Dasam Granth Authenticity Based on Historical Sources

dsm-gRMQ dI prmwxIkqw
ieiqhwsk sroqW dy AwDwr qy
fw.suKidAwl isMG *
dsm-gRMQ bwry A`j is`K jgq ivc bhuq zorW dw vwd-ivvwd hY[ ieh ivvwd dovyN iDrW
vloN hI Aiq dy nukiqAW qy phuMicAw hoieAw hY[ Aiq dy nukqy qy phuMc ky koeI vI ivcwrDwrk
mslw h`l nhIN huMdw[dsm-gRMQ nUM mMnx vwly ies dw iek-iek A`Kr gurU goibMd jI dy muKwribMd
ivcoN aucirAw hoieAw mMn rhy hn Aqy Awpxy ivroDIAW nUM icVwauNdy hoey ies h`d qk cly gey hn
ik aunHW ny dsm-gRMQ nUM gurU gMRQ swihb dy brwbr pRkwS krnw Aqy aus dw gurU gRMQ swihb dI
qrHW hI Bog pauxw SurU kr id`qw hY[ ijhVI dUsrI iDr hY, auh dsm-gRMQ qoN au`kw hI ienkwrI hY[
auh ies nUM is`K ivroDI ilKq mMndI hY Aqy ies dy mMnx vwilAW nUM brwhmxvwdI qwkqW dy ip`TU
smJdI hY[ ies qrHW nW qW ivroDI iDr pws koeI qrksMgq dlIl hY Aqy nw hI dsm-gRMQ nUM mMnx
vwlI iDr dI dlIl hI qrksMgq hY[ dovW iDrW ny hI Kwlsw rihq mrXwdw nUM s`t mwrI hY[ Kwlsw
mrXwdw kyvl qy kyvl vwly gurU gRMQ swihb nUM gurU mMndI hY hor iksy gRMQ jW ilKq nUM nhIN[ Kwlsw
rihq mrXwdw Anuswr AMimRq Ckwaux smyN pVHIAW jWdIAW pMj bwxIAW ivc jwp swihb, svXy Aqy
cOpeI vI hn[ ies qrHW jdoN pihlI iDr vwly gurU gRMQ swihb dy brwbr dsm-gRMQ dw prkwS
krdy hn Aqy ies dw ausy qrHW pwT krky Bog pwauNdy hn qW ies nwl auh Kwlsw rihq mrXwdw nUM
BMg krdy hn[ ausy qrHW jdoN dUjI iDr dsm-gRMQ nUM mMnx qoN aukw hI ienkwrI huMdI hY qW auh ieh
kih ky AMimRq Ckwaux vyly dIAW pMj bwxIAW dy ivSvws Aqy prMprw nUM s`t mwrdI hY[ ies qrHW
dovyN iDrW hI AwpxIAW dlIlW nUM aus h`d qk lY geIAW hn ijQy phuMc ky auh Kwlsw rihq
mrXwdw nUM BMg krn dIAW BwgI bxdIAW hn[ vwd-ivvwd ivc pYxw qW koeI mwVI g`l nhIN hY pr
jykr ies nwl koeI auswrU g`l in`kldI hovy[ jykr vwd-ivvwd nwl Kwlsw rihq mrXwdw BMg
huMdI hY qW aus qrHW dy ivvwd dw koeI Pwiedw nhIN[
* pRoPYsr, pMjwb ieiqhws AiDAYn ivBwg, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw-147002, Pon 98158-80539
1

aukq ivvwd nUM h`l krn dy do hI FMg hn[ pihlW ieh ik dsm-gRMQ dy sbMD ivc hr
iksm dy ivvwd nUM Kqm kr id`qw jwvy[ ies dy h`k ivc Aqy ivroD ivc bolx qy au`kw hI pwbMdI
lgw id`qI jwvy[ dUjw h`l hY ik ies ivvwd dI mOilk Aqy smkwlI sroqW dy AwDwr qy pUrI qrHW
qrk-sMgq qrIky nwl bihs krky inrxw ilAw jwvy[ inrxw isrP mOilk Aqy smkwlI sroqW dy
AwDwr qy hI ilAw jwvy ipClyry sroqW dy ADwr qy nhIN[ mOilk sroqW qoN mqlb hY ik gurU goibMd
isMG jI dy Awpxy hukm nwmy, gurbwxI dI AwpxI prMprw Aqy dsm gRMQ dI AwpxI koeI AMdrUnI
gvwhI Awid[ smkwlI sroqW qoN Bwv hY auh sroq ijhVy gurU goibMd isMG dy Awpxy smyN dy lyKkW
vloN ilKy gey hox[ ies ivvwd bwry kyvl qy kyvl ienHW do iksm dy (mOilk qy smkwlI) sroqW qoN
hI inrxw ilAw jw skdw hY[ ienHW qoN ip`CoN dw koeI vI sroq ies bihs ivc vrqxw nhIN cwhIdw[
v`D qoN v`D koeI hor sroq vrqxw vI hovy qW kyvl qy kyvl inkt-smkwlI sroq hI vrqxw cwhIdw
hY[ inkt smkwlI sroq auh hY jo gurU goibMd isMG jI dy ip`CoN 20 jW 30 swlW ivc iliKAw igAw
hovy qy jW AYsy sroqW dy AwDwr qy iliKAw igAw hovy ijhVy gurU jI dy nwl rhy hox[ KuSiksmqI
nwl swfy pws smkwlI sroqW dI koeI Gwt nhIN hY[
gurU goibMd isMG jI dIAW smkwlI ilKqW ivc Swml hn: kvI sYnwpiq dI ikRq sRI gur
soBw 1 [ ieh ilKq 1711 eI. dy ivc ilKI geI ilKq hY[ ies dy pihly AiDAwey ivc ies dI
ilKq nUM SurU krn dI qwrIK 1711 eI. id`qI hoeI hY[ Kqm krn dI imqI id`qI nhIN hY pr
AKIrly AiDAwey qoN mwlUm huMdw hY ijvyN ik sYnwpiq ny ies nUM gurU jI dy joqI-joq smwaux dy qurMq
bwAd hI smwpq kr id`qw sI[ dUjI ilKq hY BweI gurdws dUjy dI vwr ijhVI ik BweI gurdws
B`ly dIAW vwrW 2 dy nwl joV ky iekqwlIvIN vwr dy rUp ivc r`K ky CwpI geI hY[ qIjI smkwlI
ilKq hY BweI nMd lwl dw ‘hdwieqnwmw’, ‘qnKwhnwmw’ Aqy ‘swKI rihq kI’[ 3 ieh ilKqW
rihqnwimAW ivc iek`Tw krky CwpIAW geIAW hn[ cOQI ilKq hY caupw isMG dw rihqnwmw 4 jo
BweI gurbKS isMG vloN 1750 eI. dy nyVy-qyVy iliKAw igAw sI Aqy BweI caupw isMG vloN id`qI
geI jwxkwrI Anuswr iliKAw igAw sI Aqy BweI caupw isMG gurU goibMd isMG nUM bcpn ivc
iKfwaux vwlw sI ies leI ies ilKq dI ieiqhwsk mh`qqw bhuq izAwdw hY[ BweI gurbKS isMG
BweI caupw isMG dw poqw sI[ ienHW qoN ielwvw Aihkwm-ey-AwlmgIrI, qwrIK-ey-bhwdrSwhI Aqy
2

AKbwr-ey-drbwr-ey-muA`lw ivc vI kuJ ku vyrvy AYsy imldy hn jo gurU goibMd isMG jI dy jIvn
nwl sbMDq hn[ ieh vI smkwlI vyrvy hn[ iek ilKq hY BweI kysr isMG iC`br dI bMswvlInwmw
dsW pwqSwhIAW kw[ 5 ieh BwvyN 1769 eI. ilKI hoeI hY[ ieauN ieh ilKq smkwlI ilKq qW nhIN
mMnI jw skdI pr iesdw sroq BweI caupw isMG dw rihqnwmw hY Aqy iC`br dw Awpxw Kwndwn
ikauN ik lgwqwr gurU-Gr dI syvw ivc irhw sI ies leI ies ilKq dI ieiqhwsk mh`qqw smJI
jw skdI hY[ ienHW qoN bwAd dIAW ilKqW dI koeI vI ieiqhwsk mh`qqw nhIN hY[ auh jo kuJ vI
ilKdIAW hn auh aunHW dw Awpxw m`q hY ijs nUM mMnxw zrUrI nhIN hY[
ienHW mOilk Aqy smkwlI sroqW dw kr`mvwr AiDAYn krdy hoey sB qoN pihlW mOilk
soimAW dI g`l krdy hW[ ienHW ivc sB qoN pihlW gurU goibMd isMG jI dy hukmnwmy hn[ ijQoN qk
gurU goibMd isMG jI dy hukmnwimAW dw sbMD hY ienHW ivcoN iek vI hukmnwmw AYsw nhIN hY ijs ivcoN
dsm-gRMQ bwry jW ies ivclI iksy rcnw bwry koeI QoVHI-motI vI jwxkwrI imldI hovy[
hukmnwimAW ivc is`K sMgqW nUM bVIAW BwvpUrq nsIhqW kIqIAW geIAW hn pr dsm-gRMQ dy
sMbMD ivc koeI vI nsIhq jW hdwieq nhIN hY[ hor qW hor mwqw suMdrI jI Aqy mwqw swihb kOr jI
dy vI ijhVy hukmnwmy hn ieh 1734 eI. qk dy hn, ienHW ivc vI dsm-gMRQ bwry Aqy ies ivclI
iksy rcnw bwry koeI ieSwry mwqr jwxkwrI vI nhIN hY[ iek hukmnwmw sRI Akwl qKq swihb qoN
1759 eI. ivc qKq sRI hrimMdr swihb ptxw nUM iliKAw hoieAw hY[ aus ivc vI ies qrHW dw
koeI izkr nhIN hY[ ieQoN qk ik iek hukmnwmw 4 PrvrI 1862 eI. nUM qKq sRI ptxw swihb qoN
Al`g Al`g is`K sMgqW nUM ByijAw igAw sI aus ivc vI dsm-gRMQ dw izkr nhIN hY[ 7
BweI mnI isMG jI dI iek ic`TI mwqw suMdrI jI dy nW ShId iblws BweI mnI isMG ivc
CpI hoeI hY[ 8 dsm-gRMQ dy h`k ivc bolx vwly swry ivdvwn ies ic`TI dw Aksr hvwlw idMdy hn[
ies ic`TI dy ivSy Anuswr ies ivc BweI swihb ny mwqw jI nUM d`sidAW ikhw hY ik aunHW nUM
“swihbW dy 303 cirqREu piKAwn dI poQI sIhW isMG nUM dy dyxI[ kirSnwvqwr dw pihlw ih`sw qW
iml igAw hY pr ipClw nhIN imilAw”[ jy ies nUM dsm-gRMQ dw hI hvwlw mMnxw hY qW dsm-gRMQ
bwry isrP ieqnw hI hvwlw ies ic`TI ivc hY[ vYsy qW ies ic`TI ivc ilKx dw swl koeI nhIN
id`qw[ pr sMpwdkW ny AwpxI mrzI Anuswr ies nUM 1711 eI. dI mMn riKAw hY[ jykr ies ic`TI nUM
3

BweI swihb dI Asl ic`TI hI mMnxw hY, ijhVI ik ieh hY nhIN, iPr vI ies ivc Awey vyrvy qoN
dsm-gRMQ bwry koeI inrxw nhIN ilAw jw skdw [ ies ivc isrP ‘cirqRE piKAwn’ Aqy
ikRSnwvqwr’ dI hI g`l hY[ bwkI dI hor koeI g`l nhIN hY[ ies dw mqlb hY ik ‘bicRq nwtk’
Aqy hor rcnwvW ivcoN koeI vI dsm-gRMQ dw ih`sw nhIN? ies ic`TI qoN qW ieho kuJ jwixAw jw
skdw hY[ cirqRE pIKAwn ivc qW rwm Aqy isAwm kvIAW dy nW spSt rUp ivc imldy hn[ ies
krky ies rcnw bwry ies ic`TI dI koeI mh`qqw nhIN hY[
AglI g`l ies ic`TI bwry ieh hY ik ic`TI nklI hY[ 9 dUjw ies ivc Awpxw koeI ilKqswl
nhIN id`qw[ qIjw hukmnwimAW ivc ies ic`TI nUM koeI QW nhIN imilAw[ BweI mnI isMG jI
pMQ dy bhuq hI siqkwrXog mu`K-gRMQI sRI drbwr swihb qy jQydwr Akwl q^q swihb rhy sn[
Agr ieh aunHW dI ic`TI huMdI qW hr hwlq ivc hukmnwimAW ivc ies nUM zrUr QW id`qI geI huMdI
ikauN ik ieh nklI ic`TI hY ies leI ieiqhws ivc ies nUM koeI QW nhIN imlI[ qIjw ijs ikqwb
ivc ies ic`TI dw vyrvw id`qw igAw hY auh pihlI vwr 1865 eI. ivc fw.trMp ny Awpxy AMgryzI
vwlI ilKq trWslySn AwP Awid gRMQ 10 ivc id`qI hY[ieh g`l iDAwn dyx Xog hY ik dsm-gRMQ dI
g`l isrP ATwrvIN sdI dy AKIrly dhwikAW ivc hI hoxI SurU hoeI sdI[ cOQy ShId iblws BweI
mnI isMG 1870 eI. dI ilKq hY Aqy ies nUM pihlI vwr 1961 ivc igAwnI grjw isMG vloN
sMpwdq krky CpvwieAw igAw hY[ ies leI ies ic`TI dI koeI vI ieiqhwsk mh`qqw nhIN hY[
hux smkwlI sroqW bwry iek-iek krky g`l krdy hW[ pihlw smkwlI sroq hY kvI
sYnwpiq dI sRI guru soBw [ ies swrI ilKq ivc ikqy vI ieSwry mwqr vI jwxkwrI dsm-gRMQ bwbq
jW aus ivclI iksy ilKq bwbq nhIN imldI[ sgoN ies dy ault do Tos gvwhIAW hn[ guru goibMd
isMG jI dy mu`Fly jIvn bwry jo jwxkwrI imldI hY auh jwxkwrI BwvyN kuC-kuC ‘bic`qR nwtk’ nwl
imldI-juldI hY pr kvI ny ikqy vI ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw nW nhIN iliKAw[ kvI sYnwpiq guru goibMd
isMG jI dw iek SrDwlU is`K sI Aqy AMimRqDwrI Kwlsw sI[ Agr aus dy swhmxy ‘bic`qR nwtk’
huMdw qW aus dI swrI jwxkwrI iek qW ‘bic`qR nwtk' nwl ieMn-ibMn imlxI cwhIdI sI qy dUjw aus
nUM ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw izkr krnw cwhIdw sI[ nw hI qW kvI ny ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw iksy pwsy izkr
4

hI kIqw hY Aqy nw hI aus ny ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dy Anuswr hI iliKA hY[ AwE, ies bwry zrw ivsQwr
ivc g`l krIey[
ijhVI rcnw ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dy nW hyT dsm-gRMQ ivc Swml hY aus dy prclq rcnw
Anuswr, pUry 471 bMd hn jdoN ik 504 bMd mu`F ivcoN C`fy hoey hn[ 11 jykr C`fy hoey 504 bMdW nUM,
id`qy gey 471 bMdW ivc joV ilAw jwvy qW 975 bMd bx jWdy hn[ smyN Anuswr 504 bMdW nUM PzUl dy
smJ ky C`f id`qw igAw hY[ pr jo jwxkwrI kvI sYnwpiq ny ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw izkr kIqy ibnw
id`qI hY ah isrP guru jI dy pwauNtw swihb jwx qoN lY ky Kwnzwdy Aqy husYnI Xu`D q`k dI id`qI hY[
ieh jwxkwrI isrP 116 bMdW ivc hY[ 12 ienHW 116 bMdW ivcoN vYsy qW sYnwpiq dw koeI vI bMd
‘bic`qR nwtk’ dy bMdW nwl hUbhU nhIN imldw iPr vI jykr Ais`Dy qOr qy dyiKAw jwvy qW bhuq hI
QoVy bMd hn, ijhVy ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dy bMdW vwly ArQ idMdy hn[ ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dI ilKq zrUrq
nwloN izAwdw ivsQwr ivc huMdI hoeI vI koeI spSt jwxkwrI nhIN idMdI[ jdoN ik kvI sYnwpiq dI
ilKq bhuq sMKyp ivc huMdI hoeI vI spSt jwxkwrI idMdI hY[ imswl vjoN Pqy Swh nwl BMgwxI dI
lVweI dI g`l krdy hW[ ‘bic`qR nwtk’ ivc iliKAw hY:
Pqy Swh kopw qib rwjw]
Loh prw hm so ibn kwjw]bMd 3, iDAwie nOvW[
ies dw mqlb hY ik Pqy Swh ibnW iksy kwrn qoN hI guru jI nwl Aw liVAw sI Aqy ieh
ho hI nhIN skdw ik koeI lVweI ibnW iksy kwrn dy hoeI hovy[ SRI gur soBw ivc iliKAw igAw hY:
kyqk brs Bwiq ieh Bey] dys pWvty siqgur gey]
jmnw qIr mhl bnvwey] krq AwnMd pRBU mn Bey]8]49]
Aink BWq lIlw qh krI] Pqy Swh sux kY min DrI]]
bhuq kop mn mwih bswXo] Pauj bnwie juD kau AwXo]9]50]
pwTk dyK skdy hn ik kvI sYnwpiq dI ilKq iksy vI qrHW ‘bic`qR nwtk’ nwl nhIN
imldI Aqy kvI dI ilKq izAwdw spStqw pyS krdI hY[ ‘bic`qR nwtk’ ivc jo iDAwey husYnI Xu`D
qoN bwAd dy id`qy hn ijnW ivc juJwr isMG dw ju`D vrnx hY Aqy swhzwdy qy AihdIAW dy Awaux dw
vrnx hY auh iek qW guru jI nwl au`kw hI sMbMDq nhIN hn qy dUjw aunHW dI ilKq Awpw-ivroDI hY[
cODvW iDAwey au`kw hI PzUl hY[ kvI sYnwpiq ny ienHW ivcoN kuJ vI nhIN id`qw[ guru jI dy pUrbly
5

jnm dI imiQhwsk kQw nUM kvI sYnwpiq ny au`kw hI nhIN ibAwinAw[ ies leI ivcwr ieh hY ik
kI sYnwpiq dI ilKq qk ‘bic`qR nwtk’ iliKAw hI nhIN igAw sI[ ‘bic`qR nwtk’ bwAd dI ilKq
hY[ ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw pMjwbI ilKqW ivc pihlI vwr izkr isrP mihmw pRkwS (kivqw) ivc
AwieAw hY[ ieh 1776 eI. dI ilKq hY[ Bwv ik ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw izkr ATwrvIN sdI dI
AKIrlI cOQweI ivc hoxw SurU hoieAw sI[ guru goibMd isMG jI dI iksy vI smkwlI ilKq ivc
‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw izkr nhIN hY[
guru gooibMd isMG jI dI AglI smkwlI ilKq hY BweI gurdws dUjy dI ‘vwr sRI BgauqI jI
kI’hY[ ies vwr nUM 41 vW nMbr dy ky iSromxI kmytI vloN BweI gurdws jI B`ly 13 dIAW vwrW dy nwl
hI CwipAw igAw hY[ ies ivc d`isAw igAw hY ik guru goibMd isMG jI ny Kwlsw swj ky jo AMimRq
Ckwaux dI rsm Adw kIqI sI auh pMj ipAwirAw nUM Ckwaux auprMq aunHW pwsoN iPr Awp guru jI ny
AMimRq CikAw sI[ ies qrHW ‘Awpy gur cylw’ dy kQn nUM s`cmu`c hI pUrw kIqw igAw sI[ ‘Awpy gur
cylw’ dw kQn isrP iesy vwr qoN prc`lq hoieAw hY[ isrP iehI vwr hY ijhVI ies q`Q bwry pUrI
qrHW spStqw nwl jwxkwrI idMdI hY[ ies qoN pihlW dI hor koeI vI ilKq nhIN hY ijhVI ies
kQn bwry jwxkwrI idMdI hovy[ kvI sYnwpiq dI ilKq ivc vI ieh jwxkwrI nhIN hY[ ies sB kuJ
dy nwl nwl ies vwr ivc ‘bic`qR nwtk’,dsm-gRMQ hor iksy vI rcnw bwry koeI jwxkwrI nhIN hY[
Agly smkwlI BweI nMd lwl jI hn ijnHW dIAW gurmuKI ivc ilKIAW sMKyp ijhIAW iqMn
ilKqW imldIAW hn[ ieh hn: 1. rihqnwmw BweI nMd lwl, 2. qn^whnwmw BweI nMd lwl, 3.
swKI rihq kI[ ieh iqMny rcnwvW ipAwrw isMG pdm ny sMpwidq krky hornw rihqnwimAw nwl
4
imlw ky rihqnwmy dy isrlyK hyT CpvweIAW hn[ BweI nMd nwl jI gurU jI dy drbwr dy PwrsI
bolI dy isrmOr kvI sn[ pihlW auh bwdSwh AOrMgzyb Aqy Swhzwdw muA`zm dy drbwr ivc vI
rih cu`ky sn[ pr aunHW nUM jo sMquStI Aqy skUn gurU goibMd isMG jI dy drbwr ivc imilAw sI auh
iksy vI SwhI drbwr ivc nhIN sI imilAw[ iehI kwrn hY ik BweI swihb ny pUry zzbwqW nwl gurU
jI dI aupmw ivc AwpxIAW ilKqW izMdgInwmw, gMj nwmw, joq ibgws, dsqUr-aul-ienSw, Arzaul-Al&wz,
dIvwn-ey-goAw Aqy rubweIAwq Awid ilKIAW hn[ aukq d`sy gey’rihqnwmw,
‘qnKwhnwmw’ Aqy ‘swKI rihq kI’ gurmuKI ivc ivc ilKIAW sn[ pihlI ilKq ‘rihqnwmw’ ies
6

dI AwpxI gvwhI Anuswr, sMmq 1752 ib.muqwbk sMn 1695 eI.ivc ilKI geI sI[ inscy hI ieh
Kwlsw swjy jwx qoN pihlW dI ilKI hoeI hY[ ies ‘rihqnwmy’ ivc hr guris`K leI kuJ nsIhqW
id`qIAW geIAW hn[ jo ik aus ny Awpxy jIvn ivc lwgU krnIAW hn[ ieh nsIhqW auh hn jo
BweI nMd lwl jI dy Anuswr 1695 eI. ivc gurU jI ny siqluj dIrAw dy kMFy qy bYT ky aus nUM
suxweIAW sn:
sMmq sqRh shs su bwvn] m`Gr nOmI suK dwvn]
sur gur vwh SqdrU qIr] bcn khy nMd lwl so bIr]
ienHW nsIhqW ivc BweI swihb vloN d`isAw igAw hY ik gurU jI dIAW hdwihqW Anuswr hr
guris`K nUM svyry auT ky Aqy ieSnwn krky ‘jpujI swihb’ Aqy ‘jwpu swihb’ dIAw bwxIAW dw pwT
krnw cwhIdw hY[
gur is`K rihq suno myry mIq] auiT pRBwq kry ihq cIq]
vwihgurU pun mMqR su jwp] kr ieSnwn pVYH jpu jwpu]1]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sMiDAw smyN suny rihrws ] kIrqn kQw sunY hirjws]
aukq tUkW qoN Bwv hY ik 1695 eI. qk is`KW nUM isrP jpujI swihb, jwpu swihb Aqy
rihrws dw pwT krn dI hI hdwieq sI[ jy koeI hor bwxI dsm pwqSwh dI in`qnym ivc pwT
krn Xog huMdI qW aus dw vI izkr hoxw kudrqI g`l sI [ BweI nMd lwl jI jYsy ivdvwn s`jx ies
bwry byprvwhI nhIN vrq skdy sn[
BweI swihb dI dUjI ilKq hY ‘qn^whnwmw’ ieh Kwlsw swjy jwx qoN ip`CoN dI hY[ ies ivc
kvI jI ny aunHW g`lW bwry d`isAw hY ijnHW nUM krn qoN Kwlsy nUM guryz krn leI ikhw igAw hY[
qn^whnwmy dw ArQ hI ieh hY ik auh g`lW nhIN krnIAW ijnHW dy krn nwl Kwlsw doSI huMdw hovy[
ies ilKq ivc CotIAW qoN CotIAW g`lW vI CuhIAW geIAw hn ijvyN prSwid vMfx vyly sB nUM ieko
ijhw vrqwauxw, nMgy sIs nw iPrnw, ieSnwn krn smyN qyV ivc k`pVw pihn ky r`Kxw, rwq nUM sOx
smyN vI bsqr rihq ho ky nw sOxw Awid [ ieh sB g`lW krn dy nwl nwl qn^whnwmy ivc vI ausy
qrHW jpujI swihb, jwpu swihb, rihrws Aqy kIrqn soihlw dw pwT krn dI hdwieq kIqI geI
hY[ jykr pihly rihqnwmy bwry ieh vI mMn ilAw jwvy ik ikauN ik auh 1695 eI. dw iliKAw
7

hoieAw sI ies leI ho skdw hY ik 1695 eI. qoN ip`CoN dsm-gRMQ dI iksy rcnw dw izkr Aw igAw
hovy[ pr ies qn^whnwmy ivc vI koeI izkr nhIN hY hwlW ik ieh Kwlsw swjy jwx qoN ip`CoN dw hY[
BweI nMd lwl jI dI qIjI ilKq hY ‘SwKI rihq kI’[ieh vwrqk ivc hY jdoN ik
pihlIAW do ilKqW kivqw ivc hn[ ies vwrqk ivc vI BwvyN g`lW auh hI khIAW geIAW hn pr
ies ivc mVI-muswxI Aqy bRwhmx nUM nw mMnx bwry, B`dx krn leI ausqrw brqn bwry bVI
sKqweI nwl roikAw igAw hY[ bwxIAW dw pwT krn dI hdwieq ausy qrHW hY ijvyN ik ‘rihqnwmy’
Aqy ‘qnKwhnwmy’ ivc d`isAW igAw hY[ ilKq ieh vI Kwlsy dI swjnw qoN ip`CoN dI hY[ pwT bwry
ieauN iliKAw igAw hY: “is`K nUM cwhIdw hY ik jo pihr rwq hovY qW auTy, auT ky ieSnwn krY Aqy
jpu qy jwpu pVY dovyN Aqy dwqx kry[ jy pVH n jwxY qW jpu jwpu dIAW pMj pauVIAW pVY[... jB do
pihr idnu rhY qW hwiQ pYr DovY, Do kr jpu qy jwpu dovyN pVY[ jb duie GVI rhy idn qW sodru
rihrws nwl ATy pihr sbd nwl pRIiq kry[ jy ko eyhu rhq kmwvYgw, so ieQy BI suK nwil Aru
AgY BNI suK nwl rhYgw[ 15
iek rihqnwmw BweI pRihlwd isMG dw hY[ BwvyN ies dw ilKx smW 1695 eI. dw hI d`isAw
hoieAw hY pr ies ivc rihq Kwlsy dI d`sI geI hY Aqy gurU jI vloN aucwrx kIqI geI jgHw
Abcl ngr d`sI geI hY ijhVI ik nWdyV swihb hY[ ieh swrIAW g`lW Awps ivc myl nhIN kr
skdIAW[ 1695 eI. dw swl Abcl ngr dw ivroDI hY[ Kwlsy dI swjnw vI 1695 eI. nUM r`d krdI
hY[ ies leI ies rihqnwmy ivc Awpw-ivroDI g`lW hn[ ijQy Awpw ivroDI g`lW hox auQy
ieiqhwsk prmwxIkqw nhIN huMdI [ iPr vI ies rihqnwmy ivc nw hI ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw, nw hI
dsm-gRMQ dw Aqy nw hI dsm-gRMQ dI iksy rcnw dw koeI izkr hY[ bwxI dy pwT bwry qy Kwlsw
rihq bwry isrP auhI kuJ iliKAw igAw hY jo pihly rihqnwimAW ivc Aw cu`ikAw hY[ nvIN g`l
isrP ieh hI hY:-
gurU Kwlsw mwnIAih prgt gurU kI dyh]
jo is`K mo imlbo cihh Koj ienhu mih lyhu]24]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
siqgur dI bwxI ibnW rsnw rtih jo hor]
so mwirAw krqwr kw pVw nrik mD Gor]26]
8

hor ijqny vI rihqnwmy hn auh swry bhuq ip`CoN dy hn[ BweI dXw isMG vwlw rihqnwmw
inhMg isMGW vloN burj bwbw PUlw isMG AkwlI ivc rihMidAW iliKAw igAw sI[ ieh mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG dy smyN qoN vI ip`CoN dw hY[ inhMg Sbd ip`CoN dw hY[ BweI dysw isMG dw rihqnwmw 1780
ivAW qoN ip`CoN dw hY[ pRym sumwrg gRMQ vwlw rihqnwnw bwbw rwm isMG nwmDwrI dy iksy SrDwlU vloN
iliKAw igAw hY[ sO swKI vwly rihqnwmy iksy vI qrHW BrosyXog nhIN hn[
iek BweI caupw isMG dw rihqnwmw hY ijhVw hY qW 1750 eI. dy nyVy-qyVy dI ilKq pr
ieh rihqnwmw ikauNik BweI caupw isMG qoN leI geI jwxkwrI Anuswr iliKAw igAw hY, ies leI
ies dI kuJ ku ieiqhwsk mh`qqw hY[ BweI caupw isMG gurU goibMd isMG jI dw iKfwvw sI[ ies
leI BweI swihb nUM gurU jI dy drSn krn dw suBwg hwsl sI pr ieh rihqnwmw BweI caupw isMG
ny Kud nhIN iliKAw[ iliKAw ieh aunHW dy poqry BweI gurb^s isMG ny hY[ kudrqI g`l hY ik qIsrI
pIVHI vloN ilKIAW geIAW g`lW ivc bhuq vwDw-Gwtw ho jWdw hY[ vwDw-Gwtw ies ivc vI bhuq hY[
loV nwloN izAwdw ivsQwr id`qw igAw hY[ nsIhq vwlI ilKq ijqnI sMKyp huMdI hY auqnI hI
mh`qvpUrn huMdI hY[ ieh ijqnI ivsQwrmeI huMdI jWdI hY auqnI hI mh`qqw G`tdI jWdI hY[ BweI
caupw isMG dy rihqnwmy ivc vI bhuq g`lW AYsIAW hn jo glq swbq ho cu`kIAW hn[ imswl dy
qOr qy ijnI vI ivDI ies ivc AMimRq iqAwr krn dI d`sI geI hY auh swrI dI swrI hI mMnxXog
nhIN hY[ swl vI Kwlsy dI swjnw dw (1697 eI.) glq hY[ ilKq ivc bwhmxvwd izAwdw BwrU hY[
iPr vI ies ivc nw ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw izkr hY nw dsm-gRMQ dw isrP ‘cirqR; aucwrx dI g`l
kIqI geI hY[ ijs qrIky Anuswr cir`qR aucwrx dI g`l kIqI geI hY auh nw mMnxXog hY [ g`l
ieauN ilKI geI hY:- “sMmq 1748 ib. (sMn 1691eI.) iek KqrwxI rUp kOr srIx dI myly ivswKI
dy lwhOroN nwl sMgiq dy AweI.[ aus ny swihb nwl v`fw Cl kIqw pr pyS nw geI [ aus dy pRQwey
‘cirqR’ aucwr hoey [ sMmq 1753 BwdroN SudI AStmI Bog pwieAw[’ 17 Bwv ik jy rUp kOr dI pRQwie
hI ieh icRqr aucwry gey sn qW ieh rUp kOr dI ausqqI sI jW aus dI inMidAw? jy ausqqI sI qW
ieh isrP Bog-iblws vwlI ausqqI hY jy inMdw hY qW AOrq dI inMdw hY[ dovyN g`lW hI gurmq imSn
dy ivruD hn[ iPr vI ies g`l ivc nw pYNdy hoey ivSy dI g`l qW ieh hY ik dsm-gRMQ dw nW jW
9

‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw nW qW ies ilKq ivc vI nhIN hY[ ies dw Bwv ieh hoieAw ik 1750 eI. q`k
‘bic`qR nwtk’ qy dsm-gRMQ dw nW prc`lq nhIN hoieAw sI[
hux isrP iek hor ilKq dI g`l krky lyK nUM smwpq kr id`qw jwvygw[ ieh ilKq hY
kysr isMG iC`br dI bMswvlInwvW dsW pwqSwhIAW’ kw [ ieh 1769 eI. dI ilKq hY[ ieh ies dy
lyKk ny AwpxI 70 swl dI aumr ivc jw ky ilKI sI[ ies ivc lyKk ny Kud iliKAw hY ik aus ny
swl-sMmq jwx bu`J ky nhIN ilKy ikauNik auh swrIAW g`lW nUM Aty-sty nwl hI ilK irhw hY:
sMmq imqI Bul ky nhIN ilKy [ miq ikC Agy ipCy kr bhy]623]
pr ieh ilKx dy bwvjUd vI lyKk QW QW qy sMmq swl Aqy hor iqQIAW lgwqwr ilK irhw
hY Aqy Kud vI ibAwn dy irhw hY:
sMmqu mhInw soD ky ilKy ijauN kw iqauN hI ilKy]624]
ies dw Bwv ieh hY ik kysr isMG iC`br ny jo kuJ ilIKAw hY auh AMdwzy muqwbk iliKAw
hY[ aus dIAW swrIAW dlIlW qy q`Q Awpw-ivroDI Aqy gYr-ieiqhwsk hn[ swrI ilKq ivc
brwhmxvwd BwrU hY[ iksy Gtnw dw iek dUjy nwl koeI sbMD nhIN juVdw[ gurU swihbwn dIAW jIvn
GtnwvW nwl ijMnIAW vI qwrIkW iC`br ny id`qIAW hn auh sB glq swbq ho cu`kIAW hn[ ieh sB
kuJ mYN ies krky d`isAw hY ik ieh isrP kysr isMG iC`br dI ilKq hY ijs ivc pihlI vwr
spSt rUp ivc ‘bic`qR nwtk’ Aqy koeI hor gRMQ ilKx dw izkr kIqw igAw hY[ iC`br dw ieh
vyrvw vI spSt nhIN hY[ hor gRMQ ilKx dI g`l vI kuJ BMblBUsy vwlI hY[ g`l qW c`l rhI hY DIr
m`l koloN gurU-gRMQ swihb dI mu`FlI bIV ilAwaux dI[ DIr m`l ny dyx qoN ienkwr kr id`qw sI[
iPr gurU goibMd isMG jI Kud AwpxI rsnw qoN nvyN gRMQ dI isrjnw krdy idKwey jw rhy ny[ nvyN gRMQ
dI isrjnw krdy hoey, iC`br muqwbk, gurU jI koeI hor hI nvW gRMQ iqAwr kr idMdy ny[ ies gRMQ dw
nW sI ‘smuMdR swgr’[ ieh gRMQ bhuq v`fw bx igAw sI[ iPr ies nUM ndI ivc roVH idqw[ iPr dUjw
gRMQ aucwirAw[ pihly gRMQ ivclI ilKq koeI hor sI ies nvyN gRMQ ivc hor[ ijld nw pihly gRMQ
dI kIqI geI sI Aqy nw hI ies nvyN gRMQ dI[ isrP iek is`K ny ies dy s`q pqry lwhOr ivc iksy
is`K dy pws dyKy sI[ ies dUjy gRMQ dIAW sMcIAW iKMf-puMf geIAW sn[ iPr mnI isMG dUjy AMimRqsr
phuMcy[ ieh bhuq pYsy lY ky Awey sn[ ienHW ny pYsy dy ky p`qry iek`Ty krvwey Aqy dovyN gRMQW nUM iek`Tw
10

kr id`qw[ ieh dovyN gRMQ sn Awid gRMQ Aqy dsvIN pwqSwhI dw gRMQ[ Awid gRMQ ivcoN dUjy mnI isMG
ny BgqW dI bwxI k`F id`qI[ ijnHW is`KW ny sMXukq gRMQ BgqW dI bwxI qoN rihq dyiKAw aunHW ny mnI
isMG dUjy nUM Srwp dy idqw ik qUM bMd-bMd k`t ky mryNgw[ iPr gurU goibMd isMG jI ny 1698 eI. ivc
is`KW dy pu`Cx qy d`isAW ik Awid gRMQ qW gurU gRMQ hY dUjw gRMQ swfI Kyf hY[ ieh Al`g Al`g hI
rihxgy[ ieh swry ibrqWq kysr isMG iC`br ny bMd nMbr 373 qoN lY ky 391 qk dy bMdW ivc id`qw
hY[ ies dIAW coxvIAw qukW hyTW id`qIAW jw rhIAW hn:-
DIr ml n idqw jbwb moV pTwieAw ]373]
swihb rsnI lgy horu aucwr krn]
smuMdR swgr gRMQ dI rsnI swihb dI hor lg bxn[
so bfw gRMQ jI dw bixAw [ iekwnvyN sqrW iesdIAW mY BI gxIAW]1377]
sMmqu sqwrw sY ATvMjy (1701 eI.) so gRMQ jI ndI pvwieAw[
koeI koeI pqrw iqs gRMQ jI dw is`KW nUM hiQ AwieAw[
Aqy dujw gRMQ jI horu swihb aucwr kIqw[
aus ivic bwxI horu ies ivic horu v`Ko vKI kir lIqw]378]
ies ivc Avqwr lIlw (bic`qR nwtk) ilKI sI spUrn[
aus ivic hor Acrj ilK kIqw sI pUrn[ ijld dohW dI nhIN sI hoeI]379]
siq pqRy lwhOr iek isKu pws BI Awhy...[
sMmq sqwrW sY ibAwsI (1725 eI.) jb Awey
qb BweI mnI isMG jI dUjy AMimRqsr Awvq pey ]381]
so isK bhuq hI mwieAw lY ky hYsI AwieAw[
isKW nUM dy Krc bwxI FuFwieAw ]382]
jo Bgq bwxI Awid gRMQ dI judw kir ilKI soeI ]383]
Awid gRMQ Aqy dsvIN pwiqSwhI dw dovyN gRMQ iek krwieAw.....[
dyK ky isK AYsy bcn kirAw[ kihAw BweI isKw qUM Bgq judy ikau kir DIrAw[
quD bDI imRjwdw gurU dI kIqI hY qRoVI[
qyry AMg judw judw kIqy cwhIAn CoVI]385]
sMmq sqwrW sY pcvMjy (1698 eI.). isKW swihb Agy ibnqI sI kIqI[
swihb bcn kIqw ieh Awid gurU hY gRMQ ]
Eh AswfI Kyf hY judw rhy mn mMQ]389]
ienHW auprokq tUkW ivc lyKk ny AYsw A`l dw pt`l mwirAw hoieAw hY ik iksy vI g`l dw
mUMh m`Qw nhIN bxdw[ iksy dI l`q PV leI qy iksy dI bWh[ dsm-gRMQ dI swrI g`l ieQoN hI SurU
huMdI hY[ ies A`l-pt`l ivc iek g`l dyKx vwlI hY ik BweI mnI isMG dUjw kOx sI? ieh bhuq
11

pYsy lY ky AMimRqsr phuMicAw sI[ ies ny hI pYsy dy zor nwl nvyN gRMQ dI hoNd bxw id`qI sI[ kysr
isMG nwly qW ies nUM dUjw mnI isMG d`s irhw hY qy nwly iesy dy hI bMd bMd ktvw irhw hY[ jW qW
ies bMswvlInwvyN nUM sMpwidq krn vwly ny AwpxI mrzI nwl ies dI rUp-ryKw ibgwV ky swfy
swhmxy r`K id`qw hY qy jW iPr lyKk dI Aty-sty Anuswr ilKI ilKq hI BMblBUisAW vwlI hY[
ies BMblBUisAW vwlI ilKq ny is`KW ivc iek AYsy ivvwd nIM rsqw KolH id`qw hY ijs ny smu`cI
kOm nUM do DIVAw ivc vMf id`qw hY[ ies qoN ip`CoN dI hr ilKq ivc ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw qy dsm-gRMQ
dw vyrvw v`D qoN v`D ivsQwr pkVdw irhw hY[ XUrpIAn lyKkW ny qW ies ivsQwr nUM isKrW qy
phuMcw idqw hY[ ieh koeI swizS sI jW km-AklI, ies dw inrxw pwTk Kud kr skdy hn[ kysr
isMG iC`br dI ilKq (1769 eI.) qoN pihlW iksy vI ilKq ivc nw hI ‘bic`qR nwtk’ jw izkr hY
Aqy nw hI dsm-gRMQ dw [ 1769 eI. dy smyN Acwnk hI iksy mnI isMG dUjy dy Aw jwx kwrn ienHW
dw iek dm izkr Awauxw SurU ho igAw sI[ smW qW sI ieh is`K imslW dy rwj dw[ smiJAw jw
skdw hY ik jw qW iksy imsldwr ny iksy mnI isMG dUjy nUM pYsy dy ky dsm-gRMQ dI ijld iqAwr
krvw leI hovy qy jW iPr iksy fyrydwr ny is`K imsldwrW qoN jwgIr pRwpq krn leI AYsw pwKMf
rc ilAw hovy[ jW iPr ho skdw hY ik kysr isMG iC`br ny hI is`K imsldwrW koloN Dn btorn leI
dsm-gRMQ dw rwg Alwpxw SurU kr id`qw hovy[ ienHW ivcoN koeI nw koeI iek g`l zrUr hY[
hux sB qoN AKIr ivc dsm-gRMQ dI g`l krdy hW[ pihlI g`l qW ies bwry ieh hY ik
dsm-gRMQ dI Ajy qk koeI vI AYsI prvwxq bIV nhIN hY ijs nUM iblkul TIk mMn ilAw igA
hovy[ iks bIV nUM kyNdrI ibMdU bxwieAw jwvy? iksy iek bIV nUM prvwxq mMny ibnW qW koeI vI g`l
nhIN ho skdI [ hr bIV ivclI ivSw-sUcI Al`g Al`g hY[ rcnwvW dy bMd G`t-v`D hn[ pMjwbI
XUnIvristI pitAwlw vloN iqMn ijldW ivc Cwpy gey dsm-gRMQ ivc ‘cirqro piKAwn’ Swml hI
nhIN hn[ pr ijhVIAW ijldW dsm-gRMQ dIAW pMjwb ieiqhws AiDAYn ivBwg dI lwiebryrI ivc
peIAW hn aunHW ivc ieh rcnw Swml hY [ jy iek vwr iek rcnw nUM k`F id`qw igAw hY qW ies
dw mqlb hY ik ijhVIAW dsm-gRMQ dIAW bIVW ivc hux qk ‘cir`qro piKAwn’ drj clI AwauNdI
sI kI auh glq sn? zPrnwmy ivc ieqnw vwDw hoieAw sI ik AwKr ies nUM iek prvwxq rUp
isrP 1966 ivc BwSw ivBwg pMjwb, pitAwlw vloN Cwp ky id`qw igAw hY[ ies dw mqlb hY ik
12

ies qoN pihlW ijhVIAw bIVW ivc jo zPrnwmw sI auh glq sI? ieh g`lW iblkul spSt hn[
dsm-gRMQ nUM gurU-ikRq mMnx vwly s`jx iksy iek AYsI bIV bwry qW dsx ijhVI iblkul TIk mMnI
geI hovy[ kI BweI mnI isMG jI ny, ijvyN ik ieh lok mMndy hn ik dsm-gRMQ dI sMpwdnw aunHW ny
kIqI sI, ienHW glq bIVW dI hI ijldbMdI krvweI sI? BweI swihb dI ic`TI dw shwrw lYx vwly
s`jxW pws ies g`l dw kI jvwb hY? dsm-gRMQ dIAW AnykW rcnwvW ivc aunHW nUM ilKx vwly lyKkW
dy nW iml jWdy hn pr BweI rxDIr isMG vrgy smJdwr s`jx vI ienHW nwvW nUM gurU goibMd isMG jI
dy hor aup-nW hI drswauNdy hn[ jykr ies Dwrnw nUM s`c mMn ilAw jwvy iPr qW kvI sYnwpiq nUM
vI gurU goibMd isMG jI dw iek hor aup-nW mMn lYxw cwhIdw hY[ sYnwpiq dI sRI gur soBw, dsm-gRMQ
dIAW swrIAw rcnwvW nwloN ieiqhwsk qOr qy izAwdw drusq hY ies leI jy sRI gur soBw nUM gurU jI
dI rcnw mMn ilAw jwvyN qW G`to-G`t aus ivc kuJ dlIl qW id`qI jw skdI hY[
sB qoN v`fI dyKx vwlI g`l ieh hY ik ieh is`K gurU swihbwn dI ikqnI v`fI prMprw rhI
hY ik hr gurU ny AwpxI bwxI ivc isrP ‘nwnk’ nW dI hI Cwp vrqI hY[ iksy vI gurU ny AwpxI
rcnw ivc Awpxw nW nhIN vriqAw[ aunHW dI bwxI nUM isrP mhlw pihlw, dUjw, qIjw, cOQw, pMjvW
Aqy nOvw pw ky hI Prk drswieAw igAw hY[ kmwl dI g`l ieh hY ik mhlw nOvW, dsm pwqSwh ny
Kud ilKvwieAw hY[ ijhVw gurU Kud Awpxy hukm nwl BweI mnI isMG nUM inrdyS dy irhw sI ik gurU
qyg bhwdur jI dI bwxI nUM nOvyN mhly dI Cwp hyT drj kIqw jwvy auh gurU AwpxI bwxI bwry ikvyN
byprvwh ho skdw sI? gurU jI nUM AwpxI bwxI gurU gRMQ swihb ivc drj krn dI kI muSkl sI jW
ikhVI iJjk sI? jykr gurU swihb ny gurU-gRMQ swihb dI punr-sMpwdnw kridAW AwpxI koeI bwxI
gurU gRMQ swihb ivc drj nhIN krvweI qW ies dw swP Aqy spSt mqlb ieh hI sI ik aunHW dI
AwpxI bwxI koeI hY nhIN sI[ dsy gurU, gurU nwnk dI joq sn[ ies krky hr gurU dI bwxI, ijs ny
vI rcI sI, nwnk nW dI Cwp hyT hI rcI geI sI[ isrP auh rcnwvW hI nwnk nW dI Cwp qoN ibnW
hn ijhVIAW mIixAW, ihMdwlIAW, rwm rweIAW, DIr m`lIAW jW AwnMdpur swihb dy bymu`K hoey
soFIAW dIAW sn[ iksy s`cy gurU dI bwxI nwnk nW dI Cwp qoN ibnw nhIN ho skdI sI[ dUjI g`l ieh
ik dsm-gRMQ dI iksy vI rcnw ivc ‘nwnk’ nW dI Cwp nhIN vrqI geI[ ieh iek sB qoN v`fw
sbUq hY[ jykr ‘nwnk’ nW dI Cwp qoN ibnw iksy rcnw nUM gurU goibMd isMG jI dI rcnw mMnxw hY iPr
13

iek g`l zrUr mMnxI pvygI[ auh ieh ik jW qW gurU goibMd isMG jI ny pihly gurU swihbwn dI
prMprw nUM qoV id`qw sI qy jW hor kvIAW dIAW rcnwvW nUM gurU nwl joV ky AsIN gurU jI nwl dgw
kmw rhy hW[
mohisn PwnI jYsw smkwlI lyKk ies g`l dI gvwhI dy irhw hY ik gurU hirgoibMd swihb
ic`TI-p`qr ilKx smyN vI p`qr dy AKIr ivc Awpxw nW ilKx dI QW ‘nwnk’ hI ilKdy sn[ 18 Bwv
ik hr gurU Awpxy Awp nUM nwnk dw hI dUsrw rUp smJdw sI[ dsy gurU swihbwn gurU nwnk dw hI
rUp sn[ dsm-gRMQ dIAW rcnwvW ies prMprw nUM vI qoVdIAW hn Aqy ivSvws nUM vI [ ijQoN q`k
‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw sbMD hY ies bwry pqw hI nhIN lgdw ik ieh ikQoN SurU huMdw hY Aqy ikQy jw ky
^qm huMdw hY[ijvyN ik lyK ivc pihlW hI iek QW qy iliKAw jw cu`ikAw hY ik ijhVw dsm-gRMQ,
pMjwbI XUnIvristI pitAwlw vloN CpvwieAw igAw hY, aus ivc ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dy mu`F ivc hI sB
qoN pihly bMd qy 504 dw AMk id`qw hoieAw hY Aqy iPr Pu`t not ivc d`isAw igAw hY ik hux ieh
504 bMd ‘bic`qR nwtk’ ivcoN k`F id`qy gey hn Aqy 504 qoN A`gy iek AMk dw bMd SurU krky 471
bMdW qk dw mYtr id`qw igAw hY[ ies dw mqlb hY ik bIVW ivc 504+471 = 975 bMdW vwlw
‘bic`qR nwtk’ sI[ Bwv ik jo vI bIV dsm-gRMQ dI prc`lq hY aus ivcoN jdoN jI kIqw mYtr k`F
id`qw jWdw hY Aqy jI kIqw, gurU ikRq smJ ky Swml kr ilAw jWdw hY[ ieh mzwk iks nwl kIqw
jw irhw hY? ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dw iek hor duKWq ieh hY ik ies dw pqw hI nhIN cldw ik ieh ^qm
ikQy huMdw hY[ ‘bic`qR nwtk’ qoN ielwvw AnykW hor rcnwvW dy pwTW dy AKir ivc ‘bic`qR nwtk gRMQ
ilKX qy’ iliKAw igAw hY[ imswl dy qOr qy “AQ cMfI cirqR ilXqy” dy bMd 37 dy bwAd jo
AiDAwie smwpq huMdw hY auQy iliKAw hY “ieiq sRI bicqR nwtky, cMfI cirqRy mihKwsur bDh”[
ies rcnW dy hr AiDAwey dI smwpqI qy iesy qrHW hI iliKAw hoieAw hY[ 19
iesy qrHW ‘cObIs
Aauqwr’ dI rcnw dy hr AiDAwie dI smwpqI qy “ieiq sRI bicqR nwtk gRMQy” iliKAw hoieAw
hY[ 20 ieQoN qk ik “AQ bRhmwv-Kt iriK kQnM” ivc vI Aqy “AQ rudR Avqwr kQnM” dI
smwpqI qy vI iesy qrHW ‘bic`qR nwtk’ iliKAw hY[ 21 ieh qW motIAW motIAW ijhIAW imswlW hn[
hr rcnw dy AKIr qy AnykW QwvW qy iesy qrHW iliKAw hY[ pqw nhIN ieh AslI lyKkW dI
byprvwhI dw is`tw hY jW sMpwdkW dI AigAwnqw dw[ pr ieh pwTkW nwl iek mKOl qoN v`D hor
14

kuJ nhIN hY[ iksy imiQhwsk kQw dw vI koeI isr-pYr nhIN hY[ ies sB kuJ qoN ielwvw iek
imswl ‘bic`qR nwtk’ ivcoN id`qI jWdI hY[
Kwlsw mrXwdw Anuswr is`K dy kys srIr dI sB qoN piv`qr vsqU hn[ ieqnI piv`qr ik
ienHW nUM hr smyN Fk ky r`Kx dI hdwieq kIqI geI hY Aqy ies g`l qoN mnHw kIqw igAw hY ik is`K
rotI KWdy smyN Awpxy jUTy h`Q vI kysW nwl nw lwvy[ gMdy h`Q qW au`kw hI nhIN lOxy[ ‘bic`qR nwtk’ dy
qyrvyN iDAwey ivc jdoN AihdIey AwauNdy hn qW auh aunHW is`KW nUM ijhVy gurU qoN bymuK ho ky B`j gey
sn aunHW nUM auh ijs qrHW mwrdy-ku`tdy sn auh qrIkw kysW dI pUrI qrHW byAdbI krn vwlw hY Aqy
ies nUM ‘bic`qR nwtk’ ivc bVI Swn nwl d`isAw igAw hY:-
jy bymuK qw qy bic Awey] iqn ky gRMih puin ienY igrwey]
jy qj Bjy huqy gur Awnw] iqn pun gurU AihdIAih jwnw]
mUqR fwr iqn sIs muMfwey] phuir jwin igRhih lY Awey ]8]
mUMf mUMf kir sihr iPrwey] kwr Byt jn lYx isDwey]9]
Bwv ik ijhVy is`K gurU qoN bymu`K ho ky B`j gey sn aunHW nUM AihdIAW ny aunHW dy isr dy kysW
ivc mUq-mUq ky isr muMny sn[ ieh isr muMny is`K ieauN lgdy sn ijvyN ik AMimRq dI phul lY ky
Gr Awey huMdy hn[ ienHW dy isr muMn muMn ky Sihr ivc ieauN iPrwieAw igAw sI ijvyN ik ieh kwr
Bytw iek`TI krn leI jWdy huMdy sn[ Bwv ik kysW ivc mUq pw ky muMnx nUM AMimRq Ckx nwl Aqy
kwr Bytw iek`TI krn vwlI sMgq nwl qulnwieAw igAw hY[ pwTk dyK skdy hn ik ies qrHW nwly
qW Kwlsw mrXwdw dw Aqy nwly kwr-Bytw iek`TI krn vwilAW dw mzwk aufwieAw igAw hY[ kI
pwTk smJdy hn ik kI ieh gurU goibMd isMG jI dy vwk ho skdy hn? AMimRq(phul) Ckx dy vyrvy
qoN ies g`l dw vI sMkyq imldw hY ijvyN ik ieh AiDAwey AMimRq Ckwey jwx dI rsm qoN ip`CoN
iliKAw igAw hovy[
dsm-gRMQ dIAW kuJ rcnwvW qW AYsIAW hn ijnW ivc ilKx vwly kvI dw nW bVy spSt
rUp ivc iliKAw igAw hY[ imswl vjoN ‘SsqR nwm mwlw’ hY[ ies ivc ies dy ilKwrI kvI cWiqk
dw nW vwr vwr AwauNdw hY[ ieh kvI cWiqk dI rcnw hY[ vMngI vjoN sqrW dyKo:-
15

sWg srohI sYP Ais qIr qupk qrvwir]
s`qRWqik ‘kv cWiq’ kr krIAY r`C hmwir]1]
Ais ikRpwn Dwrw DrI sYP sUl jmdwF]
‘kv cWqik’ sqRWqkr qyg qIr DrbwF]2]
SsqR AsqR qum hI ispr qum hI kvc inKMg]
‘kvcWqik’ qumhI bny qum bXwpk srbMg]3] 23
iesy qrHW hor vI keI rcnwvW ‘rwm’ qy isAwm kvIAW dy nwvW vwlIAW hn[ inrsMdyh kuJ
rcnwvW ivc iksy vI kvI dw nW drj nhIN hY pr ies dw mqlb ieh nhIN hY ik ies qrHW dIAW
rcnwvW gurU goibMd isMG jI dI dIAW hn[ ‘pwqSwhI 10’ dI Cwp qW koeI vI ilK skdw hY[ AnykW
AYsIAW rcnwvW dsm-gRMQ qoN bwhr peIAW hn ijnHW ivc ‘pwqswhI 10’ dI Cwp vrqI geI hY[
iPr qW aunHW nUM vI gurU jI dIAW rcnwvW mMn ky dsm-gRMQ ivc Swml kr lYxw cwhIdw hY[
dsm-gRMQ ivc ‘sRI muKvwk pwqSwhI 10’ sgoN ault prBwv idMdI hY[ lyKk kdy vI Awpxy
nW nwl ‘sRI’ dw qK`ls nhIN lgwauNdw[ ies leI ieh Cwp Awpxy Awp hI dsdI hY ik ieh iksy
SrDwlU is`K vloN ilKI geI AYsI rcnw hY ijs nUM ilKx vwly ny dsm pwqSwh dy mu`K ivcoN aucwrI
geI d`isAw hY[ ‘sRI muKvwk pwqSwhI 10’ dI Cwp bwry rqn isMG j`gI ny ivsQwr rUp ivc
AiDAYn kr ky ieh inrxw ilAw hY ik ieh Cwp sMpwdkW ny, jW sMgRih krn vwilAW ny Awpxy koloN
pweI hY[ purwqn ilKqI KriVAW ivc ies rUp ivc ieh Cwp nhIN id`qI geI [ keI QwvW qy Cwp
‘kibEvwc’ AweI hY[ ies qoN swP spSt hY ik ies qrHW dI rcnw iksy kvI dI hY[ ibnW S`k gurU
swihb vI Awpxy Awp nUM kvI AKvw skdy hn ijvyN ik gurU nwnk dyv jI ny keI QWeIN Awpxy Awp
nUM kvI, Swier Aqy FwfI iliKAw hY[ pr ies dy nwl dyKx vwlI g`l ieh vI hY ik aunHW ny AwpxI
rcnw swhmxy mhlw pihlw, mhlw dUjw jW qIjw, cOQw, pMjvW qy nOvW zrUr ilKy hn[ ies qrHW gurU
goibMd isMG jI vI Awpxy nW dI bjwey ‘nwnk’ Cwp vrqdy hoey mhlW dsvW ilK skdy sn[
‘cirqRo piKAWn’ dy 71 vyN cir`qR ivc kpwl mocn ivKy is`K sUrbIrW nUM AYsy qrIky nwl
id`qy gey isropwEAW bwry d`isAw igAw hY ijs nwl pwTkW dw isr Srm nwl Juk jWdw hY[lE,
ies cir`qr ivclw ibrqWq suxo: ‘swrmOr (isrmOr) dy dys ivc jmunw ndI dy nyVy pwautw,
jnkpurI dy smwn ngr sI[ jmunw ndI dy nyVy hI kpwl mocn dw qIrQ sI[ hm (gurU goibMd isMG)
16

pwauNtw ngr nUM C`f ky ieQy Aw auqry[ ieQy Awky iSkwr Kyfdy hoieAW ny sUr Awid jMglI jwnvr
mwry[ ieQy imrgW dIAW bhuq fwrW iPrdIAW sn[ iPr AsIN ieQoN kpwl mocn dw rsqw pkiVAw
Aqy iqrQ dy jw drSn kIqy[ ieQy swfy is`K Aqy hor im`qr Aw phuMcy[ ienHW nUM isropwE dyx dI loV
sI[ ies leI isropwE vwsqy loVINdw k`pVw lYx leI lokW nUM pwauNtw ngr Aqy bUVIey ngrW ivc
ByijAw igAw [ pr ienHW nUM ie`k vI p`g dw k`pVw nhIN imilAw qy ieh sB KwlI h`Q vwps Aw
gey[ jd iek p`g dw k`pVw vI mu`l dw nw iml sikAw qW AsIN ieh slwh kIqI ik ijhVw vI
ivA`kqI ieQy qIrQ dy kMFy qy mUqdw hoieAw nzr Awvy aus dI pgVI Koh leI jwvy[ jdoN ipAwidAW
ny ies qrHW dy hukm nUM suixAw qW sB ny ies qrHW kIqw[ ijhVw vI mnmuK qIrQ kol Aw ky mUqdw
sI auh pgVI Kuhw ky hI igAw sI[ swrI rwq dI kwrvweI ivc ies qrHW A`T sO pgVI auqwr leI
geI[ auh A`T sO pgVI mYN DobIAW nUM Dox vwsqy dy id`qI [ Agly idn svyry hI ieh DoqIAW hoeIAw
p`gW mMgvw leIAW geIAW [ iPr ieh sB is`KW nUM bnvweIAW geIAW [ ijhVIAW bMnx qoN bc
geIAW aunHW nUM vyc id`qw igAw[ ies qrHW ies ngr ivc p`gVIAW vMf ky su`K-sWd nwl A`gy cly
gey[ mUrKW nUM ies ies g`l dw pqw nhIN l`igAw ik (goibMd) rwie ikQy clw igAw:
dohrw] ngr pWvtw bhu bsY swrmOr ky dys]
jmunw ndI inkit bhy jnk purI Ailkys]1]
ndI jmun ky qir mY qIrQ mucn kpwl]
ngr pWvtw Coir hm Awey qhW auqwl]2]
cOpeI] iKlq AKytk sUkr mwry[ bhuqy imRg AOry hin fwry[
puin iqh TWko hm mhu lIno[ vw qIrQ ky drSn kIno]3]
dohrw] qhw hmwry isKX sB Aimq phUMcy Awie]
iqnY dYn ko cwihXY joir Blo isrpwie]4]
ngr pWvty bUirey pTey lok bulwie]
eyk pwg peI nhIN inhPl phuMcy Awie]5]
cOpeI] molih eyk pwg nih peI] qb mslq hm ijXih bnweI]
jwih iehW mUqiq liK pwvo] qwkI CIn pgirXw lXwvo]6]
jb pXwdn AYsy suin pwXo] iqhI BWq imil sBn kmwXo[
jo mnmuK qIrQ iq`h AwXo] pwg ibnHW kir qwih pTwXo]7]
dohrw] rwiq bIc kir AwT sY pgrI leI auqwir[
Awin iqnY hm dIh mY Dovin deI suDwir]8]
cOpeI] pRwq lyq sB Doie mMgweI] sB hI isKXn ko bMDvweI]
bcI su byic qurqu q`h leI] bwkI bcI ispwihn deI]9]
17

dohrw] bit ky pgrI ngr ko jwq Bey suK pwie[
Byd mUrKn nw lhXo khw gXo kir rwie ]10]
pwTk AMdwzw lgw skdy hn ik AYsI GtIAw ilKq gurU jI dI ho skdI hY? BMgwxI dI
lVweI ivc bhwdrI idKwaux vwly sUrbIr is`KW nUM grIbW lokW dIAW gMdIAW mMdIAW p`gW Koh ky
isropwE dyxw, Awpxy Awp ivc hI iek mKOl hY[ iPr p`gW dw k`pVw ikqoN vI nw imlxw ieh
AsMBv hY[ kpwl mocn dy qIrQ AsQwn qy gurU jI dw kYNp sI[ G`to-G`t hzwr-bwrW sO GoV-suAwr
is`K qW gurU jI nwl hoxgy hI[ pirvwr vI hoxgy[ kI AYsy CwauxI-rUpI kYNp ivc ipMf dy lok auQy
qIrQ dy iknwry ipSwb krn Awauxgy? pr ilKq muqwbk A`T sO bMdw auQy mUqx Aw igAw sI[ swrI
rwq hI bMdy mUqx AwauNdy rhy[ pihlI g`l qW, ies qrHW dI SbdwvlI hI soBdI nhIN hY[ ijQy gurU
jYsI mhwn SKsIAq ibrwjmwn hovy lok auQy mUqx Awauxgy? ieh ilKq ies dy ilKx vwly ilKwrI
dI AwpxI Akl dw idvwlw k`F idMdI hY[ ijs vI ilKwrI ny ies ilKq nUM gurU dI ilKq bxw ky
pyS kIqw hY aus nUM l`K-l`K iPtkwr pwauxI cwhIdI hY[ aus smyN jgwDrI Awpxy Awp ivc mMinAwprmMinAw
Sihr sI[ bUVIAW Sihr ies qoN Cotw sI[ pwauNtw Sihr hI nhIN sI pr ies ivc ‘ngr’
iliKAw igAw hY[ pwauNtw jo sI auh kyvl gurU jI dy kYNp krky hI sI[ gurU jI auQoN auT ky Aw gey
sn qW pwauNtw aujwV QW bx igAw sI[ pwauNtw nUM ngr ilKx dw mqlb hY ik ieh ilKq bhuq
smW ip`CoN dI ilKq hY jdoN ik pwauNtw iek ngr dy rUp ivc ivksq ho igAw sI[ koeI kwrn nhIN
sI ik jgwDrI Aqy bUVIAw qoN loV Anuswr k`pVw nw imldw [ jy k`pVw hI nhIN iml sikAw sI qW
GoV-suAwrW vwsqy rsd-pwxI dI hwlq iks qrHW dI hoxI sI? ies qrHW dIAW ilKqW dI dsm-gRMQ
ivc Brmwr hY[ ieh qW iek swDwrn ijhI ilKq hY[ cir`qrW ivc qW AYsy AYsy cir`qr hn ijnHW
dI ASlIl BwSw ilK ky vI pyS nhIN kIqI jw skdI [ ijhVy dsm-gRMQ dy Bgq vI hn auh vI jdoN
ienHW ASlIl rcnwvW bwry ilKdy hn qW auh vI is`Dy auhI Sbd nhIN ilKdy ijhVy dsm-gRMQ ivc
ilKy hoey hn[ auh vI A`j dI mwfrn Aqy s`iBAw bolI dy SbdW ivc aus dI ivAwiKAw krdy hn[
jykr dsm-gRMQ ivclI SbdwvlI Anuswr hI ies dI ivAwiKAw kIqI jwvy qW au`kw hI jlUs inkl
jwvygw[ kok-Swsqr ivc vI bVI sulJI hoeI SbdwvlI duAwrw iesqrI-purSW dy kwm nwl sbMDq
iviSAW bwry smJwieAw igAw hY[ iPr vI swfy lok kok-Swsqr nUM Ku`ly rUp ivc nhIN pVHdy[dsm-
18

gRMQ ivc qW inXm hI koeI nhIN ApxwieAw igAw[ kvI lok BMg dy nSy ivc Du`q hoey A`l dIAW
pt`l ilKI jWdy sn iksy is`K doKI ny ieh byisrpYr ilKqW iek`TIAW kr ky is`KW dy m`Qy mVH
id`qIAW hn[
AKIr ivc, nqIjy dy qOr qy iliKAw jw skdw hY ik ijQoN qk qW mOilk sroqW dw sbMD hY
aunHW Anuswr qW dsm-gRMQ dI koeI prmwxikqw nhIN hY ikauN ik iksy vI mOilk sroq ivc ies
qrHW dw koeI vyrvw nhIN hY[ ijQoN qk smkwlI sroqW dI g`l hY ienHW Anuswr kyvl qy kyvl jwpu
swihb hI dsm pwqSwh dI rcnw hY Aqy iesy iek`lI bwxI dw pwT bwkI dIAW bwxIAW nwl rlw ky
krn leI ikhw igAw hY[ ikauNik jwp swihb dI bwxI dw pwT krn dw izkr hr smkwlI ilKq
ivc AwieAw hY ies leI ies bwry mMn lYxw cwhIdw hY ik ieh gurU goibMd isMG jI dI ilKq hY
Aqy ies dw pwT in``q-nym dIAW bwxIAW ivc Swml hY[ ‘bic`qR nwtk’ Awpxy Awp ivc AwpwivroDI
Aqy gurmiq ivroDI ilKq hY[ ieh imiQhws hY Aqy ies ivc is`K ieiqhws nUM qoRV-mroV
ik glq FMg nwl pyS kIqw igAw hY[ sv`XW (sRwvg suD vwly) Aqy cOpeI (bynqI cOpeI) ivc koeI
gurmq ivroDI g`l nhIN hY[ ies leI ienHW nUM gurU goibMd isMG jI dIAW rcnwvW mMn lYx ivc koeI
muSkl nhIN hY[ pMQk p`Dr qy svIikRq isK rihq mrXwdw dsm gRMQ dIAW rcnwvW sMbMDI ivvwd
nUM sulJwaux leI rwh-idsyry dw kwrj kr skdI hY[
************************
19

hvwly qy it`pxIAW
1. ies ilKq nUM hux qk do sMpwdkW ny sMpwidq kr ky CpvwieAw hY[ iek hn AkwlI kOr
isMG Aqy dUsry hn fw. gMfw isMG[ doKo sRI gurU soBw ikRq kvI sYnwpiq(sMpwdk), AkwLI
kOr isMG, AMimRqsr , 1925 Aqy kvI sYnwpiq ricq sRI gur soBw (sMpwdk) gMfw isMG,
pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 1967.
2. vwrW BweI gurdws jI, iSromxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI, AMimRqsr, 1981.
3. rihqnwmy(sM.) ipAwrw isMG pdm, pitAwlw, 1984,
4. aukq, pMny 80-133.
5. sMpwdk rqn isMG j`gI, prK, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, cMfIgVH, 1972.
6. rqn isMG j`gI, dsm gRMQ dw kRiqqv, pMjwbI swihb sBw, luiDAwxw, 1961 pMnw 96.
7. doKo hukmnwmy (sM.gMfw isMG ), pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 1999
8. dyKo kvI syvw isMG ikRq ShId iblws BweI mnI isMG (sM.igAwnI grjw isMG), pMjwbI
swihq AkwdmI, luiDAwxw, 1961, pMnw 96(AMqkw 2)
9. ies ic`TI bwry ivsQwr ivc dyKx leI dyKo rqn isMG j`gI, dsm gRMQ dw kRiqRqv, pMjwbI
swihq sBw, nvIN id`lI, 1966, pMnw 39-45.
10. Ernest Trump, The AdI <strong>Granth</strong> or The Holy Scripture of The Sikhs Translated
from Original Gurmukhi Script With Introductory Essay, (London, 1877),
reprinted by Munshi Ram Menohar Lal, New Delhi, 1970.
11. dyKo BweI rxDIr isMG (sM.) SbdwrQ dsm gRMQ, poQI pihlI, pMjwbI XUnIvristI, 1995,
pMnw 53.
12. dyKo kvI sYnwpiq ikRq sRI gur soBw(sM. gMfw isMG), pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw, 1967,
pMnw 8-19.
20

13. vwrW igAwn rqnwvlI BweI gurdws jI (sRI Amr isMG cwkr), iSromxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk
kmytI, sRI AMimRqsr, 1981, pMnw 436-451.
14. ipAwrw isMG pdm (sMpw), rihqnwmy, pitAwlw, 1984, pMny 54-64.
15. rihqnwmy, pMnw 91.
16. aukq, pMnw 61.
17. aukq, pMnw 67
18. See Dr. Ganda Singh's article' Nanak – Panthis or The Sikhs and Sikhism of the
Mid-eighteenth century’ in The Punjab Past and Present, Punjabi University,
Patiala, April, 1967, pp 66-67.
19. SbdwrQ dsm gRMQ, poQI pihlI, pMny 131, Aqy 153.
20. aukq, pMny 174, 181, 197, 209, 212, 214, 254, 270 Awid[
21. aukq, poQI qIjI, pMny 902, 923 Awid[
22. aukq, pMnw 90
23. aukq, poQI qIjI, pMnw 1021.
24. aukq, pMny 174, 181,197,209,212,214, 254, 270 Awid[
25. ies dsm gRMQ dIAW do ijldW pMjwbI XUnivristI, pitAwlw dy pMjwb ieiqhws AiDAYn
ivBwg dI lwiebRryrI ivc peIAW hn pr ienHW ijldW dy A`gy ip`Cy Cwpk jW sMpwidk jW
swl-sMmq, jW hor keI vI jwxkwrI nhIN hY[ ies dw lwiebRryrI AksYSn nUM 53131 hY Aqy
ivBwgI AksYSn nUM 472 hY[ ies dI ijld dUjI, pMny 901-02, cir`qR 71 vW[
21