean General
Circulation Model, The Information Processing Society of
Japan, The th General Convention, (In Japanese).
) Minobe, S. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Decadal-interdecadal
variability of the Hadley and Walker circulation, The Hadley
Circulation: Present, Past and Future, Honolulu, Hawaii,
) Minobe, S. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Bidecadal oscillation in
Hadley and Walker circulation, AGU Fall Meeting, San
Francisco, USA, .
) Minobe, S. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), T. Manabe (JMA), and
A. Shouji (JMA), Century-scale changes of Bidecadal
Oscillation over the North Pacific., The th Conference on
Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere, San Diego, USA., .
) Minobe, S. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and T. Tokuno
(Hokkaido Univ), A detection of interannual air-sea coupled
signal along the subtropical front in the North Pacific, The
th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere,
San Diego, USA., .
) Mitsudera, H., Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS),
PICES (North Pacific Marine Science Organization), .
) Miyazawa, Y., A prediction system for Japan coastal ocean,
The th SCOR International Symposium, Session 'Ocean
State Estimation and Forecasting', Sapporo, Japan, .
) Miyazawa, Y., Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment
(JCOPE) -Real time forecast system-, A Special Session
"Ocean Forecasting" in International Symposium "TECHNO-
OCEAN ", Kobe, Japan, .
) Miyazawa, Y., An experimental ocean nowcast/forecast system
using multi-data, Symposium on Space Platforms for
Water and Climate Observation, Tsuna, Japan, .
) Miyazawa, Y., Japan Coastal Ocean predictability experiment,
Cost Benefit Analysis Workshop, Yokohama, Japan, .
) Miyazawa, Y., Ocean weather forecast, A guest lecture for
Graduate School of Information Science and Engineering/
Mechanical and Environmental Informatics, Tokyo Institute of
Technology, Tokyo, Japan, (In Japanese).
) Miyazawa, Y., A prediction system for Japan coastal
ocean, The th Summer School on Data Assimilation in
Oceanography, Mutsu, Japan, (In Japanese).
) Miyazawa, Y., The Status quo and future prospect of ocean
forecast models --- Toward coastal ocean forecast, The th
Tokyo Bay Symposium, Yokohama, Japan, (In Japanese).
) Miyazawa, Y., Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability Experiment,
FRSGC/FORSGC Annual Symposium , Tokyo, Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Motoi, T., A climate model sensitivity experiment to study cretaceous
warming, Fall Meeting of the Oceanographic Society
of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Motoya, K., K. Takata, and T. Oki (FRSGC/IIS-U Tokyo),
Precipitation Dataset for Global Water and Energy Budget
Sensitivity Studies With the Wind-depending Correction of
Precipitation Gauge, GSWP (Global Soil Wettness Project)
Kickoff Meeting, .
) Motoi, T., W.-L. Chan, H. Yih, Climate changes due to higher
atmospheric CO concentration and absence of ice sheets, The
th Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology, .
) Motoi, T., W.-L. Chan, H. Yih, Impact of Drake Passage opening
on world ocean circulation and water mass distribution: A
climate model sensitivity experiment, Fall Meeting of the
Oceanographic Society of Japan, .
) Motoya, K., K. Masuda, K. Takata, T. Oki (FRSGC/Research
Institute for Humanity and Nature), How change the global
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Research Achievements
water balance is when the precipitation gauge correction is
considered?, Meteorological Society of Japan, Fall Meeting of
FY , Sapporo, .
) Murano, K. (National Institute for Environmental Studies), S.
Hatakeyama (National Inst. for Env. Studies), Y. Kinjo
(Okinawa Pre. Inst. of Health and Env.), and H. Akimoto, The
Surface Ozone Concentration at Okinawa Island in Japan Under
the Strong Influence of Oceanic High Pressure, EMEP/GER-
MAN/US Workshop , .
) Naja, M., H. Akimoto, J. Staehelin (Ins. for Atmos. and Clim.
Sc., Zurich), and E. Schuepbach (University of Bern),
Influences of intercontinental transport and background ozone:
Analysis of long-term ozone data over central Europe, The th
Atmospheric Chemistry Conference, .
) Naja, M., H. Akimoto, and E. Schuepbach (University of
Bern), Ozone variabilities in background and photochemically
aged air over Jungfraujoch: Long-range transport and photochemical
process, Swiss-Japan Seminar on "Ozone and the
Links with Climate: Observations and Modeling", .
) Naja, M., H. Akimoto, J. Staehelin (Ins for Atmos and Clim
Sc, Zurich), and E. Schuepbach (University of Bern), Ozone in
background and photochemically aged air over central Europe,
IGAC , Crete, .
) Naja, M., H. Akimoto, J. Staehelin (SFIT Zurich), and E.
Schuepbach (Bern Uni, Bern), Long-term changes in tropospheric
ozone over Europe and Asia: A trajectory analysis, The
th International Conference on Atmospheric Sciences and
Applications to Air Quality (ASAAQ), Tsukuba, Japan, .
) Nakamura, K., Y. Fujiyoshi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), M.
Yamasaki, K. Tsuboki (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), M. Kawasima
(Hokkaido Univ.), K. Saito (JMA), and M. Yoshizaki (MRI),
A numerical experiment of a mesoscale vortex disturbance
along the Mei-yu front observed during GAME/HUBEX ",
International Conference on Mesoscale Convective Systems
and Heavy Rainfall/Snowfall in East Asia, .
) Nakamura, K., and Y. Fujiyoshi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.),
Preliminary results of the analysis and numerical simulation of
some disturbances observed during WMO-, GCSS-ARM
Workshop on the Representation of Cloud Systems in Large-
Scale Models, .
) Nakanowatari, T. (Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Minobe (FRSGC/
Hokkaido Univ.), Seasonal dependency of bi-decadal precipitation
variability, AGU Fall Meeting, .
) Ohara, T. (FRSGC/Shizuoka Univ.), X. Yan, K. Yamaji, H.
Akimoto, J. Kurokawa (Fujitsu FIP), and D. Streets (Argonne
National Laboratory), Development of emission inventories for
anthropogenic sources in East, Southeast and South Asia, The
th International Conference on Atmospheric Sciences and
Applications to Air Quality (ASAAQ), .
) Ohba, R. (MHI), H. Ueda (FORSGC/Nagoya Univ.), T. Adachi
(MHI), T. Hara (MHI), T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
S. K. Behera, and H. Sakuma (ESC), Influence of soil and vegetation
on rainfall in coastal desert and mountainous area near
the Red Sea, US-Japan Workshop on Global Climate Change,
Irvine, California, USA, .
) Ohfuchi, W. (Earth Simulator Center), T. Enomoto, K. Takaya,
and M. Yoshioka (Earth Simulator Center), Toward -km
mesh global climate simulations, AGU Fall Meeting, San
Francisco, California, U.S.A., .
) Orr, J. C. (Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de
l'Environnement), K. Caldeira (Laerence Livermore National
Laboratory), K. E. Taylor (Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory), and the OCMIP Group [K. Lindsay (NCAR), K.
Calderia (Laerence Livermore National Laboratory), J.-M.
Campin (University of Liege), H. Drange (Nansen Enviromental
and Remote Sensing Center), J.-C. Dutay (Laboratoire des
Science du Climat et de l'Envionnement), M. Follows (MIT), Y.
Gao (Namsen Enviromental and Remote Sensing), N. Gruber
(UCLA), A. Ishida, F. Joos (Physics Institute Univeristy of
Bern), G. Madec (Laboratoire d'Ocenographie Dynamique et de
Climatologie), E. Maier-Reimer (Max Planck Institut fuer
Meteorologie), J.C. Marshall (MIT), R. J. Matear (Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory), P. Monfray (Laboratoire des
Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement), R. Najjar
(Pensylvania State University), J.C. Orr (Laboratoire des
Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement), G.-K. Plattner
(Physics Institute Univeristy of Bern), J. Sarmiento (Princeton
University), R. Schlitzer (Alfred Weneger Institute for Polar and
Marine Research), R. Slater (Princeton University), I. J.
Totterdell (Southampton Oceanography Center), M.-F. Weirig
(Alfred Weneger Institute for Polar and Marine Research),
Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and A. Yool
(Southampton Oceanography Center)], Towards Quantitative
Evaluation of Ocean Tracer Model Simulations, The th
International Liege Colloquium Tracer Methods in Geophysical
Fluid Dynamics, .
) Orr, J. C. (LSCE/CEA-CNRS/IPSL), O. Aumont (LODyC), L.
Bopp (LSCE/CEA-CNRS), the OCMIP group [A. Ishida, and Y.
Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido univ.)], Evaluation of seasonal
air-sea CO fluxes in global ocean carbon-cycle models, Ocean
Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems Analysis International Open
Science Conference, .
) Ozawa, H., S. Shimokawa (NIED), and H. Sakuma, A unified
theory of turbulence: Maximum entropy increase due to turbulent
dissipation in fluid systems from laboratory-scale turbulence
to global-scale circulations, European Geophysical
Society XXVII General Assembly, .
) Ozawa, H., Maximum entropy production in the climate sys-
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Research Achievements
tem: validation with numerical models and its implication,
Daisyworld and Beyond Workshop, Edinburgh, England, .
) Ozawa, H., S. Shimokawa (NIED), R. D. Lorenz (Univ.
Arizona), and H. Sakuma, Maximum entropy production due
to turbulent dissipation: the cases of turbulence, climate, and
planetary systems, Spring Meeting of the Meteorological
Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Patra, P. K., S. Maksyutov, and T. Nakazawa (FRSGC/Tohoku
Univ.), Tracking CO changes in Earth's atmosphere by observation
and modelling., Physical Research Laboratory, .
) Patra, P. K., M. S. Santhanam (IBM-IRL), and S. Maksyutov,
On analysis and use of satellite data in atmospheric sciences,
Physical Research Laboratory, .
) Patra, P. K., S. Maksyutov, Y. Sasano (NIES), and T.
Nakazawa (FRSGC/Tohoku Univ.), Comparing optimal extension
of the CO observations: surface vs. satellite, Atmospheric
Chemistry within the Earth System: From Regional Pollution to
Global Climate Change, .
) Patra, P. K., S. Maksyutov, G. Inoue (NIES), and T. Nakazawa
(FRSGC/Tohoku Univ.), Network Design for CO Observation
With High Resolution Inversions, AGU Fall Meeting, San
Fransisco, USA, .
) Pochanart, P., and H. Akimoto, Relationship between Southeast
Asian biomass burning and ozone, CO observed in Thailand,
The rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Society for Atmospheric
Environment, .
) Pochanart, P., H. Akimoto, and T. Khodzher (Limnological
Institute, Siberia), Perturbation of the background tropospheric
ozone and CO in remote Siberia due to European Emissions:
Observation evidence, Swiss-Japan Seminar "Ozone and
Climate Change: Observation and Model Approaches", .
) Pochanart, P., P. Sukasem (ERTC), and H. Akimoto, Large
scale ozone and CO pollution in continental Southeast Asia:
Evidence from observation in Thailand, IGAC/CACGP
Scientific Conference , .
) Pochanart, P., and H. Akimoto, Forests and crops protection
from the exposure to ozone pollution in Japan and East Asia,
The th Discussion Meeting on Atmospheric Chemistry, .
) Pochanart, P., and H. Akimoto, Mapping of ozone exposure
and its exceedance from critical level in Japan, The th
International Conference on Atmospheric Sciences and
Applications to Air Quality (ASAAQ), Tsukuba, Japan, .
) Pochanart, P., and H. Akimoto, Southeast Asian monsoon
and the atmospheric composition in Thailand, The th
Symposium on Atmospheric Chemistry, Toyokawa, Japan,
.
) Saito, K., T. Yamazaki, and K. Masuda, Sensitivity of a physical
snow model to atmospheric forcings in the hemispheric
scale snow reconstruction, Annual Meeting of the Japanese
Society of Snow and Ice in , (In Japanese).
) Saji, N. H., and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Teleconnection patterns associated with the Indian Ocean
Dipole Mode, Frontier Research System for Global Change,
.
) Saji, N. H., and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), On the
controversial issues related to the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode,
Frontier Research System for Global Change, .
) Sako, A. (Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Minobe (FRSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), Interannual to interdecadal variability in the Japan Sea
based on a new gridded upper water temperature dataset, AGU
Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, .
) Sakuma, H., H. Sasaki, K. Takahashi, and T. Kagimoto, Global
eddy-resolving simulation by the Earth Simulator, PACON
, Chiba, Japan, .
) Sasai, Y., A. Ishida, and Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), A study of ocean circulation using a tracer in a high
resolution model, JGOFS GSWG and JGOFS/GAIM Task
Team on D Ocean Carbon Modeling and Analysis Workshop,
Ispra, Italy, .
) Sasai, Y., A. Ishida, and Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), Distribution of CFC- in the North Pacific using a
high high-resolution model, SCOR Symposium Associated
with Fall Meeting of Japan Oceanography Society, Sapporo,
Japan, .
) Sasaki, H. (Earth Simulator Center), T. Kagimoto, N. Komori
(ESC), K. Takahashi (ESC), Y. Masumoto (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), Y. Tsuda (ESC), M. Kanazawa (ESC), A. Ishida, Y.
Sasai, K. Komine (ESC), R. Jung (ESC), Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/
Hokkaido Univ.), S. Masuda, T. Motoi, S. Kitawaki (ESC), H.
Sakuma (ESC), T. Yamagata (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), and T.
Satoh (ESC), Eddy-resolving simulation of the world ocean circulation
-Fifty years integration on the Earth Simulator-, WOCE
Final Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, .
) Sasaki, H. (ESC), K. Takahashi (ESC), N. Komori (ESC), T.
Kagimoto, Y. Masumoto (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), Y. Tsuda
(ESC), M. Kanazawa (ESC), A., Ishida, Y. Sasai, K. Komine
(ESC), R. Jung (ESC), Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.),
S. Masuda, T. Motoi, S. Kitawaki (ESC), H. Sakuma (ESC), and
T. Satoh (ESC), Eddy-resolving simulation in the world ocean
Part I: Accomplishment of fifty-year time-integration on the
Earth Simulator, Fall Meeting of the Oceanographic
Society of Japan, Sapporo, Japan, (In Japanese).
) Shen, Y., R. Merrill, G. Yuan, T. Waseda, K. Horiuchi, Y.
Oyatsu, and T. Maeda, Using aggregation server to combine
local and remote data, The OPeNDAP/NVODS/DODS
Technical Working Conference, .
) Shimokawa, S. (NIED), and H. Ozawa, Thermodynamics of
the oceanic general circulation: Irreversible transitions in the
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
ocean system, Spring Meeting of the Oceanographic Society of
Japan, (In Japanese).
) Smith, S. L., Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and M.
J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), An ecosystem model
including C, N, and P cycles applied to Station ALOHA: simulating
primary production,organic matter stoichiometries and
export, Seminar at the Global Biogeochemistry Laboratory,
Dept. of Biology and Geosciences, Shizuoka University, .
) Smith, S. L., Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and
M.J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), A version of NEMURO
including C, N and P cycles applied to Station ALOHA:
Impact of the microbial loop on organic matter stoichiometries
and carbon export, PICES (North Pacific Marine Science
Organization) XI Annual Meeting, Quingdao, China, .
) Smith, S. L., Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and M.
J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Pacific Ecosystem
Modeling (stoichiometry at Stn. ALOHA), Equatorial Pacific
Synthesis and Modeling Workshop, .
) Smith, S.L., Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and M.J.
Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), An ecosystem model including
C, N and P cycles applied to Station ALOHA: simulating
primary production, organic matter stoichiometries and export,
AGU Fall Meeting, .
) Smith, S. L., Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and M.
J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), A Nitrogen-, Phosphorousand
Silicon- Based Model of Primary Production and Export
Applied to Station Aloha: Can We Get the Model to Agree with
the Data for Primary Production, DOM Concentrations and
PIM Flux, Global Ocean Productivity and the Fluxes of Carbon
and Nutrients: Combining Observations and Models, .
) Smith, S. L., Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and M.
J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), A version of NEMURO
including C, N and P cycles applied to Station ALOHA:
impact of the microbial food web on organic matter stoichiometries
and export, Fall Meeting of JOS, .
) Sugiura, N., T. Awaji (FRSGC/Kyoto Univ.), K. Baba, S.
Masuda, Q. Jiang, Y. Shen, J. D. Annan, and S. Kitawaki
(ESC), Improving Computational Efficiency of D-VAR
System for Global Ocean Circulation Study, Parallel CFD
Conference , .
) Sugiura, N., T. Awaji (FRSGC/Kyoto Univ.), Y. Sasaki
(NEC), S. Masuda, Q. Jiang, Y. Shen, and J. D. Annan, D-
VAR Global Ocean Data Assimilation on Earth Simulator, The
th ECMWF Workshop Use of High Performance Computing
in Meteotology, .
) Suzuki, R. (UT), S. K. Behera, and T. Yamagata (FRSGC/
Univ. of Tokyo), Simulated Subtropical Dipole Events in the
southern Indian Ocean, PORSEC , Bali, Indonesia, .
) Suzuki, R., Monitoring of the vegetation from satellite, The
th Meeting on Wind Transporting of Dust, .
) Suzuki, R., Discussion about the GAME-Siberia Dataset
CD-ROM, GAME-Siberia Workshop, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo, .
) Suzuki, R., K. Masuda, T. Yasunari (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.),
and A. Yatagai (RIHN), Signal of vegetation variability found
in large-scale evapotranspiration as revealed by NDVI and
assimilated atmospheric data, AGU Fall Meeting, San
Francisco, USA, .
) Suzuki, R., K. Masuda, T. Yasunari (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.),
and A. Yatagai (RIHN), Signal of vegetation variability found
in regional-scale evapotranspiration as revealed by NDVI and
assimilated atmospheric data in Asia, International Symposium
on Remote Sensing , Sokcho, Korea, .
) Suzuki, R., T. Hiyama (FORSGC/Nagoya University), J.
Asanuma (Universty of Tsukuba), and T. Ohata (FORSGC/
Hokkaido University), Land surface characteristics around
Yakutsk revealed by airborne observation in ,
International Conference "The Role of Permafrost Ecosystems
in Global Climate Change", Yakutsk, Russia, .
) Suzuki, R., and K. Masuda, Does the continental-scale evaportranspiration
have a signal induced by interannual vegetation
change?, GAME-Siberia Workshop, Hoikkaido University,
Sapporo, .
) Suzuki, R., and K. Masuda, Signal of vegetation interannual
variability found in large-scale evapotranspiration revealed by
NDVI and assimilated atmospheric data, Spring Meeting of the
Japanese Geographers Society, (In Japanese).
) Tadokoro, K., S. Chiba, T. Ono, T. Midorikawa (JMA), and T.
Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), Interannual variations of
Neocalanus copepod biomass in the Oyashio water, western
subarctic North Pacific, PICES Eleventh Annual Meeting in
Qingdao, China, .
) Tadokoro, K., S. Chiba, T. Ono, and T. Saino, Increased stratification
and decreased primary productivity in the western subarctic
North Pacific -a years retrospective study-, JGOFS
Symposium in Sapporo, .
) Tadokoro, K., S. Chiba, T. Ono, T. Midorikawa (JMA), and T.
Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), Interannual variations of
Neocalanus copepod biomass in the Oyashio water, western
subarctic North Pacific, Fall Meeting of The Oceanographic
Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Tadokoro, K., S. Chiba, T. Ono, T. Midorikawa (JMA), and T.
Saino (FRSGC/Nagoya Univ.), The response of the zooplankton
community to the climatic change, The Oyashio
Symposium on the Ocean Research Institute, University of
Tokyo, (In Japanese).
) Takahashi, J., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and J.
Wang, Numerical experiments on dense water descending with
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Research Achievements
bottom boundary layer model in high latitude, AGU Fall
Meeting, San Fransisco, USA, .
) Takahashi, K., Y. Tsuda, M. Kanazawa, M. Kitawaki, H.
Sasaki, T. Kagimoto, Y. Masumoto, N. Komori, H. Sakuma, T.
Yamagata, and T. Satoh, Computational performance and preliminary
physical validations of eddy-resolving simulation on
the Earth Simulator, AGU Spring Meeting, .
) Takahashi, K., Y. Tsuda, M. Kanazawa, M. Kitawaki, H.
Sasaki, T. Kagimoto, Y. Masumoto, N. Komori, H. Sakuma, T.
Yamagata, and T. Satoh, Prallel architecture and its performance
of oceanic global circulation model based on MOM to
be run on the Earth Simulator, Parallel CFD , .
) Takata, K., Change in the cold regions and its effect on climate--modeling
study of the global warming, Seppyo Special
Session, Tokyo, (In Japanese).
) Takaya, K., and H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Dynamics of intraseasonal variability of the Siberian high,
Lecture Meeting of Dynamics in Spring Conference of
Meteorological Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Takaya, K., and H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo),
Amplification mechanisms of the Siberian High:Interaction of
upper-tropospheric circulation anomalies with surface baroclinicity,
Fall meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Takaya, K., Commemoration lecture of Yamamoto-Syouno
Prize in ; A Formulation of a Phase-Independent Wave-
Activity Flux for Stationary and Migratory Quasigeostrophic
eddies on a Zonally Varying Basic flow, Fall Meeting of the
Meteorological Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Takigawa, M, K. Sudo (CCSR), M. Takahashi (FRSGC/
CCSR), N. Takegawa (RCAST), and Y. Kondo (RCAST),
Estimation of the contribution of inter-continental transport
during the PEACE-A campaign by using a global chemical
model, AGU Fall Meeting, .
) Tanaka, H. L., Numerical Simulation of Arctic Oscillation
(AO) by a Simple Barotropic General circulation Model,
Spring Meeting of Meteorological Society of Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Tanaka, Y., S. Yoon, and M. Tsugawa, Design and Performance
Analysis of an Ocean Circulation Model Optimized for the
Earth Simulator, Parallel CFD , .
) Tanaka, Y., M. Tsugawa, Y. Mimura, and T. Suzuki,
Development of Parallel Ocean General Circulation Models on
Earth Simulator, Use of High Performance Computing in
Meteorology, .
) Tanimoto, H. (National Institute for Environmental Studies), S.
Kato (Japan Science and Technology Corporation/Tokyo
Metropolitan Univ.), H. Akimoto, and H. Yamano (National
Inst. for Environmental Studies), Ground-based observations
of PAN, PPN, and APAN at Rishiri Island in northern Japan,
IGAC/CACGP Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry within
the Earth System, .
) Tomita, T., S.-P. Xie, and M. Nonaka, Estimates of surface and
subsurface forcing for decadal sea surface temperature variability
in the mid-latitude North Pacific, AGU Fall Meeting,
.
) Tsugawa, M., Y. Tanaka, and S. Y. Yoon, Zonally Implicit
Scheme for global ocean general circulation model, Parallel
CFD , .
) Tsugawa, M., Y. Tanaka, and S. Y. Yoon, Development of a
Global Ocean Model on Quasi-Homogeneous Cubic Grid,
Workshop on The Solution of Partial Differential
Equations on the Sphere, .
) Tsugawa, M., Y. Tanaka, Y. Mimura, and M. Sakashita, An
Approach to a High-Resolution Parallel OGCM for the Earth
Simulator, Next Generation Climate Models for Advanced
High Performance Computing Facilities, .
) Uzuka, N., and N. Tanaka, Production of dimethylsulfide and
dimethylsulfoniopropionate in the Bering Sea, Third
International Symposium on Biological and Environmental
Chemistry of DMS(P) and Related Compounds, Rimouski,
Quebec, Canada, .
) Wang, J., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Zhang,
Did The Northern Hemisphere Sea-Ice Reduction Trend
Trigger The Quasi-Decadal Arctic Sea-Ice Oscillations?,
Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society,
Rimouski, Quebec, May -, .
) Wang, J., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Zhang,
Did The Northern Hemisphere Sea-Ice Reduction Trend
Trigger The Quasi-Decadal Arctic Sea-Ice Oscillations?, AGU
Spring Meeting, Washington, D.C., May , .
) Wang, J., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Zhang,
Did the northern hemisphere sea ice reduction trend trigger the
decadal Arctic sea ice oscillations?, NCAR, Boulder,
CIFAR/IARC PI Meeting, October, .
) Wang, J., A Coupled Ice-Ocean Model in the Pan Arctic and
North Atlantic Ocean: Seasonal Cycle, Canadian Meteorological
and Oceanographic Society, Rimouski, Quebec, May -,
.
) Wang, J., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Zhang,
Did The Northern Hemisphere Sea-Ice Reduction Trend
Trigger The Quasi-Decadal Arctic Sea-Ice Oscillations?,
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University,
June -, .
) Wang, J., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Zhang,
Did The Northern Hemisphere Sea-Ice Reduction Trend
Trigger The Quasi-Decadal Arctic Sea-Ice Oscillations?,
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International Association of Physical Science in Oceanography
(IAPSO), Argentina, Nov. -, .
) Waseda, T., H. Mitsudera, and B. Taguchi (U. of Hawaii),
Impact of QuikSCAT-Derived Wind Stress on High-Resolution
Kuroshio Modeling, AGU Fall Meeting , .
) Waseda, T., and H. Mitsudera, Geometry of the pathway
between inshore Kuroshio and the Kuroshio/Oyashio transition
region, WPGM , Wellington, New Zealand, .
) Waseda, T., Dynamical and Kinematical study of the Kuroshio
using satellite observation and numerical simulation, Evening
seminar, Institute of Environmental Studies, Univ. of Tokyo,
.
) Waseda, T., H. Mitsudera, B. Taguchi (U. of Hawaii), and K.
Katsuwada (Tokai Univ.), High frequency winds at mid-latitude:
its variation and impact to the Kuroshio path, Ocean
Vector Wind Science Team (OVWST) Meeting, Oxnard, CA,
.
) Waseda, T., H. Mitsudera, B. Taguchi, and K. Katsuwada,
Impact of the high-frequency wind forcing on the Kuroshio
bimodality, Spring Meeting of the Oceanographic
Society of Japan, .
) Xu, J., An examination of heat balance method from surface
observed data over a wide area, Workshop of the Yellow River
Study, .
) Xu, J., An Analysis of Energy and Water Balance through
Routine Meteorological Data in the Yellow River (Huanghe
River) Valley, International Workshop on the Yellow River
Studies-Kick-off meeting-Kyoto, Japan, .
) Xu, J., and S. Haginoya (Meteorological Reseach Institute), An
Analysis of the Climatic Changes in Eastern Asia, Spring
Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Xu, J., Heat and water balances from ground surfaces in China,
Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, (In Japanese).
) Xu, J., An Estimation of heat and water balances from soil
ground surfaces, Climate and Vegetation Forum, Faculty of
Agriculture, The University of Tokyo, (In Japanese).
) Xu, J., Climatic changes in Eastern Asia in recent years,
Annual conference of the Japan Society of Hydrology and
Water Resources, (In Japanese).
) Yamagata, T. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), S. K. Behera, and Z.
Guan, The role of the Indian Ocean in climate forecasting with
a particular emphasis on summer conditions in East Asia,
ECMWF Workshop on upper ocean impact on seasonal forecasting,
Reading, UK, .
) Yamagata, T. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), S. K. Behera, S. A.
Rao, Z. Guan, A. Karumuri, and H. N. Saji (IPRC), The Indian
Ocean Dipole, CAS-TWAS-WMO Forum on Climate modeling,
Shanghai, China, .
) Yamagata, T. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), S. K. Behera, S. A.
Rao, Z. Guan, A. Karumuri, and H. N. Saji (IPRC), Coupled
Climate Variability in the Indian Ocean: The Indian Ocean
Dipole, PORSEC , Bali, Indonesia, .
) Yamagata, T. (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), A. Karumuri, K. Baba
(MHI), S.K. Behera, Z. Guan, S. Masson, Y. Masumoto
(FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), R. Ohba (MHI), S. A. Rao, and H. Sakuma (Earth
Simulator Center), Seasonal and interannual rainfall variability
in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, The Joint State of
Kuwait-Japan Symposium in , Kuwait, .
) Yamaji, K., T. Ohara (FRSGC/Shizuoka Univ.), and H.
Akimoto, Development of emission inventory for atmospheric
trace components via animal farming in South, Southeast, and
East Asia for , The th International Conference on
Atmospheric Sciences and Applications to Air Quality
(ASAAQ), .
) Yamaji, K., T. Ohara (FRSGC/Shizuoka Univ.), and H.
Akimoto, Estimation of anthropogenic NH emissions in Asia,
The th Discussion Meeting on Atmospheric Chemistry,
(In Japanese).
) Yamaji, K., T. Ohara (FRSGC/Shizuoka Univ.), and H.
Akimoto, Study of CH and N O emission from domestic livestock
in Asia, The rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Society
for Atmospheric Environment, (In Japanese).
) Yamanaka, Y. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), M. N. Aita, S. L.
Smith, and M. J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Preliminary
results of a marine ecosystem model coupled with Ocean
General Circulation model, JGOFS, GSWG and JGOFS/GAIM
Task Team on D Ocean Carbon Modeling and Analysis
Workshop, Ispra, Italy, .
) Yamanaka, Y. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), M. N. Aita, S. L.
Smith, and M. J. Kishi, Preliminary results from a marine
ecosystem model coupled with an Ocean General Circulation
Model, SCOR , .
) Yamanaka, Y. (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), M. N. Aita, and M.
J. Kishi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Preliminary results from a
marine ecosystem model, Ocean Biogeochemistry and
Ecosystems Analysis International Open Science Conference,
.
) Yamanaka, Y., N. Yoshie (Hokkaido univ.), Consideration of
export production using ecosystem models., Spring Meeting of
the Oceanography Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Yamane, S., M. Honda, H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), and W. Ohfuchi (ESC), Internal and external interannual
variances of Aleutian and Icelandic lows, Fall Meeting of
the Meteorological Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Yamane, S., M. Honda, H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of
Tokyo), and W. Ohfuchi (Earth Simulator Center), Seasonal
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
potential predictability of the atmosphere, Monthly Meeting
(Long-range forecast and atmospheric circulation), .
) Yamane, S., H. Nakamura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tokyo), M.
Honda, K. Takaya, and A. Shimpo (JMA), Formation mechanism
and multi-decadal modulation of the Aleutian-Icelandic
low seesaw: Distinctive characteristics from the annular mode,
AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, California, .
) Yamasaki, M., A mesoscale-convection-resolving model and
its application to convective systems in tropical cyclones and
Baiu fronts, International Workshop on Numerical Weather
Prediction Models for Heavy Precipitation in Asia and Pacific
Areas, .
) Yamasaki, M., Numerical experiments of Typhoon Flo ()
by use of a mesoscale-convection-resolving model, Spring
Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Yamasaki, M., Toward an understanding of the effects of the
environmental wind on convective systems in the tropics, Fall
Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Sapporo,
Japan, (In Japanese).
) Yan, X., T. Ohara (FRSGC/Shizuoka Univ.), and H. Akimoto,
Estimating methane emission from rice fields in East,
Southeast and South Asia, Atmospheric Chemistry within the
Earth System: From regional pollution to global change, .
) Yan, X., H. Akimoto, and T. Ohara, Methane emission from
rice fields in East Southeast and South Asia, The th
Discussion Meeting on Atmospheric Chemistry, .
) Yan, X., H. Akimoto, and T. Ohara, N O, NO and NH emissions
from croplands in East, Southeast, and South Asia, AGU
Fall Meeting, .
) Yan, X., T. Ohara (FRSGC/Shizuoka Univ.), and H. Akimoto,
Estimates of N O, NO and NH emissions from croplands in
East, Southeast and South Asia, The th International
Conference on Atmospheric Sciences and Applications to Air
Quality, Tsukuba, Japan, .
) Yasunari, T. (FRSGC/Inst. of Geoscience, University of
Tsukuba), GEWEX Asia Monsoon Experiment (GAME),
World Climate Research, Report of the Eighth Session of the
GEWEX Hydrometeorological Panel (GHP), .
) Yasunari, T. (FRSGC/Inst. of Geoscience, University of
Tsukuba), Trends in the global precipitation during the recent
years (-), The Second Global Precipitation
Measurement (GPM) International Planning Workshop, .
) Yasunari, T. (FRSGC/Inst. of Geoscience, University of
Tsukuba), Is global hydrological cycle increasing?, The th
Global Precipitation Climatology Project Working Group on
Data Managing Meeting, .
) Yih, H., T. Motoi, and W.-L. Chan, Inter-decadal variability in
the Southern Ocean: a coupled ocean-atmosphere model study,
The th Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology,
.
) Yoon, S. Y., Y. Tanaka, F. Xiao (Tokyo Institute of Technology),
and T. Yabe (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Numerical
Simulation of Shallow Water Equations using CIP Method with
High Order Spatial Resolution, Workshop on the Solution
of Partial Differential Equation on the Sphere, .
) Yoshie, N., and Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.),
Biological processes and silicon/nitrogen ratio relevant to the
spring diatom bloom, SCOR, .
) Yoshie, N., and Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.),
Silicon/Nitrogen ratios in the spring diatom bloom, Fall
Meeting of JOS, .
) Yoshikane, T., and F. Kimura (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.),
Numerical Study of the Formation of the Atmospheric circulation
with Rainband of June and September aroud East Asia,
Fall Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
.
) Yoshikawa, C. (Hokkaido Univ.), and Y. Yamanaka (FRSGC/
Hokkaido Univ.), A study of seasonal variations in nitrogen
isotope ratio of sinking particles using a marine ecosystem
model, SCOR, .
) Yoshikane, T., and F. Kimura (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.),
Influence of the geographycal effect on the atmospheric circulation
during the summer season around the eastern part of
Eurasian continent, Spring Meeting of the Meteorological
Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Yoshikane, T., and F. Kimura (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.),
Numerical study of the formation mechanism of "Baiu front"
and "SPCZ", Spring Meeting of the Meteorological Society of
Japan, (In Japanese).
) Yoshimura, J., and M. Sugi (MRI), Tropical Cyclone Simulation
Using a High-resolution AGCM-- Impacts of SST Warming and
CO Increase --, AMS th Conference on Hurricanes and
Tropical Meteorology ( April - May , San Diego, CA,
USA), .
) Yoshimura, J., GCM simulations of tropical storm frequency --
is it realistic? -- and response to CO doubling, The th WMO
International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC-V: -
December , Cairns, Australia), .
) Yoshimura, J., Global Warming -- Remarkable Events and
Future Climate --, Nihon Sozo Keiei Kyokai 'Kyoyo Koza',
No. , (In Japanese).
) Yuan, G., Y. Shen, Y. Zhang, R. Merrill, T. Waseda, H.
Mitsudera, and P. Hacker, User-friendly data servers for
climate studies at the Asia-Pacific Data-Research Center
(APDRC), AGU Fall Meeting, San Franscisco, .
) Yuan, G., Y. Shen, T. Waseda, and R. Merril, Serving and
accessing in-situ data through EPIC and OPeNDAP, The
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Research Achievements
OPeNDAP/NVODS/DODS Technical Working Conference,
.
) Zhang, H., T. Nakajima (CCSR, Univ. of Tokyo), R. Imasu
(CCSR, Univ. of Tokyo), T. Suziki, T. Kimura (EORC/
NASDA), and G. Y. Shi (LASG, Institute of Atmospheric
Physics, CAS, Beijing , China), An Optimal Approach
to Overlapping Bands with Correlated k Distribution and Their
Application to Radiation Calculation for AGCM, AGU Spring
Meeting, .
) Zhang, X., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and P. Zhao,
Effects of spring sea-ice extent anomaly in the North Pacific
on the East Asian summer monsoon rainfall, IARC Workshop,
.
) Zhang, X., and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), What
causes the recent freshwater storage and export anomaly in the
Arctic Ocean?, Ocean Sciences Meeting, Honolulu,
Hawaii, .
) Zhang, X., J. Walsh, and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.),
An alternative AO mode and its role on the salinification of the
Eurasian Basin, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, .
) Zhang, X., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.) and J. Walsh,
Coordinated changes of sea-ice and ocean properties in the
Beaufort and Chukchi Seas, International Workshop on Small-
Scale Sea-Ice-Ocean Modeling for Nearshore Beaufort and
Chukchi Seas, Fairbankds, Alaska, .
) Zhang, X., M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.) and J. Walsh,
What roles do thermodynamics and dynamics play in changes
of Arctic sea-ice and ocean?, Workshop on Measurement and
Modeling of the Arctic Ocean Circulation, Lamont-Doherty
Earht Observatory, Columbia University, New York, .
) Zhang, X., and M. Ikeda (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Arctic
sea-ice and freshwater changes as driven by the atmospheric
leading mode, European Geophysical Society XXVII General
Assembly, .
(9) Frontier Observational Research System for
Global Change
Publications
) Enomoto, H. (FORSGC/Kitami Institute of Technology), and
K. Tateyama (Hokkaido. Univ), Sea ice extent and retreat in
the Sea of Okhotsk-availability of microwave remote sensing-,
Kaiyo Monthly, , -, (In Japanese).
) Etchevers, P. (Meteo-France), E. Martin (Meteo-France),
R. Brwon (Canadian Meteorological Service), C. Fierz (SLF),
Y. Lejeune (Meteo-France), E. Bazile (Meteo-France), A.
Boone (Meteo-France), Y.-J. Dai(Chinese Academy of
Sciences), R. Essery (Hadley Centre), A. Fernandez(Inst.
Nacional de Meteorologia), Y. Gusev (Russian Academy of
Sciences), R. Jordan (CRREL), V. Koren (NOAA), E.
Kowalczyk (CSIRO), R. D. Pyles (NOAA), A. Schlosser
(COLA/IGES), A. B. Shmakin (Russian Academy of
Sciences), T. G. Smirnova (NOAA), U. Strasser (ETH), D.
Verseghy (Canadian Meteorological Service), T. Yamazaki,
and Z.-L. Yang (Univ. of Arizona), SnowMIP, an intercomparison
of snow models: first results, International Snow Science
Workshop ISSW 2002 Proceedings, -, .
) Haniu, H. (Kitami Institute of Technology), K. Miyakoshi
(Kitami Inst. Tech), and H. Enomoto (FORSGC/Kitami Inst.
Tech), Application of Correlation PIV to Ice Movements of
Okhotsk Sea Using DMSP Satellite Millimeter Radar Images,
Proc. of The Fifth JSME-KSME fluids Engineering Conference,
Nagoya, Japan, -, .
) Hamada, J., M. D. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.), J.
Matsumoto (Univ. of Tokyo), S. Fukao (Kyoto Univ.), P. A.
Winarso (Meteorological and Geophysical Agency), and T.
Sribimawati (Agency of the Assessment and Application of
Technology), Spatial and Temporal Variations of the Rainy
Season over Indonesia and their Link to ENSO, J. Meteoro.
Soc. Japan, , , -, .
) Hamada, J., M. D. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.), and T.
Sribimawati (BPPT, Indonesia), Spatial and interannual variations
of rainy season over Indonesia, Meteorological Research
Note, , -, (In Japanese).
) Ichiyanagi, K., A. Numaguti (Hokkaido Univ./FORSGC), and
K. Kato (Nagoya Univ.), Stable isotope compositions of
precipitation in Antarctic Peninsula in response to El Niño/
Southern Oscillation, Journal of Japanese Association of
Hydrological Sciences, , , -, (In Japanese).
) Ishikawa, M., Occurrence of Mountain Permafrost in the
Poroshiri-dake region, Hidaka Mountains, Hokkaido-
Consideration from year-round monitoring of air and ground
surface temperatures-, J. Geogr., , , -, (In
Japanese).
) Ishikawa, M., Thermal Regimes at the Snow-Ground Interface
and their Implications for Permafrost Investigation,
Geomorphology, , -, -, .
) Ishikawa, M., Mountain permafrost in Japan: distribution,
landforms and thermal regimes, Z. Geomorphol., Suppl.-Bd,
, -, .
) Iwasaka, N. (FORSGC/Tokyo University of Mercantile
Marine), T. Suga (FORSGC/ Tohoku Univ.), K. Takeuchi, K.
Mizuno (JAMSTEC), Y. Takatsuki (JAMSTEC), K. Ando
(JAMSTEC), T. Kobayashi, E. Oka, Y. Ichikawa, M. Miyazaki,
H. Matsuura, K. Izawa (JAMSTEC), C.-S. Yang, N. Shikama,
and M. Aoshima (TUMM), PreJapan-ARGO: Experimental
observation of upper and middle layers south of the Kuroshio
Extension region by using profiling floats, J. Oceanogr., , ,
-, .
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Research Achievements
) Iwasaka, N. (FORSGC/Tokyo University of Mercantile
Marine), M. Aoshima (Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine),
and T. Suga (FORSGC/Tohoku Univ.), A case study of a
cyclonic eddy structure observed in the south of the Kuroshio
Extension by using profiling floats, Report of Japan Marine
Science and Technology Center, , -, .
) Kim, Y., and N. Tanaka, Winter N O emission rate and its production
rate in soil underlying the snowpack in a sub-boreal
region, Japan, J. Geophys. Res, , D, ACH---
(doi:./JD), .
) Kim, Y., and N. Tanaka, Effect of Forest Fire on the Fluxes of
CO , CH and N O in Boreal Forest Soils, Interior Alaska,
J. Geophys. Res., , D, FFR- - FFR- (doi:./
JD), .
) Kobayashi, T., H. Nakajima (MWJ), T. Suga (FORSGC/
Tohoku Univ.), K. Mizuno (JAMSTEC), N. Shikama, K.
Takeuchi, High quality climatological dataset for the Indian
Ocean (Indian HydroBase), Report of Japan Marine Science
and Technology Center, , -, (In Japanese).
) Kobayashi, T., S. Hosoda (JAMSTEC), T. Suga (FORSGC/
Tohoku Univ.), K. Mizuno (JAMSTEC), N. Shikama, and K.
Takeuchi, Ocean conditions southeast off Japan estimated by
the Argo data with the optimum interpolation method, Report
of Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, , -,
(In Japanese).
) Kojima, S. (Kitami Institute of Technology), H. Enomoto
(FORSGC/Kitami Institute of Technology), Changes in surface
conditions and albedo in the freezing and melting stages
of sea ice, Snow and Ice in Hokkaido, , -, .
) Ogino, Y. (Kitami Institute of Technology), H. Iga (Kitami
Institute of Technology), and H. Enomoto (FORSGC/Kitami
Institute of Technology), Near real time information on cryosphere
by satellite, Snow and Ice in Hokkaido, , -, .
) Reddy, K. K., T. Kozu (Shimane Univ.), Y. Ohno (Comm.
Res. Lab.), K. Nakamura (Nagoya Univ.), A. Higuchi(Nagoya
Univ.), M. C. Reddy (NMRF), V. K. Anandan (NMRF), P.
Srinvasulu (NMRF), A. R. Jain (NMRF), P. B. Rao (NMRF),
R. Ranga Rao (ISRO), G. Viswanathan (ISRO), and D. N. Rao
(Venkat. Univ.), Planetary boundary layer and precipitation
studies using lower atmospheric wind profiler over tropical
India, Radio Sci., , , ---, .
) Reddy, K. K., S.-P. Shih (Nat.Centr.Uni.), and Y.-H. Chu
(Nat.Centr.Uni.), A study on precipitating cloud system using
Chung-LI VHF radar, Radio Sci., , , -- -, .
) Shin, K. H., N. Harada (JAMSTEC), N. Tanaka (FROSGC/
Hokkaido Univ.), and J.-C. Marty (Oceanographie de
Villefranche), Production and turnover rates of C alkenones
in the eastern Bering Sea: Bloom mechanism, Prog. Oceanogr.,
, -, -, .
) Shin, K. H., S. Noriki, M. Ito, and S. Tsunogai (Hokkaido
University), Dynamic of sinking particles in northern Japan
Trench in the western North Pacific, Deep-Sea Res., , -,
-, .
) Sugimoto, A. (Kyoto Univ.), and K. Ichiyanagi, Applications
of isotopes for water cycle and climate system studies: IAEA-
IWCM and ICSYS meetings, Tenki, , , -, (In
Japanese).
) Sugimoto, A.(Kyoto Univ.), D. naito (Kyoto Univ.), N.
Yanagisawa (Gifu Academy of Sciense and Culture), K.
Ichiyanagi, N. Kurita, J. Kubota (FORSGC/RIHN), T. Kotake
(Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Tec.), T. Ohata (FORSGC/
Hokkaido Univ.), T. C. Maximov (IBPC, Russia), and A.N.
Fedorov (PI, Russia), Characteristics of soil moisture in permafrost
observed in East Siberian taiga with stable isotopes of
water, Hydrolog. Process., , -, .
) Sugiura, K., D. Yang (Water and Environmental Research
Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks), and T. Ohata
(FORSGC/Hokkaido University), Systematic error aspects of
gauge-measured solid precipitation in the Arctic, Barrow,
Alaska, Geophys. Res. Lett., , ,./GL,
.
) Suzuki, K., J. Kubota (RIHN/FORSGC), T. Ohata (Hokkaido
Univ./FORSGC), N. Vasilenko, S. Zhuravin, and V. Vuglinsky
(SHI), Characteristics of spring runoff in the Mogot experimental
watershed, in the southern mountainous taiga of eastern
Siberia, Proceedings of International Snow Science Workshop
, -, .
) Suzuki, K., T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), J. Kubota
(FORSGC/RIHN), N. Vasilenko, S. Zhuravin, and V. Vuglinsky
(State Hydrological Institute), Winter hydrological processes in
the Mogot experimental watershed, in the southern mountainous
taiga, Eastern Siberia, Proceedings of the 6th Water Resources
Symposium, -, (In Japanese).
) Suzuki, K., J. Kubota (FORSGC/RIHN), Y. Zhang, T. Kadota,
T. Ohata (Hokkaido Univ./FORSGC), and V. Vuglinsky (SHI),
Snow ablation processes in the southern mountainous taiga of
eastern Siberia, Proceedings of APHW2003, , -, .
) Takeuchi, N., Optical characteristics of surface dust (cryoconite)
on glaciers: relationship between the light absorbency
and property of organic matter contained in the cryoconite,
Ann. Glaciol., , -, .
) Tateyama, K. (Hokkaido Univ.), H. Enomoto (FORSGC/KIT),
T. Toyota (Hokkaido Univ.), and S. Uto (National Maritime
Research Institute), Sea ice thickness estimated from passive
microwave radiometers, Polar Meteorology and Glaciology,
, -, .
) Toyota, T. (Hokkaido Univ.), and H. Enomoto (FORSGC/KIT),
Analysis of sea ice floes in the sea of Okhotsk using ADEOS/
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JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
AVNIR images, Proc. the 16th IAHR International Symposium
on Ice, -, .
) Zhang, Y., T. Ohata, and H. Hirashima (Hokkaido Univ.),
Spatial distribution of surface soil moisture and evaporation in
a small watershed of Tiksi, Eastern Siberia, Journal of Japan
society of Hydrology & Water Resources, , , -, .
) Zhu, X.-H., I.-S. Han, J.-H. Park, H. Ichikawa (FORSGC/
Kagoshima Univ.), K. Murakami (Nagasaki Marine Observatory,
Japan Meteorological Agency), A. Kaneko, and A. Ostrovskii,
The Northeastward Current Southeast of Okinawa Island
Observed During November to August , Geophys. Res.
Lett., , , -–- (, doi:./GL),
.
Talks and Presentations
) Chen, J., R. Shirooka, H. Kubota, T. Ushiyama, T. Chuda, S.
Iwasaki, M. Katsumata, K. Yoneyama (JAMSTEC), H. Uyeda
(FORSGC/Nagoya Univ.), and K. Takeuchi, Statistical features
of the radar reflectivity corresponding to the convective
activities over the tropical western Pacific, Spring Meeting of
the Meteorological Society of Japan, .
) Chen, J., R. Shirooka, H. Kubota, T. Ushiyama, T. Chuda, S.
Iwasaki, M. Katsumata, K. Yoneyama (JAMSTEC), H. Uyeda
(FORSGC/Nagoya Univ.), and K. Takeuchi, Variation of convection
over the tropical western Pacific in the intraseasonal
oscillation, Fall Meeting of the Meteorological Society of
Japan, .
) Cho, K.(Tokai Univ.), M. Mitsumoto (Tokai Univ), M.
Nakayama (Tokai Univ.), H. Enomoto (FORSGC/KIT), and Y.
Honda(Chiba Univ.), Sea ice observations by multi-stage
remote sensing, Special session on snow and ice, Japanese
Society of Snow and Ice, (In Japanese).
) Chuda, T., R. Shirooka, T. Ushiyama, J. Chen, H. Kubota, S.
Iwasaki, K. Takeuchi, and T. Nakazawa (Meteorological
Research Institute), Aerosonde observations of the lower
atmosphere over the tropical western Pacific during PALAU
project, Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, .
) Chuda, T., R. Shirooka, T. Ushiyama, J. Chen, H. Kubota, S.
Iwasaki, and K. Takeuchi, Aerosonde observations of
the lower atmosphere over the tropical western Pacific,
Mesoscale Meteorology Meeting, (In Japanese).
) Chuda, T., R. Shirooka, T. Ushiyama, J. Chen, H. Kubota, S.
Iwasaki, K. Takeuchi, T. Nakazawa (MRI), and K. Bessho
(MRI), Aerosonde observations of lower troposphere over the
ocean around Palau, Spring Meeting of the Meteorological
Society of Japan, .
) Chuda, T., R. Shirooka, T. Ushiyama, J. Chen, H. Kubota, S.
Iwasaki, and K. Takeuchi, Aerosonde observations of the
lower troposphere over the ocean, Meeting of Observational
Research by Using Unmanned Remote Controlled Aircrafts,
.
) Enomoto, H. (FORSGC/Kitami Institute of Technology),
Detection of changes in snow and ice from satellite, Special
session of snow and ice, Japanese Society of Snow and Ice,
(In Japanese).
) Enomoto, H. (FORSGC/Kitami Instute of Technology), T.
Kumano (Kitami Institute of Technology), and K. Tateyama
(Hokkaido Univ.), Satellite observation of sea ice drift in the
sea of Okhotsk, The th International Symposium Okhotsk
Sea and Sea Ice, Hokkaido, Japan, .
) Geng, B., H. Yamada, K. K. Reddy, H. Uyeda (FORSGC/
Nagoya Univ.), and Y. Fujiyoshi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.),
Analysis of a heavy rain event in the downstream of Yangtze
River during the Meiyu season in , The First China-Japan
Workshop on Heavy Rainfall Experiment and Study, .
) Geng, B., H. Yamada, K. K. Reddy, H. Uyeda (FORSGC/
Nagoya Univ.), and Y. Fujiyoshi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), A
Preliminary report on the intensive observation in the downstream
of Yangtze River during the Meiyu season in , The
First China-Japan Workshop on Heavy Rainfall Experiment
and Study, .
) Hamada, J., S. Mori, Y. Tauhid, M. D. Yamanaka (FRSGC/
Kobe Univ.), F. Murata (Kobe Univ.), N. Okamoto (Kobe
Univ.), N. Sakurai (Kobe Univ.), and T. Sribimawati (BPPT,
Indonesia), Intraseasonal and diurnal variations of convective
activities in rainy season over Sumatera, Indonesia, Fall
Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Hamada, J., S. Mori, and Y. Tauhid, Intensive rawinsonde
observations during rainy season at eastern and western side of
Sumatera Island, Indonesia, The Joint Meeting of Earth and
Planetary Science, .
) Ichiyanagi, K., A. Numaguti (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and
K. Kato (Nagoya Univ.) Interannual variation of stable isotopes
in Antarctic precipitation in response to El Niño-
Southern Oscillation, The Japan Earth and Planetary
Science Joint Meeting, (In Japanese).
) Ichiyanagi, K., N. Kurita, A. Numaguti (FORSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), A. Sugimoto (Kyoto Univ.), and Y. Ishii (Hokkaido
Univ.), Seasonal variation of stable isotopes in alas lakes
around Yakutsk, Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of
Hydrology and Water Resources, (In Japanese).
) Ichiyanagi, K., A. Numaguti (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and
K. Kato (Nagoya Univ.), Relatioships between stable isotopes
in Antarctic precipitation and ENSO, Japanese Association of
Hydrological Sciences, (In Japanese).
) Ichiyanagi, K., and M. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.),
Variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at Jayapura,
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Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
Indonesia, Spring Meeting of the Meteorological Society of
Japan, (In Japanese).
) Ichiyanagi, K., and M. D. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.),
Temporal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at
Bangkok, Thailand, Workshop on GAME-T in Thailand, .
) Ichiyanagi, K., and M. D. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.),
Temporal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at
Bangkok, Thailand, Fall Meeting of the Meteorological
Society of Japan, .
) Ichiyanagi, K., Long-Term Trends of Basinwide Water
Balance in Major Rivers, World Water Forum session --
(Managing human impacts on water resources and the water
environment), .
) Ichiyanagi, K., and M. D. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.),
Temporal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation at
Bangkok, Thailand, The First International Conference on
Hydrology and Water Resources in Asia Pacific Region, .
) Ishikawa, M., Y. Zhang, T. Kadota, N. Sharkhuu (MAS), H.
Yabuki, and T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Spatial variations
of frozen ground and their contributions for Hydrology
in Khentei Mountain region, International Workshop on
Terrestrial Change in Mongolia, Tokyo, Japan, .
) Iwasaki, S., H. Hanado (CRL), H. Okamoto (Tohoku U.), H.
Horie (CRL), H. Kuroiwa (CRL), and H. Kumagai (CRL),
Retrieval of the raindrop size distribution by use of GHz
cloud profiling radar and GHz precipitation radar, The nd
International Workshop on Spaceborn Cloud Profiling
Radar/lidar, .
) Iwasaki, S., H. Hanado (CRL), H. Okamoto (Tohoku Univ.),
H. Horie (CRL), H. Kuroiwa (CRL), and H. Kumagai (CRL),
Retrieval of the raindrop size distribution by GHz radar
and GHz radar, GHz radar, Spring Meeting of the
Meteorological Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Iwasaki, S., H. Hanado (CRL), H. Okamoto (Tohoku Univ.),
H. Kumagai (CRL), H. Horie (CRL), and H. Kuroiwa (CRL),
Error analysis for retrieval of the size distribution of raindrop
and particles in melting layer., Fall Meeting of the
Meteorological Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Kim, Y., Temporal Variation of Fluxes of CO , CH and N O
in Burned Boreal Forest Soils, Central Alaska, Graduate
School of Environmental Earth Science, .
) Kim, Y., Temporal Variation of Fluxes of CO , CH and N O
in Burned Boreal Forest Soils, Central Alaska, The th
Scientific Conference of IAMAS/CACGP and The th IGAC,
.
) Kim, Y., and N. Tanaka, Distribution of soil respiration rate
along a latitudinal Alaskan Transect, The rd International
Workshop in Global Change: Connection to the Arctic
(GCCA), .
) Kim, Y., and N. Tanaka, Spatial Variation of Soil Respiration
Rate along a Latitudinal Alaskan Transect, AGU Fall Meeting,
San Francisco, USA, .
) Kobayashi, T., E. Oka, N. Shikama, K. Mizuno (JAMSTEC),
and K. Takeuchi, Japan ARGO Project-Activities of JAM-
STEC/FORSGC Group-, Asia-Pacific Marine Science &
Technology Conference, .
) Kojima, S. (Kitami Institute of Technology), and H. Enomoto
(FORSGC/Kitami Institute of Technology), Changes in surface
conditions and Albedo in the freezing and melting stages
of sea ice, Hokkaido branch of Japanese Society of Snow and
Ice, Hokkaido, Japan, (In Japanese).
) Kubota, H., R. Shirooka, T. Ushiyama, J. Chen, T. Chuda, S.
Iwasaki, and K. Takeuchi, Seasonal Variability Observed at
Palau over Western Pacific and Water Vapor Variation
Observed prior to the Large-Scale Convective Activity,
Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, .
) Kubota, H., R. Shirooka, T. Ushiyama, J. Chen, T. Chuda, K.
Takeuchi, K. Yoneyama (JAMSTEC), and M. Katsumata
(JAMSTEC), Deep convections and westerly wind bursts
observed during the active phase of intrerseasonal oscillations,
Blue Earth Symposium the th Mirai Symposium, .
) Kubota, H., R. Shirooka, T. Ushiyama, T. Chuda, J. Chen, S.
Iwasaki, K. Takeuchi, Seasonal variability observed at Palau
over western Pacific and water vapor variation observed prior
to the large-scale convective activity, Spring Meeting of the
Meteorological Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Kubota, H., R. Shirooka, J. Chen, T. Ushiyama, T. Chuda, K.
Takeuchi, K. Yoneyama (JAMSTEC), and M. Katsumata
(JAMSTEC), The structures of deep convections and westerly
wind bursts observed during the active phase of MJO, Fall
Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Ogino, Y., H. Iga (Kitami Instiutute of Technology), and H.
Enomoto (FORSGC/Kitami Institute of Technology), Near real
time informations of cryosphere by satellite, Hokkaido branch
of Japanese Society of snow and ice, (In Japanese).
) Ogino, Y. (Kitami Institute of Technology), H. Iga (Kitami
Institute of Technology), and H. Enomoto (FORSGC/Kitami
Institute of Technology), Okhotsk sea ice and snow data by
near real time satellite observation, Annual Meeting of
Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, (In Japanese).
) Reddy, K. K., B. Geng, H. Yamada, and H. Uyeda (FORS-
GC/Nagoya Univ.), Wind Profiler with Radio Acoustic
Sounding System for Monitoring of Wind, Temperature,
Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Precipitating Cloud Systems
during Meiyu Season at Dongshan, The st China-Japan
Workshop on Heavy Rainfall Experiment and Study, .
) Reddy, K. K., B. Geng, H. Yamada, and H. Uyeda (FORS-
269

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
GC/Nagoya Univ.), Wind profiler observations of the Baiu/
Meiyu precipitating cloud systems in the downstream of the
Yangtze River, International Conference on Mesoscale
Convective Systems and Heavy Rainfall/Snowfall in East
Asia, Tokyo, Japan, .
) Reddy, K. K., B. Geng, H. Yamada, and H. Uyeda (FORSGC/
Nagoya Univ.), Lower atmospheric wind profiler for diagnosing
the Meiyu/Baiu precipitating cloud systems in the
downstream of the Yangtze River, Fall Meeting of the
Meteorological Society of Japan, Sapporo, .
) Sasaki, T., P. Wu, F. Kimura (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.), and L.
Jingmiao (Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences),
Diurnal Variation of GPS Precipitable Water over the Tibetan
Plateau, Spring Meeting of the Meteorological Society of
Japan, (In Japanese).
) Sasaki, T., P. Wu, F. Kimura (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.),
T. Yoshikane, and L. Jingmiao (Chinese Academy of
Meteorological Sciences), Why precipitable water increases
suddenly after sunset over the Tibetan Plateau during the
post-monsoon period? -verification with RAMS simulation-,
Fall Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Sasaki, T., P. Wu, F. Kimura (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.), and
T. Yoshikane, Diurnal Variation of Water Vapor Content over
the Tibetan Plateau during the Post-monsoon Period in -
Comparison between GPS Observation and RAMS
Simulation-, GAME Kick-off Workshop, (In Japanese).
) Sasaki, T., P. Wu, F. Kimura (FRSGC/Univ. of Tsukuba), T.
Yoshikane, and J. Liu (CAMS, China), Diurnal Variation of
GPS Precipitable Water over the Tibetan Plateau during the
Post-monsoon Period in , International Workshop on GPS
Meteorology, Tsukuba, Japan, January -, .
) Shirooka, R., H. Kubota, T. Chuda, T. Ushiyama, J. Chen, S.
Iwasaki, H. Uyeda (FORSGC/Nagoya Univ.), and K.
Takeuchi, Characteristics of convective activity in PALAU
, Spring Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Sugimoto, A. (Kyoto Univ.), D. Naito (Kyoto Univ.), A.
Kagawa (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute), N.
Yanagisawa (Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute),
K. Ichiyanagi, N. Kurita, J. Kubota (FORSGC/RIHN), T.
Kotake (Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture and Technology), and T.
Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Interannual variations of
vegetation activity and hydrologic cycle observed in Eastern
Siberia using stable isotopes of water, AGU Fall Meeting, San
Francisco, USA, .
) Sugiura, K., D. Yang (Water and Environmental Research
Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks), and T. Ohata
(FORSGC/Hokkaido University), Blowing snow condition
itself and its relation to precipitation correction in Barrow,
Alaska, WCRP Workshop on Determination of Solid
Precipitation in Cold Climate Regions, Fairbanks, USA, .
) Sugiura, K., T. Ohata (FORSGC/Institute of Low Temperature
Science, Hokkaido University), and D. Yang (Water and
Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska
Fairbanks), Intercomparison of precipitation gauges in high
latitude regions of high winds, -, The JSSI
(Japanese Society of Snow and Ice) Conference, Yamagata,
Japan, (In Japanese).
) Sugiura, K., T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and D.
Yang (Water and Environmental Research Center, Univ. of
Alaska Fairbanks), Particle size in drifting snow with periods
of inactivity in the Arctic, The JSSI (Japanese Society of
Snow and Ice) Conference, Yamagata, Japan, (In
Japanese).
) Sugiura, K., T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and D.
Yang (Water and Environmental Research Center, Univ. of
Alaska Fairbanks), Blowing snow effect on true solid precipitation
in the Arctic, Barrow, Alaska, The JSSI (Japanese
Society of Snow and Ice) Conference, Yamagata, Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Sugiura, K., T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and D.
Yang (Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks), Solid Precipitation
Measurement Intercomparison in Barrow Alaska, -,
AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, USA, .
) Suzuki, K., J. Kubota (RIHN/FORSGC), T. Ohata (Hokkaido
Univ./FORSGC), N. Vsilenkoi, S. Zhuravin, and V. Vuglinsky
(SHI), Characteristics of spring runoff in the Mogot experimental
watershed, in the southern mountainous taiga of eastern
Siberia, International Snow Science Workshop, .
) Suzuki, K., Y. Zhang, T. Kadota, H. Yabuki, J. Kubota
(FORSGC/RIHN), T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and
V. Vuglinsky (SHI), Preliminary results of an intensive observation
in at the Mogot experimental watershed, at the
southern mountain taiga, Eastern Siberia, Annual Meeting of
the Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources, (In
Japanese).
) Suzuki, K., J. Kubota (FORSGC/RIHN), Y. Zhang, T. Kadota,
T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and V. Vuglinsky
(SHI), Snow ablation process in the southern mountainous
taiga of eastern Siberia, during an early spring, AGU Fall
Meeting, San Francisco, USA, .
) Suzuki, K., J. Kubota (FORSGC/RIHN), T. Ohata (FORSGC/
Hokkaido Univ.), N. Vasilenko, S. Zhuravin, and V.
Vuglinsky (SHI), Winter hydrological processes in the Mogot
experimental watershed, in the southern mountainous taiga,
Eastern Siberia, The th Water Resources Symposium,
(In Japanese).
270

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
) Suzuki, K., J. Kubota (FORSGC/RIHN), Y. Zhang, T. Kadota,
T. Ohata (Hokkaido Univ./FORSGC), and V. Vuglinsky
(SHI), Snow ablation processes in the southern mountainous
taiga of eastern Siberia, The First International Conference on
Hydrology and Water Resources in Asia Pacific Region,
Kyoto, Japan, .
) Tateyama, K. (Hokkaido Univ.), H. Enomoto (FORSGC/Kitami
Institute of Technology), K. Shirasawa (Hokkaido Univ.), and T.
Kumano (Kitami Institute of Technology), Characteristics of
variability in sea ice covers in the Sea of Okhotsk in the recent
years from to , Annual Meeting of Japanese
Society of Snow and Ice, (In Japanese).
) Tateyama, K. (Hokkaido Univ.), H. Enomoto (FORSGC/KIT),
K. Shirasawa (Hokkaido Univ), S. Hamaoka (Okhotsu sea
ice research Co., Ltd), and N. Kimura (NASDA/EORC),
Introduction of sea ice monitoring radar network on the Okhotsk
coast of Hokkaido, International Workshop on Small-Scale Sea
Ice-Ocean Modeling for Nearshore Beaufort and Chukchi Seas,
.
) Tauhid, Y. I., M. D. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.), P.
Wu, S. Mori, J. Hamada., T. Sasaki, T. Sribimawati (BPPT),
N. Okamoto (Kobe Univ.), F. Murata (Kobe Univ.), and N.
Sakurai (Kobe Univ.), Seasonal variations of precipitable
water and rainfall over the Indonesian maritime continent, Fall
Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan, .
) Ushiyama,T., M. Kawashima (Hokkaido Univ.), and Y.
Fujiyoshi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Heating distribution by
cloud systems derived from Doppler radar observation in
TOGA-COARE, Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting,
.
) Ushiyama, T., and M. Katsumata (JAMSTEC), Numerical
simulation of ITCZ cloud systems observed in MR-K
Mirai cruise.-, intermittent data assimilation experiment-,
Spring Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Ushiyama, T., R. Shirooka, and M. Katsumata (JAMSTEC),
Numerical simulation of ITCZ cloud systems observed in
MR-K Mirai cruise. -On the interaction between precipitation
systems-, Fall Meeting of the Meteorological Society of
Japan, (In Japanese).
) Wu, P., J. Hamada, S. Mori, Y. I. Tauhid, M. D. Yamanaka
(FORSGC/Kobe Univ.), and T. Sribimawati (BPPT), Diurnal
Variation of Precipitable Water over a Mountainous Area in
Sumatra Island, Indonesia, Workshop on GAME-T and
Hydrometeorological Studies in Thailand and Southeast Asia
(- October at Chiang Rai, Thailand), .
) Wu, P., T. Sasaki, M. D. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.), J.
Liu (CMA, China), and F. Kimura (FRSGC/Tsukuba Univ.),
Variation of GPS-derived precipitable water over the Tibetan
Plateau, International Workshop on GPS Meteorology,
Tsukuba, Japan, January -, .
) Wu, P., J. Hamada, S. Mori, Y. Tauhid, M. Yamanaka
(FORSGC/Kobe Univ.), and T. Sribimawati (BPPT, Indonesia),
Diurnal Variation of Precipitable Water over a Mountainous
Area of Sumatra Island, Spring Meeting of the Meteorological
Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Wu, P., T. Sasaki, M. Yamanaka (FORSGC/Kobe Univ.), L.
Jingmiao (CAMS, China), and F. Kimura (FRSGC/Tsukuba
Univ.), Diurnal variation of precipitable water over the Tibetan
Plateau during summer, Fall Meeting of the Meteorological
Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Yamada, H., B. Geng, K. K. Reddy, and H. Uyeda (FORSGC/
Nagoya Univ.), Two Case Studies on the Structure of a
Mesoscale Convective System during the Heavy Rainfall
Experiment in the Downstream of Yangtze River in , The
st China-Japan Workshop on Heavy Rainfall Experiment and
Study (- April , Haikou-City, Hainan Prov., China),
.
) Yamada, H., B. Geng, K. K. Reddy, and H. Uyeda (FORSGC/
Nagoya Univ.), Characteristics of two mesoscale convective
systems observed during the Heavy Rainfall Experiment in the
Downstream of Yangtze River in , International
Conference on Mesoscale Convective Systems and Heavy
Rainfall/Snowfall in East Asia (Tokyo, Japan), .
) Yamada, H., B. Geng, K. K. Reddy, and H. Uyeda (FORSGC/
Nagoya Univ.), Environmental features of cloud clusters
developed in the downstream of Yangtze River during
the Baiu/Meiyu season of , Fall Meeting of the
Meteorological Society of Japan, Sapporo, (In Japanese).
) Yamada, H., B. Geng, K. K. Reddy, H. Uyeda (FORSGC/
Nagoya Univ.), and Y. Fujiyoshi (FRSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), A
Case Study on two cloud clusters developed in the downstream
region of Yangtze River during Baiu/Meiyu season in ,
Spring Meeting of the Meteorological Society of Japan,
(In Japanese).
) Yamazaki, T., Investigation with a one-dimensional model -
comparison between forest and grassland, and flux fluctuation
from through -, GAME-Siberia Workshop, .
) Yamazaki, T., K. Motoya, and K. Takata, Present status of
snow models intercomparison project and our problems,
Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Snow and Ice, (In
Japanese).
) Yamazaki, T., T. Ohta (FORSGC/Nagoya Univ.), H. Yabuki,
and Y. Ishii (Hokkaido Univ.), Flux estimation on boreal vegetated
area using a land surface model, Spring Meeting of the
Meteorological Society of Japan, (In Japanese).
) Yamazaki, T., H. Yabuki, and Y. Ishii (Hokkaido Univ.),
Water and Energy budget on taiga forest and grassland in
271

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
Siberia, Annual Meeting of the Japan Society of Hydrology
and Water Resource, (In Japanese).
) Yang, D. (University of Alaska Fairbanks), K. Sugiura, and T.
Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), UAF/Frontier Snowfall/
Blowing Snow Observations at Barrow: Research Plan and
Initial Result, WCRP Workshop on Determination of Solid
Precipitation in Cold Climate Regions, Fairbanks, USA, .
) Zhang, Y., K. Suzuki, J. Kubota (FORSGC/RIHN), T. Kadota,
T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), and V. Vuglinsky (State
Hydrological Institute, Russia), Snow Sublimation on Taiga of
Eastern Siberia: Observation and Calculation in Earlier Spring
of , The th Sympodium on Polar Meteorology and
Glaciology, .
) Zhang, Y., T. Kadota, and T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido
Univ.), The Role of Permafrost and Seasonal Frost Playing in
Land-Surface Hydrological Processes of Tibetan Plateau,
Annual Conference of The Japan Society of Hydrology and
Water Resources, .
) Zhang, Y., Pan-Observation Results on Snow Sublimation and
its Parameterization Both in forested and Open Environment in
Taiga of Eastern Siberia, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco,
USA, .
) Zhang, Y., Y. Zhang, T. Ohata (FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.),
and G. Davaa (Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ulan
bator, Mongolia), Bias Correction of Daily Precipitation
Measurements for Mongolia, International Workshop on
Terrestrial change in Mongolia, .
) Zhang, Y., M. Kadota, M. Ishikawa, K. Yabuki, T. Ohata
(FORSGC/Hokkaido Univ.), Ganbold (Institute of Meteorology
and Hydrology, Ulan bator, Mongolia), Natsagsuren (Institute
of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ulan bator, Mongolia), and
Munkhtsetseg (Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Ulan
bator, Mongolia), Preliminary Results of Land Surface
Processes Observation on Grassland of Nalikh, Mongolia,
International Workshop on Terrestrial change in Mongolia,
.
(10) Earth Simulator Center
Publications
) Habata, S., S. Kitawaki, M. Yokokawa, The Earth Simulator
System, NEC R&D, . JAN.
) Inasaka, J., R. Ikeda, K. Umezawa, K. Yoshikawa, S. Yamada,
S. Kitawaki, Hardware Technogy of the Earth Simulator, NEC
R&D, . JAN.
) Itakura, K., A. Uno, M. Yokokawa (GTRC, NIAIST), M. Saito
(NECIS), T. Ishihara (nagoya univ.), Performance Tuning of a
CFD code on the Earth simulator, NECR&D, . Jan Vol.
No..
) Kaneda, Y., T. Ishihara, M. Yokokawa, K. Itakura, A. Uno,
Energy Dissipation Rate and Energy Spectrum in High
Resolution Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulence in a
Periodic Box, Physics of Fluids, Vol. No.
) Kitawaki, S., The Earth Simulator System, NEC R&D.
) Komori, N., T. Awaji, Y. Ishikawa and T. Kuragano, Shortrange
forecast experiments of the Kuroshio path variabilities
south of Japan using TOPEX/Poseidon altimetric data, Journal
of Geophysical Research, Vol. NoC.
) Ohfuchi, W., S. Shingu, H. Fuchigami (NECIS), M. Yamada
(NECIS), The Dependence of Parallel Performance of the
Atmosphereic General Circulation Model for the Earth
Simulator on Problem Size, NEC R&D, . JAN.
) Peng, X., F. Xiao, T. Yabe and K. Tani, Implementation of the
CIP as the advection solver in Mesoscale Meteorological
Model MM, Mon Wea Rev, JULY.
) Sakuma, H., H. sasaki, K. Takahashi, Y. Tsuda, M. Kanazawa,
S. Kitawaki, T. Kagimoto, T. Sato, Accomplishmet of fiftyyears-long
global eddy-resolving simulation by Earth
Simulator., NEC R&D, . JAN.
) Sato, T., The Earth Simulator - Holistic Simulation and
Science Evolution, BUTSURI, Vol No. p-.
) Sato, T., We Think, Therefore We Simulate, LOOK JAPAN,
January Vol. No..
) Shingu, S., H. Takahara (NEC), H. Fuchigami (NECIS), M.
Yamada (NECIS), Y. Tsuda, W. Ohfuchi, Y. Sasaki (NECIS),
K. Kobayashi (NECIS), T. Hagiwara (NEC), S. Habata (NEC),
M. Yokokawa (NIAIST), H. Itoh (NASDA), K. Otsuka, A
. Tflops global Atomospheric Simulation with the spectral
Transform Method on the Earth Simulator, SC, ..
) Takahashi, K., A. Azami (nihon univ.), T. Abe (yamagata
univ.), H. Sakuma, T. Sato, Developing coupled ocean-atmosphere
global climate model for the Earth Simulator and its
computational/physical, NEC R&D, . JAN.
) Uehara, H., M. Tamura (NEC), K. Itakura, M. Yokokawa, MPI
performance evaluation on the Earth Simulator, IPSJ Journal,
HPS.
) Uehara, H., M. Tamura, M. Yokokawa, MPI performance
measurement on the Earth Simulator, NEC Research &
Development, Vol., No..
) Uno, A., T. Aoyagi, K. Tani (JAERI), Job Schedulling on the
Earth Simulator, NEC R&D, . Jan.
) Yokokawa, M., K. Itakura, A. Uno, T. Ishihara, Y. Kaneda,
. Tflops Direct Numerical Simulation of Turbulence by
Fourier Spectral Method on the Earth Simulator, IEEE/ACM
SC Conference.
) Yoshioka, M., H. Niino (tokyo univ.), R. Kimura (tokyo
univ.), Significance of non-rotational wind stress in the seasonal
variation of continental torque, Tellus, , A, -.
272

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
Talks and Presentations
) Awaji, T., N. Komori, N. Sugiura, S. Masuda, Y. Ishikawa, K.
Horiuchi, Q. Jang, Y. Y. Shen, and J. D. Annan, Ocean state
estimation by variational data assimilation systems., SCOR-
JOS International Symposium "Our Oceanography Toward
The World Oceanography".
) Hirano, H., Trend Report of New Technology on Supercomputer
and Background and Summary of The Earth Simulator, NEC
Tohoku, Ltd.
) Ishikawa, Y., T. Awaji, T. Toyoda, N. Komori, Construction
of a data assimilation system for ocean general circulations --
Determination of weight parameters for the ajoint method,
International Symposium "En route to GODAE".
) Itakura, K., A. Uno, H. Uehara, M. Saito, M. Yokokawa,
Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Programming on Eath
Simulator, Information Processing Society of Japan.
) Jung, R., T. Sato, A droplet simulation on motion topology
with mass transfer using moving unstructured mesh,
ASME(American Society of Mechanical Engineering) Fluids
Engineering Division Summer Meeting.
) Kageyama, A., Computer Simulation of Geodynamo--Dipole
Field Generation and Reversals--, International Symposium of
Simulation Science (Invited Talk).
) Kagimoto, T., H. Sasaki, Y. Masumoto, A. Ishida, N. Komori,
K. Takahashi, Y. Sasai, Y. Yamanaka, H. Sakuma, and T.
Yamagata, Eddy-resolving simulation in the world ocean. Part
III: Comparison with the WOCE hydrographic observations.,
Symposium in Fall meeting of the Oceangraphic Society
of Japan.
) Kitawaki, S., LACSI Symposium (Keynote Speech),
LACSI Symposium (Keynote Speech).
) Komine, K., A global coupled ocean/sea-ice model, th data
Assimilation.
) Komine, K., T. Motoi, K. Takahashi, X. Zhang, H. Sakuma,
M. Ikeda and T. Sato, Sensitivity experiments of sea-ice
processes on world ocean circulation by using a global coupled
ocean/sea-ice model, WOCE (World Ocean Circulation
Experiment).
) Komori, N., H. Sasaki, K. Takahashi, T. Kagimoto, Y.
Masumoto, A. Ishida, Y. Sasai, T. Motoi, S. Masuda, Y.
Yamanaka, K. Komine, R. Jung, H. Sakuma, and T. Sato,
Eddy-resolving simulation in the world ocean. Part II:
Regional features of surface circulations., Symposium in
Fall meeting of the Oceangraphic Society of Japan.
) Komori, N., T. Awaji, Y. Ishikawa, T. Kuragano, H. Yoritaka,
H. Kudo, Synergistic use of ADCP and altimetric data for
short-range forecasts of the Kuroshio variations south of Japan,
International Symposium "En route to GODAE".
) Komori, N., T. Awaji, Y. Ishikawa, T. Kuragano, H. Yoritaka,
H. Kudo, Synergistic use of ADCP and altimetric data for
short-range forecasts of the Kuroshio variations south of Japan,
TECHNO-OCEAN (Special Session VII: Ocean
Forecasting).
) Murai, H., Features of HPF/ES for irregular problems, ISHPC
.
) Ohfuchi, W., AGCM simulations on the Earth Simulator,
National Aeronautics and Space Agency, Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.
) Ohfuchi, W., An overview on the Earth Simulator and AFES,
and our possible contribution to THORPEX, Asian THORPEX
Meeting.
) Ohfuchi, W., An overview on the Earth Simulator, AFES
(AGCM for Earth Simulator) and our AFES working group,
THORPEX Science Planning Meeting.
) Ohfuchi, W., Applications and development of the atmospheric
general circulation model for the Earth Simulator (AFES),
EU-Japan Meeting.
) Ohfuchi, W., Atmospheric general circulation modeling by
using the Earth Simulator, The th NEC HPC Conference.
) Ohfuchi, W., Atmospheric general circulation simulations on
the Earth Simulator, DKRZ/Max-Planck Institute for
Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany.
) Ohfuchi, W., Climate simulation studies at the Earth Simulator
Center (In collaboration with the Frontier Research System for
Global Change)., Fluid Dynamics for Earth and Planetary
Sciences Workshop.
) Ohfuchi, W., Climate studies at the Earth Simulator Center,
ACSYS-CliC Science Meeting.
) Ohfuchi, W., T. Enomoto, K. Takaya, M. K. Yoshioka, -km
mesh global atmospheric simulations on the Earth Simulator,
Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, USA.
) Ohfuchi, W., T. Enomoto, K. Takaya, M. K. Yoshioka, Ultrahigh
resolution global atmospheric simulations on the Earth
Simulator, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
Boulder, USA.
) Ohfuchi, W., T. Enomoto, K. Takaya, M. Yoshioka, -km
mesh global atmosheric simulations, Tenth workshop on Use
of High Performance computing in Meteorology "Realizing
Teracomputing" /~.
) Ohfuchi, W., T. Enomoto, K. Takaya, M. Yoshioka, Toward
-km mesh global atmospheric simulations, American
Geophysical Union Fall Meeting /~.
) Ohfuchi, W., Why our AGCM, AFES, has achieved .
Tflops (% of the Peak Performance of the ES)?., Department
of Energy, Washington, DC, USA.
) Peng, X., F. Xiao, T. Yabe, K. Tani, S. Y., Yoon, Accurate
advection computation with CIP in MM, Annual
Meeting of The Japan Society of mechanical engineering.
273

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
) Peng, X., F. Xiao, W. Ohuchi, Conservative Semi-Lagrangian
transport of Tracers in AFES, Autumn Meeting of the
Japan Meteorological Society.
) Peng, X., F. Xiao, W. Ohfuchi, H. Fuchigami, H. Sakuma, T.
Sato, Sophisticated transport of tracers and the impact on global
vapor circulation with AFES, International Symposium on
Climate Change, Beijin.
) Sasaki, H., K. Takahashi, N. Komori, T. Kagimoto, Y.
Masumoto, Y. Tsuda, M. Kanazawa, A. Ishida, Y. Sasai, K.
Komine, R. Jung, Y. Yamanaka, S. Masuda, T. Motoi, S.
Kitawaki, H. Sakuma, T. Sato, Eddy-resolving Simulation in
the World Ocean Part I: Accomplishment of Fifty-year-timeintegration
on the Earth Simulator, Autum Meeting of the
Japan Oceaanographic Society.
) Sasaki, H., T. Kagimoto, N. Komori, K. Takahashi, Y.
Masumoto, Y. Tsuda, M. Kanazawa, A. Ishida, Y. Sasai, K.
Komine, R. Jung, Y. Yamanaka, S. Masuda, T. Motoi, S.
Kitawaki, H. Sakuma, T. Yamagata, Eddy-resolving
Simulation of the World Ocean Circulation – Fifty years of
integration on the Earth Simulator –, WOCE (World Ocean
Circulation Experiment).
) Sasaki, H., T. Kagimoto, N. Komori, K. Takahashi, Y.
Masumoto, Y. Tsuda, M. Kanazawa, A. Ishida, Y. Sasaki, K.
Komine, R. Jung, Y. Yamanaka, S. Matsuda, T. Motoi, M.
Kitawaki, H. Sakuma, T. Yamagata, T. Sato, Eddy-resolving
Simulation of the World Ocean Circulation-Fifty years of integration
in the Earth Simulator, World Ocean Circulation
Experiment, Final Conference.
) Sato, T., th Annual ACM International Conference on
Supercomputing, Can the Earth Simulator Change the Way
Humans Think?.
) Sato, T., Earth Simulator running, International Supercomputer
Conference.
) Sato, T., How can the Earth Simulator Impact on Science, The
Eighth International Symposium on Simulation Science.
) Sato, T., S. Kitawaki, M. Yokokawa, Earth Simulator runninng.,
th International Supercomputer Conference ISC/
Earth simulator running. th International Supercomputer
Conference ISC.
) Sato, T., The Earth Simulator and Emerging Simulation
Science, The Eighth International Symposium on Simulation
Science.
) Sato, T., The Earth Simulator and It's Impact on Society,
TONO Frontier Science Research City.
) Sato, T., The Earth Simulator and Opening-Up of New
Simulation Science, HPF International Workshop:Experiences
and Progress (Hiwep).
) Sato, T., THE EARTH SIMULATOR, SC.
) Sato, T., What can the Earth Simulatro Impact on Humans,
International Symposium CW.
) Shingu, S., H. Fuchigami, M. Yamada, Y. Tsuda, W. Ohfuchi,
H. Nakamura, M. Yokokawa, Performance of the AFES –
Atmospheric General Circulation Model For Earth Simulator
–, Parallel CFD (International Conference).
) Shingu, S., Vector Parallel Programming and Performance of a
Spectral Atmospheric Model on the Earth Simulator, ECMWF;
Tenth Workshop on Use of high Performance Computing in
Meteorology "Realizing Teracomputing" /~.
) Takahashi, K., M. Kanazawa, Y. Tsuda, M. Kitawaki, H.
Sasaki, T. Kagimoto, Y. Masumoto, H. Sakuma and T.
Yamagata, Computational Performance and Preliminary
Physical Validations of Eddy-Resolving Simulation on the
Eath Simulator, AGU Spring meeting.
) Takahashi, K., S. Shingu, M. Yoshioka, M. Yamada, H.
Fuchigami, A. Azami, T. Abe, Y. Sasak and H. Sakuma,
Coupling strategy of Atmospheric-Oceanic general circulationmodel
with ultra hight resolution and its performance on the
Earth Simulator., Parallel CFD.
) Takahashi, K., Y. Tsuda, M. Kanazawa, S. Kitawaki, H.
Sasaki,T. Kagimoto, Y. Masumoto and H. Sakuma, Parallel
Architecture and its Performance of Oceanic Global
Circulation Model Based on MOM to be run on the Earth
Simulator, Parallel CFD.
) Tani, K., S. Ohkura, H. Uehara, T. Aoyagi, First Light of the
Earth Simulator and Its PC Cluster Applications, IEEE
International Conference on Cluster Computing ().
) Uehara, H., A. Tamura, M. Yokokawa, An MPI Benchmark
Program Library and Its Application to the Earth Simulator,
th International Symposium on High Performance Computing
(ISHPC).
) Uno, A., K. Itakura, M. Yokokawa, T. Ishihara, Y. Kaneda,
Scalability Evaluation of Direct Numerical Simulation on
Earth Simulator, Information Processing Society of Japan,
SWoPP.
) Yoshioka, M., W. Ohfuchi, Y. Kurihara, T. Nishimura, S.
Yamane, Climate features during typhoon season in high-resolution
AGCM, Japan meteorological agency.
) Yoshioka, M., Y. Kurihara, W. Ohfuchi, Climate simulation
for typhoons in East Asia by high resolution AGCM, AGU
Fall Meeting.
(11) Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
Publications
) Andreev, A., M. Kusakabe, M. Honda, A. Murata and C. Saito,
Vertical fluxes of nutrients and carbon through the halocline in
the western subarctic Gyre calculated by mass balance, Deep-
Sea Research II, /-/-.
) Harada, N., T. Kondo, K. Fukuma, M. Uchida, T. Nakamura,
274

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
M. Iwai, M. Murayama, T. Sugawara and M. Kusakabe, Is
amino acid chronology available to estimate geological age of
siliceous sediment? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, ,
-, .
) Honda, M. C., K. Imai, Y. Nojiri, F. Hoshi, T. Sugawara and
M. Kusakabe, The biological pump in the northwestern North
Pacific based on fluxes and major components of particulate
matter obtained by sediment trap ecxperiment, Deep-Sea
Research II, /-/-.
) Kuroyanagi, A., H. Kawahata, H. Nishi and M. Honda, Seasonal
change in planktonic foraminifera in the northwestern North
Pacific Ocean: sediment trap experiments from subarctic and
subtropical gyres, Deep-Sea Research II, /-/-.
) Matsumoto, K., K. Kawamura, M. Uchida, Y. Shibata,
Compound specific radiocarbon and stable carbon isotope
measurements of fatty acids in a aerosol sample and their geochemical
significance, Annual Report of NIES-TERRA, Vol.,
-, .
) Matsumoto, K., K. Kawamura, M. Uchida, Y. Shibata,
Molecular-level radiocarbon analysis and applications to geochemical
and environmental samples. Tikyukagaku -
(in Japanease), .
) Nakano, I., Marine weather observation at Oki-no-Tori Sima,
TENKI, //-.
) Narita, H. (Hokkaido Univ.), M. Sato (Hokkaido Univ.), S.
Tsunogai (Hokkaido Univ.), M. Murayama (Kochi Univ.), M.
Ikehara (Kochi Univ.), T. Nakatsuka (Hokkaido Univ.), M.
Wakatsuchi (Hokkaido Univ.), N. Harada, Y. Ujiie (Tokyo Univ.),
Biogenic opal indicating less productive northwestern North
Paicfic during the glacial ages, Geophysical Research Letters.
) Ohkushi K., Y. Shibata, M. Uchida, H. Kawahata, Radiocarbon
ages of benthic foraminifera and planktic foraminifera in deepsea
sediments of the Shatsky Rise Annual Report of NIES-
TERRA, Vol., -, .
) Sakai, H., Y. Kuwabara, R. Fujii, T. Yamanaka, T. Nakamura,
M. Uchida, Research boring of Paleo-Kathmandu lake and
their current research. Chikyu Monthly () -, .
) Sasaoka, K., S. Saito, I. Asanuma, K. Imai, M. Honda, Y. Nojiri
and T. Saino, Temporal and spatial variability of chlotophyll-a
in the western subarctic Pacific determined from satellite and
ship observations from to , Deep-Sea Research II,
/-/-.
) Shin Kyung-Hoon, N. Tanaka, N. Harada, J.-C. Marty,
Production and turnover rates of C alkenones in the eastern
Bering Sea: implication of the mechanism of long duration of
Emiliania huxleyi bloom. Progress in Oceanography, , -
, .
) Uchida, M., Y. Shibata, K. Kawamura, Y. Kumamoto, M.
Yoneda, and M. Morita, Application to geochemical samples
of compound specific radiocarbon analysis Annual Report of
NIES-TERRA, Vol., -, .
) Yoneda, M., K. Uzawa, M. Hirota, M. Uchida, A. Tanaka, Y.
Shibata, and M. Morita., Radiocarbon marine reservoireffect in
human remains from the Kitagogane site, Hokkaido, Japan.
Journal of Archaeological Science, (), -, .
) Yoneda, M., M. Hirota, M. Uchida, A. Tanaka, Y. Shibata, and
M. Morita., Radiocarbon age determination and stable isotope
analysis on the human bones from Tochibara rockshelter,
Nagano, Japan. Radiocarbon (), -, .
) Yoneda, M., M. Hirota, M. Uchida, A. Tanaka, Y. Shibata, M.
Morita, G. Morgenroth, and W. Kretschmer, Radiocarbon
measurement of bone material at NIES-TERRA. Annual
Report of NIES-TERRA, Vol., -, .
) Yoneda, M., Y. Shibata, M. Morita, M. Hirota, M. Uchida, and
T. Akazawa, Radiocarbon age determination of the Dederiyeh
cave site, Syria: preliminary results In Recent advances in
Anthropology and Primatology, Kyoto Kinseisya, -, .
Talks and Presentations
) Ahagon, N., K. Kimoto, N. Harada, M. Uchida, Paleoenviromental
changes in the NW Pacific subarctic region during the late
Quaternary, Joint meeting of Earth and Planetary science.
) Ahagon, N., M. Uchida, AMS radiocarbon ages of planktonic
and benthic foraminiferas around the Younger Dryas: stability
of mid-depth circulation in the northwest Pacific., th
International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
(poster session).
) Ahagon, N., M. Uchida, Deglacial changes in mid-depth circulation
in the northwest Pacific inferred from foraminiferal
radiocarbon., The th "Mirai" Symposium.
) Harada, N., N. Ahagon, K. Kimoto, M. Uchida, Comparison of
biological pump efficiency between Holocene and glacial periods
in the northwestern North Pacific, Japan Earth and
Planetary Science Join Meeting.
) Honda, M., Biological pump in the northwestern North Pacific.
the th MIRAI Symposium, .
) Honda, M., JAMSTEC Time-series observation for biogeochemistry,
POGO meeting.
) Kanke, H., M. Uchida, T. Okuda, H. Takada, M. Yoneda, Y.
Shibata Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis of individual
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediment core
sample from an urban reservoir, th International Conference
on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Nagoya University, -
Sep, .
) Kato, A., N. Harada, M. Kusakabe, Y. Tanaka, Seasonal
variation of the distribution of alkenone producer in the northwestern
North Pacific. Annual meeting of the Oceanographic
Society of Japan in .
275

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Research Achievements
) Kimoto, K., N. Ahagon, and A. Matsuoka, Culture experiment
of planktonic foraminifera living in the Tsugaru Strait,
Northern Japan: Preliminary results. Annual meeting of
Paleotological Research of Japan (poster session).
) Kimoto, K., N. Ahagon, and H. Kawahata, Stable isotopes of
living subarctic planktonic foraminifera and hydrography of
the far northwestern Pacific Ocean. Blue Earth Symposium.
(poster session)
) Matsumoto, K., M. Uchida, K. Kawamura, Y. Shibata M.
Morita, Compound specific radiocarbon measurements of fatty
acids in continental aerosol samples and their sources. th
International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry,
Nagoya University, - Sep, .
) Mikagawa, T., The Deep-sea Research ROV's of the JAM-
STEC, INMARTECH .
) Nakano, I., Examination of Tomographic Analysis based on
both ray and Mode, The Acourstical Society of Japan.
) Nakano, I., H. Fujimori and T. Zaima, A method of clock drift
correction using the reciprocal sound transmission, The
Acourstical Society of Japan.
) Ohkushi, K., M. Uchida, T. Mishima, Ventilation changes in
the Pacific intermediate water during the last kyr, th
International Conference on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry,
Nagoya University, - Sep, .
) Sugiyama, K. (MWJ), T. Kondo (MWJ), M. Miyamoto (MWJ),
N. Harada, C. Saito, N. Kashiwase, N. Ahagon and K. Kimoto,
Geophysical and geochemical monitoring of marine core samples–preliminary
results of examinations on organic carbon,
colorimetry, magnetic susceptibility and water contents for two
years–, Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of
Japan (poster session).
) Uchida, M., N. Harada, K. Endo, N. Handa, Y. Shibata,
Radiocarbon dating and biomarker analysis in saline Lake Aibi
sediment in China, th International Conference on Accelerator
Mass Spectrometry, Nagoya University, - Sep, .
) Uchida, M., Y. Shibata, K. Kawamura, M. Yoneda, M. Morita,
Preparation techniques for microscale AMS radiocarbon analysis,
th International Conference on Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry, Nagoya University, - Sep, .
) Uchida, M., Y. Shibata, N. Harada, N. Ahagon, M. Yoneda,
Compound-specific radiocarbon ages of biomarkers in the
western North Pacific marginal sea sediments, Goldshmidt
Conference , Switzerland, - August, .
) Yoneda, M., Y. Shibata, A. Tanaka, T. Uehiro, M. Morita, M.
Uchida, T. Kobayashi, C. Kobayashi, R. Suzuki, K. Miyamoto,
AMS C measurement and preparative techniques at NIES-
TERRA, th International Conference on Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry, Nagoya University, - Sep, .
12Computer and Information Division
Publications
) Kikuchi, T., K. Futa (Mitsubishi Precision Co.), T. Tsuchiya
and J. Naoi, Convergence Characteristics of Phase-Conjugate
Waves in Deep Sound Channels, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol.
() pp.-.
Talks and Presentations
) Abe, Y. (MWJ), H. Suzuki (MWJ), J. Naoi, K. Sono, Data
management in JAMSTEC, The International Marine
Technicians Workshop (INMARTECH) (poster session).
) Iwase, R., H. Machiyama, W. Soh, K. M. Brown, M. Tryon
(Scripps Institution of Oceanography), Detailed mapping of
subbottom temperature gradient at cold seepage site off
Hatsushima Island in Sagami Bay, Seismological Society of
Japan, Fall meeting (poster session), P.
) Iwase, R., R. Iwase, H. Machiyama, W. Soh, T. Goto, K. M.
Brown, M. Tryon (Scripps Institution of Oceanography), Detailed
mapping of subbottom temperature gradient and flow rate measurement
experiment at cold seepage site off Hatsushima Island in
Sagami Bay, The th "Shinkai" symposium.
) Iwase, R., Y. Fujinawa (NIED), T. Goto, T. Matsumoto
(NIED), K. Takahashi (CRL), Observation of Electric Field
Changes Using Submarine Cable on Seafloor off Hatsushima
Island in Sagami Bay, Seismological Society of Japan,
Fall meeting (poster session), P.
) Kikuchi, T., J. Naoi, T. Tsuchiya, Relations between Focusing
and Mode of Phase-Conjugate Waves in Shallow Water., The
Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication
Engineers.
) Nakamura, M. (MWJ), A. Sonoda, H. Miyagi (MWJ), J. Naoi,
Y. Taya, An outline of the informative function and system for
the ocean and earth environmental information at Global
Oceanographic DAta Center. (GODAC), the th Annual
Meeting on Information Science and Technology.
) Naoi, J., H. Saito, A. Sonoda, M. Nomoto, Deep sea image
processing of JAMSTEC, The International Marine
Technicians Workshop (INMARTECH).
) Naoi, J., H. Saito, T. Kikuchi, Effects on long range sound propagation
in the sea by sea mount., USE (poster session).
) Naoi, J., H. Saito, T. Kikuchi, Effects on pulses propagating in
SOFAR channel by sea mount., The Acoustical Society of Japan.
) Naoi, J., H. Saito, T. Kikuchi, Parameter Sensitivity of Phase-
Conjugate Waves in Shallow Water, The Acoustical Society of
Japan.
) Naoi, J., T. Tsuchiya and T. Kikuchi, CONVERGENCE CHAR-
ACTERISTICS OF PHASE CONJUGATE WAVES IN SOFAR
CHANNELS, Forum Acusticum Sevilla , UNW--.
) Oyama, K., K. Sono, J. Naoi, CTD observed data -from data
276

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Research Achievements
acquision to publication-, The International Marine
Technicians Workshop (INMARTECH) (poster session).
) Saito, H., J. Naoi, H. Fujimori, T. Kikuchi, Parallel prossesing
of pulses propagating analysis in SOFAR layer, The
Acoustical Society of Japan.
) Saito, H., T. Tsuchiya, T. Kikuchi, Change of pulses propagating
in SOFAR Channel by moving front, Forum Acusticum
Sevilla , UNW--.
) Tomoyose, R. (MWJ), A. Sonoda, T. Uekusa (MWJ), N.
Ishimine (MWJ), M. Nakamura (MWJ), J. Naoi, Y. Taya,
Introduction of the deepsea research video database, and Image
processing and information system at Global Oceanographic
Data Center.(GODAC), The th Annual Meeting on
Information Science and Technology.
) Tsuchiya, T. (AESTO), J. Naoi, T. Kikuchi, Propagation signal
fluctuations by depth changes of the SOFAR axis, The
Acoustical Society of Japan.
277

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Appendix B
Organization Chart
Deep Sea Research Department
Director
Kiyoshi SUEHIRO
Marine Technology Department
Director
Yasushi TSURITANI
Ocean Observation and Research Department
Director
Takatoshi TAKIZAWA
Chairman
Toshifumi TAKEI
President
Takuya HIRANO
Executive
Director
Masato CHIJIYA
Junsei YAMAMOTO
Hajimu KINOSHITA
Susumu HONJYO
Tetsuya MIZOKUCHI
Ikunoshin KATOH
Auditor
Hideo NARITA
Hidemi OHTA
Marine Ecosystems Research Department
Director
Tadashi MARUYAMA
Administration Department
Director
Takeaki MIYAZAKI
Finance and Contracts Department
Director
Shin-ichi TAKAYAMA
Planning Department
Director
Minoru HAKAMAGI
OD21 Program Department
Director
Tadao MATSUZAKI
Frontier Research Promotion Department
Director
Hitoshi HOTTA
Research Support Department
Director
Hiroyasu MONMA
Safety Control Department
Manager
Katsumi SAKAKURA
Private Industries Relations Office
Manager
Koji KITAGAWA*
Mutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO)
Director
Nobuo ITOH
YOKOHAMA Institute for Earth Sciences (YES)
Computer and Information Department
Director
Mishihiko KATOH
*also Manager of Administration Division
279

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Appendix C
Scientific & Technological Staff
Mikihiko MORI
Scientific Adviser to the President
Kozo NINOMIYA
Scientific Adviser to the President
Shukuro MANABE
Scientific Adviser to the President
Toshiyuki NAKANISHI
Technological Adviser
Deep Sea Research Department
Kiyoshi SUEHIRO
Director
No.1 Group
Wataru AZUMA
Senior Scientist
Saneatsu SAITOH
Associate Scientist
Tetsuro HIRONO
No.2 Group
Eiichi KIKAWA
Associate Scientist
Toshiya KANAMATSU
Hideaki MACHIYAMA
Hidenori KUMAGAI
Hiroyuki MATSUMOTO
Natsue ABE
No.3 Group
Masataka KINOSHITA
Associate Scientist
Tadanori GOTOH
Toshiya FUJIWARA
No.4 Group
Hitoshi MIKADA
Senior Scientist
Kenji HIRATA
Eiichiro ARAKI
Narumi TAKAHASHI
Marine Technology Department
Yasushi TSURITANI
Director
Ken-ichi ASAKAWA
Research Supervisor
No.1 Group
Yasutaka AMITANI
Senior Engineer
Yoichi ISHIKAWA
Associate Engineer
Hiroshi OCHI
Associate Engineer
Takao SAWA
Takuya SHIMURA
Yoshitaka WATANABE
No.2 Group
Taro AOKI
Senior Engineer
Satoshi TSUKIOKA
Takashi MURASHIMA
Tadahiro HYAKUDOME
Hiroshi YOSHIDA
No.3 Group
Takayoshi TOYODA
Associate Engineer
Toshimitsu NAKASHIMA
Associate Engineer
Hitoshi YAMAGUCHI
Associate Engineer
Hiroyuki OHSAWA
Tsuyoshi MIYAZAKI
Ocean Observation and Research
Department
Takatoshi TAKIZAWA
Director
No.1 Group
Yoshifumi KURODA
Senior Scientist
Shinya MINATO
Associate Scientist
Kentaro ANDOH
Associate Scientist
Hideaki HASE
Kunio YONEYAMA
Masaki KATSUMATA
Shigeki HOSODA
Akio ISHIDA
No.2 Group
Masao FUKASAWA
Senior Scientist
Yasushi YOSHIKAWA
Hirofumi YAMAMOTO
Takaki HATAYAMA
Hiroshi UCHIDA
No.3 Group
Kiyoshi HATAKEYAMA
Associate Scientist
Takashi KIKUCHI
Shinya KAKUTA
Shigeto NISHINO
Koji SHIMADA
No.4 Group
Shuichi WATANABE
Senior Scientist
Akihiko MURATA
Kazuhiko MATSUMOTO
Takeshi KAWANO
Yuichiro KUMAMOTO
Marine Ecosystems Research
Department
Tadashi MARUYAMA
Director
No.1 Group
Chiaki KATOH
Senior Scientist
Takako SATOH
Associate Scientist
Yasuo FURUSHIMA
Satoshi KATOH
Tamano OMATA
Asako MATSUMOTO
No.2 Group
Hiroyuki YAMAMOTO
Senior Scientist
Katsunori FUJIKURA
Associate Scientist
Dhugal LINDSAY
Yoshihiro FUJIWARA
Shinji TSUCHIDA
OD21 Program Department
Technology Research Group
Shin-ichi TAKAGAWA
Senior Engineer
Masanori KYO
Associate Engineer
281

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Scientific & Technological Staff
Masakatsu SAITOH
Associate Engineer
Ichiro TSUJIMURA
Associate Engineer
Kazuyasu WADA
Eigo MIYAZAKI
Yusuke YANO
Tomoya INOUE
Computer and Information
Department
Jun NAOI
Hideaki SAITOH
Ryoichi IWASE
Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
No.1 Group
Makio HONDA
Associate Scientist
Naokazu AHAGON
Katsunori KIMOTO
Naomi HARADA
Hajime KAWAKAMI
Masao UCHIDA
Frontier Research System for
Extremophiles
Koki HORIKOSHI
Director-General
Masuo AIZAWA
Adviser
Hiroshi IMANAKA
Adviser
Toshio TAKAGI
Adviser
William D. GRANT
Adviser
David McLean ROBERTS
Adviser
Akira INOUE
Research Supervisor
Susumu ITOH
Research Supervisor
Mitsuko TANIMURA
Takamichi SHIMIZU
Research Program for Deep-Sub surface
Extremophiles
Kenneth NEALSON
Program Director
Ken TAKAI
Group Leader
Fumio INAGAKI
Hisako HIRAYAMA
Yohey SUZUKI
Takuro NUNOURA
Hanako OIDA
Masae SUZUKI
Research Program for Deep-Sea
Extremophiles
Biological Response Research Team
Tetsuya MIWA
Sub-Group Leader
Shigeru DEGUCHI
Sub-Group Leader
Nobuaki MASUI
Sumihiro KOYAMA
Hiroyuki KANEKO
Yuji HATADA
Si Hung VO
Rossitza Gueorguieva ALARGOVA
Shigenobu MITSUZAWA
Masatake AKITA
Satoshi KONISHI
Swapan Kumer GHOSH
Ayami HIDESHIMA
Yukari OHTA
Kosuke UCHIMURA
Metabolism and Adaptation Research
Team
Fumiyoshi ABE
Sub-Group Leader
Yuichi NOGI
Takahiko NAGAHAMA
Takeshi MIURA
Genome Analysis Research Team
Hideto TAKAMI
Group Leader
Jie LU
Yoshihiro TAKAKI
Zhijun LI
Keibin CHO
Kinya KATAYAMA
Masami KASHIWA
Gab joo CHEE
Bioventure Center for Extremophiles
Mikiko TSUDOME
Saori AIDA
Satomi MATSUI
Hiroko SUZUKI
Shinro NISHI
Shigeru SHIMAMURA
Yuko HIDAKA
Akiko MATSUI
Kimy YOKOYAMA
Center for the Deep Earth Exploration
Asahiko TAIRA
Director-General
Kimiaki KUDOH
Adviser to the Director-General
Administration Group
Yoshihisa KAWAMURA
Group Leader
Tohki SAKURA
Yasushi ISHIOKA
Operation Group
Teruaki KOBAYASHI
Group Leader
Taigo WADA
Jun TOMOMOTO
Tatsuya MURAYAMA
Site Survey Group
Tadashi OKANO
Group Leader
Atsushi IBUSUKI
Tsukuru HASHIMOTO
Hideki TANAKA
Science Service Group
Shin-ichi KURAMOTO
Group Leader
Toshikatsu SUGAWARA
HSE Group
Ukou SUZUKI
Group Leader
282

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Scientific & Technological Staff
Institute for Frontier Research
on Earth Evolution
Ikuo KUSHIRO
Director-General
Takeshi YUKUTAKE
Executive Assistant to
the Director-General
Mizuho ISHIDA
Adviser
Eiichi TAKAHASHI
Adviser
Hisayo TORII
Yoshiko TAKEOKA
Chiemi YODA
Reiko KOMINE
Monica Raema HANDLER
Research Program for Mantle Core
Dynamics
Yoshio FUKAO
Program Director
Daisuke SUETSUGU
Group Leader
Yozo HAMANO
Senior Scientist
Hajime SHIOBARA
Senior Scientist
Masahiro ICHIKI
Takahisa YANAGISAWA
Takehi ISSE
Masayuki OHBAYASHI
Hiroko SUGIOKA
Bernhard STEINBERGER
Shin-ichiro KAMIYA
Yasuko YAMAGISHI
Yoko TOUNO
Kiyoshi BABA
Junko YOSHIMITSU
Research Program for Geochemical
Evolution
Yoshiyuki TATSUMI
Program Director
Yoshihiko TABATA
Group Leader
Jiro NAKA
Senior Technical Research Staff
Kazunori SHINOZUKA
Shigeaki ONO
Tetsu KOGISO
Takeshi HANYU
Masatoshi HONDA
Hiroshi SHUKUNO
Toshihiro SUZUKI
Naoko IRINO
Ken-ichiro TANI
Richard WYSOCZANSKI
Toshiro TAKAHASHI
Miki FUKUDA
Research Program for Plate Dynamics
Yoshiyuki KANEDA
Program Director
Shuichi KODAIRA
Group Leader
Mitsuhiro TORIUMI
Senior Scientist
Gaku KIMURA
Senior Scientist
Jin-Oh PARK
Senior Scientist
Satoshi HIRANO
Ayako YAMADA
Masanori KAMEYAMA
Takane HORI
Koichiro OBANA
Kotaro UJIIE
Arito SAKAGUCHI
Jason Shaorong ZHAO
Chihiro HASHIMOTO
Gou FUJIE
Aitaro KATOH
Toshitaka BABA
Aki KOBE
Haruka YAMAGUCHI
Alexander Jason SMITH
Theodra VOLTI
Yukiyo KOSUMI
Research Program for
Paleoenvironment
Hiroshi KITAZATO
Program Director
Millard F. Coffin
Senior Scientist
Masashi ITOH
Naohiko OHKOUCHI
Simon Paul JOHNSON
Hiroki SENSHU
Kosei YAMAGUCHI
Kazumasa OGURI
Saburo SAKAI
Toshio HISAMITSU
Tatsuhiko SAKAMOTO
Kohei MATSUMOTO
Toshihiko KADONO
Nanako OGAWA
Hisami SUGA
Masashi TSUCHIYA
Center for Data and Sample Analysis
Seiji TSUBOI
Group Leader
Tetsuro TSURU
Senior Technical Research Staff
Takao KOYAMA
Hiromitsu MIZUTANI
Yukari KIDO
Seiichi MIURA
Keiko SATOH
Kyaw Thu MOE
Qing CHANG
Toshinori OKADA
Alexei GORBATOV
Hajime TAMURA
Frontier Research System for
Global Change
Taro MATSUNO
Director-General
Isamu SASAYA
Executive Assistant to the
Director-General
Motoyoshi IKEDA
Adviser
Emi SUMIYA
Yuka NAKAO
Chie HAYASHI
Harumi AKIBA
Junko KUBOTA
Chiharu BADA
Hanako IHARA
283

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Scientific & Technological Staff
Kanako SHIMADA
Takeshi MAEDA
Eri OHTA
Hanako SHIOMI
Chiharu HORI
Miyoko OHKI
Sonomi SATOH
Climate Variations Research Program
Toshio YAMAGATA
Program Director
Hisashi NAKAMURA
Group Leader
Yukio MASUMOTO
Sub-Group Leader
Takashi KAGIMOTO
Yoichi TANIMOTO
Kohtaro TAKAYA
Hisashi OZAWA
Meiji HONDA
Syozo YAMANE
Xinyu GUO
Swadhin Kumar BEHERA
Ashok KARUMURI
Anguluri Suryachandra RAO
Alexei LAREMTCHOUK
Zhoyong GUAN
Sebastien MASSON
Yuko KAMBE
Ruochao ZHANG
Hydrological Cycle Research Program
Tetsuzo YASUNARI
Program Director
Fujio KIMURA
Group Leader
Kumiko TAKATA
Sub-Group Leader
Masanori YAMASAKI
Sub-Group Leader
Rikie SUZUKI
Kazuhisa TSUBOKI
Xieyao MA
Yoshiki FUKUTOMI
Yasushi FUJIYOSHI
Taikan OKI
Naomi KUBA
Ken MOTOYA
Kozo NAKAMURA
Xu Jianqing
Takao YOSHIKANE
Sung-Dae KANG
Kazuyuki SAITOH
Global Warming Research Program
Yasuhiro YAMANAKA
Group Leader
Ayako ABE
Group Leader
Tatsuo MOTOI
Sub-Group Leader
Yoshiharu IWASA
Teruyuki NISHIMURA
S. Lan SMITH
Jun YOSHIMURA
Michio KISHI
Hyungmoh YIH
Yoshikazu SASAI
Julia HARGREAVES
Tomonori SEGAWA
Maki NOGUCHI
Rumi OHGAITO
Atomospheric Composition Research
Program
Hajime AKIMOTO
Program Director
Masaaki TAKAHASHI
Group Leader
Takakiyo NAKAZAWA
Group Leader
Toshimasa OHHARA
Sub-group Leader
Misa ISHIZAWA
Yugo KANAYA
Manish NAJA
Masayuki TAKIGAWA
Prabir PATRA
Pochanart PAKPONG
Xiaoyuan YAN
Zhu BIN
Kazuyo YAMAJI
Ecosystem Change Research Program
Yoshifumi YASUOKA
Program Director
Toshiro SAINO
Group Leader
Sanae CHIBA
Kazuaki TADOKORO
Hisashi SATOH
Kugako SUGIMOTO
Integrated Modeling Research Program
Toshiyuki AWAJI
Group Leader
Yukio TANAKA
Sub-Group Leader
Masaki SATOH
Sub-Group Leader
Nobuo KURIHARA
Research Supervisor
Hirofumi TOMITA
Motohiko TSUGAWA
Michio KAWAMIYA
Shingo WATANABE
Hua ZHUNG
James ANNAN
Tatsuo SUZUKI
Gleb G. PANTELEEV
Kozo NINOMIYA
Hiroki KONDOH
Nozomi SUGIURA
Nobuhiro ISHIDA
Shinji MATSUMURA
Guang Qing ZHOU
Chie MIKAMI
Hiromichi IGARASHI
Research at the International Pacific
Research Center (IPRC)
Fumio MITSUDERA
Group Leader
Takuji WASEDA
Takahiro ENDOH
Fumiaki KOBASHI
Research at the International Arctic
Research Center (IARC)
Noriyuki TANAKA
Group Leader
Roger COLONY
Group Leader
Jia WANG
Sub-Group Leader
284

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Scientific & Technological Staff
Hideaki KITAUCHI
Hiroshi TANAKA
Shoshiro MINOBE
Koji YAMAZAKI
Yoshihiro TACHIBANA
Masayuki TAKAHASHI
Jun TAKAHASHI
Tomoko INUI
Kyoko IIZUKA
Frontier Observational Research
System for Global Change
Nobuo SUGINOHARA
Director-General
Mitsuo HAYASHI
Executive Assistant to the
Director-General
Shota SASAOKA
Yumiko KATOH
Ikuko NARUSE
Masae YOSHIDA
Climate Variations Observational
Research Program
Kensuke TAKEUCHI
Program Director
Nobuyuki SHIKAMA
Group Leader
Hiroshi ICHIKAWA
Group Leader
Hiroshi ISHIDA
Sub-Group Leader
Ryuichi SHIROOKA
Sub-Group Leader
Naoto IWASAKA
Sub-Group Leader
Toshio SUGA
Sub-Group Leader
Hisayuki KUBOTA
Masanori KONDA
Jing Yang TIN
Taiyo KOBAYASHI
Eitaro OKA
Kaoru ICHIKAWA
Xiao Hua ZHU
Takashi CHUDA
Takahiro MIURA
Kin JIANG
Hiroshi MATSUURA
Motoki MIYAZAKI
Naoko KATOH
Kazuhiro OBAMA
Hydrological Cycle Observational
Research Program
Hiroshi UEDA
Group Leader
Manabu YAMAGATA
Group Leader
Tetsuo OHHATA
Group Leader
Hironori YABUKI
Sub-Group Leader
Peiming WU
Sub-Group Leader
Tsutomu KADOTA
Sub-Group Leader
Biao GENG
Sub-Group Leader
Takeshi YAMAZAKI
Sub-Group Leader
Jun-ichi HAMADA
Tomoki USHIYAMA
Kohnosuke SUGIURA
Kazuyoshi SUZUKI
Hiroyuki YAMADA
Takeshi OHTA
Junpei KUBOTA
Shuichi MORI
Yinsheng ZHANG
Suginori IWASAKI
Krishna REDDY
Mamoru ISHIKAWA
Kinpei ICHIYANAGI
Yudi TAUHID
Taichi SASAKI
Naoyuki KURITA
Research at the International Arctic
Research Center (IARC)
Noriyuki TANAKA
Group Leader
Hiroshi HATTORI
Hiroyuki ENOMOTO
Naoaki UZUKA
Yong-Won KIM
Kyung- Hoon SHIN
Clala DEAL
Michiyo YAMAMOTO
Tomoyuki TANAKA
Earth Simulator Center
Tetsuya SATOH
Director-General
Yoshikatsu OHTA
Group Leader
Mamiko HATA
Tetsuo AOYAGI
Group Leader
Shigemune KITAWAKI
Group Leader
Mayumi YOSHIOKA
Yoshinori TSUDA
Kiyoshi OTSUKA
Group Leader
Noriko KUNUGIYAMA
Fumiaki ARAKI
Atsuya UNO
Hitoshi UEHARA
Ken-ichi ITAKURA
Hirofumi SAKUMA
Group Leader
Satoshi KAGEYAMA
Group Leader
Rho Taek JUNG
Xin Dong PENG
285

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Appendix D
Support Staff
Administration Department
Takeaki MIYAZAKI
Director
Masao OKUYAMA
Deputy Director
Koji KITAGAWA
Administration Division Manager
Yukihisa WASHIO
Public Relations Division Manager
Hiromasa TACHIBANA
Personnel Division Manager
Finance and Contracts Department
Shin-ichi TAKAYAMA
Director
Hideaki ONO
Deputy Director
Hideaki ONDA
Finance and Accounting Division
Manager
Jun-ichi NASHIMOTO
Accounting Division Manager
Hiroaki TANAKA
Contracts Division 1 Manager
Takeo YAMADA
Contracts Division 2 Manager
Planning Department
Minoru HAKAMAGI
Director
Haruyuki IWABUCHI
Planning division Manager
Seiji SAEKI
International Affairs Division
Manager
Kyohiko MITSUZAWA
Japan Marine Science and
Technology Center Seattle Office
Satoshi KIKUCHI
Program Management Division
Manager
OD21 program Department
Tadao MATSUZAKI
Director
Tsuneyoshi YAMANISHI
Coordination Division Manager
Research Support Department
Hiroyasu MONMA
Director
Shozo TASHIRO
Research Support Coordination
Tomiya MATSUNAGA
Facilities and Equipment Division
Manager
Katsura SHIBATA
Ship Operations Division Manager
Submersible Operations Team
of SHINKAI 6500
Yoshiji IMAI
Operation Manager
Toshiaki SAKURAI
Deputy Operation Manager
Haruhiko HIGUCHI
Yoshitaka SASAKI
Yoshinobu NANBU
Tetsuji MAKI
Kazuki IIJIMA
Tsuyoshi YOSHIUME
Itaru KAWAMA
Tetsuya KOMUKU
Masanobu YANAGITANI
Safety Control Department
Katsumi SAKAKURA
Manager
Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
Nobuo ITOH
Director
Shiro YONEKURA
General Affairs Division Manager
Iwao NAKANO
Facilities and Maintenance
Division manager
Computer and Information
Department
Mishihiko KATOH
Director
Fumio SHIDARA
Affairs Division Manager
Masao NOMOTO
Computer and Information
Division Manager
Yasushi TAYA
Oceanographic Data Office Manager
Hiroshi YAMADA
Earth Simulator Administrative
Office Manager
Frontier Research Promotion
Department
Hitoshi HOTTA
Director
Shun-ichi KAWADA
FRSGC and FORSGC Division
Manager
Ken-ichi TAKAHASHI
DEEPSTAR Division Manager
287

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Appendix E
Budget
Revenues
FY 1984
FY 1985
FY 1986
FY 1987
FY 1988
FY 1989
FY 1990
FY 1991
FY 1992
FY 1993
FY 1994
FY 1995
FY 1996
FY 1997
FY 1998
FY 1999
FY 2000
FY 2001
FY 2002
Governmental Investment
Non Governmental Investment
Undertaking Income and others
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
billion (yen)
Expenses
FY 1984
FY 1985
FY 1986
FY 1987
FY 1988
FY 1989
FY 1990
FY 1991
FY 1992
FY 1993
FY 1994
FY 1995
FY 1996
FY 1997
FY 1998
FY 1999
FY 2000
FY 2001
FY 2002
Research
Support
Ship operation
Salary and others
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
billion (yen)
289

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center
Appendix F
PATENT
Microorganism belonging to the genus flavobacterium,
hydrocarbon emulsifier and solubilizer and
separation method for organic-solvent tolerant
microorganism
Assignee:
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center,
(), - Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-shi,
Kanagawa -, (JP), (Proprietor designated
states: all) HOKKAIDO SUGAR CO., LTD, (),
No:, chome Jinbocho, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo,
(JP), (Proprietor designated states: all)
Inventor:
Moriya, Kazuhito, -, -Chome , Takashimadaira,
Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, (JP) Horikoshi, Koki, -, -
Chome, Sakuradai, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, (JP)
Patent
Country Code/Number Kind Date
EP 536046 A2 1993 (Basic)
EP 536046 A3 1993
EP 536046 B1 2002
Application
Country Code/Number Date
EP 92402680 September 30, 1992
Priority Application Number (Country Code, Number,
Date): JP (); JP ()
Designated States: DE; FR; GB
International Patent Class: CN-/; CF-
/; CN-/; CR-:
Cited Patents (EP A): GB A; EP A;
EP A; FR A; EP A
Cited Patents (EP B): EP A; EP A; EP
A; FR A; GB A
Abstract: EP 536046 A2
A novel microorganism belonging to the genus
Flavobacterium posessing the capacity to decompose
hydrocarbons, tolerance to sulfurous acids, tolerance
to salinity, tolerance to organic solvents, and tolerance
to pressure. The novel microorganism is of a strain of
the genus Flavobacterium DS- (FERM P-).
A hydrocarbon emulsifier and solubilizer having as an
active component thereof a water soluble and acetone
insoluble fraction obtained by culturing DS- strain.
A separation method for an organic-solvent tolerant
microorganism, wherein a sample is mixed with water
and an organic solvent, shaking culturing is conducted,
a cultured mixture is allowed to stand, separation
into an aqueous phase and an organic solvent phase is
conducted, an appropriate amount of said organic solvent
phase is added a culture medium and cultured,
and microorganisms which grow therein are isolated.
Claims: EP 536046 A3
. A novel microorganism belonging to the genus
Flavobacterium possessing an ability to decompose
hydrocarbons, tolerance to sulfurous acids,
tolerance to salinity, tolerance to organic solvents,
and tolerance to pressure.
. The novel microorganism of claim , wherein said
microorganism is DS- strain of the genus
Flavobacterium.
. A hydrocarbon emulsifier and solubilizer having as
an active component thereof a water soluble and acetone
insoluble fraction obtained by culturing DS-
strain of the genus Flavobacterium (FERM P-)
in a culture medium containing hydrocarbons.
. A separation method for an organic-solvent tolerant
microorganism, wherein a sample is mixed
with water and an organic solvent, shaking culturing
is conducted, a cultured mixture is allowed to
stand, separation into an aqueous phase and an
organic solvent phase is conducted, an appropriate
amount of said organic solvent phase is added to a
culture medium and cultured, and microorganisms
which grow therein are isolated.
. The method of claim , wherein said shaking culturing
is conducted for a period of - days at a
temperature of - (degree) C.
291

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
PATENT
. The method of claim , wherein said culture medium
is an agar culture medium.
. The method of claim , wherein a volume ratio of
said water and said organic solvent is within a
range of :-:.
. The method of claim , wherein culturing of said
organic solvent phase is conducted for a period of
- days at a temperature of - (degree) C.
. The method of claim , wherein said water is selected
from the group consisting of deionized water,
distilled water, sea water, and artificial sea water.
. The method of claim , wherein said organic solvent
is a hydrocarbon.
Claims: EP 536046 B1
. A biologically pure culture of a microorganism
belonging to the genus Flavobacterium deposited
under accession number FERM BP-, having
an ability to decompose hydrocarbons, and having
tolerance to sulfurous acids, salinity, organic solvents
and pressure.
. A hydrocarbon emulsifier and solubilizer having
as an active component thereof a water soluble and
acetone insoluble fraction obtained by culturing
Flavobacterium FERM BP- strain in a culture
medium containing hydrocarbons.
292

JAMSTEC 2002 Annual Report
Yokosuka Headquarters
2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa
237-0061 Japan
Phone +81-46-866-3811 Fax +81-46-867-9025
Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences
3173-25 Showa-machi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-city,
Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
Phone +81-45-778-3811 Fax +81-45-778-5498
Mutsu Institute for Oceanography
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035-0022, Japan
Phone +81-175-25-3811 Fax +81-175-25-3029
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Phone +81-980-50-0111 Fax +81-980-50-0123
Tokyo Office
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105-0003, Japan
Phone +81-3-5157-3900 Fax +81-3-5157-3903
Washington Office
1133 21st Street, N.W., Suite 400 Washington, D.C.
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Phone +1-202-872-0000 Fax +1-202-872-8300
Seattle Office
810 Third Avenue, Suite 632 Seattle, WA 98104, U.S.A.
Phone +1-206-957-0543 Fax +1-206-957-0546

JAMSTEC
Japan Marine Science and Technology Center Yokosuka headquarters
2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa 237-0061 Japan
Phone +81-46-866-3811 Fax +81-46-867-9025
JAMSTEC Homepage http://www.jamstec.go.jp