Women Entrepreneurs in Turkey - Cawtar clearing house on gender

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3. <strong>Women</strong> prefer bus<strong>in</strong>esses that are extensions of their domestic work because they offer easy entry and does not require extensive capital or bus<strong>in</strong>ess background, neither of which they possess. 4. Most of the time women enter <strong>in</strong>to the bus<strong>in</strong>ess world due to economic necessities or ma<strong>in</strong>ly because they cannot f<strong>in</strong>d a paid job. 5. <strong>Women</strong>’s access to formal credit organizations as well as to <strong>in</strong>formal f<strong>in</strong>ancial services has always been limited. 6. The male dom<strong>in</strong>ated social structure of the society is a serious barrier to women’s entrepreneurship. 7. Male oriented structure of professional and vocational associations leaves women out of formal and <strong>in</strong>formal networks of such associations, which tends to pose an important problem for women <strong>in</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g their bus<strong>in</strong>esses. The recent economic crises of 1994 and 2001 and the consequent rise <strong>in</strong> unemployment might, to some extent, expla<strong>in</strong> the grow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>terest <strong>in</strong> the MSEs <strong>in</strong> general and women entrepreneurship <strong>in</strong> particular, as an alternative to ris<strong>in</strong>g unemployment and poverty. Follow<strong>in</strong>g the crisis of 2001, unemployment has grown rapidly reach<strong>in</strong>g to 9.9% <strong>in</strong> total and 12.2% <strong>in</strong> the urban areas <strong>in</strong> 2006. Furthermore, the total labor force participation rate has fallen to 47.7%, <strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g a high share of discouraged workers. The unemployment numbers for women have been even more discourag<strong>in</strong>g. The female unemployment figures <strong>in</strong> 2006 <strong>in</strong> the urban areas reached to 16.4%. With this study, we aim to analyze the data collected <strong>in</strong> the ERF (Economic Research Forum for the Arab countries, Iran and <strong>Turkey</strong>) Research Program for Promot<strong>in</strong>g Competitiveness <strong>in</strong> the Micro and Small Enterprise Sector <strong>in</strong> MENA (from now on ERF-MSE) 1 and establish a knowledge base regard<strong>in</strong>g the status of women entrepreneurs <strong>in</strong> comparison to their male counterparts. Additionally, the objective of 1 ERF Research Program for Promot<strong>in</strong>g Competitiveness <strong>in</strong> the Micro and Small Enterprise Sector <strong>in</strong> MENA has been conducted <strong>in</strong> Egypt, Lebanon, Morocco and <strong>Turkey</strong> between 2001-2005. The author of this report was the pr<strong>in</strong>cipal <strong>in</strong>vestigator for the case of <strong>Turkey</strong> (Ozar, 2006). 4
the study is to <strong>in</strong>vestigate the nature and scope of constra<strong>in</strong>ts and barriers women entrepreneurs face while start<strong>in</strong>g and/or expand<strong>in</strong>g their bus<strong>in</strong>ess as well as the determ<strong>in</strong>ants of their success and failure. Furthermore, this study also aims to propose policies for encourag<strong>in</strong>g women’s entrepreneurship and for support<strong>in</strong>g women establish<strong>in</strong>g new bus<strong>in</strong>esses or develop<strong>in</strong>g their exist<strong>in</strong>g bus<strong>in</strong>esses and thus, <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g the number of successful women entrepreneurs <strong>in</strong> <strong>Turkey</strong>. Our policy suggestions will not only target “poor” women entrepreneurs, but also those with higher opportunities but with some “miss<strong>in</strong>g” factors that impede the success of their endeavor. This study will also seek to identify not only the <strong>in</strong>hibit<strong>in</strong>g but also facilitat<strong>in</strong>g factors faced by woman entrepreneurs. Section II is divided <strong>in</strong>to two parts: first, it presents the overall objective of the research project, and secondly it <strong>in</strong>troduces the data and methodology used <strong>in</strong> the study. Section III presents a literature review on women entrepreneurship <strong>in</strong> <strong>Turkey</strong>. Section IV summarizes the current status of female employment <strong>in</strong> <strong>Turkey</strong> so as to exam<strong>in</strong>e the current status of women’s entrepreneurship <strong>in</strong> <strong>Turkey</strong> with<strong>in</strong> a larger framework. Section V presents a detailed analysis of the ma<strong>in</strong> problem areas faced <strong>in</strong> promot<strong>in</strong>g women’s entrepreneurship <strong>in</strong> <strong>Turkey</strong>. In the last section, under the light of the whole study, the need for a holistic approach to the encouragement and support activities for women’s entrepreneurship is highlighted and proposals on the contribution of different actors related to the subject are made. 5
Page 1 and 2: Women Entr
Page 3: I. Introduction Gender in</
Page 7 and 8: shoulders of women. Furthermore, <s
Page 9 and 10: III. Literature Review First studie
Page 11 and 12: collateral, usually about twice the
Page 13 and 14: framework. The Bankin</stro
Page 15 and 16: importance of incr
Page 17 and 18: Ankara shows that women entrepreneu
Page 19 and 20: IV. Employment status of women <str
Page 21 and 22: Distribution of enterprises by gend
Page 23 and 24: would leave their busin</st
Page 25 and 26: knowledge and experience to develop
Page 27 and 28: OWN-ACCOUNT 11.6 4.7 11.3 MEMBER OF
Page 29 and 30: MOTHER 4.9 MOTHER IN LAW 0.0 OTHER
Page 31 and 32: Child care Family house</st
Page 33 and 34: Majority of the MSEs in</st
Page 35 and 36: None of the men entrepreneurs work
Page 37 and 38: More women entrepreneurs (91.5%) re
Page 39 and 40: Water Electricity Access of Access
Page 41 and 42: GENDER MALE FEMALE Total DID YOU GE
Page 43 and 44: DID YOU GET PROMOTING NO INTER-FIRM
Page 45 and 46: STRONG DOMESTIC COMPETITION FROM SM
Page 47 and 48: VIII. Policy recommendations The pr
Page 49 and 50: manner. The establishment of a <str
Page 51 and 52: collection and publication of the o
Page 53 and 54: 5. Participating <
Page 55 and 56:
Eyuboglu, Ayse, Semsa Ozar and Huly
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Appendix 1. Distribution of of entr
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Vakifbank Vakifbank is a public sec
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each enterprise is limited to a max
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emain constant unt
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These meetings are
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3. GAP-GIDEM (Southeast Anatolia Pr
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with the world by means of cooperat
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• Business/produ
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solidarity groups, as they do not f
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usiness start-up t
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the preparation of train</s
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