Frontier Research System for Global Change - jamstec japan ...

Japan Marine Science and Technology Center 

Preface 

The ocean has infinite potential. With recent damage 

being done to the global environment, leading to depletion 

of resources, and impending food problems, the 

potential and economic importance of the ocean is 

being increasingly highlighted. The UN Convention on 

the Law of the Sea , sometimes called "the Constitution 

of the Sea," mandates protection of the marine environment 

and fair use of the ocean, and emphasizes scientific 

ocean research as one of its pillars. We firmly 

believe that scientific understanding of the ocean holds 

a key to mankind's survival and furtherance of its wellbeing. 


strives to become one of the world's central research 

bases in marine science and technology. 

With the new st century just before us, JAMSTEC 

is also entering a new phase. Its research areas keep 

rapidly expanding to include the earth as a whole, without 

necessarily pinned down to the ocean. Construction 

of a new "Deep-sea Drilling Vessel," aimed at reaching 

the earth's mantle, and expected to make a powerful 

tool for research on climate change, earthquakes, and 

the yet unknown underground biosphere, began in 

October , and it is scheduled for completion in FY 

(April March ). Furthermore, to predict 

climate change, such as global warming, facilities 

related to the "Earth Simulator," a high-speed parallel 

vector computer system, having world-class high performance, 

are being successively built in Sugita, 

Yokohama City. Moreover, the "Frontier Observational 

Research System for global Change," has been 

launched to engage in physical observational research 

for global change, an indispensable component for 

developing global change prediction capabilities. 

Exsisting research activities, in the meantime, have 

produced good results. The "Frontier Research System 

for Global Change" discovered, for the first time in the 

world, El Niño phenomena in the Indian Ocean, which 

bring abnormal climate in the eastern part of the 

Indian Ocean, and on the east coast of the African 

continent, etc. The discovery, in combination with the 

already found El Niño phenomena in the Pacific 

Ocean, is expected to provide an important key to 

research on climate changes over much extended 

range. Furthermore, in July , the "Frontier 

Research Program for Deep-Sea Extremophiles" succeeded 

in determining the entire genome sequence of 

Bacillus halodurans, an alkaliphilic bacterium, in a 

short time of one year and three months. Also, in 

JAMSTEC's search for the H- rocket No., which 

failed and fell into the Izu-Ogasawara Sea, using its 

ROV "Kaiko" and "Deep Tow," the rocket's first stage 

rocket engine section was successfully recovered. 

These can be said to demonstrate that JAMSTEC scientific 

and technological ability can now be used for 

the benefit of society in varied ways. 

This annual report compiles the activities of JAM- 

STEC in FY (April -March ). We will 

be pleased if this booklet can lead to your improved 

understanding of, and support for JAMSTEC's R&D 

and other effort on marine science and technology. All 

members of JAMSTEC will continue to work with a 

pioneer spirit to promote marine science and technology 

for mankind's bright future. Your continued patronage 

of JAMSTEC will be greatly appreciated. 

December 

Takuya HIRANO 

President 


1

JAMSTEC 1999 Annual Report 

Outline of Activities 

To promote ocean development in our country, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) 

continued to carry out a variety of activities during FY (ending March , ) in close cooperation 

with domestic and foreign organizations concerned. These activities included research & development 

efforts, education and training services, information services, and construction, improvement and shared use 

of facilities and equipment. Each of these categories are described below. 

Research and development activities 

JAMSTEC carries out its R & D activities under 

categories of Project Research, Special Research or 

General Basic Research depending on the objective, 

content and progress status of these activities. The 

Center has established a flexible R & D system under 

which to conduct research according to the plan drawn 

up at the beginning of each fiscal year, that enables 

creative research based on researchers's own initiatives 

or adjustment to the situation change. In addition, 

the Center carries out Commissioned Research 

and Joint Research at the request from, and with the 

cooperation of, other domestic and foreign organizations. 

The R & D activities that the Center carried out 

for FY are summarized below: 

(1) Project Research 

The Center carries out important, large-scale or 

complex R & D projects as Project Research to make 

contributions to the economic and social development 

and the improvement of marine science and technology. 

In FY, the Center carried out Project 

Research as listed in Table . 

(2) Special Research 

As Special Research, the Center carries out 

R & D projects to further develop the basic results 

obtained from General Basic and other researches that 

may possibly develop into future Project Research. In 

FY, the Center carried out Special Research as 

listed in Table . 

(3) General Basic Research 

As General Basic Research, the Center carries out 

research projects based upon individual researchers' 

free conceptions to maximize their abilities, or those 

that might develop into Special or Project Researches 

in the future. In FY, the Center carried out 

General Basic Research as listed in Table . 

(4) Commissioned Research and Joint Research 

As Commissioned Research, the Center carries out 

research projects involving marine science and technology, 

which are commissioned by other organizations 

to the Center and whose implementation the 

Center considers will benefit its own interests. In 

FY, the Center carried out commissioned 


As Joint Research, the Center carries out research 

projects in which high-level results are likely to 

come, while reduction in costs and required time is 

expected by sharing R & D resources with other 

organizations. In FY, the Center carried out Joint 


2



Education and training services 

The Center provides education and training services 

to disseminate results of its R & D efforts among the 

public and foster human resources to promote ocean 

development in Japan. In FY, the Center organized 

training courses in diving and other skills, a 

Science Camp for senior high school students, and 

Marine Science Schools for students and teachers in 

senior high schools. 

Information services 

research submersible "SHINKAI ", RV "YOKO- 

SUKA" as its support ship, and a land-servicing site. 

The "KAIREI": a deep ocean research vessel. 

The "MIRAI": a large, modern ocean and earth 

research vessel completed in . 

Operational results of these vessels and vehicles during 

FY are given below: 

(1) The "SHINKAI 2000" 

Made dives in total in the seas around the 

Japanese Islands including the Bay of SAGAMI as 

well as the Manus Basin. 

In FY, the Center continued to collect marine 

science and technology literature (e.g., books, magazines, 

minutes, technical reports) published in Japan 

and abroad. It published various periodical reports to 

disseminate the results of its research carried out in 

Japan and abroad. In addition, the Center continued to 

build its own database of oceanographic information, 

and engaged in its super-computer systems operations. 

Ship operations for research vessels and 

vehicles 

(2) The "NATSUSHIMA" 

Supported the dives of the "SHINKAI " and 

the "Dolphin-K" Also made surveys alone. Total ship 

time used was for days during FY. 

(3) The "DOLPHIN-3K" 

Made dives in total in the seas around the Ryukyu 

islands; the Bay of SAGAMI; and off the coast of 

SANRIKU, among other sea areas for test and training 

dives and for pre-site surveys for research dives by 

"SHINKAI ". 

The following are JAMSTEC-owned major research 

vessels and vehicles that are in use to carry out its 

activities: 

The "SHINKAI " Manned Research Submersible 

system: Consisting of a m-depth manned submersible, 

Research vessel "Natsushima" as its support 

ship, and a land-servicing site. 

The "DOLPHIN-K": a m-depth unmanned 

research submersible vehicle. 

The "KAIKO": a ,m-depth unmanned 

research submersible vehicle. 

The "KAIYO": a catamaran research vessel. 

The "SHINKAI " Manned Research Submersible 

Vessel System : Consisting of a m-depth manned 

(4) The "KAIYO" 

Participated in experiments, observations and surveys 

on deep-sea towing and other missions. Total ship time 

used was for days during FY. 

(5) The "SHINKAI 6500" 

Made dives in total in the Sea of Japan, the 

Japan Trench, the Nankai Trough, and seas around the 

Hawaiian Islands. 

(6) The "YOKOSUKA" 

Supported the dives of the "SHINKAI " as its 

support vessel. Also made surveys alone. Total ship 

time used was for days during FY. 

3



(7) The "KAIKO" 

Made dives in total in seas around the Japanese 

islands including the Nankai Trough; around the 

Ryukyu Islands; and the Japan Trench. 

(8) The "KAIREI" 

Supported the dives of the "KAIKO". Also made 

ocean surveys alone, and participated in the oceanic 

crust dynamics research projects. Total ship time used 

was for days during FY business year. 

(9) The "MIRAI" 

In principle, use is shared with other organizations 

since FY. Made such cruises during FY 

business year. Total ship time used was for days on 

the sharing basis, and days in gross total. 

Table 1 Project Research 

Subject Period Department 

1 

Research on ocean bottom dynamics 

FY98 

Deep Sea Resarch Department 

2 

Development and deployment of Long-term Deep Sea Floor Observatories 

FY96 


3 

R&D of real-time Deep Seafloor Observation Network Technology 

FY92 


4 

Research and Development of Advanced Technology 

FY98 

Marine Technology Department 

5 

Research and Development of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle 

FY98 


6 

Research and Development of Ocean Observing Buoy System 

FY93 


7 

Research and Development of Technology to Utilize Ocean Energy 

FY89 


8 

9 

10 

Research and Development of a Deep-Earth Drilling Vessel 

Tropical Ocean Climate Study 

Development of Ocean Acoustic Tomography System 

FY90 

FY93 

FY89 

OD21 Project Team, Marine 

Technology Department, Deep Sea 

Research Department, OD21 Program 

Office, Research Support Department 

Ocean Observation and Research 

Department 


Department, Ocean Acoustic Tomography 

Operation Project Team 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

Long-term automatic observation of Subtropical area. ( Formerly R & D on 

an autonomous marine observation system) 

Study of the Kuroshio 

Arctic Ocean Observation study 

Study of Air- Sea Interaction 

Development of Ocean LIDAR System 

Biogeochemical study of the northern North Pacific and its adjacent seas 

Observational Study on primary production in the Equatorial Pacific 

Study on the Global warming mechanism 

FY87 


Department 


FY86 

Department 


FY91 

Department 


FY97 

Department 

Ocean Observation and Research Department, 

FY87 

Mutsu Branch 

FY95 Ocean Observation and Research Department 


FY97 Mutsu Branch 


FY99 

Mutsu Branch 

4




19 

Study of ocean sensor development for stratospheric platform 

FY98 

Ocean Observation and Research Department 

20 

Development and maintenance of TRITON buoy network 

FY93 

TRITON Buoy Operation Project Team 

21 

Studies on deep-sea ecosystems. 

FY97 

Marine Ecosystems Research Department 

22 

Study on dynamics of marine ecosystems 

FY98 


23 

Frontier Research Program for Deep-sea Extremophiles 

FY90 

Frontier Research Promotion Department 

24 

Frontier Research System for Global Change 

FY97 


25 

Frontier Research Program for Subduction Dynamics 

FY96 


26 

Development and Operation of Information System for Global Change 

Prediction 

FY99 


27 

Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change 

FY99 


28 

Development of Parallel Software for Earth Simulator 

FY98 


29 

30 

31 

32 

Research and Development of Earth Simulator 

Research Funds to Foster Small and Medium-scale Enterprises 

Development of Bio-venture Center for Deep-sea Extremophiles 

Research and Development of Coastal Environments and their Utilization 

FY99 

Computer and Information Department, 

Earth Simulator Research and 

Development Center 

FY99 

Program Management Division, 

Planning Division 

FY99 

Frontier Research Promotion 

Department 

FY98 Program Management Division 

Table 2 Special Research 


1 

Research on the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Technology in Icecovered 

Sea Area 

FY98 FY00 


2 

Model Experiment and Motion Analysis of Marine Riser Pipe 

FY98 FY99 


3 

Ocean data analysis by using a high-resolution GCM 

FY97 FY99 


Department 

4 

Research into the Mechanisms of Earthquake and Tsunami Generation in the 

Sea Area near Papua 

FY98 FY00 

Deep Sea Research Department 

5 

B02-Paleo and Rock-magnetic studies of deep-sea sediments:Implications 

for paleo environment changes 

FY99 FY01 


5



Table 3 General Basic Research 


1 

Research concerning sample processing for petrochmical analysis of 

bottom material samples and measurement of rock properties 

FY98 FY00 


2 

Research concerning the activity and structure of spreading axis magma 

reservoirs 

FY96 FY00 


3 

Study on sea bottom gamma ray measurement by manned and unmanned 

submersibles 

FY98 FY02 


4 

Research on Early Detection of Tunami and Crustal Deformation using 

Cable-type Observatioin Equipment 

FY99 FY01 


5 

Development of Launching System for Deep-sea TV Observing Vehicle 

FY96 FY99 


6 

Research on Non-Contact Data Communication System Using LEDs 

FY97 FY99 


7 

Research on Image Detection using Forward Looking Sonar 

FY97 FY99 


8 

Research on Improved Propulsion Maneuver System of manned 

submersible "SHINKAI 6500" 

FY98 FY00 

Marine Technology Department, 

Research Support Department 

9 

Research on Operating Technology for UROV7K 

FY98 FY99 

Marine Technology Department, 


10 

Research and Development of a Calm-sea Producing System with 

Optimally Arranged Buoys 

FY97 FY99 


11 

Research on Improvement of the Anti-rolling Device 

FY99 FY01 


12 

13 

14 

Evaluation of TRITON buoy sensors and validation of buoy data 

Study on improvement in oceanic CO2 measurement 

Study on the behavior of trace metals in the ocean 

FY96 FY00 

FY97 FY00 

FY97 FY99 


Department 


Department 


Department 

15 

A study on the modeling of marine ecosystems by combining multiple 

sub-models 

FY98 FY00 

Marine Ecosystems Research 

Department 

16 

Method of evaluating seawater movement in the vicinity of coral 

FY98 FY00 


Department 

17 

Decompression sickness suffered by scientific divers due to hypobaric 

environment transfer after dive 

FY98 FY00 


Department 

18 

Fundamental study on quantitative measurement of coral fishes 

FY98 FY00 


Department 

19 

Development of tools for sampling and maintenance for midwater 

organisms. 

FY98 FY00 


Department 

20 

Study on the Influences of the Kuroshio Current on the Fluctuating 

Hydrographic Properties of the Deep Seawater in Suruga Bay 

FY99 FY01 


Department 

21 

Study on the abundance of plankton community concerned on regenerated 

production 

FY99 FY01 


Department 

22 

Study on Autonomic nervous system on adaptation and re-adaptation 

FY99 FY01 


Department 

23 

Research on the Design and Management Methods of JAMSTEC 

High-speed Network 

FY98 FY99 

Computer and Information Department 

24 

Research into Parallel Computing Techniques in Marine Computation 

FY99 FY01 


6



Table 4 Commissioned Research 

Subject Period Consignor JAMSTEC Dept. 

1 

Research on the development of multi-sensor deep 

seafloor activity monitoring network using Underseacable 

System 

FY95FY99 

Science and Technology 

Agency 

Deep Sea Research 

Department 

2 

Whole Earth Dynamics:International Cooperative 

Research on Variance Theory Applicable to Earth 

System Leading to the Central Core 

FY96FY00 


Agency 


Department 

3 

International Cooperative Research on North Pacific 

Subarctic Gyre Experiment and Climate change 

FY97FY99 


Agency 

Ocean Observation and 

Research Department 

4 

International Research on Global Carbon Cycle and 

Related Mapping Based on satellite Imagery 

FY98FY00 


Agency 



5 

Comprehensive study on modeling earthquake 

generation mechanisms and upgrading of observation 

systems for reduction of trench-type major earthquake 

damage at Nankai Trough 

FY96FY00 

Association for the 

Development of earthquake 

prediction 

Frontier Research 

Promotion Department 

6 

Fundamental research and development for databasing 

and networking bio-resource information 

FY97FY99 

Japan Science and Technology 

Corporation 

Frontier Research 

Promotion Department 

7 

8 

Development of parallel software for global climate 

change 

Study on deep sea radioactivity measurement (IV) 

FY98FY00 

FY99FY00 

Research Organization for 

Information Science and 

Technology 

Japan Atomic Energy Research 

Institute 




Department 

9 

Mt.Unzen:International cooperative research on 

eruption mechanisms and magma activity by scientific 

drilling 

FY99FY01 


Agency 


Department 

7



Table 5 Cooperative Research 

Subject Period Partners JAMSTEC Dept. in Charge 

 

Comparative Research into Trench Type Earthquakes 

around Japan and the American Continents and 

Geological Phenomena Associated with the Earthquakes 

FY97 FY00 

Woods Hole Oceanographic 

Institution 


Department 

 

Long-term Monitoring of Seafloor Hydrothermal Flow 

Regimes 

FY98 FY02 

Rutgers University, University 

of Washington 


Department 

 

Research on the geology of Izu-Bonin Arc and its 

related area 

FY97 FY99 

Ocean Research Institute, 

The University of Tokyo; 

Geological Survey of Japan 


Department 

 

Study on the origin and depositional environment of 

cold seep carbonates 

FY95 FY00 

Hiroshima University 


Department 

 

Research on Real Time Estimation for Catenary of 

ROV Tether Cable 

FY97 FY00 

Mitsui Engineering & 

Shipbuilding co.,LTD 

Marine Technology 

Department 

 

Development of DPS by R/V "KAIREI" for Deep Sea 

Research 

FY98 FY99 

Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd. 


Department 

 

 

Research and Development for the Deep Seawater 

Drawing Technology Using Compressed Air 

Research on the Motion Control of a Very Large 

Floating Structure by Using a Wave Energy Absorbing 

Mechanism 

FY96 FY99 

FY99 FY01 

The Central Research Institute 

of Electric Power Industry, 

Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd 

The University of Tokyo, 

The MEGA-FLOAT Structure 

Technology Research 

Association 


Department 


Department 

 

Study on greenhouse gasses and primary productivity 

in the Equatorial Pacific 

FY95 FY99 

Meteorological Research 

Institute 



 

Study on data analysis method of Acoustic Tomography 

FY97 FY99 

Oki Electric Industry Co.,Ltd. 



 

Observational research on variability of intermediate 

and deep ocean circulation 

FY98 FY00 

Ocean Research Institute of 

The University of Tokyo 



 

Study on automation of measurement of chemical 

components in sea water 

FY98 FY00 

Kimoto Electric Co.; 

Horiba, Ltd.;Kawasaki Heavy 

Industries; National Institute for 

Resources and Environment 



 

Observational study on primary production and 

environmental factors in the Equatorial Pacific 

FY95 FY99 

Dalhousie University 



 

Evaluation of the characteristics of giant 

magnetostrictive materials for 20Hz sound sources 

FY98 FY99 

Oki Electric Industry Co.,Ltd. 



 

Study on sensitive and precise analysis of radionuclides 

in oceanic samples 

FY99 FY02 

National Institute for 

Environmental Studies 



 

Midwater research using ROVs. 

FY97 FY99 

Monterey Bay Aquarium 

Research Institute. 

Marine Ecosystems 


 

Research on characteristics, distribution and variation 

of proper water mass in Japan Sea 

FY97 FY99 

Toyama Prefectural Fisheries 

Experiment Station 



 

Basic study for marine ecosystem investigation by 

using an automatic plankton counting system 

FY97 FY99 

National Reseaech Institute of 

Fisheries Science 



 

Basic study for the effect of high pressure oxygen 

FY97 FY99 

Jikei University School of 

Madicine 



 

Research on Functional Improvement in Sub-bottom 

Profiler 

FY97 FY99 

Toyo Corporation, 

SeaBeam Instruments 

Computer and 

Information Department 

8



Subject Period Partners JAMSTEC Dept. in Charge 

 

Study of shooting method, video image quality evaluation, 

performance improvement of imaging device in Underwater 

Super-HARP High Definition Television Camera. 

FY99 FY01 

Japan Broadcasting 

Corporation Science & 

Tecnical Research Laboratories 

Research Support 

Department 

 

Research and Development on Autonomous 

Underwater Vehicle Operation Technology 

FY99 

Institute of Industrial Science, 

the University of Tokyo 

Research Support 

Department 

 

Basic research on network observation for seismological 

and geodetic applications on the ocean floor 

FY99 FY02 

Earthquake Research Institute, 

the University of Tokyo 


Department 

9



Overview 

The Deep Sea Research Department continued its efforts to further our understanding of the earth's dynamics 

caused by oceanic plate motion through capturing temporal changes of various geological processes in 

deep oceans. We report here our research accounts in FY (April to March ). Among them, 

investigations of Hawaii Hotspot, Papua New Guinea Tsunami genesis, and construction of seafloor observatories 

are highlights. New faces at DSRD are Kiyoshi Suyehiro (marine seismologist) as Director succeeding 

Hajimu Kinoshita, Hitoshi Mikada (geophysicist), and Wonn Soh (geologist). 

Sea Floor Dynamics 

Hawaii Hot Spot 

R/V Yokosuka (YK-, ) with the manned submersible 

Shinkai 6500 was sent to the Hawaii hot spot 

volcanoes in Jul-Sep following the survey 

by ROV Kaiko and its mother vessel Kairei (KR- 

) in the same area. Scientists from many institutions 

in Japan and the U.S. led by Jiro Naka and Eiichi 

Takahashi of Tokyo Institute of Technology made 

dives in the North Arch area and dives around the 

island of Hawaii. The survey targets were the Nuuanu 

landslide area, the largest landslide area around the 

Hawaiian Islands; the Hilina Slump area on the southern 

slope of the active Kilauea; the Loihi seamount, 

south of Hawaii Island, and for the first time in the 

North Arch area north of Oahu (Figure ; Photo ). 

The results from the consecutive -year program are 

remarkable. Our current understanding on the structure 

and history of the Hawaii hot spot volcanoes will 

be revised in a major way. While the participating scientists 

are still at work to synthesize the results, we 

report here some outstanding findings from these surveys. 

First, the ages of Hawaii volcanoes are likely to 

be revised to older ages, which are more consistent 

with constant plate motion. Second, alkalic basalts 

may prove to compose a fair fraction of even the 

24 

22 

20 

-158 -156 -154 

Oahu 

-158 

North Arch Volcanic Field 

100 km 

Molokai 

Maui 

-156 

Hawaii 

-154 

24 

22 

20 

Fig. 1 Swath bathymetry of the Hawaii hot spot area obtained 

during two cruises by R/V Kairei (98) and R/V Yokosuka 

(99). 

m 

0 

-500 

-1000 

-1500 

-2000 

-2500 

-3000 

-3500 

-4000 

-4500 

-5000 

-5500 

-6000 

B 

A 

T 

H 

Y 

M 

E 

T 

R 

Y 

i 

n 

m 

e 

t 

e 

r 

s 

10



shield stage basalt rocks, which were thought to be 

tholeiitic basalt. Third, the extent and volume estimate 

of the Arch volcanism was for the first time revealed 

north of Oahu. More than m thick sheet flows 

were observed in one of the collapsed pit craters. 

Photo 1 Clastics of volcanic rock origin formed near the 

coastline. These relatively weak rocks are characteristic 

of Hawaii seamounts that may easily collapse 

and grow into huge landslides. 

Mechanisms of Tsunamis and Earthquakes 

On July , , a large earthquake (M.) 

occurred off the north coast of Papua New Guinea 

(PNG) and was followed by a large tsunami, which 

killed more than people in the area. As previously 

reported, JAMSTEC (led by Takeshi Matsumoto) 

made cruises in FY to obtain detailed swath 

bathymetry and marine geological and geophysical 

data in order to understand the physical mechanism of 

the great tsunami generation in coordination with PNG 

and SOPAC (South Pacific Applied Geoscience 

Commission). These cruises revealed fresh traces of 

quite recent fault motions and landslides. If a tsunami 

were to be generated in this area, the obtained bathymetry 

could explain the local energy concentration. In 

order to identify the source mechanism of the tsunami, 

another cruise was made in November , this time 

with the manned submersible Shinkai 2000. A total of 

dives were made which further confirmed previous 

findings and obtained more pieces of evidence regarding 

the extent and the timing of the landslide. We 

await another cruise to be made in , but present 

Fig. 2 Seismic cross section across Japan Trench obtained together with Frontier Research Group (about 39 deg N). Red dots 

are earthquakes located by ocean bottom seismographs. Yellow dots are those by the land network. The different 

distributions are an artificial effect; far offshore events are better located but fewer landward events are detected 

by OBS. Distance origin is at the coastline. 

11



findings suggest that the great tsunami is likely to 

have caused by landslide rather than the seafloor 

deformation by the M. earthquake. 

Tsunamis and earthquakes frequently attack Japan. 

Narumi Takahashi collaborated with the Frontier 

Research Group and added more seismic profiles in 

the Nankai Trough and Japan Trench areas. Fine 

details such as along arc change in plate dip angle or 

in the volume of low wavespeed (Vp < km/s) accretionary 

prism are revealed in the Nankai Trough. In 

the northern Japan Trench area, the Moho depth 

beneath the forearc is confirmed to be about km in 

depth and that the Pn speed is . km/s. These are 

indications of rapid change in crustal and mantle properties 

from the arc to trench (Figure ). 

Oceanic Island Arc 

The evolution of the Philippine Sea has proceeded 

with multiple stages of rifting and seafloor spreading 

creating multiple island arc chains at its eastern rim. In 

order to understand and quantify its geological and 

petrologic history, Toshiya Fujiwara and Izumi 

Sakamoto and others have been concentrating submersible 

surveys in the vicinity of the Sofugan Tectonic 

Line (STL). The STL, the origin of which is not well 

understood, provides us exposed crustal sections across 

the island arc chains. It is postulated to divide the Izu- 

Ogasawara (Bonin) arc into two major tectonic units. 

Shinkai 6500 dives were carried out between - 

. deg N and - deg E to observe and collect 

samples for chemical analyses and age determinations 

(Figure ). The STL runs linearly over km in distance 

in NNE-SSW direction exposing m height 

of crustal walls. It is found that these walls consist of 

island arc volcanic rocks of to Ma of age and are 

overlain by younger sedimentary rocks. On the contrary 

to previous perceptions, the STL may still be 

active as it cuts through sediments of .-. Ma. 

Also, on the northwest side of the STL exist numerous 

small seamounts of about - km radius and 

to m heights, which seem to make alignments in 

conjugate direction with the STL. These seamounts 

are probably generated during rifting stage and are 

common volcanic features found in back arc areas. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

South 

 

 

East 

 

Fig. 3 Whale-eye view of the Sofugan Tectonic Line area in Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin) arc system. 

12



Carbonates at Cold Seeps 

Carbonates in cold seep environments are controlled 

by subseafloor hydrology, active structure, and 

gas hydrate distributions, and therefore are important 

indicators to understand the tectonics of subduction 

zones and fluid fluxes. Following previous investigations 

in the Sagami Bay and in Nankai Trough, 

Hideaki Machiyama carried out chemical isotope 

analysis and age determination for samples from 

Kuroshima Knoll at the southern part of the Ryukyu 

Island Arc system. The Kuroshima Knoll hosts most 

abundant carbonates in the Ryukyu Arc. From chemical 

analysis the carbonates are products of methane 

seep. The source is likely to be gas hydrates from 

abnormally positive oxygen isotope anomalies, 

although its presence has not been directly detected. 

The carbon isotope dating age of . Ka suggests the 

seep activity to be younger than this age. 

Processes at Spreading Centers 

We have been trying to improve our capabilities of 

geophysical measurements to better understand 

magma processes and material fluxes at active spreading 

centers. One such example is the efforts by Yuka 

Kaiho making seafloor broadband seismic observations 

to capture unusually low frequency events that 

may provide clues to map subseafloor crack distributions 

controlling fluid fluxes. 

To characterize hydrothermal systems that affect the 

enviroment near the seafloor thermally and chemically, 

Kyohiko Mitsuzawa led in developing a prototype system 

with seafloor environment monitoring sensors such as 

acoustic Doppler current profiler or digital video camera. 

Another acoustic system for monitoring hydrothermal 

events and plumes is under development with Rutgers 

University and Washington University. Site surveys for 

deployment of these systems have been carried out in the 

Mariana Trough, and found two new hydrothermal areas 

in a caldera of the island arc and in the oceanic ridge. 

Paleomagnetic Studies 

Piston coring operations in the NW Pacific were 

made by R/V Mirai and were analyzed together with 

piston cores from previous cruises in the W Philippine 

Basin and Hawaii. Eiichi Kikawa and Toshiya 

Kanamatsu have now established a paleomagnetic 

laboratory at DSRD to dating ages as well as measuring 

magnetic properties to reveal environmental and 

tectonic pasts in these areas. For example, Hawaii piston 

cores helped determine when the largest landslide 

that tore the island Oahu occurred. 

Marine Radioactivity 

Mutsuo Hattori and Shinji Okano have been making 

continuous radioactivity measurements by sensors outfitted 

to our submersibles. Accumulating data show 

significant changes in radioactivity in relation to cold 

seeps, hydrothermal vents and landslides. The data 

amount to dives by Shinkai2000, dives by 

Dolphin-3K, and dives by Shinkai 6500, which will 

soon be accessible on the web via Internet. Dual NaI 

(Tl) sensors on Dolphin K were equipped by the end 

of FY and succeeded in making Gamma ray 

measurements at almost every dive this fiscal year. Ge 

semi-conductor sensor was also successfully tested on 

Dolphin 3K. 

Observation Networks on Deep Sea Floor 

Fiber Optic Cable Systems 

The real-time cabled observatory system (System #) 

was established in , south off Hokkaido by Kenji 

Hirata, Hitoshi Mikada and others. This fiber optic 

cable is -km long covering the aftershock area of 

the M-. Tokachi-Oki Earthquake with three 

seismographs, two pressure sensors and a cable-end 

environmental monitor station. This cable system is 

expandable with two branching multiplexer units from 

which additional sensors can be connected afterwards 

13



Fig. 4 Schematic view of the second fiber optic cable observation system south off Hokkaido. The 

data are realtime telemetered to JAMSTEC and Japan Meteorological Agency responsible for 

tsunami and earthquake watch. 

(Figure ). This adds important flexibility to a cabled 

system to make a -D rather than linear coverage. 

The Hatsushima cabled station which operated for 

more than years since Sep was renewed in FY 

by Ryoichi Iwase and others. Renewal includes 

upgrading of various sensors as well as addition of an 

underwater mateable connector for future expansion. 

Versatile Eco-monitoring Network Under-sea Cable 

System (VENUS) Project 

We have actively participated in the VENUS 

Project (-) led by Junzo Kasahara of the 

University of Tokyo, the goal of which was to utilize 

the decommissioned TPC (Trans Pacific) co-axial 

cable by developing systems for multi-disciplinary 

real time observations for academic purposes. 

Specifically, we aimed at utilizing the Okinawa-Guam 

section across the Philippine Sea Plate. Ryoichi Iwase 

and Katsuyoshi Kawaguchi were responsible for 

developing the multi-sensor system equipped with 

CTD, subseafloor thermometer and digital camera 

sensors. In October , the project team consisting 

of scientists from institutions succeeded in connecting 

observation units including broadband seismic, 

geoelectric, and hydrophone array systems from the 

branch unit. The branch unit is serially inserted to 

14



TPC- cable and located at Ryukyu Trench area at a 

depth of about m. However, after . months of 

continuous observations, the system ceased to operate 

due to malfunctions of the seafloor units. The cause of 

the failure will be clarified in after recovering 

the branching unit by a cable ship. The obtained data 

are now being analyzed and some interesting results 

such as tidal forcing of seafloor temperature and deep 

water currents are being revealed. 

linked to land via the fiber optic cable already laid out 

by the University of Tokyo. Before doing so, we are 

currently testing these systems. Preliminary data from 

broadband seismic sensors show orders of magnitude 

difference in noise level at long periods between 

ocean floor and borehole. 

Crustal Deformation Observatories 

In , we succeeded for the first time in the world 

to install borehole strainmeters into Japan Trench subduction 

zone during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 

(co-chiefs: Kiyoshi Suyehiro and Selwyn Sacks). Two 

of these units together with tilt and broadband seismic 

sensors are now located about m below and 

m water depths, which are only about km to 

the subducting plate boundary. These units were 

installed as stand-alone system in the first stage, which 

required ROV Dolphin 3K dives to complete the electrical 

connections and to start the systems (Photo ). It 

is aimed that in the future, these systems would be 

Photo 2 ROV Dolphin 3K in operation. Its manipulator is 

reaching the underwater mateable connector 

attached to the data control unit of the world's first 

borehole crustal deformation observatory. 

15



Outline and research policy of Marine Technology Department 

To provide the means necessary to understand the oceans and the earth, the Marine Technology 

Department of the JAMSTEC has developed ocean research vessels and ocean observation equipment, 

including deep-sea research submersibles, remotely operated vehicles and ocean observation buoys. It has 

also developed the advanced basic technologies important and common to various ocean observations, 

including the underwater acoustic technology. These ocean research vessels, ocean observation equipment 

and technologies developed by the Marine Technology Department have been largely used and highly appreciated 

not only by researchers in the JAMSTEC, but also those in the other organizations. 

To make contributions to the further progress of the ocean and earth sciences and technologies, the Marine 

Technology Department will continue to develop oceanic crust dynamics research vessels used to collect the 

information on the oceanic crust of the Earth itself; the unmanned untethered vehicle with a long cruising 

range that can make the automatic surveys of large ocean areas; the offshore buoy type wave power devices 

that can serve to make effective use of oceanic resources including the oceanic energy; and underwater 

acoustic, video and other basic technologies. 

Project Researches 

(1) Development of prototype autonomous underwater 

vehicle 

Period: From the fiscal year 

The autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is a 

unmanned untethered vehicle that can autonomously 

cruise underwater, following the previously installed 

schedule program. This R&D project aims at the 

development of a prototype AUV (referred to as "prototype" 

hereinafter) comprising the main components 

as listed in Table . This prototype shall be submersible 

to the depth of ,m, and have a cruising 

speed of kt and a range of km. Its body shall be in 

a streamline shape to minimize any potential resistance. 

The long cruising range requires a high-performance 

power source and a sophisticated navigation system. 

The former will be a combination of solid polymer 

electrolyte fuel cell and lithium ion rechargeble 

battery. The latter is a combination of ring laser gyro 

and any other equipment to minimize any error caused 

by the inertial navigation. This prototype is equipped 

with an automatic multi-stage water sampler, a side 

scan sonar and any other observation equipment to 

sample seawater and make sea-bottom surveys. 

Table 1 Principal Particulars of AUV "URASHIMA" 

Working Depth 

Range (target) 

Speed 

Power Source 

Autonomous System 

Navigation Equipment 

Communication System 

Observation Equipment 

Size & Weight 

3,500m 

300km (cruising speed) 

3kt (cruising), 4kt (max.) 

Main: Sold Polymer Electrolyte Fuel 

Cell (4kw) 

Sub: Lithium-ion Rechargeble Battery 

(oil immersed) 

Ring Laser Gyro, Acoustic Doppler 

Current Profiler, 

Obstacle Avoidance Sonar, Acoustic 

Homing Sonar 

Depth Sencor, Sonor Altimeter, Acoustic 

Transponder, GPS, etc. 

Acoustic Telemetry System, etc. 

Automatic Multi-stage Water Sampler, 

CTDO, Side Scan Sonar, 

Digital Camera, etc. 

10m (L) 

16



The construction of the prototype continued in the 

fiscal year as in the previous year. The completed 

prototype was tested on the land and in a pool, and 

it was confirmed that all the equipment operated in 

good state. Photo and Fig. shows the appearance 

and general arrngement of the prototype respectively. 

This AUV was named the "URASHIMA" as a deepsea 

cruising explorer. 

Photo 1 AUV "URASHIMA" 

(2) Research and development of advanced technologies 


In the R & D efforts, researches have been conducted 

on the advanced basic technologies that are indispensable 

as the core to develop deep-sea research submersibles, 

remotely controlled vehicles, a general-purpose 

ocean observing equipment, etc. required in a 

wide range of ocean research projects. 

(a) Research on video technology 

The pictures taken by a TV camera provide a very 

important information to a remotely operated vehicle 

(ROV). 

To provide realistic pictures to operators and 

researchers, this research introduces the VR (Virtual 

Reality) technology that has recently made a great 

progress. In the fiscal year, examinations were 

made on the multiple I/O processing by using plural 

cameras and monitors, and a part of the required 

equipment was manufactured. Photo shows the perspective 

view of a curved screen. Researches were 

made on the software edge blending technology that 

can use a cheep PC to process such pictures. 

Fig. 1 General Arrangement of AUV "URASHIMA" 

17



(b) Research on power source 

This research aims to develop a method that contains 

a fuel and an oxidizing agent and that is necessary 

for a solid polymer type fuel cell. The fuel and 

the oxidizing agent for the fuel cell are hydrogen and 

oxygen gases respectively. In the fiscal year, 

researches and examinations were made on hydrogen 

occluding alloys, and occluding performance tests 

were conducted on these materials. In the year, a 

hydrogen-occluding device tester using a Ti-Mn alloy, 

as shown in Photo , was assembled, and occlusion 

and discharge tests were conducted on this device by 

using this tester, as in the previous year. 

(c) Research on underwater acoustic technology 

Full knowledge was not obtained on the multiple 

sea bottom or surface reflection that has a greater 

influence on the underwater acoustic communications 

as the transmission rate is higher, or on the disturbance 

problems such as Doppler shift caused during 

the transmission from an underwater moving vehicle. 

Therefore, researches have been conducted to analyze 

underwater sound field in order to establish a reliable 

and high speed transmission technology. 

In the fiscal year, sound fields were measured 

in sea areas by using multi-channel receivers and 

transmitters moored underwater to determine the separated 

multiple-reflection waves. These measurements 

were made at the depth of about ,m in the Suruga 

Bay. Various modulated waves were transmitted near 

the sea bottom and received by receivers moored near 

the sea surface to collect the data including reflections 

on the bottom and surface of the sea. The data collected 

by the -channel receivers were well demodulated 

for the -DPSK modulation technique. Fig. shows 

the examples of demodulation. In the -DPSK modulation 

technique, phases were used for the transmitted 

signal, and the phase differences from the previous 

signal point was allocated to the -bit data. The distorted 

received signal was observed on the graph of 

"before equalization". This distorted signal was compensated 

by adaptive equalizer and carrier tracking 

unit. Then, the result of demodulation was shown as 

the graph of "after phase compensation". It was well 

separated into clusters and properly demodulated. 

In the figure, the dotted lines show the boundary criteria 

for the demodulated data. If clusters are present 

between the boundaries, there is no error. 

Photo 2 Photo 3 

18



 

 

Fig. 2 A sample of the demodulation result by DPSK. 

(SNR=20.4dB, Error Free) 

(d) Researches on instrumentation and sensor technologies 

In the ocean survey using a remotely controlled 

vehicle, the operator has been required a great deal of 

labor to control the position of the vehicle and the 

other operations. If the remotely controlled vehicle is 

more sophisticated, it will be necessary to improve the 

motion control of the vehicle by adding basic automated 

contorol abilities provided by high-accuracy sensors 

and a high-performance computer. These 

researches have been made to develop a sensor that 

can measure the underwater motion of the remotely 

controlled vehicle with high accuracy. 

In the fiscal year, an underwater cruising 

distance calculator was designed on trial. In the 

fiscal year, the performance of the gyro was so 

improved that its drift error was about % lower than 

that of the conventional one. 

(3) Development of ocean observing buoy system 


The objective of this R & D project is to develop an 

ocean observing buoy system that can make a longterm 

continuous and accurate observation in a vast D 

ocean space to collect a variety of oceanographic data. 

The buoy systems for low-altitude areas have already 

been practically operated, and the system for mediumand 

high-altitude areas is now under development. 

In the fiscal year, the field test was to be made 

on the prototype system for which preventives against 

strong currents were taken in the previous year. 

However, it was postponed to review the sinker's force 

of breaking vacuum at the bottom, because it was 

found that the sinker's force of breaking vacuum at the 

bottom might have been underestimated, while the 

possible cause for the accident of a low-altitude buoy 

system was sought for. 

(a) Accident of low-altitude TRITON 

At the beginning of the fiscal year, it was 

found that a low-altitude TRITON was drifting by 

accident. It was estimated that this accident had 

occurred, because a fishing boat pulled away and 

broke the mooring line of the buoy system. In this 

case, the estimated strength of the mooring line was 

tons, with the sinker's underwater weight of . 

tons and sticking force of . to tons on the sea bottom. 

If surface buoys were pulled away by the boat, 

their sinkers must have broken vacuum at the bottom 

and moved away without breaking the mooring lines. 

Therefore, the possible cause of this accident was considered 

as the underestimated sticking force of the 

sinker. 

Applying these data to strong currents in mediumand 

high-altitude areas, it is supposed that the buoys 

may sink underwater before their sinkers move away. 

(b) Sinker model test 

To determine the sinker's sticking force on the sea 

bottom with accuracy, sinker model tests were conducted 

on a model on the scale of : in a G centrifugal 

acceleration field. In this case, a centrifugal 

supercharge tester was used to simulate the real interaction 

of the sea bottom and the sinker (the stress of 

the sea bottom). 

The results of tests indicated that because the under- 

19



water weight (. tons) of the conventional sinker 

( ) was too great for its bottom 

area, the sinker might thus sink down completely 

under the sea bottom to produce the sticking force of 

to tons or over tons in some case. 

(c) Review of sinker 

Based upon the results of model tests, the sinker 

was divided into the main block (rested on the sea bottom, 

, tons in underwater 

weight) and the intermediate block (suspended underwater, 

. ton in underwater weight). The hanging 

point of the main sinker block was out of the center so 

that this block might easily break a vacuum at the sea 

bottom by leverage. 

(4) Research and development of ocean energy utilization 

technology 


Now that the people are keenly conscious of the 

global environment problems, more and more attentions 

focus on the utilization of the natural energy, 

clean and inexhaustible. The utilization of the natural 

energy as a convenient and compact energy source is 

generally expected, especially in isolated isles, remote 

areas and developing countries. The wave energy 

obtained in coastal sea areas is expected as one of the 

energy sources that can be effectively utilized. The 

JAMSTEC has made R & D efforts to develop an offshore 

floating type wave power device called "Mighty 

Whale" since . This wave power device can 

absorb the wave energy efficiently to make effective 

use of the coastal sea area around the device as well as 

the calmed sea area behind the device for the culture 

fisheries and other applications. The theoretical examinations 

made on the device as well as the water tank 

tests made on the models on a reduced scale resulted 

in the estimated basic functions, safety and economy 

of the "Mighty Whale". Based upon these data, the 

final design of the prototype model (m in length and 

m in width) was completed by the fiscal year, 

and the construction of the prototype of "Mighty 

Whale" started in the fiscal year. The prototype 

was completed at the end of May in , and towed 

to and moored and installed in GOKASHO Bay 

(Nansei-cho, Watavai gun, Mie prefecture) as the open 

sea tests area in July (Photo ). The open sea tests 

started to be made on the th of September, after all 

the on-board equipment had been completely adjusted. 

The experiments made in the sea area for about one 

year and a half provided many data on the functions, 

safety and economy of the prototype, including the 

power generation output, buoy motions, the mooring 

force. The detailed analysis of these data also started 

to be made. Table shows the distribution of wave 

apparition frequencies during the experimental period. 

It proves that the prevailing wave was .m in significant 

wave height and around sec. in period, though 

there were waves over .m in significant wave 

height. This means that this sea area is relatively calm 

in good weather, though the waves are very high in 

bad weather. Figs. and show the power generation 

performances of the device as its basic functions. 

From these figures, it is confirmed that the generated 

power output is proportional to the squared significant 

wave height and that the maximum total efficiency of 

conversion from wave energy to electric energy is 

about % for the wave periods of . to .sec. This 

maximum value is coincident with the estimated values 

obtained in the water tank tests and theoretical 

examinations made before the open sea tests. 

The average generated power output was kWh/day 

for the experimental period from September , 

to the end of March in . This value is equivalent 

to the power consumption by about households, 

calculated from the mean power consumption by the 

average household (of four members having a A 

contract). 

20



Photo 4 The prototype 

Table 2 Fveguency Distrbution of Significant Wave 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

21



Average Power Output (kw) 

Significant Wave Height (m) 

Fig. 3 Average Generated Power versus Significant Wave Height 

Total Energy Efficiency (%) 

(Generated Power / Wave Power) 

Significant Wave Period (sec) 

Fig. 4 Total Energy Efficiency of The Prototype. 

22



(5) Research and development of sea bottom mariclture 

system 


High waves caused by he winter monsoon specific 

to the Japan Sea Side have significantly restrictive 

effects on the industrial activities in the coastal zone 

along the Japan Sea side. From the technological and 

economic viewpoints, it is very difficult to keep the 

surface of the sea calm even in bad weather, especially 

in the areas along the almost straight coastal line such 

as Yamagata prefecture. Paying attention to the fact 

that the water near to the sea bottom is calm even in 

the winter when waves are high, JAMSTEC has made 

R & D jointly with Yamagata prefecture to make effective 

use of the sea bottom and the water near to it. The 

objectives of these R & D are to establish bottommounted 

mariculture devices for Iwagaki inhabiting 

the coastal zone in the Japan Sea Side, and commercialize 

the mariculture equipment and operating systems 

based upon this technology. 

The present R & D project has committed to 

improving the mariculture system developed under the 

Regional Joint Development program ( to ) 

to put it to practical use, and conducting mariculture 

experiments on larval oysters to explicate the ecology 

of Iwagaki. These R & D are intended to make use of 

the results in order to promote the development of the 

coastal mariculture fisheries in the Japan Sea Side. 

The R & D activities carried out for the fisical 

year that is the final year for this R & D project will be 

described hereinafter. 

(a) Research and development of bottom-mounted 

mariculture devices 

A middle-layer hanging mariculture device was 

developed, based upon the results of examinations 

made on Iwagaki competitors, harmful feeds, 

feeding conditions, growth, etc. (See Fig. .) 

prototype middle-layer hanging type mariculture 

devices were manufactured and installed in 

the sea area at the depth of m. The examinations 

made for one year and a half including the 

winter confirmed that these prototype devices 

could be installed with safety. 

The profitability of this device was estimated by 

using units, and it was confirmed that this 

system would be fully profitable. 

(b) Development of bottom-mounted mariculture 

device operating technology 

It was confirmed that the new middle-layer hanging 

mariculture device developed by JAMSTEC 

could be easily and safely installed and removed 

by using a ship with -ton displacement for 

installing fixed shore nets. 

A designing system using a personal computer 

and the GUI (Graphic User Interface) technique 

was developed for the middle-layer hanging mariculture 

system. (See Fig. .) 

(c) Ecological researches and mariculture testing on 

Iwagaki 

It was found that the maricultured Iwagaki might 

grow up about month earlier than the natural 

ones, if the water temperature was properly controlled 

for the mother oysters in the spawning 

season. 

Fig. 5 Bottom-mounted mariculture devices. 

23



Fig. 6 A designing system of mariculture devices. 

Photo 5 

A useful information was provided on the fertilizing 

technique, larval culture density, feeding 

technique and mariculture medium processing 

technique for the artificial mariculture of 

Iwagaki. 

It was confirmed that Iwagaki could be grown up 

to the delivery sizes for about to years by 

using the new mariculture system, compared with 

the natural ones that grew up at least for years. 

Special Researches 

(1) Research on the autonomous underwater vehicle 

technology in ice-covered sea area 


This research has been conducted by using a 

autonomous underwater vehicle in the polar ocean 

where the global warming effects are considered to 

remarkably appear. The research relates to the instrumentation 

technology necessary to collect various data 

such as CTD data in the ice-covered sea, ice field data 

and its content of carbon dioxide. 

In the fiscal year, the prototype hull of an 

autonomous underwater vehicle was designed and 

manufactured. Photo shows the appearance of the 

prototype body. 

Cooperative Researches 

(1) Research on the real-time catenary estimation 

technique for remotely operated vehicle tether 

cables 


For a remotely operated vehicle such as the 

"Dolphin K", any improper operation of its tether 

cable may result in an accident such as cable cutoff. In 

addition, the operation of the cable has largely relied 

on the operator's experiences, because any information 

was not provided on the catenary of the cable. This 

research project has been implemented to develop a 

technique for estimating the catenary of a tether cable 

in real time, based upon the cable length data as well 

as the positioning data of the support ship and the 

remote operated vehicle, and displaying the results on 

a screen. In the fiscal year, the software for 

drawing D graphics in real time was selected. In 

addition, the cable positioning data that are necessary 

to debug the catenary estimation program were collected 

during the dive training of the "Dolphin K". 

24



(2) Research on the characterization of giant magnetostrictive 

materials for 20Hz sound source 


This research relates to the element technology 

required for the development of an ultra low-frequency 

sound source used to observe the ocean temperature 

variability caused by the global warming, or 

the oceanic changes caused by the climate change in 

the Pacific Ocean at intervals of several decades. 

This research has been made to evaluate the characteristics 

of giant magnetostrictive materials under a high 

prestress by using the Center's own technology based 

upon the tomography sound sources, as a part of the 

basic technology to develop a Hz ultra low-frequency 

sound source. In the fiscal year, an experimental 

apparatus was manufactured, and the data contributing 

to maximizing the output were obtained by determining 

the dynamic characteristics of giant magnetostrictive 

materials under a high prestress by using the apparatus. 

(3) Research on the automatic ship steering system 

for the "KAIREI", deep sea bottom research 

and observation vessel 


This research project has been implemented to 

develop an automatic ship steering system that can 

effectively keep a ship at the fixed position and make 

it cruise along lateral lines. Such a ship steering system 

is necessary to operate any observing equipment 

effectively from the "KAIREI" even in the high-wave 

environment. 

In the fiscal year, both the hardware and software 

for the system were improved, based upon the 

data obtained by the verification testing made in the 

previous year. Afterwards, the sea verification testing 

was conducted to confirm that the new control system, 

non-linear observer, and other equipment added to the 

automatic ship steering system to complement the lateral 

thrust would be useful. The period of this research 

project was initially expected for years, and prolonged 

by one year afterwards to improve the positioning 

accuracy. 

(4) Research and development of seawater drawing 

technology using compressed air 


This research project is intended to develop a technology 

that can be used to pump up bottom water easily 

and efficiently by using the compressed air produced 

by the wave energy. 

In the fiscal year that is the final year for this 

research project, open sea tests were conducted by 

using the experimental equipment of m in length 

and mm in pipe diameter developed on the basis of 

the results obtained for the previous years. The results 

of experiments confirmed that the air feed rate was 

Nm/h with the maximum pumping rate of 

lit/sec. In addition, the pumping characteristic values 

obtained by the open sea tests were coincident with 

the theoretical values calculated by using the numerical 

analysis code developed in the previous year. 

Thus, it was confirmed the pumping characteristics 

could be determined by such a calculation. 

Ordinary Researches 

(1) Development of launching system for deep-sea 

TV observing equipment 



develop a launching system that comprises mainly a 

cable reel and a caisson and that is necessary to equip 

to a manned submersible the "small deep-sea TV 

observing equipment". It was developed by the 

Ordinary Researches. In the fiscal year, the components 

of this system were assembled and tested to 

confirm that they would function well. 

25



(2) Research on non-contact data communication 

system using LEDs 


This research project has been carried out to develop 

a non-contact data communication system using 

infrared LEDs. To make data communications underwater, 

it is generally necessary to use sound or connect 

connectors directly to a data communication system. 

The data communication system to be developed 

uses a communication medium other than sound to 

transmit more data. In the fiscal year, the prototype 

data communication system continued to be manufactured 

and submitted to various experiments, as in 

the previous year. 

(3) Research on the image detection by using a 

forward looking sonar 


This research project has been carried out to develop 

a technique that can be used for an autonomous 

underwater vehicle to perceive and evade any obstacle 

against it. Based upon the results of research obtained 

in the previous years, several activities were carried 

out in the fiscal year. A prototype interface connecting 

the sonar to an operating unit was manufactured, 

and adjustments were made on the electronic 

circuit. The software for entering signals in the operating 

unit was created on trial, and tests were conducted 

in a pool to confirm that the operating unit would well 

operate by the software. 

(4) Research to improve the performance of the propelling 

and steering system for the "SHINKAI 6500" 


This research project relates to a propelling and 

steering system that can move the "SHINKAI " 

with agility and control its position with accuracy. In 

the fiscal year, the body, thruster, pressure vessel, 

controller and other components of the pool experiment 

system model on the :. scale were retrofitted 

or newly manufactured. 

(5) Research on the operating technology for the 

remotely operated vehicle UROV7K 



establish the operating technology that can be used to 

operate the small optical fiber cable remotely operated 

vehicle. In the fiscal year, the diving tests of the 

UROVK were conducted in the sea area ,m 

deep. 

Based on the results of previous diving tests, the 

performance of the on-board equipment was reviewed 

to improve its reliability. In addition, the equipment 

that can position the ascending point for the UROVK 

by means of a GPS and transmit its data by radio to 

the support ship was additionally mounted on the 

vehicle to secure the safe operation of the vehicle. 

(6) Research on improvement of the anti-rolling 

device 


Time log data were collected from the "MIRAI" 

equipped with a hybrid anti-rolling device and the 

"YOKOSUKA" with an anti-rolling tank, both cruising 

in sea areas. From the comparison between the 

time series data collected from the two vessels, it 

proved that the hybrid anti-rolling device has more 

ability to reduce rolling motion than the anti-rolling 

tank. The hybrid anti-rolling device can afford to 

respond to a significant wave height exceeding the 

designed value. 

(7) Research and development of a calm-sea conditions 

using an array of floating bodies 


This R & D project has been carried out not only to 

develop a calm-sea producing technology that can be 

26



used to arrange floating bodies optimally on the surface 

of the sea in order to make the sea calm, but also 

to assess the effects of the floating bodies on the environment. 

Based upon the results obtained in the previous 

years, various activities were carried out in the 

fiscal year. A calculation technique was developed 

that could be used as a part of the calmness 

analysis technique for an array of floating bodies. 

The results of experiments made by using this calculation 

technique in the fiscal year were compared 

with those in the previous year, and the results of comparisons 

were reviewed. As a result, the transmittance 

in the sea area behind an array of floating bodies could 

be quantified and applied to the floating bodies array 

layout technique. 

27


Ocean Research Department 

Policy 

It is essential, for clear understanding and prediction of global environmental changes, to elucidate the real 

state of the oceans, which occupy about % of the earth's surface. For this purpose, several international 

research programs are in progress, such as WCRP (World Climate Research Program), CLIVAR (CLImate 

VARiability and predictability study), ACSYS (Arctic Climate SYStem study), and GOOS (Global Ocean 

Observing System). 

The Ocean Research Department at the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) has 

conducted research in the North Pacific and Arctic Ocean, and developed ocean observation technology in 

conjunction with the international programs. Six groups in the Department are actively engaged in the following 

research: 

Group : collects ocean data by ships and by TRITON (TRIangle Trans-Ocean buoy Network) buoys in 

the western equatorial Pacific, for better understanding of El Niño and Asian monsoon; 

Group : studies large scale variability in the mid latitudes of the Pacific and develops ocean acoustic 

tomography system; 

Group : conducts observational research using vessels to ascertain the role of the Arctic in the global climate 

system and developed an automated drifting buoy on a multiyear ice, named J-CAD (JAM- 

STEC Compact Arctic Drifter); 

Group : conducts atmospheric observations for a better understanding of air-sea interaction, focusing on 

precipitation mechanisms in the tropical western Pacific; 

Group : develops the ocean lidar system which can detect vertical and lateral distributions of phytoplankton, 

and conducts biogeochemical study of carbon and its related materials in the ocean. 

Group : carries out sediment coring at the Northwind Ridge and the Beaufort Slope regions in order to 

reconstruct the paleoclimate history in the Arctic Ocean, and starts the paleoceanographic study 

at Mutsu Branch of JAMSTEC. 

As for observations of the vast oceans to elucidate the mechanism of the climate and ocean changes, which 

are necessary to predic global warming, ENSO ( El Niño / Southern Oscillation ), Asian monsoon, etc., it is 

essential to make observations systematically and to accumulate data over a long period of time. 

Consequently, the observation should be planned and carried out in cooperation with other research institutes, 

aiming at each unique research target. 

Tropical Ocean Climate Study (TOCS) 

The tropical Pacific Ocean has an important role in 

the heat balance of the earth, because large radiant 

energy from the sun enters the tropical ocean. 

Especially, the western equatorial Pacific is characterized 

by the warmest sea water in the world (warm 

water pool), which variation is strongly related to the El 

Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomena. 

Therefore, the western tropical Pacific is thought to be 

28



a key area in global climate variability. 

In order to understand the role of the western tropical 

Pacific in climate variability, we have been observing 

ocean currents, temperature, and salinity distribution 

and variability in this area, by onboard observations 

and mooring buoys. 

In this fiscal year, we conducted three ocean observation 

cruises using R/Vs Kaiyo and Mirai, collaborating 

with NOAA /PMEL (National Ocean Atmospheric 

Administration / Pacific Marine Environmental 

Laboratory, USA) and BPPT (Badan Pengkajian Dan 

Penerapan Teknologi, Indonesia). They are summarized 

in Table . 

We deployed TRITON at buoys N and N 

along the E line, at N and N along the E 

line, and N, N, N, N, S, and S along the 

E line, during the R/V Mirai cruises. Despite 

some trouble, the data from these buoys indicate that 

the largest warm water accumulated in the past 

years has been formed in the western equatorial 

Pacific Ocean since March (Fig. ). This result 

implies the possibility of the occurence of a large El 

Niño, if westerly wind becomes strong in the western 

equatorial Pacific. 

A mooring observation near Mindanao (Philippines), 

at 'N, 'E, which is the first direct time series 

observation of the Mindanao Current, was conducted 

from February to October . Strong current (mean 

velocity of cm/s) at m depth, and fluctuation 

with a period around - days, were observed during 

this mooring observation (Fig. ). 

Table 1 Summary of cruises conducted under the TOCS project during FY1999. 

Duration Ship Ports Buoy work 

No. of 

CTD/XCTD site 

October 13 - November 13, 1999 

R/V Mirai 

Sekinehama - Hachinohe - 

Guam - Guam 

TRITON buoys: 6 buoys deployment, 

2 buoys recovery, and 1 buoy repair 

ADCP buoys: 3 buoys deployment and 

4 buoys recovery 

36 

October 19 - November 23, 1999 

R/V Kaiyo 

Palau - Palau - Kavieng 

ATLAS buoys: 3 buoys recovery 

ADCP buoys: 4 buoy deployment and 

3 buoys recovery 

Current meter buoy: 1 buoy recovery 

122 

February 12 - March 26, 2000 

R/V Mirai 

Sekinehama - Sendai - 

Majuro - Guam - 

Hachinohe - Sekinehama 

TRITON buoys: 6 buoys deployment 

and 6bouys recovery 

ATLAS buoys: 3 buoys deployment, 

2 buoys recovery, and 1 buoy repair 

ADCP buoys: 1 buoy deployment and 

1 buoy recovery 

Current meter buoy: 7 buoys recovery 

65 

29



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In the western Pacific Ocean, the 20C isotherm depth was 210m in March to Aprill 

2000, 30m greater than in nomal years, and the greatest for the past 10 years 

since 1990. 

The anomaly of 20C 

isotherm depth was 10m in 

1996 followed by 

1997/1998, when the 

greatest El Niño in history 

occurred. 

In this event of El Niño, the 

warm water layer was 50m 

thinner in the western 

Pacific Ocean, and 80m 

thicker in the eastern 

Pacific Ocean 

Fig. 1 Longitude-time series plot of monthly average of 20 isotherm depth between 2N and 2S. 

Fig. 2 Time series of current velocity from the mooring near Mindanao (Philippines) at 57'N, 12540'E. 

30



Evaluation of TRITON buoy data and performance 

of TRITON sensors 

The operation of TRITON buoys began in , 

and the data from the buoys are expected to be useful 

not only for scientific purposes but also for worldwide 

weather forcasts. To contribute to such purposes, we 

must produce quality-controlled data for community. 

However, calibration methods of rainfall sensors, 

shorwave radiation sensors, and conductivity (salinity) 

sensors are not sufficiently established. The purpose 

of this study is to evaluate the performance of such 

sensors, and also to evaluate the quality of the data 

from TRITON buoys. 

In FY, we compare the data from TRITON 

buoys sensors with the data from R/V Mirai and 

ATLAS buoys. The results show the differences from 

these plat home were very small, and the data from 

TRITON buoys showed similar quality to the data 

from such plat homes. We also perform a comparison 

experiment among three kinds of raingage 

sensors, which are the tipping bucket type, the syphon 

type, and the optical type. The optical-type sensor, 

which has been used on TRITON buoys, shows higher 

variance than other sensors, suggesting the importance 

of pre-calibration. 

We expect the results from this study to be valuable 

to controlling quality of data, and also to checking the 

daily transmitting data. 

Development and maintenance of the TRI- 

TON buoy network 

JAMSTEC is developing a surface-moored buoy 

network named TRITON (TRIangle Trans-Ocean 

buoy Network), for observing oceanic and atmospheric 

variability in the Pacific Ocean and its adjacent 

seas, in cooperation with interested Japanese and foreign 

agencies and institutions. The principal scientific 

objective is to understand variations of ocean circulation 

and heat/salt transports, with emphasis on ENSO, 

Asian monsoon, and decadal-scale variability, which 

influences climate change in the Pacific and its adjacent 

seas. In its first phase, the buoy network will be 

established mainly in the western tropical Pacific 

Ocean, and harmonized with TAO-ATLAS buoys 

which are presently maintained by NOAA's Pacific 

Marine Environmental Laboratory. 

The fundamental functions of TRITON are () 

basin-scale ENSO monitoring, and () measurements 

of heat, freshwater, and momentum fluxes, for improving 

modeling capability. 

The scientific goals of the TRITON project address 

the observational requirements of the international 

research program of CLIVAR (Climate Variability and 

Predictability), a major component of the World 

Climate Research Program, sponsored by the World 

Meteorological Organization, the International Council 

of Scientific Unions, and the Intergovernmental 

Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. The TRI- 

TON project is a CLIVAR-observing system, and also 

Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the 

Global Climate Observing System (GCOS). 

JAMSTEC started the deployment at four 

TRITON sites (Fig. ) of N, N, N, and , 

E, by R/V Mirai, in March . The TRITON 

buoys at N, N, N, , S, and S along 

E; and N, N, and along E, were 

deployed during the Feb-Mar R/V Mirai cruise. 

The TRITON buoys at , E, and at N,E, 

were deployed during the Oct.-Nov R/V Mirai cruise, 

and in particular, the TRITON buoy deployment at 

, E in the Indonesian EEZ is realized through a 

framework of cooperative studies on climate between 

JAMSTEC and BPPT. The array will be expanded to 

E from FY-. The present TAO-ATLAS 

buoys along E, E, and E were replaced 

with TRITON buoys From Feb. to Nov. . The 

31



four TRITON buoys along E were recovered after 

a year, and one-year endurance in the open sea was 

confirmed in March (Photo ). Two TRITON 

buoys will be deployed in the eastern Indian Ocean, as 

a pilot study, focusing on intraseasonal ocean and 

atmosphere changes associated with the MJO, monsoon 

variability, and ENSO scale variability. Recent 

analysis of surface variables in the tropical Indian 

Ocean reveals that there seems to be another interannual 

variation, which is not directly related to ENSO 

in the Pacific, with an east-west dipole structure in the 

SST field. 

TRITON data have distributed through the GTS 

(Global Telecommunication System) and like TAO 

data. A web display and distribution software for the 

combined TAO/TRITON data sets has been developed 

based on the TAO software. This was started on 

January , . 

Photo 1 TRITON buoy recovered after one year of mooring 

 

80E 90E 100E 110E 120E 130E 

140E 150E 160E 170E 

20 

20 

10 

14 

10 

1 

10 

15 

11 

7 

2 

0 

16 12 

8 

18 13 9 

3 

4 

5 

0 

17 

6 

10 

10 

miles 

0 400 800 

JAMSTEC / CID 

20 

80E 

90E 

100E 

110E 

120E 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 20 

14, 16 10, 11, 15, 17, 18 

8 

FY01 

00’ 10–11 Mirai 

01’ 2–3 Mirai 

Fig. 3 TRITON buoy array 

7, 9, 12, 13 

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 

99’ 10–11 Mirai 

00’ 2–3 Mirai 

00’ 8–9 Kaiyo 01’ 2–3 Mirai 

00’ 10–11 Mirai 

32



Study of the intermediate and deep ocean 

circulation structure and its variability in 

the tropical Pacific Ocean 

In order to understand the intermediate and deep 

ocean circulation, collaborative research with the 

Ocean Research Institute (ORI) of Tokyo University, 

by onboard observation and moorings, has been conducted. 

JAMSTEC is in charge of the observation of 

the Antarctic Intermediate Water along the New 

Guinea coast, and ORI is in charge of observation of 

deep flow in the Melanesia Basin. 

During FY, we recovered and re-installed 

a current meter at m at N, E; .S, E 

and N, E, using R/Vs Mirai and Kaiyo. 

Furthermore, we deployed moorings in the Melanesia 

Basin, and moorings at the Wake Island Passage, 

using R/V Hakuho-Maru, from January to March . 

They were recovered during the R/V Mirai cruise 

from February to March . 

North-northeastward flow that seems part of the 

deep circulation was observed around the depth of 

m at the Wake Island Passage (Fig. ). Its average 

velocity at the eastern site (cm/s) is faster than 

that at the western site (cm/s). This flow was not 

clear around m depth. The deep flow in the 

Melanesia Basin differs in space and time, and does 

not seem a broad northwestward deep current. 

Mooring observation results at the intermediate 

depth north of New Guinea show that fluctuation with 

a period around one month is dominant. 

 

 

 

Fig. 4 Averaged current velocity at the Wake Island Passage. Orange arrows denote the current vectors at a depth of 2000m, 

purple at 4000m, and black at the sea bottom. 

33



PRELIMINARY RESULT OF AN OCEAN 

ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY EXPERI- 

MENT IN THE CENTRAL EQUATORIAL 

PACIFIC OCEAN 

INTRODUCTION 

JAMSTEC (Japan Marine Science and Technology 

Center) and APL (Applied Physics Laboratory, 

University of Washington) started a joint program to 

directly measure part of the circulation cell of the 

Central Equatorial Pacific Ocean using acoustic 

tomography. 

The tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean are suggested 

to connect via a shallow meridional circulation 

cell, by Gu and Philander (). This subtropical cell 

(STC) has been hypothesized to the El Niño-Southern 

Oscillation phenomena in the tropics, which then, in 

turn, can affect the subtropical ocean via rapid atmospheric 

forcing. But no direct measurements exist, and 

indirect measurements and modeling support the 

hypothesis. 

The observational centerpiece is tomography systems 

located in the Central Equatorial Pacific Region. 

JAMSTEC began the field work by deploying seven 

acoustic transceivers in the observational region in 

December . This experiment will continue till 

January . Measurement data was telemeted to 

JAMSTEC in real time using a satellite telemetry system. 

This data was analyzed. The time series of the 

temperature was obtained by this analysis. 

JAMSTEC started an observation experiment using 

an ocean acoustic tomography in the central tropical 

Pacific Ocean. The observation period will be from 

January to December . 

Subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean are connected 

by meridional circulation cell. The objectives of 

this experiment are directly measurement part of the 

circulation cell, to measure the equatorial waves and 

temperature variation by the ENSO. This time, the 

time series of water temperature and equatorial wave 

is reported from measured data. 

MEASUREMENTS 

Seven sets of Hz tomography transceiver were 

used in this experiment. These transceivers deployed 

in the region of -W from -E and -N 

from -N. The distance of east and west is about 

km, and the distance of north and south is about 

km. Total measurement lines are . Round 

transmission is excused in every four days from 

January fifth, . times of hours interval propagation 

is done for the measurement day. 

In this report, the data of round transmission 

are used. For the sound propagation of round transmission, 

the repetition of times of M-sequence signal of 

tenth degree, waves is used. The interval of round 

transmission in which one transceiver transmitted wave, 

and next transceiver transmits wave is minutes. 

DATA ANALYSIS 

In data analysis of the tomography, some reference 

sound speed profiles are determined, and ray tracing is 

carried out on the computer. The travel time of a 

sound signal between transceivers from this ray tracing 

is obtained. This travel time is compared with 

propagation time obtained from actual measurement. 

A reference sound speed profile was calculated from 

CTD data measured around the experiment 

region. 

The minimum layer of sound speed appears at about 

m depth. Acoustic ray identification is carried out 

in comparison with the calculated value on this computer 

and actual acoustic wave propagation data. The 

propagation time difference is obtained from this identification 

result. 

The water temperature is calculated from this time 

difference. A tatal of acoustic rays were identified 

from present data in all measurement lines. The sto- 

34



chastic inverse problem method is used in the inverse 

problem analysis. The analysis for the vertical direction 

uses the EOF expansion used to the forth modes. 

TEMPERATURE PROFILE 

The three-dimensional structure of the experiment 

area is obtained by water temperature analysis, every 

four days. It was averaged from m to m for the 

water temperature of north latitude, in order to 

examine this time change. From this display, it is 

proved that warm water and cold water advance for 

the west from the east. It is known that there were 

Legeckus waves or equatorial instability waves, and 

the phase velocity was almost .m/s, and the present 

result also agreed as to the phase velocity and unclear 

wave. In addition, near north latitude is cold, when 

the time-directional average of analyzed data is taken, 

and in the south and north, it becomes warm. It is 

proved that this analysis agreed with the historical 

data. 

CONCLUSIONS 

The wave phenomenon is obtained in the present 

experiment. It is a condition of La Niña at present. In 

the future, there is some of prediction of El Niño. It 

seems to decrease instability wave movement in the El 

Niño. It wants to notice future water temperature variation. 

 

 

(13.620N, 177.7E) 

(9.144N, 177.7E) 

(5.0N, 177.7E) 

(0.483N, 177.7E) 

T8 

T7 

T6 

T5 

T4 

T2 

T1 

(13.620N, 172.05W) 

(9.144N, 172.05W) 

(0.483N, 172.05W) 

 

 

 

Fig. 5 Location map of this experiment. 

35



0 

NODC & CTD, XCTD1999 

0 

NODC & CTD, XCTD1999 mean 

500 

500 

1000 

1000 

Depth(m) 

1500 

2000 

Depth(m) 

1500 

2000 

2500 

2500 

3000 

3000 

1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 

Sound Velocity Del Grosso(m/s) 

Sound Velocity Del Grosso(m/s) 

Fig. 6 (a) Orerlay plot of the sound speed profile. These profiles were calculated 

by the Del Grosso sound speed equation. Temperature and salinity of 

each depth data were collected from the NODC ocean observation data 

set (175 points) and CTD observation data during the deployment 

cruise (60 points). 

(b) Reference sound speed profile. This profile was calculated by Fig.(a) 

profiles of each depth. This profile is used for ray trace calculation. 

0 

1000 

Depth(m) 

2000 

3000 

4000 

5000 

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 

Range(km) 

Fig. 7 Eigen ray diagram between T1 and T2. This horizontal range is 958km. 

Only identified rays (13 rays) are described, 

36



Typhoon 9713 observed by Okino-Tori Sima 

Weather Station 

100 

14.5 

14 

13 

Okino-Tori Sima is a coral reef located at the south 

end of Japan. Thanks to no significant land mass at 

90 

13.5 

Okino-Torisima, it is an ideal place to observe a 

typhoon during the birth and developing. Even though 

80 

14 

many typhoons pass by Okino-Tori Sima every year, 

the Okino-Tori Sima weather station has never 

70 

15.5 

observed the eye of a typhoon, i.e. the windless zone. 

Exceptionally, the weather station observed a windless 

Yearday 2000 

60 

50 

14 

15 

1 

time zone for hours when Typhoon was passing 

by Okino-Tori Sima on August . . 

Considering the moving velocity of the center of the 

typhoon, the size of the windless zone was roughly 

km. 

40 

30 

20 

10 

15.5 

The track map of Typhoon told us that the center 

of the typhoon was km away from Okino-Tori 

Sima at that moment. Nevertheless, the weather data at 

Okino-Tori Sima insisted that the no-wind record did 

not mean instrument failure, because the weather station 

worked properly before and after that moment. 

This was a serious question. Therefore, we examined 

the wind property of the typhoon, as follows. 

178 180 178 176 174 172 

Longitude 

Fig. 8 Time series of temperature of 3N latitude from analyzed 

data. This temperature is averaged from 100m 

to 400m depth. Equatorial instability waves are shown 

and this phase speed was about 0.5m/s. 

Evaluation of typhoon parameters. 

First, we determined the typhoon parameters using 

Meyers’s model based on the empirical relation of the 

pressure vs distance. The equation of Meyers’s pressure 

function is given by 

where p(r) is air pressure as a function of distance r 

from the center of the typhoon, Pc is the pressure at 

the center of the typhoon, p is the pressure difference 

between those of the center of the typhoon and 

extra-typhoon point, and is the radius at which wind 

37



velocity takes a maximum value. Here we determined 

the parameters by the least square method based on the 

data set of pressure at Okino-Tori Sima and locations of 

the center of the typhoon determined by JMA (Japan 

Meteorological Agency). As the result, Pc, p, and 

are hPa, .hPa, .km for the approaching 

stage, and hPa, .hPa, .km for the departing 

stage, respectively. 

Evaluation of gradient wind 

In the typhoon, the wind was composed of the gradient 

wind and displacement of the wind field of the 

typhoon. Given the parameters determined using 

Meyers’s model, the gradient wind is written by the 

following equation, 

where Vgr is the gradient wind, r is the radius from the 

center of the typhoon, is the angular velocity of earth 

rotation, is the density of air, is the latitude of an 

observation point, and p/ r is the pressure gradient. 

And the wind direction is calculated to be the tangential 

of isobars plus deflected to the outside. 

The wind generated by moving of the center of 

the typhoon is expressed by 

the wind well. Wind velocity is overestimated in the 

approaching period, but it is well consistent with the 

observed data in the departing period. In the wind 

well, the calculation was different from the observed 

data, because the windless zone was not reconstructed. 

It is important that the windless zone appeared slightly 

far from the center of the typhoon. 

On the other hand, Naha Meteorological Radar took 

an image of the inner structure of Typhoon , as 

shown in Fig. . The radar image surprised us, in that 

the typhoon had an enormously large double eye 

whose diameter was about km. If the double eye 

keep the same size from Oki-no-Tori Sima to 

Okinawa, Oki-no-Tori Sima must be encircled in the 

outer ring of the double eye. 

In conclusion, the weather station at Oki-no-Tori 

Sima truly observed the windless zone that was a part 

of the outer region of the double eye of typhoon . 

100 

20 

19 

21 22 

23 

24 

T9713 

where Vs is the moving velocity of the center of the 

typhoon, is a coefficient determined for each 

typhoon, r is the distance from the center of the 

typhoon, and is also a coefficient for each typhoon. 

Here, =/ and =/are adopted according 

to those of Isewan Typhoon. 

The result of analysis is shown in Figure . The 

wind velocity and direction are well consistent with 

the observed data at Okino-Tori Sima, except within 

20 

120 

18 

17 

16 

15 

14 

13 

12 

500km 

11 10 

140 

9 

8 

7 

08/06,15h 6 

Fig. 9 Trajectory of Typhoon 9713 

160 

38



1020 

(hPa) 

typhoon is getting near 

typhoon is going away 

240 

pressure (Okitori) 

1010 

1000 

990 

980 

9713 

(km) 

970 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 

distance (Okitori-typhoon, center) 

Distance (North-South, km) 

120 

0 

-120 

-240 

-240 -120 0 

120 240 

Distance (East-West, km) 

Intensity 

(mm/hr) 

4 ~ 16 

1 ~ 4 

< 1 

0 

Fig.10 Air Pressure at Okino-Tori Sima vs Distance between 

Okino-Tori Sima and the center of Typhoon 9713 

Fig.12 Radar Image of the double eye of Typhoon 9713 

(10:30 17 August 1997; courtesy of Okinawa 

Meteorological Observatory) 

8/10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 

calculated calculated observed 

40 

15m/sec 

30 

20 

10 

0 

8/10 

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 

Fig.11 Comparison of measured data and calculated values using Meyers’s Model in cases of 

the approaching and departing periods at Okino-Tori Sima in August 1997. 

39



Mid-latitude Research 

There is increasing evidence that the subtropical and 

subpolar oceans play important roles in climate variations. 

The Kuroshio transfers a particularly large 

amount of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere, and 

hence its variations may cause changes in storm-track 

activity, leading to large-scale climate variations in the 

Asian-Pacific region. Since the SST is the agent that 

interfaces interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere, 

it is important to elucidate the D structure of 

the heat transport, which determines how the SST 

forms and varies. The Kuroshio, its extension, and 

mesoscale eddies are particularly important phenomena 

for the SST formation. For this reason, we have been 

studying the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region, analyzing 

data from in-situ observation and from numerical 

models. These works are done in collaboration with the 

International Pacific Research Center (IPRC). 

A theme of our study is the interaction between 

mesoscale eddies and the Kuroshio. We can see, from 

satellites and a commercial ferry, that a number of 

mesoscale eddies are generated in the KE region, 

propagate westward, and finally reach south of 

Kyushu. We have found that, when the 'anticyclonic' 

eddy, that had been observed over the Izu Ridge in 

October , encountered the Kuroshio off Kyushu, 

it strongly deformed the Kuroshio path and finally 

caused a meander. It should be noted that during this 

sequence, the recirculation off Shikoku (so-called the 

Shikoku Warm Gyre) is highly variable, and is likely 

to interact actively with the Kuroshio. This is a novel 

viewpoint for the Kuroshio meander formation. We 

have succeeded in demonstrating this meander-formation 

process using our numerical model. 

From the numerical simulation, it is also suggested 

that the eddy-mean current interaction should be 

prominent in the KE region, and we are now pursuing 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig.13 Snapshot of flow (sea surface) and temperature (200m) in the Kuroshio / Oyashio model. 

In the KE region, high activity of Kuroshio meander, and corresponding eddy formation and water exchanges, are simulated 

from the numerical model. The anticyclonic eddies originating in the KE region propagate westward, and then interact with 

the Kuroshio off Kyushu. 

40



depth(m) 

0 

–500 

–1000 

–1500 

–2000 

–2500 

–3000 

–3500 

–4000 

 

 

zonal velocity vx(original) 

 

 

 

– – – – – – 

Fig.14 Time series of vertical structure of zonal velocity in the mixed water region. 

Velocity structure in the mixed water region (37.5N, 152.5E) was observed from May 1998 to July 1999 by using ADCP 

(100m-350m) and 4 current meters (500m, 1000m, 2000m, 4000m). The warm (cool) color shows an eastward (westward) 

direction of flow. The unit of contours is 10cm/s. Eddy activity was dominant, and a weak westward mean flow was observed. 

it. As a part this study, we analyzed current meter data 

situated north of the KE from to . 

Surprisingly, mesoscale eddies has almost equivalent 

barotropic structure, exhibiting occasionally a strong 

current of about cm/s near the bottom. It has also 

been found that there is a deep westward mean flow, 

which may be a part of the recirculation gyre driven 

by eddies to the north of KE. The recirculation gyres 

play a crucial role in the KE path changes, as well as 

the redistribution of heat and potential vorticity, and 

hence in SST variations. 

In order to estimate quantitatively the D structure 

of the heat budget in the KE region, we are planning 

to conduct an intensive observation, starting from the 

summer in . Currently, we are testing a prototype 

of the mid-latitude meteorological (TRITON) buoy, 

and also upgrading the analysis methods of acoustic 

tomography. We obtained tomography transceivers 

last year, which makes a total of transceivers. We 

are ready to observe the KE and the recirculation 

gyres with accuracy using this system. 

Ocean data analysis by using a high-resolution 

GCM. 

To understand the role of the ocean is climate variation, 

numerical experiments have been performed 

using a high-resolution global circulation model with 

/ degrees grid spacing and vertical levels. 

Climatological surface wind, temperature, and salinity 

data are used to spin up the model ocean in model 

years; then the model is forced by the surface data 

with year-to-year variation since , to investigate 

interannual variation. The model simulates the El 

Niño events in - and -, and the La Niña 

events in and , though there is offset for the 

sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific Ocean 

by about or . Fig. shows the sea surface temperature 

in the equatorial Pacific Ocean every 

months from March to September . Warm 

water in the western equatorial Pacific started to move 

to the east along the equator in July , spread over 

the area from W to W, and then covered the 

41



whole surface in the equatorial Pacific in late and 

early (El Niño). The sea surface temperature 

along the equator started to decrease in June , and 

an intense La Niña episode was under way in late 

. It is also consistent with observation that 

Tropical Instability Waves disappeared in the El Niño 

period. The interannual variation of the transport of the 

Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) appeared in the model. 

It is especially noted that the annual mean transport in 

the El Niño period was . Sv ( Sv = m /s), 

which was about half of the averaged value ( 

Sv) in normal years. The computation is planned to be 

proceeded for simulation of the ocean circulation in 

recent years. The -dimensional structure of ocean circulation, 

and the mechanism of ocean variability in a 

decadal time scale, will be investigated, through comparing 

the model output with observational data. 

Ocean data assimilation using a high-resolution 

GCM 

Fig.15 Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific 

Ocean related to the 1982-83 El Niño event simulated 

by the model. 

The objectives in this research are to develop and to 

optimize an ocean data assimilation model in parallel 

supercomputing environment based on a global general 

circulation model resolving mesoscale eddies of 

spatial scale of tens to several hundreds kilometers. In 

the fiscal year , we developed a prototype of the 

assimilation system by implementing a nudging 

scheme in the simulation model. In this system, the 

model temperature is restored to that derived from 

satellite sea surface height by using linear regression. 

We have performed twin experiment, in which the 

sea surface height (SSH) from a prognostic numerical 

experiment was assimilated to test the effect of initial 

condition in this assimilation system. The SSH data 

was input every days, linearly interpolated in time, 

and assimilated to the model with the coefficient of 

/( days) multiplied by the correlation coefficient 

between surface height and temperature variations. 

Kinetic energy decreased by about % in a few 

weeks after the beginning of assimilation; then it 

recovered over several months to the normal level. 

The amplitude of the intraseasonal variation of the 

Indonesian Thoughflow transport also decreased, 

though that of seasonal variation did not. These results 

suggest that it takes several cycles for intraseasonal 

variation to be assimilated. Fig. shows the snapshots 

of temperature and velocity at m depth on 

42



August in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean. The 

top, middle, and bottom plots show those from simulation, 

assimilation, and observational data from the 

model, respectively. It is found that the assimilated 

result (middle) is similar to the data (bottom) rather 

than to the simulation (top), for example, the position 

of the Mindanao Eddy (E, N) and the warm 

eddy north of it. Quantitative analysis of the assimilated 

results, and improvement of this system by parameter 

study, are planned. 

Fig.16 Temperature and velocity at 100m depth on August 4. 

Simulation (top), assimilation (middle), and observational 

data from the model (bottom). 

Arctic Ocean Research 

Background and Purpose 

The warming of the Arctic Ocean is a phenomenon 

that has been the subject of recent discussion. Many 

global climate models predict that there will be a 

"polar amplified" warming that is induced by greenhouse 

gases. These results also show a substantial 

retreat of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Retreat of the 

Arctic sea ice has been observed over the past decade, 

using remote sensing data. Several researchers presented 

a change in the Arctic extending to below 

m in the ocean. The observed oceanographic changes 

appear to have begun in the late s or early s. 

For example, a warming of the Atlantic layer, which 

centered on - m depth in the Arctic Ocean, was 

reported. Such results show that the Arctic Basin environment 

is undergoing a major change. 

On the other hand, the shelf processes are also key 

components to influence the predicted global change 

in the Arctic physical/geochemical/biological cycles. 

Despite the ecological importance, many physical 

processes and ecological linkages at the shelf/slope 

interface are poorly understood. In the western Arctic, 

the Pacific Ocean is an important source of nutrientrich, 

low-salinity water that flows northward through 

the Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean, ultimately 

influencing the nutrient maximum in the upper halocline. 

The large continental shelves are important for 

transporting atmospheric CO 

to deeper regions of the 

ocean. 

The overarching objective of our Arctic Ocean 

Research is to tackle the Arctic change issue in terms 

of both the basin scale Arctic change, including the 

change of the upper Arctic ocean circulation, and 

comprehensive process studies concerning shelf-basin 

interaction. The former subject is attacked to develop 

a new Arctic buoy, and to use the buoy for observation 

in the Arctic multiyear ice zone. The latter is 

43



approached using mooring and hydrographic observations 

by ice-capable vessels or icebreakers. 

Development of a new arctic buoy, J-CAD (JAM- 

STEC Compact Arctic Drifter) 

There are poor oceanographical observations in the 

Arctic multiyear ice zone. Especially, ocean current 

structures under the Arctic multiyear ice have not been 

well understood yet. Considering the severe natural 

condition, an automated drifting buoy deployed on 

multiyear ice is useful to observe the Arctic Ocean. 

Since , JAMSTEC has been developing a ice-drifting 

buoy, the IOEB (Ice-Ocean Environmental Buoy). 

The IOEB was equipped with meteorological, ice, 

physical oceanographic, and biogeochemical 

oceanological sensors. Data from these sensors indicated 

some results about the Arctic Ocean circulation, e.g., 

high activity of the eddy field within the cold halocline 

layer in the Canadian basin. However, the IOEB was 

expensive, not easy to deploy (e.g., it requires drilling 

an ice hole of about one meter diameter), and sometimes 

had trouble because of the many sensors. 

Based on the experience of IOEB, JAMSTEC 

began development of a new drifting buoy for the 

Arctic multiyear ice zone, in , in collaboration 

with METOCEAN Data System Limited. The new 

drifting buoy is named J-CAD, the JAMSTEC 

Compact Arctic Drifter. The purpose of J-CAD is to 

understand the mean field and its variability of the 

upper ocean "currents and water properties" in the 

Arctic multiyear ice zone. Thus, observations by the J- 

CAD are concentrated on physical oceanographical 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig.17 Construction of ocean sensors of 

J-CAD 1 that will deploy at the North 

Pole in April 2000 

Fig.18 Construction in the platform of J-CAD 

44



and meteorological properties. Figure shows a construction 

of ocean sensors of J-CAD that will deploy 

at the North Pole in April . Also, Figure indicates 

a construction in the platform of J-CAD. The J- 

CAD consists with oceanographic sensors (CT sensor 

(Sea-Bird SBE-IM) and ADCP (RD Instruments 

WHM )), meteorological sensors, a system controller 

(monitoring system for buoy condition, a CPU, 

and a power supply), a data communication system, 

and a platform. Data from oceanographic sensors are 

sent to the CPU via an "Inductive Coupling Modem 

(ICM)" system. The real-time and in-situ data 

processed by the CPU are transmitted to our laboratory 

through the ORBCOMM satellite communication 

system. Also, we can send commands from the laboratory 

to the J-CAD, using the ORBCOMM satellite 

"communication" system. 

Our research area of the Arctic Ocean is divided into 

two regions. One is the Transpolar Drift region, and the 

other is the Beaufort Gyre region. Both show major ice 

flow in the Arctic Ocean. JAMSTEC will have J-CAD 

deployment for each region in . First, J-CAD 

will be deployed near the North Pole in April, in a project 

of the North Pole Long-Term Environmental 

Observatory (N-LEO). The purpose of J-CAD is to 

observe the properties of water and current structures in 

the Transpolar Drift. Second, deployment of J-CAD 

will be carried out in the Beaufort Sea in September, by 

a Canadian Coast Guard Icebreaker, the CCGS Sir 

Wilfred Laurier. J-CAD will show the current structure 

and water properties in the Beaufort Gyre. 

Mooring and XCTD observation by a Canadian 

Icebreaker, the CCGS Sir Wilfred Laurier 

The scientific program for a Canadian icebreaker, 

the CCGS "Sir Wilfred Laurier," was conducted in 

the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Two moorings (BFS-, 

BFK-) were recovered, in collaboration with the 

Applied Physics Laboratory of the University of 

Washington (APL/UW) and the Institute of Marine 

Science of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks 

(IMS/UAF). The objective of the collaboration is to 

measure the transports and water properties along the 

shelf slope of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Also, three 

moorings were deployed in the Amundsen Gulf (AGJ- 

), the Mackenzie Bay (MCJ-), and Barrow Canyon 

(CBE-). XCTD (eXpandable Conductivity- 

Temperature-Depth sensor) observations were carried 

out along the southern rim of the Beaufort Sea. The 

results from the moorings indicate the formation of a 

strong baroclinic flow and upwelling of the Atlantic 

water, accompanied by an atmospheric depression. Such 

upwelling events promote water mixing with the Cold 

Halocline water and the Atlantic water over the Beaufort 

shelf break. Also, XCTD observational data suggest that 

bottom topography is important not only for the 

upwelling of the Atlantic water but also for a modification 

of the Cold Halocline water over a shelf slope. 

R/V Mirai Arctic Cruise in 1999 (MR99-K05) 

The Arctic cruise of R/V Mirai, MR-K, was carried 

out in the Beaufort Sea from September to 

October . The purposes of MR-K were to 

study; ) the physical/chemical oceanographic processes 

in the Chukchi and the Beaufort Seas; ) the distributions 

of various kinds of volatile organic compounds 

(VOCs) in the atmosphere, sea ice, and sea water in the 

Arctic Ocean; ) the distributions and behaviors of 

trace gases and aerosols in the atmosphere in the Arctic 

Ocean and sub-arctic seas; ) the radio-echo and 

dynamic structure of the cloud system developed over 

the Arctic Ocean; ) the paleo-climate history of the 

Arctic Ocean by sediment samples. The CTD stations 

of the Arctic cruise and the ice edge position on 

September are indicated in Figure . R/V Mirai passed 

the Bering Strait on September , and stayed in 

the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas for days. The ice 

edge was at about N, W, and at about N, 

45



W on September (Figure ). Most of the 

research area was ice, free except south of the ice edge, 

where we encountered very loose and patchy ice strips 

consisted of muiti-year/first-year/brash ice with the 

concentration less than /. CTD observations were 

carried out mainly along the shelf break of the Beaufort 

Sea from the Northwind Ridge to W. Continuous 

observations of current velocity were also carried out 

using shipboard ADCP throughout this cruise. 

Figure shows temperature and salinity sections 

along the Beaufort shelf break between 'W and 

W, which is shown as green points and lines in 

Figure . Relatively warm Bering shelf water (subsurface), 

Cold Halocline water (-m), and Atlantic 

water (centered on -m) are typical water masses 

in the Beaufort Sea. Such water masses flow along the 

shelf break and spread into the deep basin by diffusion, 

tidal mixing, and meso-scale eddies that are produced 

in the shelf break region. Therefore, the Beaufort shelf 

break plays an important role in the formation and 

maintenance of the Arctic stratification. Figure 

indicates sections of (a) along- and (b) across-shelf 

velocity of the Beaufort shelf break observed by shipboard 

ADCP. A long-shelf velocity above the temperature 

minimum layer has westward direction in the 

western side of Barrow Canyon, and eastward direction 

in the eastern side (Figure a). The eastward current 

corresponds to the Alaskan coastal current that 

brings the Bering shelf water. Figure indicates that 

there are strong upwellings along the shelf break. The 

across-shelf velocity field (Figure b) also indicates 

meso-scale phenomena and proved coincident with 

that predicted from the hydrographic observations. 

There are high shear zones just below the Cold 

Halocline layer at the strong upwelling regions, and 

above the halocline at the mouth of Barrow Canyon. 

The result shows that meso-scale phenomena occurs 

strong vertical mixing of the Cold Halocline water 

with the Atlantic water in Beaufort shelf break. 

Fig.19 Locations of CTD observation for MR99-K05 and the ice edge position on September 21, 1999 

46



Fig.20 Vertical section of (upper panel) temperature and (lower panel) salinity along the Beaufort shelf 

break for MR99-K05 

Fig.21 Vertical sections of ADCP velocity on the Beaufort shelf break for MR99-K05 

Contour lines show a salinity section on the shelf break (lower panel of Fig. 20). 

(a) Along-shelf break component. Positive value means a current speed with right-bounded direction. 

(b) Across-shelf break component. Positive value means a current speed with off-shelf direction. 

47



Observational Study on Air-Sea Interaction 

Precipitation is the key element to understand the airsea 

interaction, especially over tropical oceans. For 

example, precipitation clouds can develop over the 

ocean through the direct feed of water vapor from the 

ocean surface, and precipitation can change the ocean 

structure through freshwater supply onto the saline sea 

surface. In addition to that, latent heat release/absorption 

in clouds due to the phase change of water, also 

plays a key role in heat balance. It is also strongly 

desired to provide a fine-scale data set of the precipitation, 

toadvance the global circulation model, which is 

well known as "parametrization" of cumulus convections 

whose temporal and spatial scales are much smaller 

than numerical model resolution. 

For these purposes, an observational study of precipitation 

developed over the ocean began in JFY, 

using mainly shipboard Doppler radar equipped on the 

R/V MIRAI. Our first target area is the tropical western 

Pacific, where the warmest sea surface temperature 

exists and much precipitation is observed. 

In the boreal summer of , the R/V MIRAI 

cruise (code : MR-K) was conducted as part of 

the international field experiment Nauru in the 

vicinity of Nauru Island in the tropical western Pacific 

Ocean. The Nauru was a collaborative research 

campaign of three agencies : the U.S. Department of 

Energy (DOE), the U.S. National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the JAM- 

STEC. Over institutions from countries were 

involved in this campaign. During the Intensive 

Observing Period (IOP), the Atmospheric Radiation 

and Cloud Station, operated by the DOE/Atmospheric 

Radiation Measurement Program on Nauru Island, the 

NOAA's R/V Ronald H. Brown, and the R/V MIRAI 

served as main platforms to configurate the special 

observation pattern (Fig. ). 

R/V MIRAI 

Nauru Is. 

R/V Ronald H. Brown 

Fig.22 The R/V MIRAI MR99-K03 cruise track (left) and the observational configuration consisted of three sites : the R/Vs MIRAI, 

Ronald H. Brown, and Nauru Island(right). Circles from two ships indicate the Doppler radar observational range for intensity 

mode (outer) and Doppler mode (inner), respectively. 

48



The IOP was in La Niña conditions, and it corresponded 

to the convectively suppressed period of the 

equatorial intraseasonal oscillation. As a result, mostly 

observed were the shallow (~-km) convections. One 

exception is shown in Fig. , which is a case when a 

Radar Reflectivity: 0445LST 28 June 1999 

Horizontal Distribution 

0 

Mirai 

B 

1S 

B' 

well-organized mesoscale convective system was 

observed. The details of this precipitation system are 

being examined. In addition to this, spectral analysis 

revealed that a --day period was dominant in the 

various parameters related to the convective activity, 

such as the radar echo area and convective stability 

indices. Previous studies have revealed the existence of 

--day phenomena related to the deep convection in 

the convectively active phase of the intraseasonal 

oscillation in the boreal winter season over the tropical 

western Pacific Ocean, and they are related to equatorially 

trapped westward propagating inertio-gravity 

waves. This study suggests that the --day mode is a 

ubiquitous phenomenon and one of the primary 

sources that regulate the convective activity and population 

of convection over the tropical western Pacific 

Ocean. 

Continuous observational study in this area is 

expected to contribute to understanding of the precipitation 

mechanism and advancement of air-sea interaction 

study. 

Heightkm 

16 

12 

8 

4 

165E 

Vertical Cross Section 

0 

B B' 

50km 

Radar ReflectivitydBZ 

15 20 25 30 35 40 

Fig.23 Radar reflectivity of the mesoscale convective system 

observed during Nauru99. (a) horizontal cross section 

at 2km height, and (b) vertical cross section along the 

line B-B' shown in (a). 

Biogeochemical study of the ocean and 

development of an observation system 

Development of the ocean LIDAR system 

Following the development of elemental technology 

including that of a prototype (FY-FY), development 

of hull-mounted ocean lidar equipment was started 

in . An optical window for discharging a laser 

beam at the bottom of "Mirai" was installed in . 

The main body is combined with an optics bench 

made in , and it was mounted in "Mirai" in this 

fiscal year. The key point of the development of such 

equipment is the development and operation of the 

optical window made on the bilge of a ship. We will 

make a study of the equipment performance evaluation 

from FY, for two years. 

49



Biogeochemical study of the northern North 

Pacific and its adjacent seas 

Goals of this project are a) to assess the spatial 

and temporal variation of flux of CO 

, b) to clarify 

the mechanisms to control the biological pump, and 

its role in the carbon cycle, c) to clarify transportation 

processes of dissolved materials in conjunction with 

the formation of intermediate water, and d) to evaluate 

the fluxes of carbon and other materials carried by 

particulate matter to the interior of the deep ocean, and 

their spatial and temporal variations. 

In FY, we joined four cruises of R/V Mirai: 

MR-K cruise (// - //), MR-K 

cruise (// - //), MR-K cruise 

(// - //), and MR-K cruise (// - 

//). Following are outlines of the results. 

() During the MR-K cruise and the MR-K 

cruise, total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) was 

measured onboard. The data, including results in a previous 

cruise (Nov./), show the seasonal variation of 

TDIC in the western North Pacific. We also measured 

the C/ C and C/ C ratio of TDIC of seawater 

samples, which were collected during the MIRAI 

cruises in and . Radiocarbon in intermediate 

water in this area was revealed for the first time. These 

results will give significant information on the formation 

of North Pacific Intermediate Water. 

() In order to study the role of the biological pump 

in the uptake of atmospheric CO 

, sediment trap experiments 

have been conducted at three stations in the 

northwestern North Pacific (N/E, N/E, 

N/E) since Dec. . Fig. shows seasonal 

and annual variability in opal fluxes, CaCO 

fluxes, and 

opal/CaCO 

ratios (mole) at m on N/E. In 

, opal/CaCO 

(mole) ratios and opal fluxes were 

larger than those in . The same phenomenon was 

also observed at N/E. This suggests that diatom 

species were dominant in , and that the biological 

pump works more efficiently for the decrease in pCO 

in the surface sea water in the northwestern North 

Pacific. 

Fig.24 Seasonal change of fluxes of opal and CaCO 3 

, and their ratios (Co/Ci) in settling 

particles collected at 5000 m depth of the location (40N165E) 

50



() In MR-k, we observed a spring bloom. 

In the seas where the bloom occurred, surface seawater 

pCO 

dropped to lower than atm locally. 

The CO 

fluxes were calculated to be ~- to - 

mmol/m /d. Concentrations of total CO 

in the mixed 

layer decreased by ~ mol/ kg, compared with 

those in the surroundings. However, total alkalinity 

showed little changes in the mixed layer. From these 

facts, we found that production/dissolution of carbonate 

calcium is negligible in the drawdowns of pCO 

and total CO 

. 

() Behavior of iron in the northwestern North 

Pacific was studied. Water samples were collected 

vertically, using L Teflon-coated Niskin bottles 

mounted on a CTD/rosette system, during the cruises of 

MR-K and MR-K. Atmospheric dust samples 

were also collected, using a high-volume air sampler 

while the ship was steaming or at the stations. 

Concentrations of dissolved iron were lower than nM. 

() In order to estimate the flux of particulate organic 

matter from the surface layer, water samples were 

collected for Th, and POC measurements, at sampling 

points in MR-K, and at sampling points in 

MR-K. The measurements are still in progress. 

Available data at present indicate that a water mass 

with a high flux (>mg-C/m /d) of particulate 

organic carbon, from the euphotic zone to the deep 

sea, exists as patches in the spring in the area studied. 

() We reconstructed the paleo sea surface temperature 

(SST) for the past , yrs by analyzing longchain 

unsaturated alkyl ketones in sediment at the 

Emperor Sea Mount. The SST varied from a minimum 

of C at the last glacial maximum (LGM, ca , 

yrBP), to a maximum of C during the period of 

,-,yr BP. (Before Present) 

Observational study on primary productivity 

in the Equatorial Pacific 

In order to investigate the capability of carbon fixation 

by phytoplankton, and the variations thereof, 

in equatorial waters, since we have carried out 

biogeochemical observations focusing on primary 

productivity from the warm water region to the western 

edge of the upwelling region (E to W). Fig. 

shows some of the results obtained in observations. 

Sea surface temperature gradually decreased eastward 

from around E, and nitrate gradually 

increased along with that. This is because the effect of 

upwelling crosses over the international dateline, and 

reaches as far as E, and it displayed a completely 

different appearance from the same period in , 

Fig.25 Longitudinal distributions of temperature, salinity, phosphate, 

nitrate, and Tricohdesmium in the sea surface 

of the equatorial Pacific. 

51



when there was EI Niño. For salinity, nitrate, and phosphate, 

it turned out that there are fronts at E, 

E, and between E and lE, respectively. 

Further west than E, where nitrate, are depleted, 

there is found to be a community of Tricohdesmium 

(phytoplankton that can use dinitrogen gas instead of 

nitrate). Because of this kind of biological activity, it is 

suggested that the position of nutrients does not necessarily 

conform to the salinity front. 

Study on greenhouse gasses and primary 

productivity in the Equatorial Pacific 

As well as in the previous year, at the Meteorological 

Research Institute, we conducted calibrations of CO 

gases, which were used for measurement onboard the 

Mirai, based on the WMO scale. The differences in 

CO 

concentration between before and after each 

cruise were within . ppmv. 

Study on the application of an ocean color 

satellite in the western Equatorial Pacific 

In this research, we are developing a technique to 

estimate primary production from artificial satellite 

data, and we are investigating the capability of carbon 

fixation by phytoplankton in the equatorial waters. 

Fig. compares results of estimating primary production 

from ocean color and sea surface temperature 

according to an artificial satellite, using a technique we 

developed (red points), with previous model (yellow 

points) and observation values (blue points). In the 

case of previous model calculation results, primary 

production in the upwelling region appears smaller 

than the observation, and it turned out that our model 

calculation results match well with observations. 

Fig.26 Distribution of primary productivity in the equatorial Pacific. 

The blue points represent actual observation values by "MIRAI"; a yellow points are 

based on conventional model calculations, and red points are the result of our 

model calculation. 

52



Inter-annual variability in heat, carbon, and 

nitrogen fluxes in the Equatorial Pacific 

We carry out cooperative research to study the fluctuation 

of primary production and environmental factors 

caused by the impact of El-Niño and La-Niña, mainly in 

the equatorial upwelling region, with Dalhousie 

University, Canada. The cooperative observation was 

carried out from Nov. to Dec. in the Equatorial Pacific. 

Study on automation of measurement of 

chemical components in sea water 

Goals of this study are (I) to develop an automated system 

for measurement of biological and chemical components 

in sea water and a sea water sampling system, (II) to 

install the systems in the wave energy generator 'Mighty 

Whale', for the filed test. In , the systems for 

automated measurement were installed in 'Mighty Whale.' 

Since then, the systems have been in use. In the meantime, 

field observation using conventional methods was carried 

out around 'Mighty Whale', to calibrate the system. 

Study on sensitive and precise analysis of 

radionuclides in oceanic samples 

The purpose of this study is the development of 

preparation methods for sensitive and precise analysis of 

radionuclides in organic matter in sea floor sediments by 

an accelerator mass spectrometery. In , we made a 

prototype of the preparation system for testing. During 

the MR-K cruise, we collected sea floor sediments 

for the prototype system, and obtained good results. 

Study on improvement of oceanic CO 2 

measurement 

We started experiments for producing standard seawater 

for total CO 

measurement. We collected surface 

seawater of about l, and added mercuric chloride 

to it, to prevent subsequent biological activity. 

After that, we let CO 

in the seawater equilibrate with 

the atmosphere for about hours. A day later, the seawater 

was dispensed to - ml glass bottles. 

We produced batches of standard seawater based 

on the method stated above. Long-term stability of the 

standard will be tested. 

Study on the Global Warming Mechanism 

"Study on the Global Warming Mechanism" is a 

paleoceanography project started in FY. The 

project is focused on reconstructing the natural variability 

of global and regional climate recorded in 

deep-sea sediment. The template of past global 

changes provides a useful data-set for validating climate 

simulations on future global warming. During 

the Quaternary, the earth has experienced frequent 

warming and cooling episodes in a time scale of to 

, years (i.e. glacial-interglacial cycle). The 

atmospheric CO content recorded in the polar ice 

sheet also varied synchronously with glacial-interglacial 

cycles, although the causal mechanism is still 

unclear. In this project, we focus the following items, 

to solve climate processes during the past , 

years: 

() Changes in sea surface temperature and current 

systems 

() Changes in biogeochemical cycles in the ocean 

(Carbon cycle) 

() Changes in global thermohaline circulation 

Activities in FY1999: 

Sediment coring was carried out at the Kuroshio 

Extension area in the NW Pacific, and the Chukuchi 

Sea and Beaufort Sea in the Arctic Ocean, by R/V 

"Mirai." Totally, six piston cores were retrieved 

(Table ). The main objectives of these corings are to: 

53



Preliminary results indicate the Arctic cores show a 

cyclic change in lithology, which corresponds to 

glacial-interglacial cycles. Micropaleontological and 

geochemical analyses of these sediments are now in 

progress. 

Understand the variability of the Kuroshio 

Current System during the last , years 

Understand the long term variations of biogenic, 

terrigenious, and volcanic fall-out materials 

around the Kuroshio and the NW Pacific 

Understanding the sensitivity of the Arctic to climate 

changes during the Quaternary 

Table 1 Sediment cores collected in FY1999. 

Core ID 

Latitude 

Longitude 

Depth (m) 

Length (m) 

Kuroshio 

Extension 

MR99-K04 PC1 

4033.3' N 

14255.0' E 

1555 

4.78 

MR99-K04 PC2 

4005.0' N 

14951.0' E 

5608 

18.13 

MR99-K04 PC3 

3730.0' N 

15200.0' E 

5848 

18.76 

Arctic Ocean 

MR99-K05 PC1 

7433.5' N 

16113.9' W 

1727 

9.56 

MR99-K05 PC2 

7425.3' N 

16002.2' W 

530 

6.48 

MR99-K05 PC3 

7230.3' N 

15130.9' W 

3626 

8.23 

54



Introduction 

Global environmental problems are the most serious issues facing humankind today, and are also issues 

that should be dealt with as soon as possible. In order to discover ways to resolve global environmental problems, 

it is important to evaluate the kind of impact that variations in species diversity caused by environmental 

changes will have on the future of the global environment. At the same time, it is also necessary to clarify 

the mechanism of environmental change, looking from a global perspective at the material cycle as it relates 

to ecological systems. The oceans occupy % of the earth's surface, and one can not clarify global-scale 

phenomena relating to environmental change without understanding the oceanic ecosystem. Therefore, we 

will proceed with a multifarious study of biology, physical oceanography, chemical oceanography and ocean 

engineering focusing on coastal areas, where primary productivity is high and which is susceptible to environmental 

changes, and deep sea areas from the mesopelagic zone through to the ocean floor and abyssal 

trenches. 

Project Research 

"Elucidation of Mechanisms of Ocean Ecosystem 

Changes" 

Research Period: - 

Corals, which are widely distributed from the tropical 

to subtropical sea areas, are biological indicators 

which respond sensitively to the effects of global 

warming or ozone-layer destruction. The coral reef 

ecosystem run by the corals are critical for the primary 

production in the ocean, and also serves as nurseries 

for offsprings of many marine organisms. 

The present study was conducted in Sekisei lagoon 

( km), the largest coral reef in Japan, over two 

years, and . The objective of this study was 

to develop an approach for obtaining the biomass for 

live corals, zoo and phyto-plankton, etc., in the coral 

reef ecosystems in this entire sea area, and a technique 

for measuring various physical/ chemical factors related 

to their fluctuations. In addition, we have carried 

out a research on the safety of dyving and on week 

undersea research at the NOAA underwater laboratory 

in the United States. Furthermore, we had promoted 

several research exchanges with researchers from 

inside and outside the country to discuss the current 

state of and future prospects for the world coral reef 

research as well as the technologies for safe underwater 

research. 

(1) Field studies at Sekisei lagoon 

A research on sea in Sekisei lagoon was conducted 

over terms since April, . 

a) Surveys on basic data sets of Ishinishi lagoon 

Biomass of corals and plankton in all regions of 

Sekisei lagoon, and various related environmental factors 

such as water quality, current, etc., were studied. 

As for corals, regular points and/or regular lines 

arranged in were re-examined to obtain data on 

the interannual variability in distribution conditions, 

the status of recovery from the bleaching phenomena, 

etc. Regular points and/or regular lines arranged in 

were also examined for plankton and water quality 

to obtain data on seasonal variations. 

55



b) Studies on the initial ecology of corals 

From continuous examinations on patch reefs with 

different environmental conditions in Sekisei lagoon, 

the process of bleaching phenomena, recovery, spawning 

and settlement was examined, and the involvement 

of environmental conditions was studied. Sekisei 

lagoon had not been affected severely by the bleaching 

phenomenon which had occurred in a global scale 

in . In May, , spawning was observed in the 

major corals which had recovered from bleaching. The 

coral health status and measures for improving the 

survival rates were discussed based on the tracking of 

kinds and numbers of recruitment larvae. 

c) Studies on the history of coral activities 

A micro-boring machine has been developed, which 

extracts cores of cm in diameter and cm in length 

from small massive coral without killing it. An experimental 

core sampling was carried out, and the obtained 

cores were experimentally used in an annual ring analysis 

and an ultimate analysis to achieve the prospect 

of obtaining the historical data on coral activities in the 

past. In the future, we are planning to obtain and analyze 

samples from Sekisei lagoon and all parts of the 

world. Additionally, we will promote the development 

of a device for extracting longer cores of cm (Photo 

, ). 

(2) Field studies in Florida (Photograph) 

NOAA in the United States manages "Aquarius 

" off the coast of Key Largo, Florida, which is the 

only underwater laboratory in the world. It is a saturation 

diving facility by air at a depth of m, which is 

used in various studies on coral reef areas at a depth of 

m. The facility enables an underwater activity within 

the depth range of from to m for around 

hours per day. Four researchers from Japan Marine 

Science & Technology Center and New England 

Aquarium worked together in a team and stayed at this 

facility for eight days to conduct a study focusing on 

the underwater experiments of corals, which could not 

be conducted in Sekisei lagoon. 

Various measuring instruments for on land laboratory 

use were placed at the dry area inside the laboratory, 

and the sensors and were developed underwater via 

cables. Experiments were based on -hours continuous 

measurements by a coral respirometer possessing an 

acrylic dome. Various tasks such as determination of the 

kinds of corals around the area, coverage measurements, 

photosynthetic activity measurements, core samplings, 

etc., were addressed intensively. 

(3) Development of technologies supporting underwater 

research 

The present task concerns the diving activities of 

researchers which are essential for research on coral reef 

ecosystems. The aim of this task is to study the software 

and hardware for improving the safety of divers and to 

develop diving technologies enabling long-term research 

activities. This year, as a medical/ physiological study 

concerning the nitrox saturation diving, decompression 

tables for the saturation diving and the bounce diving 

were developed and evaluated. 

(4) Research exchanges 

For research promotion, we are actively participating 

in exchanges and cooperation with researchers 

from inside and outside the country. We organized the 

Underwater Research Workshop (Participants; Japan, 

France, the United States and Australia. Held in 

Ishigaki Island, December, ), International Coral 

Reef Symposium (Japan, France, the United States, 

Australia, Israel and Thailand. Held in Tokyo, 

February, ) and UJNR Diving Panel (A conference 

on natural resources between Japan and the 

United States. Held in Tokyo, December, ) to 

understand the current state of the world latest 

research and development and future prospects as well 

as to disseminate our research results. 

56



Photo 1 A coral core sampled by themicro-boring machine. 

Photo 2 24-Hour measurement of coral respiration rate at the 

underwater laboratory "Aquarius 2000". 

"Studies on Deep-sea Ecosystems" 

Period : - 

Apart from photosynthesis-based ecosystems, ocean 

ecosystems include chemosynthesis-based ecosystems, 

which are formed on the ocean floor through the 

ejection of hydrothermal fluid and cold seeps. Of particularly 

large scales are the hydrothermal vent populations 

and cold seep populations in deep sea areas. 

These directly and indirectly incorporate substances 

that are ejected from the sea floor and maintain a huge 

biomass, also being thought to contribute significantly 

to the circulation of ejected materials. Making use of 

deep-sea research systems such as submersibles and 

ROVs, this research aims to clarify the interrelationship 

between substances ejected from within the earth 

and deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems, and the 

basic physiological and ecological characteristics of 

deep-sea chemosynthetic populations. 

In , chemosynthetic communities around Japan, 

western Pacific, to Manus Basin were studied. In the 

Japan Trench, the distribution of Maorithyas hadalis 

(Thyasiridae) forming a chemosynthetic community at a 

depth of , m, the deepest in the world, and the phylogeny 

of the symbiotic bacteria were revealed (Photo ). 

Also, their symbiotic relationship was partly elucidated. 

In Iheya Ridge in the Ryukyu Islands area and Myojin 

Knoll in the Izu and Ogasawara islands area, information 

was gathered on the species composition and the mapping 

of hydrothermal vent communities, their relationship with 

the environment, the growth rate of deep-sea mussels, 

population structures and reproductive pattern for crustaceans. 

In the Manus Basin, information was accumulated 

on the distribution and species composition in 

hydrothermal vent. Also, the growth rate of Alviniconcha 

snails and rearing experiments for crustaceans were 

examined. In the laboratory experiments on land, rearing 

experiments of bythograeid crabs which are inhabitants of 

hydrothermal vents around Japan, were conducted, and 

their molting patterns were partially elucidated. 

57



Photo 3 Maorithyas hadalis (Thyasiridae) inhabiting at a 

depth of 7,434 m in the Japan Trench, and bacterial 

symbionts observed inside their branchial epithelial 

cells. 

"R&D on the technology controlling the oxygendeficient 

water mass in Omura Bay" 

Period: - 

This joint research program between JAMSTEC and 

Nagasaki Prefecture aims to elucidate the oxygen-deficiency 

mechanism in Omura Bay, and to process some 

water circulation technology for helping to plan a comprehensive 

strategy for maintaining the environments 

of Omura Bay. Based on the investigation on the characteristics 

of Omura Bay and R&D of the water circulation 

system through -, an open sea evaluation 

of the system was carried out in . Two major components, 

floating platform and water circulation device 

to be installed on the seafloor are shown in Photo 

and . An abstracted result is shown in Fig. . 

Suppression of the oxygen-deficient mass, which 

usually grows in the sea bottom toward sea surface at 

mid summer, was observed by Fig. . This suggested 

the effectiveness of the present system to keep away 

from a fatal status for marine ecosystem. Taking into 

the consideration that the habitats should be diminished 

under the DO concentration less than mg/L, 

survivable space was largely spread, excepted just surface 

of the sea bottom. 

The water circulation by this system, however, was 

estimated to be far small compared with the natural 

current caused under stormy weather, therefore, the 

shown result was not thought to have fully been attributed 

to the system. 

The system was evaluated to have a tendency to 

dilute the oxygen-deficiency but it may not be so 

effective in the wide area. Thus, it was concluded that 

the estimation of the natural current and understanding 

the characteristics of the sea where the system would 

be applied should be needed in advance for its practical 

use. 

58



Photo 4 Floating platform 

Photo 5 Circulator to be installed on the sea floor 

08' 

Sasebo 

04' 

33º 

00' 

56' 

52' 

St.S 

St.C 

Omura Bay 

32º 

48' 

129º 42' 46' 50' 54' 58' 

Fig. 1 Time course change of DO at the points of the system installed (St. S; bottom) and reference 

(St. C; top). Red paint shows the oxygen-deficient zone (DO



vestimentiferan tube worms, indicating samples that 

can be gathered for research are limited. Therefore, 

we have developed a simple collection system (grab 

system with camera), that can be loaded onto a small 

boat and can be used to gather samples easily. 

Moreover, in partnership with Kagoshima City 

Aquarium, we developed technology for rearing 

tube worms in a satisfactory state, and aim to popularize 

and educate on marine science and technology 

through this cooperation. 

Of the simple sampling system, the grab, the cable 

winch and the grab launcher were produced in . 

After the completion, the system was tested for practical 

operation at in-situ area (Photo ). Vestimentiferan 

tube worms were successfully sampled through a 

detailed observation of the bottom using this system. 

The data about the optimum hydrogen sulfide concentration 

was acquired by rearing experiments. In addition, 

attempts were made to control the water quality 

such as pH, by adding CO 

to the rearing seawater. We 

transferred tube worms into a transparent tube individually 

to obtain data on their behavior inside a tube. 

Exhibitions of alive samples of the tube worm and 

video images on deep-sea chemosynthetic organisms 

were continued from the previous year at Kagoshima 

City Aquarium. Furthermore, in , an exhibition of 

CD-ROM "The World of the Deep Sea Organisms" 

for the general public, which presents the deep-sea 

chemosynthetic organisms including vestimentiferan 

tube worms, were exhibited using personal computers. 

Through these exhibitions, we presented comprehensively 

our research on deep-sea chemosynthetic 

organisms to the public to increase public understanding 

and interest in the scientific significance and 

importance of this research. 

 

camera 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Photo 6 The simple sampling system for Vestimentiferan 

tube worms (the underwater section of the grab and 

the upper part of the control ship). 

60



Research on the characteristics of the deep seawater 

in Suruga Bay, and the cascade methods of 

deep seawater utilization" 

Period: FY-FY 

Shizuoka Prefecture drew up the Suruga Bay Deep 

Seawater Effective Utilization Project. 

The objectives of this research are to make contributions 

to implementing the Project by Shizuoka 

Prefecture and establishing the practical deep seawater 

utilization technology. For the purposes, we carry out 

() the preparation of analysis and observation systems; 

and (-) the scientific explication of deep seawater in 

the intake sea area and its surroundings within Suruga 

Bay, and (-) the research and development on the 

effective utilization technology for the deep seawater. 

In FY , the following items were carried out. 

() Preparation of analysis and observation systems 

To make deep seawater analyses, we prepared a 

major element analysis system, a trace metal analysis 

system, and a bioassay analysis system. To make a site 

environment observation, we prepared an on-board 

measuring system, and a short-term moored bio-meteorological 

system. These systems were installed in the 

deep seawater analysis research laboratory building 

(two-storied building, m in total floor area) constructed 

in Yaizu, where the deep seawater will be 

pump up. 

(-) Scientific explication of deep seawater 

To explicate the chemical and physical characteristics, 

producing and changing characteristics, and environmental 

characteristics of deep seawater in Suruga 

Bay, we made the water sample survey and the mooring 

system survey as well as the sea bottom boundary 

layer survey by using the "Dolphin K" for the period 

of September to February . The main results 

are as follows: The survey by using water samplers 

revealed the water mass structure consisted of the 

coastal water, Kuroshio water and Oyashio water. It 

was confirmed that the seawater at the intake depths 

(m and m) off Yaizu was low temperature, rich 

of nutrients and very clear. Flow velocity and temperature 

data observed in the survey by using a mooring 

system had fluctuations with diurnal and semidiurnal 

as well as longer periods. In the survey by using the 

"Dolphin K", no man-made waster was found on the 

sea bottom at the intake points. Concerning the distribution 

of suspended matters, we suppose that it will be 

necessary to further examine it. 

(-) Examination on the cascade methods of deep 

seawater utilization 

We made examinations on the cascade methods of 

deep seawater utilization that may probably be 

installed in Suruga Bay because of its localizability in 

Shizuoka Prefecture. To do so, we researched the local 

needs for using deep seawater, especially in the applications 

such as mariculture, agriculture, air-coditioning, 

desalination. Furthermore, we made examinations 

on the technical feasibility of the cascade methods to 

make effective of deep sea-water resources. 

Temperature ( 

Station points 

Salinity (PSU) 

Fig. 2 T-S diagram at various measuring points in the measurement 

line B off the coast of Yaizu. 

61



Regular Research 

"A study on the modeling of marine ecosystems by 

combining multiple sub-models" 

Period : - 

This study is research on the method that it models 

the phenomenon in marine ecosystem of one piece as 

simple as possible and compounds those models in 

order to enable the construction of marine ecosystem 

model of which the approach accuracy is high. On the 

model which is compounded, organism behavioral 

model (vertical migration behavior of the plankton) is 

made to be examination object in addition to advection 

and diffusion model (physical model) and material 

circulation model (the biochemical model). On the 

organism behavioral model, the plankton behavioral 

model that it is the inside of the ecosystem model and 

can accurately express the perpendicular transfer of 

the plankton is newly developed. 

In the fiscal year, plankton behavioral model 

which used the Lagrange technique was developed on 

the basis of the reference review on the behavioral 

model of the plankton. In addition, the data feedback 

method for compounding this model in the ecosystem 

model was examined, and the vertical distribution of 

individual particle was converted into the concentration, 

and information with the ecosystem model would 

be able to be exchanged. 

In the future, sensitivity is analyzed on the plankton 

behavioral model, and in situ data for model verification 

will be acquired, while the performance as an 

independent model is evaluated. 

"Methods of evaluating seawater movement in the 

vicinity of coral" 

Period : - 

() Purpose of study 

Water flow is one of the important environmental 

factors for marine organisms. Especially in shallow 

water regions (e. g., seaweed beds and coral reefs), 

where the effect of the flow is important in growing 

processes and spawning settlement of the planktonic 

spores and larvae of marine organism inhabiting the 

area. Generally electromagnetic current meters and 

ultrasonic current meters, etc., are used top measure 

rates of flow. However, in very small-scale areas, as 

previously described, it is difficult for this equipment to 

be used considering the size of these sensors. Also, it is 

topographically complicated in seaweed beds and coral 

reefs, so measurements at a large number of are necessary 

in order to examine the relation between flow and 

the organisms. It is quite involved and costly to measure 

a large number of points by using current meters 

especially due to the work involved in mooring the 

meters. For sessile organisms such as corals and oysters, 

the maximum instantaneous current velocity rather 

than the intensity of the averaged flow is important. 

To measure currents in shallow waters, a plaster 

ball technique has already been developed and used. A 

plaster ball is a sphere made of art plaster (diameter 

about .cm), and a steel bar (length about cm and 

shaft diameter of mm). However, the current measurement 

by plaster ball did not clarify the relationship 

between water velocity and the change in salinity; 

though the estimate of the dependence with water temperature 

was clarified. Also measurement by plaster 

ball could only be accomplished for about days 

(around hours). 

In this study, we produced plaster balls of various 

materials that could measure velocities in the long 

term in order to evaluate the small scale water motion 

in important environment fields such as seaweed beds 

and coral reefs (patch reef). The dissolution experiment 

was carried out in Sekisei lagoon of the Ishigaki 

Island in Okinawa Prefecture (Japan) to evaluate the 

effectiveness of the velocity sensor. 

() Result and discussion 

In this study, the various materials, except for 

62



Plaster balls 

Current meter 

Depth:12m 

Plaster balls and Current meter 

Photo 7 The plaster ball apparatus and electromagnetic current 

meter. They were installed at the 12m depth. 

Water temperature and salinity were also measured 

by the current meter. 

Dental types and , were mixed into the art plaster to 

produce velocity sensors for testing in long-term 

experiments. Dental plaster types and trial sensors 

did not contain any art plaster. The effectiveness of 

the sensors that were used in the dissolution experiment 

was examined. Velocity sensors using dental 

plaster are the sensors, which increased then density 

most compared to the normal plaster ball. Aqueous 

paint, biodegradable polymer, ADFA (a kind of dental 

plaster), cement were mixed into the plaster for the 

other flow velocity sensors. 

Using the dental type velocity sensors it was possible 

to make measurements for three or four days, 

because the density is high in comparison with normal 

plaster ball. The cement type velocity sensor can make 

measurements for seven to days. The difference 

between mixture ratios and the type of cement used 

must be examined. The differences in the relationships 

between the different velocity sensors, the current 

velocity, and water temperature and salinity will need 

to be determined in future. 

"Studies on the Effect of the Post-diving exposure 

to High Altitudes on Scientific Divers" 

Period : - 

The rate of decompression and the degree of low 

pressures are important factors causing the decompression 

sickness accompanying the post-diving exposure to 

high altitudes. Based on the measurements of the internal 

pressure in aircraft cabins in domestic flights, an 

animal model on the decompression sickness caused by 

the post-diving exposure to high altitudes was established 

using rat. The biggest problem in establishing a 

decompression model with small animals is the determination 

of the "short-term" and the "long-term" diving, 

which are relatively easy to define in human, with 

respect to the decompression resistance and the biological 

metabolism. An approach for preparing a model for 

small animals was nearly established by employing the 

decompression from the saturation diving in rat and the 

following movement to an altitude of , m as setting 

conditions. By employing the pattern for ambient pressure 

changes (the air-diving depth: m, the altitude 

after diving: , m) represented in the figure, we were 

Ambient Pressure (MPa) 

0.5 

Depth 30m 

0.4 

0.3 

0.2 

0.1 

Altitude 3,000m 

0.0 

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 

Time (h) 

Fig. 3 Summary of the compression-decompression operation for 

animal models (rat) on decompression sickness accompanying 

the post-diving exposure to the high altitudes. 

A shift to an altitude of 3,000 after a saturated diving by air 

at a depth of 30 m. 

Mortality: 20%, expression rate of mild compression sickness 

(breathing abnormalities): 2530%. 

63



able to reproduce a mortality of around % and an 

expression of breathing abnormalities, which represent 

mild decompression sickness, of from to % in 

adult rats weighing from to g. 

Left Image 

 

 

Right Image 

 

 

"Studies on the Determination of Biomass of Coral 

Reef Fish" 

Period: - 

Since fish is positioned as high ordered predators in 

the coral reef ecosystem, it is essential to estimate its 

biomass. However, quantitative measurement is difficult, 

since many fishes are distributed in the coral reef 

areas and the sea floor has a complex topography. As a 

consequence, fish counting in coral reefs requires the 

combination of visual observations, echo-sounding and 

examination fishing. The purpose of this study is to add 

a quantification method for fish amounts to the conventional 

measuring approaches. For this purpose, the 

development and the use of three-dimensional cameras 

have been promoted. This year, we have centered on the 

development of procedures for totaling the amount of 

fish schools near the patch reefs, and established the following 

examination/ analysis procedure. Incidentally, 

the obtained values for fish weight ranged from . to 

. g/m from data analysis of different points at 

different depths and locations within the same reef. 

() Measurements 

An underwater television camera is set on a tripod 

at the measuring site to record images on a minutes 

basis. Here, the position of the camera is adjusted so 

that a landmark such as corals, rocks, etc., are included 

in the sight of the camera. 

() Settings and measurements of the target space 

From the overlapping space of the left and right 

images recorded by the three-dimensional camera, the 

distance range which enables species identification is 

selected from the space in front of the landmark. Then, 

a space in which fish are counted is selected and its 

volume is determined. 

PC for analysis 

Playback & Acquire 

Synchronous Images 

(Left & Right) 

RECORDER 

Fig. 4 Procedures for three-dimensional image analyses. 

Sizes are determined on the principle of three-dimensional 

measurements from the left and right images 

synchronized on a 0.01 second basis. 

() Species-by-species population survey 

In order to eliminate the influence of divers on fish 

behaviors, a -minutes period is selected from the 

-minutes image, and lists of species-by-species population 

at -seconds intervals are prepared. 

() Species-by-species fork length measurements 

On the supposition that body lengths are identical 

within the same species, a couple of individuals are 

selected for each species from the entire video image 

to measure the fork lengths and calculate the means. 

() Production of the fork length-body weight curve 

In order to determine the body weight from the fork 

length on a species-by-species basis, fork length-body 

weight curves for each species are required. This task 

is simplified by classifying the fish species into six 

representative forms for the analysis. Species representing 

the six forms are selected, and their fork 

length-body weight curves are obtained. 

() Biomass determination 

The list of species-by-species population within 

minutes and the fork length-body weight curve are 

integrated to obtain the total fish weight, which is 

divided by the number of sampling () and the target 

space to obtain the fish weight per cm . 

64



Study on the influences of the Kuroshio Current 

on the hydrographic fluctuating properties of the 

deep seawater in Suruga Bay 

Period: FY -FY 

The objectives of this research are to determine the 

hydrographic fluctuating properties of the middle and 

deep layers in Suruga Bay and to explicate the hydrographic 

fluctuating factors that have influences on 

these properties. In Suruga Bay that has a high openness 

and a steep bottom, it is pointed out that the 

hydrographic fluctuating factors such as the Kuroshio 

Current outside the bay have influences on the deep 

layer in the innermost of the bay to cause the hydrographic 

conditions such as rapid and turbid flows in 

the middle and deep layers. To conduct researches on 

the deep seawater in Suruga Bay and make effective 

use of the deep seawater, it is necessary not only to 

grasp the hydrographic fluctuating properties of the 

middle and deep layers in the bay, but to explicate the 

hydrographic fluctuating factors by making survey on 

the relationships with the sea conditions such as the 

Kuroshio Current outside the bay. 

We installed the deep sea mooring system in the 

projected pumping area for the deep seawater facilities 

in Suruga Bay, and carried out the mooring observation 

for about months from November . We 

analyzed the time series data obtained on the flow 

direction and velocity, and water temperature and 

salinity in the wide range of depths from the surface to 

deep layers. The results indicated that tide semidurnal 

and diurnal variations as well as other longer periodical 

variations occurred in the depths down to several 

hundred meters.We made concept designs for the 

hydrographic models of the large sea area including 

Suruga Bay and the Kuroshio Current sea area outside 

the bay, and prepared for the trial production of 

numerical models to be carried out in the next year. 

Fig. 5 Stick diagram of velocity vectors measured by using a mooring ADCP. (November 1999February 2000). 

65



Ordinary research 

"Study on abundance of plankton community concerned 

on the reproduction" 

Period : - 

In the sea surface ecosystem, microzooplankton 

ingest bacteria and small-sized flagellates, and rapidly 

mineralize them into the inorganic nutrients by their 

high metabolic activity. Such a recycling ecosystem is 

called reproduction and importance of this production 

recognized recently. 

Microzooplankton community is abundant in the 

pelagic area and plays an important role in reproduction. 

This community is easily decomposed and dissolved 

by physical and chemical damage. It is difficult 

to obtain accurate abundance and biomass. This study 

aims to master some methods grasping accurate abundance 

and biomass, and to approve the methods. 

There are some excellent methods to obtain microzooplankton 

abundance and biomass. Quantitative protargol 

stain method, one of these methods, was mastered. 

It will become possible to know a most appropriate 

method by comparing results obtained other methods. 

Based on the above basic information, accurate 

abundance and biomass of microzooplankton will be 

gotten in the subtropical sea area such as coral area. 

"Studies on the Autonomic Nervous System on Readaptation 

to the Normobar after Diving" 

Period: - 

In human, bradycardia is induced at diving and 

tachycardia at ascent. This phenomenon greatly 

involves the autonomic nervous system. In a deep-sea 

diving experiment using animals, it was shown that the 

absence of tachycardia at decompression inhibits the 

re-adaptation to the atmospheric pressure, thereby leading 

to death. The purpose of this study was to examine 

the activities of the autonomic nervous system, especially 

the circulatory kinetics, mainly at the return from 

Photo 8 An apparatus for animal experiment for studying the 

re-adaptation from high-pressured environments to 

the atmospheric pressure. 

A chamber for middle-sized animals (an experiment 

using rat). 

a high-pressure environment to the atmospheric pressure, 

i.e. re-adaptation, to understand the mechanism of 

the re-adaptation. Furthermore, the development of 

techniques is promoted for measuring, with a high precision, 

the autonomic nervous system functions of subjects 

under high-pressure environment. This year, in an 

animal experiment, measurements on cardiac outputs, 

organ blood streams, etc., were obtained from subjects 

under a high-pressure environment with a considerable 

precision. From these results, a constant decrease in the 

cardiac output and an increase in the peripheral vascular 

resistance were observed at bradycardia under a 

high-pressure atmosphere. 

Joint Research 

"Research on characteristics, distribution and 

variation of proper water mass in Japan Sea" 

Period: FY-FY 

Toyama Prefecture 

The objective of this research was to determine the 

characteristic, distribution and variation of proper 

66



water mass in Japan Sea. The result will contribute to 

effective and industrial utilization of proper water 

mass in Japan Sea. This year, we carried out an ocean 

investigation off Namerikawa in Toyama Bay in July 

and revealed the water temperature, salinity and distribution 

characteristics of inorganic nutrients. The concentration 

of nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and 

scilicate were low in the surface water, while they 

were higher as the depth was greater, and stable at 

high value in the layer at the under about m. We 

compared this sea area with those off Nyuzen-cho in 

Toyama Bay, and off Kumaishi-cho in the prefecture 

of Hokkaido. In the three sea areas, it was observed 

that proper water mass in Japan Sea was distributed in 

the water layer at the depths under m or m, and 

that the water mass were almost same in temperature, 

salinity and the concentrations of nutrients. 

In the Toyama Bay, it was observed that a large sea 

area had seasonal variations in water temperature and 

salinity, especially in the surface layer influenced by 

river and Tsushima warm current. However, proper 

water mass in Japan Sea under the depth of m was 

stable under . in temperature and around . psu 

in salinity in the whole year. 

"Basic study for marine ecosystem investigation by 

using the automatic plankton counting devices" 

Period : - 

With purposes to get characteristics of automatic 

zooplankton counters and promote to use these 

devices, we conducted ocean studies with the National 

Research Institute of Fisheries Science. In this year 

study, we produced a zooplankton counting system 

that targeted preserved samples. Many preserved samples 

have been kept in biological institutions. This system 

is composed to optical plankton counter (OPC-L, 

Focal Technologies Inc.) connected to a specially 

designed circulation system and enable to measure 

zooplankton abundances and each volume in preserved 

samples easily and rapidly. For example, longterm 

fluctuation of zooplankton are possible to know 

by using this system. 

At first, experiments were conducted to determine 

the maximum plankton number passing to an optical 

sensor. When overcrowded number of plankton passes 

through sensor, coincidence of individuals is occurred 

Fig. 6 Vertical profiles of nutrients in Toyama (Namerikawa) and Hokkaido (Kumaishi). (July 1999) 

67



and the results are underestimated. Samples of different 

devsity were measured by OPC. As results, in case 

such as plankton densities were under pieces/L, 

good correlations about counts and volumes were 

obtained between results of microscope and OPC. 

Then, another measurements were conducted using 

compositions were different. As results, good correlations 

were obtained between microscopic results and 

OPC when copepod communities were abundant in 

samples. However, in case gelatinous or translucent 

communities were abundant in samples, correlations 

of two results were lower than results obtained by 

copepod community. It was suggested that treatment 

of body staining was useful when such community 

was abundant. 

We produced OPC circulation system using above 

results (Photo ). This system enables to observe 

plankton density in an OPC sensor and flow speed at 

real time and measurements are able to done on adequate 

condition. This system was produced by reference 

to Beaulieu et al. () J. Plankton Res., 

(), -. Also, Dr. M. M. Mullin belong to 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography advised us in 

relation to improvement of our system. 

"Studies on the Utility of Oxygen High Partial- 

Pressure" 

Period: - 

The utility and the toxicity of oxygen are significant 

issues in hyperbaric physiological and submarine medical 

studies. From the aspect of the utility of oxygen, 

oxygen high partial-pressure, either alone or in combi- 

Sample place 

chamber 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Photo 9 Optical plankton counter (OPC) circulation system. 

68



nation with anticancer drugs, is known to exert an antitumoral 

effect. On the other hand, from the aspect of 

the toxicity, oxygen is known to have continuous 

effects on pulmonary functions. In the present study, 

changes in the erythropoietic performance caused by 

long-term exposures to oxygen high partial-pressure 

were tracked to obtain fundamental data for considering 

its applications in the treatment of blood diseases 

such as leukemia. Also, the toxicity of oxygen was 

studied from the aspects of morphological changes of 

lungs and pulmonary functions for its application in 

the security and health management of divers. 

In , a male Bal b/c mouse was administered 

intra-abdomially with of L mouse 

leukemia cells to obtain a leukemic mouse. Groups of 

leukemia-expressed mouse with or without the administration 

of an anticancer Dounomaycin (DNR) were 

exposed to either an atmospheric pressure environment 

or a high partial pressure environment with ATA, O 

%, PO 

. ATA.hr/ days, and their survival periodes 

were compared. Under an atmospheric pressure, 

the group administered with mg/ kg DNR showed the 

longest survival period, and under a high partial pressure 

environment, the group with mg/ kg DNR 

administration showed the longest survival period. 

Furthermore, marrow/ blood samples and myeloblasts 

were extracted to measure the anticancer DNR levels. 

The results showed that groups subjected to a hyperbaric 

environment had higher DNR levels. The results 

suggested that the prolonged survival period observed 

in the experiment was induced by the residence of anticancer 

drugs resulting from the inhibition of the 

metabolism of the anticancer drugs in the marrow. 

"Mesopelagic Biology Program" 

The Japan Marine Science and Technology Center 

(JAMSTEC) will establish a federally-funded program 

beginning in fiscal year to survey the mesopelagic 

and benthopelagic communities around Japan. This 

program combines the unique technology of the submersibles 

at JAMSTEC with experience gained from 

similar mesopelagic studies elsewhere. Such submersibles 

are invaluable for studies of the delicate 

gelatinous midwater fauna that, although extremely 

abundant, are unable to be sampled in conventional 

net tows. Biological sampling equipment such as slurp 

gun systems have been redesigned and adapted for use 

on the JAMSTEC submersibles and other forms of 

biological sampling equipment, such as the gate sampler, 

have been newly developed in-house in conjuction 

with overseas colleagues from UCLA and 

MBARI. A working database of the midwater fauna of 

Sagami Bay has been developed. 

Limited midwater research has been carried out inhouse 

at JAMSTEC since . Sagami Bay has been 

the principle target area for midwater studies at JAM- 

STEC during this period. Dives made during & 

in Sagami Bay yielded a working database and 

taxonomic list. This database resulted in three manuscripts 

(Hunt & Lindsay, ; Hunt & Lindsay, 

; Lindsay et. al., ). In & limited 

dives were also carried out in other areas around Japan 

and compared to the Sagami Bay database. This 

allowed basic characterization of the Japanese fauna 

and has helped target oceanographic areas of scientific 

interest for future in-depth surveys. Dives in Sagami 

Bay were also made during & and these 

yielded greater insights into the species diversity, vertical 

distributions and overall ecology of the bay. A 

large amount of effort during these first four years has 

gone into developing or otherwise acquiring biological 

(slurp guns, gate samplers, D-sampler hydraulic systems) 

and physico-chemical (CTD-DO systems) sampling 

gear, facilities for the maintenance of midwater 

animals (on-board and lab-based planktonkreisels, 

coolers), lab equipment (night vision scopes, videorecordable 

microscopes, camera equipment), and otherwise 

laying the groundwork for a world-class 

69



mesopelagic biology program. 

During fiscal year , we hope to continue to 

expand the Sagami Bay database and to begin making 

comprehensive databases for other oceanographic 

regions. We propose to acquire a non-linear video 

editing system to link video footage with distributional 

and physico-chemical data to allow species-level studies 

to be carried out and comparisons to be made 

between different seasons and oceanographic regimes. 

We also plan to acquire a hypersensitive photometer 

to characterize the in situ light field at depths of biological 

interest. In the near future we hope to start a 

new taxonomic program based here at JAMSTEC. 

This organization will act as a distribution point for 

materials and collection point for data on new pelagic 

species (collected with JAMSTEC submersibles). 

The establishment of a mesopelagic and benthopelagic 

biological survey program at JAMSTEC in 

the year will serve two purposes. First, JAM- 

STEC will complement ongoing international research 

programs such as those by the Monterey Bay 

Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). This will provide 

data from Japanese waters to compare and contrast 

to other points around the world. Such broadly 

reaching studies are vital for a global understanding of 

mesopelagic and benthopelagic community structure 

and ecology. Second, the JAMSTEC survey will complement 

work done by scientists throughout Japan also 

interested in midwater biology and oceanography. 

Submersible data differs from that which can be collected 

by traditional techniques. Such data lend themselves 

well to collaborative efforts as well as comprehensive 

reviews investigating similar areas of interest 

or specific fauna. For example, trawls and towed 

equipment can provide good information on overall 

abundance, vertical distributions, and taxonomy by 

collecting quantitative numbers of specimens from a 

given area. Submersibles can supplement this effort 

with good information about specific behaviours, 

feeding, reproduction, vertical migration, and precise 

morphology for taxonomic keys. These two types of 

surveys combine well, and will provide a stronger 

national program for open-ocean biology here in 

Japan. 

Photo 10 Arctapodema sp. Nov. One of the most common 

benthopelagic medusae in Sagami Bay. 

70



Policy in research and development 

The Computer and Information Department(CID) conducts research and development in several fields 

with the aim to further promote computation science for oceanography. These fields include database building 

for ocean observation data, provision of research support for study of numerical models using the supercomputer, 

and research on visualization technology/advanced methods and on environment for computer utilization. 

In fiscal , the section conducted research on "Research on the design and management methods of 

JAMSTEC high-speed network (ordinary research)" for the purpose of researching and studying network 

environments using advanced technologies, and "Research on functional improvement of Sea Beam sub-bottom 

profiler (cooperative research)" as study of methods for processing and visualizing submarine topography 

data. As a new subject of research, the section also started "Research into parallel computing techniques 

in marine computation (ordinary research)" aimed at research on effective parallel computation methods. 

Research and development overview 

(1) Research on the design and management methods 

of JAMSTEC high-speed network (ordinary 

research) 

Recently, networks including the Internet increasingly 

have infrastructure functions for research activities. 

Accordingly, the development of faster, more 

reliable networks is expected. At JAMSTEC, an 

FDDI-based local area network was established in 

fiscal with each building using base-T 

Ethernet. However, due to a sharp increase in the 

number of connected hosts and network traffic, delay 

in traffic was beginning to partially occur. 

This research involves measurement of tendency in 

traffic on the LAN, suggestion of a fast, research-use 

network with more efficiency, and study of management 

methods for the network. In addition, with the 

rapid, widespread use of the Internet, exhaustion of IP 

addresses is becoming a problem and shift to IPng 

(IPv) is planned. Since JAMSTEC may have to correspond 

to this change, it collected relevant information 

on this issue. 

As for specific networks, JAMSTEC re-established 

a LAN by introducing Mbps switches for those 

buildings with much traffic in fiscal . Also, by 

introducing NetView software, JAMSTEC has 

become able to manage the network. Figure shows 

an example of network management manitoring 

screen. In fiscal , JAMSTEC conducted a connection 

test for Gigabit Ethernet using one of the buildings 

as a model case in the future to study network 

transition. Figure represents an example of network 

traffic monitoring screen. Part of these results was 

presented at the IWS (Internet Workshop ) 

APAN Earth Monitoring and Disaster Warning WG 

as entitled "Ocean Observation Data Exchange at 

JAMSTEC." 

71



Fig. 1 Example of network management screen 

utilized in making the most of performances of these 

large, high performance computers. It is certain that 

mathematical science-based approaches will increase 

also in the field of oceanographic research. It is 

absolutely necessary to take measures to more efficiently 

use not only hardware capable of high-speed 

calculation, such as supercomputers and parallel computers, 

but also software also in terms of time, and 

effectively use computer resources. One such measure 

is to tune source programs through parallelization. 

In this study, CID will conduct research on a parallelization 

method suitable for software on various 

ocean models and discuss a method for increasing the 

calculation efficiency through improvement of the 

source program. The purpose is to study most suitable 

hardware for using the software. 

In fiscal , the section conducted a comparative 

test on efficiency increase (bench mark test) through 

parallelization of large computers used by JAMSTEC 

by using MPI globally utilized for parallel computation. 

In addition, the section produced a -node, PC 

cluster-type parallel computer (CPU: MHz, memory: 

MB per node) as a target for selecting most 

suitable hardware. 

Fig. 2 Example of traffic monitoring screen 

(2) Research into parallel computing techniques in 

marine computation (ordinary research) 

In conjunction with the recent progress in computer 

technologies, numerical analysis with mathematical 

science is becoming technologically established as the 

rd approach in each field of research. At JAMSTEC, 

a supercomputer, large-scale parallel computer, and 

calculation server for shared use have been introduced 

to play an important role in elucidation of ocean science 

and development of technologies in various 

fields of research. However, software for these 

research and development efforts is not necessarily 

(3) Research on functional improvement of Sea 

Beam sub-bottom profiler (cooperative research) 

This research concerns display of data obtained 

with SeaBEAM's multi-narrow beam echo sounder 

SeaBEAM ., which is aboard R/V Mirai and 

R/V Kairei (in fiscal , SeaBEAM's equipment 

was incorporated into R/V Yokosuka and R/V Kaiyo 

as well). 

Sea BEAM has a sub-bottom profiler (SBP) for 

acquiring information on sub-bottom stratums, and it 

is expected that a number of new knowledge of under 

the sea bottom will be acquired. In addition, since 

images of the Side Scan Sonar (SSS) can also be 

acquired, it is necessary to study display methods in 

72



relation to this data. This research's goal is to establish 

a system for displaying SBP and SSS images based on 

data acquired in an actual sea area using SeaBEAM's 

sub-bottom topography post processing software 

SeaView. 

We studied acquiring data in an actual sea area using 

R/V Mirai and R/V Kairei, and centrally manage and 

strage the acquired data. Figure shows a post processing 

bathymetric map of the Mariana Trench acquired 

with Kairei. For SBP, part of the algorithm was 

improved and the processing method was also discussed. 

Figure indicates an example of SBP observation 

data acquired with Kairei. For SSS, an example of 

data acquired offshore Kushiro of Hokkaido is shown in 

Figure . 

Fig. 4 Example of stratum record by SBP 

Fig. 3 Example of post-processing bathymetric map by Sea View 

73



Fig. 5 Example of SSS record 

74


Frontier Research Program for Deep-Sea Extremophiles 

Course of action for developmental studies 

Frontier Research Program for Deep-sea Extremophiles, a -year program launched by JAMSTEC in 

, aims at unveiling new phenomena in deep-seas. This project places particular attention on microorganisms 

growing in certain specialized environments in the deep sea. Many microorganisms in the deep-sea are 

true extremophiles, because they can thrive under extreme conditions of high pressures, low temperatures, 

high temperatures, or in high concentrations of inorganic compounds. We study those deep-sea 

extremophiles with physiological and molecular biological techniques. Our research includes also physicochemical 

environments in the deep-sea. The adaptation mechanisms of the microbes for the extreme conditions 

above will be elucidated in terms of their interactions with the physico-chemical environments. 

Microorganisms isolated from the deep-sea of truly extreme conditions will give us new information on the 

origin of life, its evolution, and some useful applications for environmental protection. 

Our Group has conducted research mainly on the following topics. 

Major Research and Development 

Genome analysis studies 

(1) Analysis of the genome of a facultatively 

alkaliphilic Bacillus halodulans C-125 

Systematic sequencing of the whole genome of 

Bacillus halodurans C- was routinized at the 

beginning of May in and was finished by the end 

of August in . Our successful results were 

released in the press such as Asahi, Yomiuri, 

Mainichi, and Nikkei. The genome of B. halodurans is 

a single circular chromosome consisting of , , 

base pairs (bp) with an average G+C content of 

.%. The G+C content of DNA in the coding 

regions and non-coding regions is . % and .%, 

respectively. On the basis of analysis of the G+C ratio 

and G-C skew (G-C/G+C), we estimated that the site 

of termination of replication (terC) is nearly .-. 

Mb () from the origin. But we could not find the 

gene encoding the replication termination protein (rtp) 

in the genome of B. halodurans. We identified , 

open reading frames (ORFs), an average of 

nucleotides in size, using the coding region-analysis 

program GeneHacker Plus and the Genome GAM- 

BLER system. We have not annotated ORFs that 

largely or entirely overlap existing genes. It was found 

that the termination codon in BH annotated as a 

transposase disappeared due to a frame shift, and as a 

result this ORF was combined with the adjacent ORF 

presumably coding for an ABC transporter/ATP-binding 

protein. We identify it as a gene coding for a transposase 

in this case. Coding sequences cover % of 

the chromosome. We found that % of the genes 

started with ATG, % with TTG and % with GTG, 

as compared with %, % and %, respectively, in 

the case of B. subtilis. The average size of the predicted 

proteins in B. halodurans is , daltons, ranging 

from , to , daltons. Predicted protein 

sequences were compared with sequences in a nonredundant 

protein database and biological roles were 

assigned to (.%) of them. In this database 

search, predicted coding sequences (.%) 

were identified as conserved proteins of unknown 

function in comparison with proteins from other 

75



organisms including B. subtilis and for (.%) 

there was no database match. Among all of the ORFs 

found in the B. halodurans genome, (.%) 

were widely conserved in organisms including 

B. subtilis and (.%) of the ORFs matched 

the sequences of proteins found only in B. subtilis. 

The ratio of proteins conserved through various organisms 

including B. subtilis, among functionally 

assigned ORFs () and among the ORFs () 

matched with hypothetical proteins from other organisms 

was .% and .%, respectively. Of 

ORFs, .% matched hypothetical proteins found 

only in the B. subtilis database, showing relatively 

high similarity values. 

(a) General features 

B. halodurans C- is quite similar to B. subtilis in 

terms of the genome size, the G+C content of genomic 

DNA, and the physiological properties used for taxonomical 

identification except for the alkaliphilic phenotype. 

Also, the phylogenetic placement of C- 

based on S rDNA sequence analysis indicates that 

this organism is more closely related to B. subtilis than 

to other members of the genus Bacillus. Therefore, 

the question arises, how does the genome structure 

differ between two Bacillus strains which have similar 

properties, except for alkaliphily. As the first step to 

answer this question, we analyzed the genome structure 

both at the level of the whole genomic sequence 

and at the level of orthologous proteins comparing the 

B. halodurans and B. subtilis genomes continuously 

from the oriC region. The dots in Fig. A were plotted 

when more than bases in the B. halodurans 

nucleotide sequence continuously matched those of B. 

subtilis in a sliding window nucleotides wide, 

with a step of nucleotides. Fig. B shows the distribution 

of orthologous proteins, comparing B. halodurans 

and B. subtilis, and the dot patterns in these figures 

resemble each other. About genes, some of 

which constitute operons, mainly categorized as genes 

as sociated with the following functions, are well conserved 

in the region common to B. halodurans and 

B. subtilis which seems to be the genomic backbone 

derived from a common ancestor of Bacillus spp.: 

mobility and chemotaxis, protein secretion, cell division, 

main glycolytic pathways, TCA cycle, metabolism 

of nucleotides and nucleic acids, metabolism of 

Fig. 1 Structural analysis of the B. halodurans and B. subtilis genomes. 

A. Distribution of regions having a nucleotide sequence common to the two Bacillus spp. 

B. Distribution of orthologues between the two Bacillus spp. 

76



coenzymes and prosthetic groups, DNA replication, 

RNA modification, ribosomal proteins, aminoacyltRNA 

synthetases, protein folding, etc. 

(b) Origin of replication 

A . kb DNA fragment containing the oriC region 

of the chromosome of alkaliphilic B. halodurans C- 

was obtained by PCR and sequenced in a previous 

study. Sixteen ORFs were identified in this region. 

A homology search using the SubtiList database 

(http://www.pasteur.fr/pub/ GenomeDB/SubtiList) 

revealed that ORF to , corresponding to BH- in 

this study, all showed significant similarity to gene 

products of Bacillus subtilis. Three other ORFs, 

ORF- (BH-), of unknown function, were 

positioned downstream of gyrB instead of the rrnO 

operon which is found in this region in the case of B. 

subtilis. The organization of the ORFs in the region 

from gidA to gyrA was found to be the same as that in 

the case of B. subtilis. In this study, we found 

ORFs (BH - BH), including three ORFs previously 

identified in the . kb region, between gyrB and the 

rrnA operon corresponding to rrnO in the B. subtilis 

genome. Out of these ORFs, only one ORF was 

found to have a homolog in another organism, interestingly, 

not in the genus Bacillus, and others were 

unique to the B. halodurans genome. 

(2) Development of a new genome analysis software, 

"GAMBLER" 

We developed a semi-automated genome analysis 

system called Genome Gambler (Fig ) in order to 

support the current whole-genome sequencing project 

focusing on alkaliphilic B. halodurans C-. 

Genome Gambler was designed to reduce the human 

intervention required and to reduce the complications 

in annotating thousands of ORFs in the microbial 

genome. Genome Gambler automates three major 

routines: analyzing assembly results provided by 

genome assembler software, assigning ORFs, and 

Fig. 2 Genome Gambler System. 

homology searching. Genome Gambler is equipped 

with an interface for convenience of annotation. All 

processes and options are manipulatable through a 

WWW browser that enables scientists to share their 

genome analysis results without choosing computer 

platforms. The GAMBLER software will be released 

through Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co. Ltd. (MKI, 

http://bio.mki. co.jp/) at the beginning of . 

Software maintenance, bug fixes, and upgrades will be 

handled by MKI as well. The Genome Gambler software 

is now available at no charge to academic users 

for research purposes. 

Studies on metabolism and adaptation mechanisms 

(1) Taxonomic studies of deep-sea microorganisms 

(a) Taxonomy of deep-sea piezo(baro)philic bacteria 

and alkaliphilic bacteria 

Japan Trench landword slope within depths of 

,-, m are typical deep-sea cold-seep environments 

with chemosynthesis-based animal communities. 

Sediment samples from a depth of , m and 

77



, m within the Maorithyas (thyasirid bivalve) 

communities were collected. This sediment sample 

was transferred to the DEEPBATH system and cultivated 

continually at MPa and at C in two kinds 

of media (Marine Broth: MB, Sulfate Reducing 

Bacterial medium: SRB), separately. In the SRB culture, 

Shewanella and related piezophilic bacteria were 

observed, however, in the MB culture, a member of a 

novel piezophilic genus was detected by S rDNA 

analysis. A new genera of piezophilic bacteria has isolated 

from these sediment samples, which can be now 

identified as a novel piezophilic bacteria, genus of 

Psyclomonas sp.. This novel bacterium was found to 

produce a substantial amount of docosahexaenoic acid 

(DHA) among its cellular fatty acids. 

This year, we have started for taxonomical study of 

alkaliphilic Bacillus collections, which are producing 

the industrial useful enzymes. Then, we identified 

more than ten novel species in our collections by S 

rDNA analysis. 

(b) Taxonomy of deep-sea yeast 

It has been appeared that the red yeasts are frequently 

occurred from the deep-sea environments 

and most of those yeasts belonged to the genus 

Rhodotorula. Anamorphic basidiomycetous yeasts 

were identified mainly based on the physiological 

characteristics but tend to present the variable or 

ambiguous reactions on assimilation tests of the carbon 

and nitrogen compounds. Therefore, ITS and .S 

rRNA gene sequences of strains of the basidiomycetous 

yeasts including type strain of the genus 

Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces, Bensingtonia, 

Sporidiobolus and Mastigobasidium were determined. 

By using this ITS sequence database, the existing 

taxonomic system of the red yeasts was estimated. 

As the result, it was shown that ballistoconidia-forming 

ability inadequated as a generic criterion and 

the two ballistosporous genera Bensingtonia and 

Sporobolomyces distinguished by difference of the 

Co-Q system partly formed the mix-grouping on the 

phylogentic tree. 

(c) Preservation of deep-sea microorganisms and 

sediment samples 

Thirteen microbial type strains were obtained from 

the International Type Culture Collection Organization 

were stored in liquid nitrogen, and in total eighty-one 

type strains are being kept under the same conditions 

in our laboratory. This year, we have newly isolated 

six deep-sea strains ( piezophiles, psychrophiles, 

thermophiles), and these are being stored in liquid 

nitrogen. Twenty deep-sea sediment samples obtained 

by means of the SHINKAI system from Sagami- 

Bay, the Okinawa Trough, and the Izu-Bonin Trough, 

seven samples obtained by means of the SHINKAI 

system from the Japan Trench, and nine samples 

obtained by means of the KAIKO system from the 

Japan Trench, were preserved in liquid nitrogen. In 

total, we have kinds of deep-sea sediment samples 

in the storage tank. 

Seventy seven yeasts strains (Japan Trench: 

strains, Sagami Bay: strains, tubeworms collected 

at Sagami Bay and Iheya Ridge: strains, Suruga Bay 

and Zenisu Ridge: ) isolated in , and the all 

strains were preserved. The total of preserved yeast 

strains amounts to . 

(2) Studies on microbial diversity in deep-sea 

environments 

(a) Studies on the microbial flora of deep-sea environment. 

The deep-sea has an ecosystem different from that 

of the land, because there is no sunlight, low temperature 

and high hydrostatic pressure. Therefore, we 

expect that the deep-sea will be a resource of novel 

enzyme or antibiotics producers. 

We have collected the mud samples from the 

Challenger Deep (.'N, .'E) of 

Mariana Trench at a depth of , m by means of 

78



the unmanned submersible KAIKO. The Challenger 

Deep of Mariana Trench is the deepest point on the 

ocean. We have isolated various non-extremophiles 

and extremophiles such as alkaliphiles, thermophiles, 

piezophiles and psychrophiles from these mud samples. 

We could also isolate halophiles from the 

Challenger Deep. Are there any relationships between 

halophilicity and high-pressure adaptation in microorganisms? 

To answer this question, we have investigated 

the ratio of halophiles and non-harophiles in the sea 

floor at various depths. 

We have collected the sediments using the sterilized 

sediment sampler from Izu-Bonin trench (,, , 

m), Zenisu ridge (,, , m), Iheya ridge (,, 

, m), Japan trench (,, , m) and Mariana 

trench (, m). The microorganisms were isolated 

from these sediment using Marine broth for nonhalophiles 

and Marine broth add % of NaCl 

(total % NaCl) for halophiles. 

Figure shows the relationship between frequency 

of halophiles and water depth. The frequency of 

halophiles was decreased according to elevated depths 

of sea sediment. The logarithm of frequency of the 

halophiles decreased linearly with water depth. This 

relationship suggests that the hydrostatic pressure may 

make microorganisms susceptible to osmotic pressure. 

(3) Analysis of pressure-adaptation mechanisms 

in microorganisms 

(a) Piezo-(Baro-) physiology 

There has been a renewal of interest in the survival 

strategies employed by deep-sea, high-pressureadapted 

(piezophilic) microorganisms as well as in 

the effect of high-pressure on mesophilic, -atm-pressure-adapted 

microorganisms. During research into a 

new experimental field "piezophysiology", we wish to 

answer the following questions; 

How do deep-sea organisms survive in high-pressure 

environments? 

Frequency(-) 

 

 

 

Japan Trench 

Challenger Deep 

Izu-bonin 

Zenisu ridge 

Iheya ridge 

 

 

Depth(m) 

Fig. 3 Frequency of halophiles at various depths. 

How do cells respond to changes in hydrostatic 

pressure? 

We have isolated numbers of mutants capable of 

growth at high pressure, named HPG (high-pressure 

growth) mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast 

to the marked inhibition in cell growth of wild 

type strain at MPa, the mutants showed high-pressure 

growth at pressures above MPa. These mutants 

were classified into four complementation groups 

(HPG1, HPG2, HPG3 and HPG4) by the tetrad analysis. 

All of them were dominant with single nuclear 

mutations. Cloning of the genes involved in high-pressure 

growth is now in progress. 

(b) Studies on pressure-regulatory genes in deep-sea 

microorganisms 

We are interested in examining the molecular mechanisms 

of gene regulation in deep-sea microorganisms, 

because some gene expression systems in these 

bacteria may be regulated by high-pressure. A pressure-regulated 

operon found in Shewanella violacea 

DSS has a promoter controlled by elevated pressure 

at the level of transcription, and this promoter has 

79



been reported to contain the consensus sequence for 

RNA polymerase sigma factor . We have previously 

reported that it is possible for the Escherichia 

coli to bind to this sequence, suggesting that a 

-like factor may exist in S. violacea. From this 

background, we have isolated and characterized the 

gene for from S. violacea and also have shown 

that S. violacea was expressed at a relatively constant 

level under various high-pressure growth conditions. 

Transcriptional activation by the -containing 

RNA polymerase is, in general, not affected by the 

abundance of but specific activator proteins control 

this process. Thus, this transcriptional process 

may be regulated by a two-component regulatory system 

composed of the bacterial signal-transducing protein 

NtrB and the bacterial enhancer-binding protein 

NtrC. In S. violacea, it is possible that NtrB and NtrC 

also play important roles in expression of the pressureregulated 

operon. We studied molecular characterization 

of the ntrBC genes (encoding the NtrB and NtrC 

proteins) from piezophilic S. violacea, and more 

detailed studies are now in progress. 

Moreover, we cloned and sequenced a cold-shockinducible 

gene from the psychrophilic and moderately 

piezophilic bacterium, S. violacea by a PCR-based 

approach using a pair of degenerate primers with 

sequences corresponding to a highly conserved region 

within CspA-related proteins. Following a temperature 

downshift, the level of the cspA mRNA transcript 

increased. These results suggest that the DSS CspA 

play an important role as RNA chaperon for cold 

adaptation. In addition, secondary structure of the '- 

terminal region of cspA mRNA was predicted by computer 

analysis and then confirmed using chemical 

probes. This is the first report to confirm the secondary 

structure of '-terminal region in cspA gene 

through experimental approach. 

To analyze the pressure-sensing mechanisms, we 

have identified the accumulated protein in outer membrane 

layer regulated by elevated pressure conditions 

in piezophilic bacteria, Moritella japonica DSK. This 

protein was identified as a lysine decarboxylase by 

internal amino acids sequence determination. The 

gene encoding the lysine decarboxylase (cadA) was 

cloned and sequenced. The putative amino acids 

sequence was homologous with Escherichia coli's 

CadA protein, and this gene (cadA) was located in the 

cad operon, cadB-A. The results of primer extension 

analyses suggested that two promoter regions were 

present in the operon. One (P) was located at 

upstream of cadB gene controlled by low pH and limited 

oxygen stress, however others (P-) were located 

at inside of the operon, just upstream of the cadA, particularly 

activated under high-pressure conditions. 

This is a new finding that the internal promoter can be 

controlled by high-pressure in deep-sea bacteria. 

(c) Analysis of pressure-regulation in Escherichia coli 

We have already reported that E. coli was closely 

related to the deep-sea piezophilic and piezotolerant 

bacteria according to the phylogenetic analyses of S 

rDNA sequences. To study the adaptive mechanism of 

gene expression to high-pressure, E. coli can be used 

as a simplified model, as it has been well characterized 

by molecular genetics. Thus, we examined the 

effect of pressure on gene expression controlled by 

various promoters in E. coli using chloramphenichol 

acetyltransferase (CAT) gene as a reporter gene. We 

reported that the CAT activities expressed by lac promoter 

were affected differently by high pressure on 

two kinds of plasmids, stringent and relax types. 

These phenomena were reproducible using the 

luciferase activity, as a reporter protein instead of 

CAT. As a result, the luciferase activities coded on the 

high-copy-numbered (relax-type) plasmid pUC 

were greatly enhanced at MPa compared with at 

. MPa without an inducer, isopropyl--D-thiogalactoside 

(IPTG). However the expression of 

luciferase was not affected by pressures in the case of 

80



low-copy-number (stringent-type) plasmid, pMW. 

These results suggest that the pressure-regulated lacexpression 

is a general phenomenon in E. coli. Also, 

the luciferase reporter system could be possible to perform 

the in situ activity measurement during highpressure 

growth conditions without cell damage. 

(d) Effects of hydrostatic pressure and temperature 

on growth and lipid composition of the inner 

membrane of piezotolerant bacterium 

Although the deep-sea is a severe environment, 

where the pressure at depths of about , to , 

m is in the range of to MPa, and the temperature 

is approximately to C, several types of bacteria 

have been isolated from deep-sea sediment since 

the 's. The effect of increasing hydrostatic pressure 

is comparable to that of decreasing temperature. 

Thus, at constant temperature, high hydrostatic pressure 

would cause a phase transition in a lipid bilayer 

towards a gel state. Therefore, high hydrostatic pressure 

exerts harmful effects on the physiology and viability 

of most organisms. Piezophilic / piezotolerant 

organisms isolated from deep-sea environments are 

assumed to have special mechanisms that have 

allowed them to adapt to high pressures and low 

temperatures. However, the reasons why these bacteria 

are able to grow in such environments have not 

been elucidated. 

A piezotolerant member of the genus Pseudomonas 

was isolated from deep-sea sediment obtained from 

the Japan Trench, at a depth of , m. The growth 

temperature was found to affect the hydrostatic pressure 

range in which the bacterium could grow; the 

optimum hydrostatic pressure for growth shifted to a 

higher pressure with increasing temperature. We 

examined the lipid composition of the inner membrane 

of the bacterium cells grown at various hydrostatic 

pressures and temperatures. The fatty acid components 

of the inner membrane lipids were C:, C:, 

C:, and C:. The phospholipid components of 

the inner membrane were phosphatidylethanolamine, 

cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylserine. 

It is evident that the effects of elevated 

hydrostatic pressure are comparable to the effects of 

low temperature on both the fatty acid composition of 

the inner membrane lipids and the phospholipid composition 

of the inner membrane of this bacterium. We 

investigated the properties of inner membrane lipids 

prepared from the piezotolerant bacterium, grown 

under several conditions, by differential scanning 

calorimetry (DSC) using a system equipped with a 

hydrostatic pressure controller. DSC scans from to 

C were performed at the rate of K/min. The thermodynamic 

properties of the membrane were differ 

comparing cell grown at high-pressure and cell at 

atmospheric pressure. In the case of cells grown under 

high hydrostatic pressure, an endothermic peak indicative 

of phase transition of the inner membrane lipids 

appeared under high-pressure measurement conditions. 

Thus, this was a piezotrophic phase transition. 

However, in the case of cells grown at . MPa, such 

a peak was not observed under both atmospheric pressure 

and high-pressure measurement conditions. 

(4) Studies on the mechanisms of organic solvent-tolerance 

of microorganism. 

We have studied toluene-tolerance system of 

Pseudomonas putida IH- because of its highest 

organic solvent-tolerance among the microorganisms. 

Last year, we isolated toluene-sensitive mutant No. 

from P. putida IH- using Tn5 mutagenesis. In 

this year, we compared toluene-sensitive mutant 

No. with its parent strain IH-. The composition 

of respiratory enzymes of mutant No. was different 

from that of IH- because of the insertion of Tn5 

into the cytochrome o gene. 

The cell surface hydrophobicity and organic solvent-tolerance 

level of IH- were changed when 

IH- was incubated in the medium containing 

81



organic solvent. The logPow is the logarithm of the 

partition coefficient of an organic solvent between 

water and n-octanol and used an index of toxicity of 

organic solvent to microorganisms. An organic solvent 

with lower logPow is more toxic to microorganisms. 

When IH- was incubated in the medium containing 

organic solvent with lower logPow, the cell surface 

hydrophobicity of IH- was lower and organic 

solvent-tolerance level was higher than those grown 

in the medium not containing organic solvent. Thus, it 

appeared that toluene-tolerant P. putida IH- 

shows adaptational response to organic solvent. 

(5) Preliminary study in the deep-subsurface 

microbial world 

(a) Isolation and cultivation of bacteria from core 

(rock) samples 

Though we have been studying about isolation and 

cultivation of bacteria from deep-sea mud samples or 

deep-sea water samples in the DEEPSTAR group, we 

did not deal with hard core (rock) samples so far. We 

began to develop new methods to isolate and cultivate 

bacteria from the core samples and the rock samples 

with geological point of view. 

We tried to deal with a rock sample (silt-stone, 

cm cm) sampled by "Shinkai " (dive 

#) at Japan Trench at the depth of , m. We cut 

this rock sample by a handy rock trimmer without 

contamination. At the same time, we are developing a 

new rock cutter with blades for rock cutting without 

contamination. We also tried to sterilize only the surface 

of rock samples without killing microorganisms 

living inside rocks. By using these methods, we succeed 

to count numbers of microorganisms inside rocks 

[general microorganisms: . - . cells/g 

(dry), extrmophiles: . - . cells/g (dry)]. 

We could find many kinds of extremophiles such as 

alkaliphiles, acidphiles, psychrophiles, and halophiles. 

Now, we are considering projects as follows; 

Sterilization on the surface of rock samples: 

Sterilization methods by organic solvents or flare. 

Preparation of mashed rock samples: Mashing 

methods to get best particle size without killing 

microorganisms by high temperature or physical 

shock. 

Extraction of microorganisms inside rocks: 

Extracting methods for microorganisms living 

inside rocks or fixing on the surface of rocks. 

Preparation of suitable media for subsurface 

microorganisms. 

Estimation and isolation of dormant subsurface 

microorganisms: Estimation methods of dormant 

subsurface microorganisms in the subsurface 

world and isolation methods for them. 

(b) A simple method for estimating bacterial contamination 

in core samples 

When the purpose of drilling is a geological survey 

or mining, contamination of the core samples with 

bacteria from the air or water is not a matter of concern. 

Because of the status quo, microbiologists investigating 

bacteria living deep inside the earth have very 

big problems in determining whether the bacteria 

found in a core sample were really indigenous to the 

sample or whether they arrived through contamination 

from outside sources. We offer a simple method for 

estimating bacterial contamination of core samples 

using a mathematical technique: distribution functions 

of colony-forming units under various conditions will 

tell us whether the bacteria present are really deep 

subsurface bacteria. 

The basal medium used was a mixture of nutrient 

broth (. g/l) and agar (.%). The selective media 

used were the following: basal medium plus .% 

NaCl, pH , as condition A; basal medium plus % 

NaCl, pH , as condition B; basal medium plus .% 

Na 

CO 

, pH , as condition C; basal medium plus % 

NaH 

PO 

, pH , as condition D. Several sediment 

samples are taken from various parts of the core sam- 

82



ple, ranging from the surface to the center of the core 

sample, with a set increase in distance each time. The 

cultures were incubated at room temperature and 

observed for more than or weeks. These experiments 

were performed independently, times or more. 

By comparing these functions with each other, we can 

estimate which of the distribution functions represents 

the distribution of surface bacteria or subsurface bacteria. 

This study is now in progress. 

(c) Microbial diversity in deep subsurface ecosystems 

As described above, a sedimentary rock recovered 

from deep seafloor in the Japan Trench contained a 

certain number of viable microorganisms. to 

. cells/g (dry) for mesophilic aerobic heterotrophs 

and . to . cells/g (dry) for 

aerobic heterotrophic thermophiles, alkaliphiles, acidophiles, 

psychlophiles and halophiles as determined 

by colony-forming unit. For any type of microorganisms, 

the population size was increased with increasing 

distance from the rock surface, indicating that 

most of the microbial populations well adapted and 

apparently grew inside the rock. In addition, some isolates 

were found to have industry-applicable biocatalyses 

such as glycolytic and proteolytic enzymes. 

Geothermal environments were likely one of the 

largest and the most active microbial ecosystems in 

terrestrial and oceanic subsurface biosphere. As a 

model of deep, hot microbial ecosystems, we sought 

to investigate microbial diversity in a deep subsurface 

geothermal water pool. The deep subsurface geothermal 

water pools were often found in terrestrial volcanic 

areas and developed for geothermal electric 

power plants. From a , m deep geothermal water 

pool, approx. L of superheated water ( in situ temperature 

>) was obtained. Using an enrichmentcultivation 

technique and culture-independent molecular 

analyses, thermophilic microbial community structures 

in the deep subsurface geothermal environment 

were determined. Molecular phylogenetic analysis 

revealed that the microbial community structure in 

> water consisted for the most part of hyperthermophilic 

crenarchaeotic members, which posessed 

novel archaeal rRNA introns. As previously observed 

in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments, the sizable 

hyperthermophilic archaeal population were present 

in extraordinary high temperature environment far 

above the upper limit of growth. The phylotypes of 

hyperthermophilic archaea were related with those of 

the members found in various terrestrial hot springs 

but have distinct phylogenetic relationship with such 

surface groups. 

Furthermore, a novel extremely thermophilic bacterium 

was successfully isolated from the geothermal 

water pool. This was strictly aerobic, chemoorganotrophic 

bacterium growing at between and 

(optimum temperature for growth; ). The isolate 

revealed absolute requirement of the reduced sulfur for 

growth, indicating the energy conversion with sulfuroxidation. 

The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 

isolate could be described at least as a new species 

within a hydrogen-oxidizing thermophilic group such 

as Hydrogenobacter. Hydrogenobacter subterraneus 

sp. nov., is proposed for the name of the isolate. 

Biological response research 

(1) The elucidation of extreme environment mechanisms 

for accommodation of multicellular 

organisms. 

The organism that inhabits the deep-sea is not only 

a microorganism. The higher organism also exists 

again in many numbers. We research the response for 

physical stimulation, especially pressure response, of 

these multicellular organisms. 

(a) The development of the high pressure chamber system. 

The microscope chamber was developed in order to 

do in situ observation under the high-pressure environment. 

This system the pressurization rate can be controlled 

from to MPa/min, and it is usable the 

83



computer-control type real-time cell observation 

device for confocus laser microscope, differential 

interference microscope and fluorescence microscope. 

And, it is chamber system that can be pressurized to 

MPa under the culture medium flow, simultaneously, 

the stimulation of chemicals, light, heat and 

electricity is also applied to the cell. 

(b) Hydrostatic pressure induced cytokines production 

by normal human dermal fibroblasts. 

The cells can trigger cytokines expression and 

secretion via intracellular signaling activation in 

responses to a variety of chemicals. Despite the fact 

that numerous studies have unambiguously demonstrated 

chemically induced cytokines production, 

physical stimulation such as hydrostatic pressure 

induced production is still poorly understood. We 

therefore examined the effects of hydrostatic pressure 

stimulation on the cytokine production. Normal 

human dermal fibroblasts were found to survive and 

were active in producing interleukin- (IL-), -, and 

monocyte chemoattractant protein- (MCP-) under 

extremely high hydrostatic pressure, up to MPa, for 

hr. Our finding results indicates that hydrostatic pressure 

induced cytokines productions are also regulated 

at the post-transcriptional level. 

(c) The cell morphology under high pressure conditions. 

Using the high-pressure microscope system, the morphological 

change of the cell under high-pressure was 

observed. The dependence of morphological change by 

the pressurization of tissue culture cells was confirmed. 

Furthermore, the phenomenon in which E. coli was 

extended was observed from in situ observation and 

behavior of the decompression after the culture under 

the high-pressure environment. As the result, the elongation 

phenomenon was guessed with growing in the 

inhibition process of the cell division of E. coli. 

(2) Bioscience and colloid science in supercritical 

water 

New project was started to study supercritical water 

(SCW) from viewpoints of bioscience and colloid science. 

SCW would possibly exist in the vicinity of a 

hydrothermal vent or over a volcano. Current research 

interests include biopolymers, microorganisms, colloidal 

dispersions, and chemical reactions in SCW. 

(a) Development of experimental apparatus for 

SCW research 

Four experimental apparatuses, an optical microscope, 

a dynamic light scattering spectrophotometer, a 

UV-VIS absorption spectrophotometer, and a chemical 

reactor, were developed and installed. All the 

apparatuses can operate under the conditions above 

the critical point of water. The microscope and the 

dynamic light scattering spectrophotometer for SCW 

research, particularly, have not been built so far. 

(b) Dissolution of biopolymers and microorganisms 

in SCW 

Properties of SCW differ significantly from those of 

water at ambient condition. For example, SCW dissolves 

substances that are insoluble in water at ambient 

condition. With the newly developed optical 

microscope, dissolution of biopolymers and microorganisms 

in water was studied. 

Cellulose is insoluble in water due to strong intermolecular 

hydrogen bounding. When heated in water 

at MPa, however, crystalline cellulose dissolved at 

- . Observation under cross-polarizers suggested 

that the dissolution follows melting of the crystalline 

structure. Chitin, on the other hand, was more 

stable than cellulose, and dissolved slowly at . 

In both cases, no recrystallization or reprecipitation 

was observed upon cooling the solution, indicating 

that these polymers were hydrolyzed or decomposed 

rapidly as they dissolve in water. 

Microorganisms were also studied. The cell structure 

of deep-sea yeast, Cryptococcus sp. N, was 

84



destroyed at and MPa, to give a residue that 

remained up to (Fig. ). The turbidity of a cellular 

suspension of E. coli (JM) started to decrease 

at , which indicates the onset of dissolution. 

The initially turbid suspension eventually became 

transparent at . In the case of a mycerial cord of 

Flammulina velutipes, it shrank at - , and 

dissolved slowly at . 

(c) Colloidal phenomena in SCW 

Research on colloidal dispersions in SCW requires 

a colloidal particle that survive corrosive SCW. 

Dispersions of fullerene nanocrystals were studied as a 

possible candidate. 

We discovered that fullerene could be dispersed stably 

in water as spherical nanocrystals at ambient condition. 

This was achieved by injecting into water 

fullerene solution in water-miscible organic solvents 

such as tetrahydrofuran. Fullerene nanocrystals thus 

obtained were negatively charged, and the stability of 

the suspension was ascribed to electrostatic repulsion. 

Fullerenes were also dispersed in polar organic solvents. 

While these phenomena themselves are interesting 

from view points of fundamental colloid science, 

we are going to study fullerene suspension in SCW by 

the microscope and dynamic light scattering. 

(d) Chemical reactions in SCW 

We focus on the reactions that supposedly take 

place in a hydrothermal vent, and are relevant to the 

origin of life. Condensation of a simple amino acid, 

glycine, in nearcritical and supercritical water was 

studied, and formation of short oligomers was 

observed. More detailed studies using SCW are now 

in progress. 

Fig. 4 Dissolution of deep-sea yeast into high-temperature 

and high-pressure water. 

85



Introduction 

The "Frontier Research Program for Subduction Dynamics" aims to elucidate the generation mechanism of 

great subduction zone earthquakes, and to implement a model for their long-term forecasting. 

Prompted by the southern Hyogo Prefecture (Kobe) earthquake of , Japan Marine Science and 

Technology Center (JAMSTEC) has from October established the "Frontier Research Program for 

Subduction Dynamics", (hereafter simply "Frontier") a research project on subduction zone earthquakes, 

which is part of the "Earthquake Integrated Frontier Research Program" of the Science and Technology 

Agency. Frontier is utilizing the resources of JAMSTEC to carry out marine geophysical surveys. 

Within Frontier we are conducting research based on three themes: ) subduction zone structure; ) longterm 

seafloor monitoring; and ) numerical modeling of subduction dynamics. We adopt an integrated 

approach so that, through the mutual validation and complementation of research in each theme, the end 

results of our research will be more reliable. By introducing a realistic crustal structure into numerical simulation 

models as shown in Fig. , we aim to clarify the seismogenic mechanism of large subduction zone 

earthquakes. 

Research Outline 

: Black shaded areas indicate 

Frontier research fields in 1999 

Fig. 1 Numerical model for simulation of crustal deformation. 

(1) Studies of oceanic lithosphere structure 

To clarify seismogenic mechanisms, it will be necessary 

to first survey, reliably interpret and model 

quantitatively the subsurface structure and physical 

conditions of the seismogenic environment. 

Frontier is carrying out marine geophysical surveys 

in tandem with JAMSTEC's Deep Sea Research 

Department using a multi-channel seismic (MCS) profiler 

system and self-floating ocean-bottom seismometers 

(OBS), deployed from the Research Vessels (R/V) 

"Kairei" and "Kaiyo". The results of these surveys are 

being combined with gravity, magnetic, heat flow and 

bathymetric data in an evolving geophysical database. 

The process of updating and developing the database 

will continue with the cooperation of researchers 

within JAMSTEC and from other research organizations. 

86



(2) Long-term monitoring of seafloor changes 

Observations made by the long-term seafloor observatory 

located off Cape Muroto are being used both to 

improve the accuracy of structural models and to corroborate 

the obtained results. 

Additionally, precursory and post-seismic changes 

in heat flow related to earthquake activity are being 

monitored. A database containing the results of geologic 

investigations and research results is helping 

with this process. 

 

 

Eurasia Plate 

-2000 

-2000 

-2000 

-4000 

-2000 

-6000 

-2000 

-4000 

-6000 

 

Off Tohoku Japan Trench 

(3) Numerical simulation of oceanic lithosphere 

deformation 

Numerical modeling incorporates the results of the 

foregoing to quantify crustal deformation, verify and 

assess previous model results, and construct longterm 

models of deformation. 

Existing finite element modeling software is being 

utilized at the same time as new modeling techniques 

aimed at problems specific to earthquake-related 

research are developed. 

 

-2000 

-4000 

-4000 

Western Nankai Trough 

Phillipine sea Plate 

-2000 

-4000 

-6000 

-4000 

-2000 

-8000 

-6000 

Pacific Plate 

 

Fig. 2 Sites for marine seismic survey ( MCS, OBS seismic 

survey). 

Main research progress 

45Ê 

-2000 

-2000 

(1) Research on Subduction Zone Structure 

So far, we have conducted surveys of subduction 

zone structure focused on the Nankai Trough off the 

Shikoku region, and on the Japan Trench off the 

Tohoku region (Fig. ). In FY, a survey was conducted 

along the lines shown in Fig. . The lines in the 

southwest part of this figure correspond to an extensive 

survey that was conducted in the Nankai Trough 

off Shikoku to determine structure near the continentocean 

boundary using densely-deployed ocean bottom 

seismometers. In addition to determining detailed 

structure down to a depth of about km, almost covering 

the seismogenic zone in this area, we discovered 

a seamount that is subducting beneath the Tosa-Bae 

area (Fig. ). Such structural irregularities may play an 

40Ê 

35Ê 

-2000 

-2000 

KR9904 

-2000 

-4000 

-2000 

-2000 

KY9903 

-4000 

30Ê 

130Ê 135Ê 140Ê 145Ê 

-4000 

-2000 

-2000 

-2000 

-4000 

-6000 

-8000 

-2000 

-6000 

-6000 

-4000 

-6000 

KR9906 

KY9905 

Fig. 3 Seismic lines surveys conducted by the Frontier 

Research Program for Subduction Dynamics in 1999. 

87

8 

8 



the survey lines off Kumano, off Muroto Cape and off 

Ashizuri Cape, respectively. 

In the case of the Japan Trench off Fukushima, we 

delineated a low velocity layer at the top of the subducting 

oceanic crust, the thickness of which seems to 

be related to the level of seismic activity (Fig. ). The 

thick low velocity layer may decrease the interaction 

between the plates and hence make the seismic activiimportant 

role in understanding the seismogenesis of 

great earthquakes. 

As for the detailed analysis using the data obtained 

in FY-, an irregular structure suggesting 

another subducting seamount was found about km 

off Muroto (Fig. ). The general structural features of 

the Nankai Trough off Shikoku have gradually been 

clarified by comparing the structures obtained along 

Depth (km) 

0 

5 

10 

15 

5 

4 

Island Arc Crust 

6 

4 

Tosa-Bae 

2 

3 

Accretionary Sediments 

6 

5 

Buried Kinan Sea Mount ? 

7 

7 

2 

3 

6 

5 

8 

Nankai Trough 

Subducting 

Oceanic Crust 

20 

25 

30 

0 50 100 150 

Distance (km) 

Fig. 4 Structure near the continent-ocean boundary in the Nankai Trough off Shikoku obtained by means of densely deployed OBS. 

A seamount subducting beneath the Tosabae area was discovered in this survey. 

34 

Shikoku 

33 

Tosa-Bae 

Sea Mount 

32 

31 

132 133 134 135 136 137 

Fig. 5 Location of subducting seamounts. 

88

8 



ty low, and vice versa. 

According to the above, our research into subduction 

zone structure is helping to elucidate the seismogenic 

mechanism of great earthquakes in the Nankai 

Trough off Shikoku and the Japan Trench off Tohoku 

from the standpoint of evaluating the relationship of 

structure and seismic activity to the generation of 

great earthquakes. 

SW 

NE 

Depth(kmbsl) 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

4 10 12 13 14 15 

Low velocity layer 

2 3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

56 

6 

78 

25 

Upper mantle 

30 

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 

Distance(km) 

Island arc crust 

Oceanic crust 

: OBS 

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 

P-velocity(km/s) 

NW 

SE 

4 

0 

5 

NYM SMK SMS KRZ NEM SIW 

6.5 5.5 46 

7 

3.5 3.5 

4 

5 5 

4.5 4.5 

5.5 

7.5 

3 

2.5 2 

2 

2.5 

3 

4 

3.5 

4.5 

5.5 

5 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 

Depth(kmbsl) 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

6 

6.5 

7.5 7 

6 

Island arc crust Low velocity layer 

5.5 4.5 3.5 6 

4 3.5 4.5 4 

Oceanic crust 

Mantle wedge 

Upper mantle 

-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 

Distance(km) 

: OBS 

5 

5.5 

6 

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 

P-velocity(km/s) 

Fig. 6 Velocity structure model in the Japan Trench off Fukushima ( upper : survey line parallel 

to the trench axis, lower : survey line perpendicular to the trench axis) 

89



(2) Long-term Monitoring of the Seafloor 

With this research, land-based observations are 

insufficient to detect microearthguakes in the sea area, 

and in order to improve the poor resolution of 

microearthquake hypocenter determinations in such 

areas, the evaluation of seismic activity based on data 

of the "earthquake general observation systems" 

deployed off Muroto and Kushiro is an important 

research theme. Evaluation of seismic activity off 

Muroto had already commenced from the latter half of 

fiscal year . With this kind of assessment of seismic 

activity, continuous observations over at least a 

few years are required. Although sufficient data have 

not yet been obtained at this stage, we have ascertained 

that seismic activity off Muroto is not necessarily 

distributed along the plate boundary, but also within 

the subducting slab or mantle. A part of this study 

has been conducted in cooperation with Kochi 

University. 

To detect microearthquakes in the sea area, we 

often deploy ocean bottom seismometers in the 

Nankai Trough off Shikoku or off the Sanriku area. 

The earthquakes seem to concentrate either on the seaward 

flank of the subducted seamount beneath Tosa- 

Bae or on the plate boundary (Fig. ). This kind of 

observation and analysis needs to be enhanced to 

improve hypocenter resolution and determine earthquake 

focal mechanisms. 

As the study of subduction zone structure proceeds, 

we progressively incorporate the results into Frontier's 

database, so as to contribute to build a comprehensive 

numerical model of real subduction zone structure. 

150 

0 

5 

100 

50 

10 

Depth [km] 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

150 

100 

Distance [km] 

50 

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 

Vp (km/s) 

Hypocenter 

OBS 

Fig. 7 Hypocenters of microearthquakes located near and around the subducting seamount 

beneath Tosabae off Shikoku. 

90



(3) Numerical Modeling of Subduction Dynamics 

Toward elucidation of the generation mechanism of 

great subduction zone earthquakes, Frontier's primary 

goal, the numerical modeling group aims to understand 

quantitatively crustal deformation, the stress 

field and earthquake rupture processes by utilizing the 

results obtained from subduction zone structure and 

long-term monitoring research. We have improved the 

reliability of such analysis techniques by assessing 

their resolution using actual crustal deformation data, 

and "feedback" these results to the subduction zone 

structure and long term monitoring groups in order to 

optimize the acquisition of new data. By this process 

we aim to establish an integrated model for the long 

term prediction of earthquake generation. In FY , 

we developed this technology and conducted case 

studies using results of our seismic surveys. 

In the Nankai Trough off Shikoku, where we have 

already conducted several seismic surveys, we have 

considered the effects of detailed structure associated 

with subducting seamounts and "splay" faults which 

extend from the subducting ocean crust to near the 

seafloor, which may be associated with slip during 

great earthquakes. We conducted research attempting 

to constrain the rupture area of the Nankai earthquake 

by comparing calculated seismic waveforms 

with actual seismic records. Tsunami and geodetic 

data indicate plate boundary slip over a wide area, but 

we found that seismic waves were generated by slip 

mainly in the eastern part (Fig. ). The western half 

may have slipped slowly, causing crustal deformation 

and a tsunami, but not generating seismic waves. 

Since we discovered a subducting seamount exists 

on the border of the area of accelerated slip (Fig. ), 

we speculate that it acted as a barrier to rupture propagation. 

35˚ 

SW Japan 

35˚ 

34˚ 

Splay fault 

Shikoku 

Seismic slip at the 

plate boundary 

33˚ 

Subducting seamount 

32˚ 

132˚ 134˚ 136˚ 

0 3 6 

Trough axis 

Epicenter 

5 meters slip 

Slip (m) 

33˚ 

32˚ 

Fig. 8 Rupture process of 1946 Nankai earthquake. 

91



Furthermore, in order to elucidate the seismogenic 

process of great earthquakes, it is absolutely essential 

to quantitatively evaluate the stress accumulation and 

release process. For this quantitative evaluation, it is 

important to establishing the viscoelastic properties of 

the lower crust and lithosphere, and we are attempting 

to accomplish this through the analysis of post-seismic 

crustal deformation using geodetic data. 

Also, heat is often considered along with the presence 

of water as physical properties that play an 

important role in the seismogenic process. It is thought 

on the one hand that the decrease in strength caused 

by localized temperature increase can be a trigger for 

seismogenesis, or that it can accelerate rupture. On the 

other hand, such weakening due to temperature 

increase may act to inhibit the brittle failure associated 

with earthquakes. Consideration of these hypotheses is 

essential for elucidating the seismogenic process. For 

this reason, we are conducting quantitative thermal 

analyses to investigate the thermal behavior of material 

near the plate boundary, its response to the stress 

distribution there, and its potential influence on the 

seismogenic process. Also, we are considering the 

influence of temperature on the development of slab 

morphology, as well as large-scale modeling of the 

stress field in subduction zones. 

Conclusion 

Resolving the sensitivity of numerical models to 

different physical properties, interplate coupling and 

other conditions is difficult with incomplete or sparse 

geophysical datasets. Notwithstanding this, structural 

models of the lithosphere compiled from data in the 

steadily evolving geophysical database are being constructed, 

and at the same time increasingly sophisticated 

deformation modeling software is being developed. 

As shown in the previous chapters, the remarkable 

results of subduction zone structure research support 

the work of the other two research groups in long-term 

monitoring of the seafloor and numerical modeling of 

subduction dynamics. On the basis of mutual validation 

and complementation of research in each research 

theme, we will continue to make efforts to produce 

predictive numerical models by way of understanding 

the structure of the seismogenic zone and dynamics of 

seismogenic processes. 

92



Outline of Research Activities 

There were several big events for the Frontier Research System for Global Change in . First, the 

Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change was inaugurated in August. This system was 

established to make observations to enhance our understanding of the mechanism of global change, while the 

Frontier Research System for Global Change was intended mainly to conduct data analysis and model 

researches. To ensure accurate prediction of global change, the elements or processes of the global change 

mechanism and local phenomena must be observed and simulated. The "Frontier Observational Research 

System for Global Change" was established. 

Second, the Ecosystem Change Research Program began operation in October. This research system aims 

to improve understanding global change caused by the physical, chemical and biological processes occuring 

on and in the earth's surface layer, (in the atmosphere, oceans and land) and to create a model to forecast global 

change. However, it is not easy to understand global change, because of the diverse processes contributing 

to changes on a global scale. 

Third, we brought our new super computer on line in November. This NEC SX- has a maximum operational 

speed of GFLOPS, comparable to the capacity of a large computer center in an academic institution. The 

Meteorological Research Institute of the Meteorological Agency and Center for Climate System Research (Tokyo 

University) also updated their computers in March last year, and the total capacity of computer resources has been 

increased by about a factor of ten in the Japanese meteorological and environmental modeling community. In addition, 

the "Global Simulator", one of the largest parallel computers in the world, will be completed two years from 

now. At present, climate models stand at a turning point, because simply increasing the resolution and complexity 

of the models may not necessarily improve their performance. The global warming problem is also the entering 

a new and important phase where in which more accurate and detailed data are required to solve problem. At 

this important time, the "Frontier Research System for Global Change" group and its members must assume responsibility 

for performing their tasks successfully, because they have the opportunity to work in one of the best computer 

environments in the world. The climate research community in Japan is smaller and less experienced than 

counterparts in the U.S.A. and Europe. However, Japanese researchers are anxious to cooperate on joint 

research projects involving different research institutes within Japan, or the small research community facilitates 

such interactions. 

Main Research Activities 

Climate Variations Research Program 

The notable results of research obtained this year 

included the discovery of a dipole mode in the tropical 

area of the Indian Ocean. 

This research triggered an international research 

boom, which has had a great impact on the social and 

economic activities not only in the countries along the 

Indian Ocean, but in the other Asian countries. 

93



For the first time in the world, we succeeded in 

reproducing this phenomenon in cooperation with the 

National Research Institute for Earth Science and 

Disaster Prevention, and have now an enhanced 

expectation of our ability to predict it. As a part of 

research using a high-resolution ocean general circulation 

model, the Japan Marine Science & Technology 

Center (JAMSTEC) succeeded in reproducing a day 

periodical change observed for the first time 

using the TRITON buoy in Indonesian waters. This 

year, the Center continued to make efforts to explain 

the Decadal / Inter decadal Climate Events (DICE), 

one of the phenomena causing a climate variation at 

intervals of one to several decades. As a result, it was 

found that the water temperature anomaiy caused by 

the subpolar circulation has an important advection 

effect on the mechanism of DICE occurring in the 

Northen Pacific Ocean. It was also discovered that the 

annual variation of low atmospheric pressure over the 

Aleutian Islands showed an anticorrelation with that 

over Iceland in late winter. International attention has 

focused on the latter discovery. 

The climate change research activities now aim to 

explain in detail the local impact of a climate change, 

particularly the impact of global change on locally 

derivative phenomena, as sophisticated computation at 

science is developed. Under this research program, 

therefore, a "Japan Coastal Ocean Predictability 

Experiment (J-COPE)" team was specially formed in 

the modeling group. This team succeeded in reproducing 

not only the western movement of vortices created 

in the sea off the south coast of Japan, but also the 

state of the sea in a realistic way. To reproduce them, 

the team used a nested model with a very high resolution 

both in the horizontal and vertical directions. It 

should be noted that two way nesting model of the 

next generation still under development could also 

successfully reproduce for the first time a micro-phenomenon 

such as the "Furiwake Jio (Bifurcation of 

Current)" around the Peninsula of Kii. 

Efforts were also made to create a coupled atmosphere-ocean 

model. As a result, the work of coupling 

the MOM model with a new atmospheric model in 

use for process research is now in progress, and it is 

expected that various experiments may be conducted 

early in . The J-COPE group has already improved 

knowledge of the requirements for stable currents, 

which are deeply involved in ocean predictability. To 

prepare for basic research on the dissipation features of 

the global climate system as well as on future ocean 

predictability experiments, this group is studying longterm 

integration with the NJR atmospheric model in 

cooperation with the Global Warming and Intergrated 

Modeling Research Program. 

Hydrological Cycle Research Program 

The Hydrological Cycle Process Over a Wide Area 

Group made a systematic and global comparison 

between continental and oceanic areas in the seasonal 

and yearly variations of precipitation, water vapor convergence 

and evaporation & dissipation. Data provided 

by the ECMWF (European Center for Medium Range 

Weather Forecasts) and re-analyzed every years 

were used to make this global comparison. The results 

indicate that the seasonal variation of precipitation 

depends on water vapor convergence in the tropical 

and monsoon areas and on the from-ground evaporation 

& dissipation in areas at medium and high altitudes. 

It was also suggested that the interactions 

between the atmosphere, ocean and land are significantly 

different between different regions from the 

viewpoint of the hydrological cycle. More particularly, 

a positive feedback was found between the variations 

of convergence and evaporation in warm ocean areas 

such as the Western and Tropical Pacific Ocean and 

the South China Sea, while a negative feedback prevails 

in the Bay of Bengal and on almost all the continents. 

94



Detailed investigation shows that the seasonal variation 

of vegetation indicator by vegetation zone in the 

Eurasian Continent is a function of climate elements 

such as atmospheric temperature and precipitation, and 

that the function depends largely on the phenology of 

the vegetation. These results suggest that it is necessary 

for any climate models to parameterize the land surface 

and the vegetation, taking into account the heat and 

water balance characteristics in each vegetation zone. 

On the other hand, it was observed that there is a 

high correlation between the yearly variations of 

snowfall in winter and the vegetation indicator in summer 

in the dry and semi-dry (steppe) areas with snowfall 

in winter at high altitudes, including Central Asia 

and Mongolia. 

In the highlands of Tibet, it was pointed out that the 

atmosphere is significantly heated up by convection as 

well as the sensible and latent heats coming from the 

ground in summer, and plays an important role as a 

source of heat in the Asian monsoon area. 

The Hydrological Cycle Process on Land Group 

provided a model that describes the heat/water/CO 

exchange process in tropical forests, and conducted 

LAI (Leaf Area Index) sensitivity experiments. If the 

LAI was higher than , it was shown that it did not 

have a strong effect on photosynthesis and evaporation 

& dissipation, but on the evaporation by tree crown 

cutoff. 

For cold zones such as East Siberia and the Rena 

Basin, a linear model has already been completed that 

can reproduce the variations of snowfall, snow thaw, 

evaporation and the active layer by using the Big-Leaf 

model based upon the Penman-Monteith formula. 

Addition, the global hydrographic network data 

were prepared. Research was conducted especially on 

the linearity problem of flood propagation processes 

for the cases of the Yangtze and the Mississippi by 

using the global hydrographic and meteorological data 

contained in the ISLSCP (International Satellite Lans 

Surface Climatology Project) data set. 

The Cloud Precipitation Process research group 

made numerical calculation of parameters, with high 

accuracy or limited diffusion, for the process in which 

cloud grains are formed from cloud coagulation 

nuclei. The results indicate that Twomey's formula, 

which represents the cloud density of grains depending 

on the number of coagulation nuclei, overestimates 

in situations with a small ascending air current. 

This technique was also used to model the effect that 

cloud coagulation nuclei have on the optical characteristics 

of stratiform clouds. 

In addition, this group made a simulation using 

types of cloud resolution models (ARPS, MM and 

MRI-NHM) for the cloud cluster cases observed in 

KYUSHU in July , , and compared these models. 

The results show that the behavior of the modeled 

cloud system has a larger variations than initially 

expected, depending on the initial theoretical value 

given for the calculation. 

Global Warming Research Program 

The Global Warming Research Program consists of 

three Research Groups; Global Warming, Carbon Cycle 

and Paleoclimate. The Global Warming research group 

showed the effects that global warming has on meteorological 

anomalies. The Paleoclimate Research Group 

obtained interesting results on subjects including the 

mass balance of continental ice sheets in the Last Ice 

Age. The Carbon Cycle Research Group launched into 

the fundamental improvement of a biopump model, one 

of the most important components of the oceanic carbon 

cycle model. 

To use the results for the Global Simulator, the 

Global Warming Research Group conducted tests by 

using the NJR atmospheric general circulation model 

with its resolution increased. This model was based 

upon the model developed by the CCSR (Center for 

Climate System Research / Tokyo University). This 

95



group successfully made a better climate simulation by 

controlling the parameterization of the atmospheric 

gravity wave momentum vertical transport. 

In close cooperation with the Integrated Modeling 

Research Program, the group launched into testing the 

MOM (metabolizable organic matter) ocean general circulation 

model developed by the Geophysical Fluid 

Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), the National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the U S A, 

and developing a coupled atmosphere-ocean-land 

model. 

As a part of the global warming experiments, this 

group made numerical experiments in cooperation 

with GFDL/NOAA to study how the moisture content 

in the soil may vary due to global warming. The 

results suggest that the moisture content in the soil 

will most likely be decreased by about % due to 

global warming in semi-dry zones such as the 

Mediterranean area, Central Asia and Southern 

California by the middle of the st century. 

The Paleoclimate Research Group made a series of 

numerical experiments using a variety of models 

including the coupled atmosphere-ocean-land model 

developed by the CCSR/Tokyo University and the 

atmospheric general circulation model at high resolution. 

These experiments showed that a tremendous 

snowfall might occur along the jet stream passage at a 

low atmospheric pressure on the south boundary of the 

ice sheet on the North American Continent, and have a 

great impact on the growth of the ice sheet. 

Atmospheric Composition Research Program 

To implement this research program, Global 

Chemical Transport Modeling Group, Regional-scale 

Chemical Transport Modeling Group and Greenhouse 

Gas Modeling Group were set up this year. As a part 

of this research program, the Emission Inventory 

Project was also initiated this year. This year, the 

existing data sets were collected, and the guidelines 

for creating grided data sets in the next and subsequent 

years were established. 

The Global Chemical Transport Modeling Group 

analyzed ozone dynamics using the CCSR/NIES 

atmospheric general circulation model and a tropospheric 

photochemical coupled model, and could successfully 

reproduce the seasonal variations of ozone 

concentrations in the boundary layer and the free troposphere 

at worldwide observation points. This group 

started to examine photochemical ozone production 

and attenuation processes during transport by using the 

UCI CTM model to explain the balance of ozone during 

long-distance transport between continents. 

In addition, this group developed a chemical reaction 

model that takes into consideration the release 

and reproductive chain reactions of halogens in the 

oceanic boundary layer. 

The Regional-scale Chemical Transport Modeling 

Group prepared to analyse the dynamics of tropospheric 

ozone using a tropospheric mass transport model. In 

addition, the group started to plan development of a 

regional chemical-meteorological coupled model necessary 

to draw up chemical weather maps as well as to 

analyse the correlation between the troposphere ozone 

trend and the emission of its precursors. 

The Greenhouse Gas Modeling Group launched 

into the development of a global D atmospheric 

transport - ecosystem coupled model as well as D 

and D global circulation models. 

For the Emission Inventory Project, the target 

chemicals were selected including NO x 

, SO 

, CO, CO 

, 

CH 

, C 

H 

, isoprene, terpene, VOC, N 

O and NH 

, and 

decisions were made on the project goals for the next 

three years. The selected resolution of the grid was 

mesh for the globe and . mesh for East Asia. The 

existing data sets and additional material were collected 

this year. 

96



Ecosystem Change Research Program 

The Ecosystem Change Research Program was initiated 

as the th program in the Frontier Research 

System for Global Change in October last year. The 

objectives are to study how ecosystem functions have 

an impact on the global climate and environmental 

changes such as global warming and how the global 

climate and environmental changes assert the ecosystem, 

and to model these global mechanisms. 

Recent observations and modeling research have 

shown that land and ocean ecosystem dynamics, historically 

considered as local or regional themes , have 

close relationships with the global climate and environmental 

changes such as global warming. However, 

how the former is related to the latter and how the 

ecosystem varies have not yet been clearly explained. 

The components of the ecosystem (such as vegetation, 

soil and water) especially on land, are non-uniformly 

distributed, and interact with each other in a complex 

manner. Therefore, it is very difficult to model both 

the relationships between the changes in the land 

ecosystem and those in the global climate and environment 

as well as the mechanisms of these changes. 

The observation and modeling of changes in the land 

ecosystem are less developed than those in the atmospheric 

and oceanic ecosystems. In the Third 

Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework 

Convention on Climate Change (generally called 

"COP-") held in Kyoto in , for example, the 

agreed goal was to reduce the emission of greenhouse 

gases in the developed countries. At the same time, it 

was agreed that the absorption of greenhouse gases by 

the land ecosystem should be included in the reduced 

emissions when evaluating the latter in each country. 

At present, however, the mechanisms by which greenhouse 

gases are absorbed and released by the ecosystem 

is not fully understood, and consequently, methods 

of measuring the absorption and release of greenhouse 

gases by the ecosystem have not been established. 

In these circumstances, this research program set 

the following four themes to investigate the structure 

and functions of the ecosystem related to climate and 

environmental changes: 

a. Research on the interaction between the ecosystem 

and the atmospheric system; 

b. Research on a motive for building the ecosystem 

architecture; 

c. Research on the dynamics of the geographical 

distribution of ecosystems ; and 

d. Research on marine ecosystem dynamics. 

Research on these themes has been started, and the 

final goal will be designed of a number of models. 

More concretely, the first objective of this research 

is to determine the basic parameters for the land 

ecosystem in the Asian and Pacific areas. These 

parameters include the geographical distribution of 

biological species, current biomass and the primary 

production in a wide range of climate zones. The second 

objective is to elucidate several mechanisms 

including the material cycle (or mass flux) and the 

interactions of the components in the ecosystem - 

atmospheric system. The third objective is to study and 

model the dynamic mechanism by which the ecosystem 

changes on a time scale of decades to centuries. 

The fourth objective is to model the dynamics of the 

structure and functions of biological communities and 

the physical environment in the ocean surface layer on 

a time scale of decades to centuries. This modeling 

will be based on a composite analysis of existing 

oceanic data and other data collected by satellite. 

Integrated Modeling Research Program 

The Integrated Modeling Research Program is 

intended to develop a "climate model of the next generation", 

based upon the results of the other research 

programs and for use in the future. 

In the Global Simulator project, attaining a horizontal 

grid mesh size of km is considered to be very 

97



difficult in view of past experience and the expected 

calculation capabilities. The reasons are that it is not 

appropriate to parameterize the convective clouds that 

are involved in vertical energy transport and that the 

mesh is too coarse to describe convective clouds 

directly in the model. 

For these reasons, the "climate model of the next 

generation" is to be developed in any of the following 

forms: 

(a) Atmospheric spectral model, high-resolution 

ocean model and the coupled model 

For the reasons described above, the resolution of 

the atmospheric model can not immediately be 

improved. On the other hand, it is expected that the 

Frontier Research System for Global Change develop 

a coupled atmosphere - ocean model with a slightly 

higher resolution than conventional ones, and use it to 

predict global warming. To satisfy these expectations, 

it is necessary to develop a T atmospheric spectral 

model (with a mesh size of about km) and a highresolution 

ocean model with vortices with a horizontal 

grid mesh of ., and coupled them to form an atmosphere-ocean-land 

model. This coupled model must be 

developed keeping in mind that it will be used to conduct 

experiments on global climate change over a long 

period (of at least years) while CO 

emissions are 

gradually increasing. 

(b) Development of a global atmosphere-land model 

with horizontal resolution of about km 

The Global Simulator may not make a global longterm 

integration unless its resolution is about km. 

However, it is expected that it will be possible soon to 

develop a global atmospheric model with a mesh size of 

km or less. If it is really possible, therefore, basic 

research must be conducted to develop such an atmospheric 

model that can directly describe a convective 

cloud. From the viewpoints described above, it is imperative 

at the starting point to ensure that simulations can 

be made of the situation where a storm occurs and 

develops due to the repeated natural production and 

extinction of many cloud clusters. 

On the other hand, the spectrometric method that is 

now largely used may be inappropriate in terms of the 

calculating capacity. If so, it will be necessary to 

return to the grid (difference) method. However, it is 

impossible for this method to divide the surface of a 

globe into grids keeping the mesh size constant. To 

prepare for developing a global climate model, therefore, 

it is necessary to reconsider and to use a grid 

method using regular hexahedron or icosahedron, 

which we used in the s, but became out of date 

afterwards. 

International Pacific Research Center (IPRC) 

The International Pacific Research Center is a 

Japan-US joint project that is intended to elucidate the 

mechanism climate change in the Asia-Pacific region 

and determine the predictability of climate changes 

there, and to clarify the local climate characteristics 

due to global environment changes such as global 

warming. The research themes include the climate 

characteristics of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the 

predictability of regional ocean dynamics, and the 

Asian and Australian monsoons. 

In research on the climate characteristics of the 

Indian and Pacific Oceans, a model of the Indian 

Ocean was created to study oceanic-climate problems 

in the Pacific and Indian Oceans using a relatively 

simple atmosphere-ocean coupled model. In addition, 

reproductive experiments were conducted using a 

model to study the circulation mechanism of the surface-intermediate 

layers in the Pacific Ocean. 

In research on the predictability of regional ocean 

dynamics, a high-resolution model, data, analysis and 

data assimilation techniques were used to study the 

predictability of boundary current dynamics as well as 

the effects of these boundary currents on the water 

exchange between general current cycles. This 

98



research focused on the Western Pacific Ocean, especially 

the KUROSHIO-OYASHIO current and its 

extension which intersect the subtropical-subpolar circulation 

route as well as the Indonesian throughflow 

which passes the Sea of Philippines, the South China 

Sea and between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and 

intersects the tropical-subtropical circulation route. 

Research on Asian and Australian monsoons has 

provided good results concerning the relationship 

between the monsoon and El Niño, and the monsoon 

changes in the last years. 

Research exchange events have been actively held 

in Hawaii by making use of its geographical advantages. 

The workshops and symposiums included the 

Climate Variability and Predictability Study (CLI- 

VAR)-Monsoon panel, the GEWEX (Global Energy 

and Water Cycle Experiment) panel, the Japan-US 

Observation workshop, and the Theoretical Equator 

Research panel. Last year, researchers stayed in 

Hawaii for a week to three months to make an active 

research exchange. 

International Arctic Research Center (IARC) 

This Center has conducted research to clarify the 

role that the Arctic Circle plays in global climate 

dynamics and to predict the significant impact that any 

change such as global warming will have on the Arctic 

Circle. 

In researches on the oceanic and sea-ice systems, 

the following models were created to study the important 

physical processes of oceanic and sea-ice systems 

in the Arctic Sea: 

(a) A model describing the non-isotropic internal 

stress of the sea-ice system was created to reproduce 

the deformed part of the sea ice system that may propagate 

along diagonal lines. 

(b) Thermodynamic sea ice model: A model that 

can represent the various states of sea ice, for example, 

fragile ice soon after formation and ice derived 

from snow, was created. The effects of this model 

have been examined using a general circulation model 

(GCM). 

(c) Non-static pressure ocean model: This model 

has a high resolution in the vertical and horizontal 

directions and contains a vertical mode development. 

This model was created by the vertical finite element 

method, and it is now under verification. 

Analyses were made on water temperature and 

salinity data to elucidate the small-scale ocean mixing 

process. The double mixture due to the different diffusion 

coefficients between water temperature and salinity 

was discovered at the edge of the continental shelf 

in the Arctic Sea. 

In research on the atmosphere-radiation equilibrium 

system, the important contribution that cloud dynamics 

make to the heat balance in the Arctic Circle could 

be demonstrated using observational data from buoys 

in the central part of the Arctic Sea. This result will 

make a great contribution to understanding recent climate 

changes. 

Concerning atmospheric dynamics related to the year 

periodical change called the "arctic oscillation" 

(AO), it was demonstrated using an atmospheric 

model that this phenomenon is based on an internal 

atmospheric mode. 

In research on the coupled atmosphere-ocean system, 

past data were analyzed to describe and investigate 

climate changes. The result show that the volume 

of sea-ice has decreased due to the change in the heat 

balance caused by clouds over the last years. They 

also reveal that changes in sea-ice are dependent on the 

AO, which has attracted much attention in recent 

years. Furthermore, the results suggest that the socalled 

regime shift in the Arctic Circle might be caused 

by the synchronization between the changes in the long 

period of years and those with a period of years 

in the Pacific Ocean. 

99



A phenomenon similar to the observed change was 

found in the coupled atmosphere-ocean model. 

Analysis of this phenomenon reveals that the snow 

and ice covered area of the arctic land is correlated 

with climate changes in the Pacific and Atlantic 

Oceans. In view of this plans were made for futre data 

analysis. 

100



Research activity overview 

The Frontier Observational Research System for Global Change was launched in August to complement 

the mode studies of the Frontier Research System for Global Change and the development of the 

department of the Global Simulator in forecasting global change and contribution to the prevention of global 

warming. 

In developing a next-generation high-resolution global integration model for the Global Simulator, there is 

a lack of data from extensive or long-term observations, and data sufficient precision for high-resolution 

models. In order to fill these gaps, it is necessary to build a new framework for dynamically and centrally 

conducting observational research while making use of existing facilities through cooperation with existing 

observational projects and domestic and overseas research institutes. 

The purpose of the Frontier Observation's purport is to conduct observational research activities geared to 

elucidating climatic changes on a large temporal and spatial scale to acquire the global observational data necessary 

for model research, and to contribute to building a global observation system for assimilating data, 

through extensive cooperation beyond the floating researcher system between the authorities, national research 

institutes, universities and the private sector, under the leadership of excellent research guides. 

Major research activities 

(1) Research on climatic change observation 

Consists of groups: "Atmospheric and Oceanic 

Interaction in the Tropical West Pacific and the Indian 

Ocean", "Oceanic Change in the Sub-surface Layer 

and Middle Layer", and "Japan Coastal Ocean 

Predictability Experiment (Black Current)." This fiscal 

year, the first year of the project, the Center proceeded 

with formulation of a medium-term observation plan, 

recruitment of researchers, instigation of joint research 

projects, and preparation of observational equipment. 

For local observations, the Center deployed intermediate 

water profile floats in the south of the Kuroshio 

Extension in March , and commenced XBT 

observation in the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific 

using a volunteer vessel in collaboration with the 

Japan Fishery Agency's Fishery Research Institute and 

the Meteorological Agency. 

(2) Area of research on the hydrological cycle 

Consists of groups : "Areal atmospheric cycle", 

"Hydrological cycle and Land Surface /Atmospheric 

Interaction", and "Clouds and Precipitation Processes." 

This fiscal year, the Center formulated a medium-term 

observational research plan, recruited researchers and 

prepared observational equipment. In Yakutsk, the 

intermediate catchment area of the Lena River in the 

Siberian permafrost band, the Center signed a contract 

with the CAO (Russian Aerological Observatory) on 

aircraft observation and soundings for evaluation of 

hydrological and / thermal fluxes where taiga (forests) 

and aras (prairie) coexist, and made preparations such 

as modification of the Russian aircraft. 

(3) Observational research at IARC (International 

Arctic Research Center) 

Consists of groups: "Ocean, Sea Ice and 

Atmosphere Conversion System" and "Complex 

101



Area." This fiscal year, the Center formulated a midterm 

observational research plan, recruited 

researchers, observed the arctic onboard the Mirai vessel 

in September, and prepared equipment such as a 

stable isotope mass spectrometer (IR-MS) and a gas 

spectrometer (GC-MS) for enhancing the biochemical 

analysis capability. 

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OD21 

Outline of "Ocean Drilling in the 21 st Century" Program 

The "Ocean Drilling in the st Century" (OD) Program aims to build and operate the Deep-sea Drilling 

Vessel having the highest scientific drilling capability in the world. This vessel will be used to make researches 

for explicating the global change mechanism including climate change and earthquake, and explore the 

unknown deep sub-sea biosphere and gas hydrate. The Final goal of this Program is to establish the new disciplines 

of geoscience and life science to obtain a general understanding of the Earth and its biosphere. 

Under the international cooperation of countries, the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is being conducted 

by using the U.S. scientific drilling vessel, the "JOIDES Resolution" (JR). The Japanese program "Ocean 

Drilling in the st Century" is intended not only to develop and build the Deep-sea Drilling Vessel having a 

technical capability superior to the highest drilling capacity of the JR, operate this vessel as the complement 

of the U.S. riserless drilling vessel. Under this Program, core samples and drill holes obtained by means of 

the two vessels will be utilized for the purpose of promoting researches in the fields of geoscience and life 

science. The current Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) is scheduled to finish at the end of September . 

International works have been in progress to start up the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) as the 

post ODP on the two-vessel basis including the Japanese Deep-sea Drilling Vessel. 

The Office of OD Program has committed to a variety of activities, especially for the purposes of building 

the Deep-sea Drilling Vessel, developing the related technologies, making examinations of the operating 

system for the Deep-sea Drilling Vessel, and establishing the domestic research structure and the international 

management structure. 

Development of scientific drilling and sampling 

technology 

(1) Construction of Deep-Sea Drilling Vessel 

Period : From FY 

The System of researching Deep-Sea Drilling 

Vessel will contribute to solve fundamental problems 

as global warming, earthquake generation, and the origin 

of life, Fig.. For the purpose, drilling hole from 

sea bottom, collecting geoscientific samples from the 

earth, and physical and chemical measurement in 

borehole will be conducted from the Vessel. 

Various data collecting by this system will be used 

to promote the researches follows; 

The research on the global climate and sea level 

changes, the understanding of the destruction process 

in seismogenic zone, the characterization of the mantle 

material through the drilling to the mantle which 

nobody ever drilled, and the research and exploration 

of the deep sub-sea biosphphere. These researchs and 

explorations will make a breakthrough in the geoscience 

and life science. 

To conduct these researches, it is required to collect 

good core samples in unstable strata including hydrocarbon-contained 

layers, to drill holes reaching seimogenic 

zone and the upper mantle, and to make long-term observations 

through stable boreholes. Because of limitations 

imposed by the riserless drilling techniques, however, 

the scientific riserless drilling vessel cannot drill into the 

strata containing oil and natural gas, and face many 

103


OD21 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 2 Riser angle DPS test 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 1 Outline of the "Deep-sea Drilling Vessel" system 

problems in terms of drilling depth and core recovery. 

Under these circumstances, R & D efforts have 

been made on this vessel system from FY, and 

examinations also have been made on the key technologies 

of this vessel system, especially riser system 

and dynamic positioning system (DPS), to secure their 

sufficient reliability (see Fig. ). As a result, it is now 

possible to drill holes down to ,m under the sea 

bottom at the water depth of ,m (,m in the 

future) in the very severe weather and Sea State (concretely, 

at the maximum significant wave height of 

.m). 

The JAMSTEC started to make the basic design of the 

deep-sea drilling vessel in FY, and completed it in 

February , (see Fig. ). In March , , the 

JAMSTEC entered into a contract with Mitsubishi 

Heavy Industries, Ltd. to build this vessel. 

The main specifications for the basic design of the 

deep-sea drilling vessel will be described below. 

Compartments are properly arranged in the vessel, 

considering drilling operations, research and 

survey activities and the comfortable inhabitability. 

The DPS is utilized to keep the vessel position 

mainly using DGPS (Differential Global Positioning 

System). The tilt angle of the riser is also used to 

control DPS. The DPS of this type was adopted for 

the first time in the world. 

Sufficient variable load is secured, for operations 

carried out at a place far away from the land. 

As a part of the preventives against sea contamination, 

special wastes such as cuttings and mud 

produced while drilling operations are storable in 

the vessel without discharge into the sea. In addition, 

a space is reserved for a drilling waste processing 

system (under development) to be mounted 

onboard in the future. 

Considering drilling operations done in all sea 

areas in the world, the World Wide Sea State is 

selected as the marine conditions in which the 

riser hang-off method (by which the riser is hanging 

from the vessel till a bad weather ends) will 

104


OD21 

be used, after having studied and reviewed the 

Global Wave Statistics (data on the relationship 

between wave period and height based upon the 

global wave statistics) provided by the BMT 

(British Maritime Technology). Then, such a 

riser system is designed that is resistible to any 

wave height determined from the World Wide 

Sea State in a variable wave period. 

The latest technological developments are introduced 

in the basic design to improve the efficiency 

of drilling operations. 

(2) Manufacture of prototype sea bottom drilling 

system 

Period: From FY 

This section "Manufacture of prototype sea bottom 

drilling system" is divided into two sub-sections; 

"Manufacture of special core sampling system" and 

"Development of borehole reentry/observatory system". 

(a) Manufacture of special core sampling system 

The "Special Core Sampling System" is to be utilized 

on the deep-sea drilling vessel (of which the basic design 

is under development) in order to drill the very deep 

strata under the sea bottom and collect core 

samples. This sampling system shall mainly comprise a 

core barrels, a core bits, down hole tools, a high-strength 

drill pipes, a drill collars and a heavy-wall drill pipes. 

(i) Core barrels and core bits 

The core barrel shall be placed between a drill 

string and a core bit. A core (cylindrical specimen) 

shall be stored into an inner core barrel through the 

central hole of the core bit. 

The following core barrels are under development: 

-/ rotary core barrel; 

Hydraulic Piston coring system ; 

Extended shoe coring system ; and 

Small-Diameter rotary core barrel. 

Fig. 3 Profile of the "Deep-Sea Drilling Vessel" 

105


OD21 

The following core bits are under development: 

PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) core 

bits ; and 

Diamond core bits. 

In FY, the basic design of the special core 

sampling system was mainly made to improve the 

quality and recovery of core samples, based upon the 

design drawings provided by the ODP. 

(ii) Down hole tools 

Down hole tools shall be used for special purposes, 

such as recovering operations of stuck drill string or 

pipes left in borehole, and the hole opening operation 

(increase in the diameters of boreholes). The tools used 

for the deep-sea drilling vessel must be newly developed, 

because they must have very thin wall for wireline 

coring operations, unlike those used in the oil industry. 

In FY, the basic and final (detailed) designs 

were made, based upon the results of reviews made on 

the basic concept in the previous year. 

Shock absorber 

This tool shall absorb the vibrations from the spring 

in a tool during drilling, to make the drilling operation 

smooth and consequently improve the penetration rate. 

Jars 

This tool shall be used to give a shock to any stuck 

pipe in a borehole to release. 

Overshot 

This tool shall be used to recover a drill pipe or any 

other part left inadvertently in a borehole. 

Bumper sub 

This tool shall compensate heave of the vessel to 

keep constant weight on bit. 

(iii) High-strength drill pipe 

The JAMSTEC has committed to the development 

of a high-strength steel drill pipe of ,m in length 

for vertical drilling. Such a drill pipe cannot be 

manufactured by using the conventional technology. 

In FY, material tests were conducted as they were 

necessary for designing, and the best material was 

selected. Based upon the results of tests, the basic 

design was made. 

(iv) Drill collar and heavy-wall drill pipe 

The heavy-wall drill pipe shall be assembled on the 

top of the drill string. This is an important pipe that is 

subject to a stress variation due to the combination of 

a bending stress and a tensile load, caused by the 

rolling and pitching vessel, and may be damaged by 

fatigue. The drill collar shall be a heavy pipe with very 

thick wall inserted between the drill pipe and the core 

barrel to give weight on bit. 

In FY, the structural analysis was made under 

the estimated load variation, and the basic design of 

the system was completed by the end of the year. 

(b) Development of borehole reentry / observatory 

system 

The boreholes drilled by the DSDP (Deep Sea 

Drilling Project) and the ODP (Ocean Drilling 

Program) must be effectively utilized as a valuable 

scientific inheritance, but not left after core sampling. 

For example, it is desirable that seismometers will be 

installed in the rock layers of the crust to detect seismic 

waves at a high S/N ratio. It is also necessary to 

collect the information on the underwater crust in 

order to explicate the mass flux in the centrosphere as 

well as the underground biosphere. To attain these scientific 

objectives, it will be very effective to make 

long-term observations by means of instruments 

installed in the boreholes. 

A drilling vessel may be operated as a means to 

install devices in boreholes. The use of the drilling 

vessel for this purpose may facilitate the handling and 

re-entry operation of devices. However, it will 

increase the vessel's frequency of operation to install 

and recover the devices, and consequently decrease 

106


OD21 

the working ratios of drilling and coring as the main 

operations of the vessel. Thus, the use of the drilling 

vessel for such a purpose cannot be considered as a 

realistic solution. Therefore, it is necessary to seek for 

any techology to install borehole observation divice 

without drilling vessel. 

To attain this objective, the JAMSTEC has carried 

forward the -year development project of a prototype 

of borehole reentry/observatory system since FY. 

This prototype system mainly comprises on-board systems, 

a vehicle, an observatory station and borehole 

sensors. It will be loaded on the "KAIREI", deep-sea 

research vessel (mother ship for the "KAIKO", 

,m-submersible unmanned vehicle), to install 

the observatory or monitoring station on the wellhead 

by the active launcher. Two instrumentation modes 

are used; one is a real-time measuring mode on-board 

using fiber optics (for about days), and the other is a 

long-term observation mode using unmanned devices. 

The winch, heave compensator, primary cable (optical/electric 

composite Kevler cable), deployment system 

and other equipment mounted on the "KAIKO" 

will be also used for the prototype system. The outline 

of this project is shown in Fig. . 

The technical goals to be attained by this development 

project include: (i) The quick detection of a reentry 

cone; (ii) the stable hovering performance over 

the re-entry cone (underwater floating performance); 

(iii) the heaving compensation of underwater devices; 

(iv) a small shock to the observatory station and the 

re-entry cone on mating; (v) the highly reliable data 

transmission; (vi) the down sizing of the system as 

possible; and (vii) the highly reliable recovery of the 

observatory station. In FY, examinations were 

made on the drawings for these technical goals, the 

basic design of total system and detail design of components 

were completed. 

Fig. 4 Outline of Borehole reentry / observatory system 

(3) Motion analysis of riser pipe 

Period: From FY to 

The riser is one of the important system of the deepsea 

drilling vessel. The riser is a steel pipe with large 

bore (about mm) that is connecting between a 

drilling vessel and sub sea BOP (Blow Out Preventer). 

A drill pipe is run through riser pipes for drilling/ 

coring. 

From the viewpoint of riser strength, it is very difficult 

to carry out offshore riser drilling at a great depth. 

The target water depth is ,m for the deep-sea 

drilling vessel. Even in the global offshore oil industry, 

however, there have been found only several cases 

of riser drilling at such a great water depth. A computer 

simulationy's nomally utilized to determine the 

strength and motion analysis of riser, though no com- 

107


OD21 

parison was made between the computer simulation 

and the experimental data. In this research project, 

experiments have been conducted by using riser models 

on the : scale to verify the results of numerical 

analyses by using the experimental data and establish the 

riser designing technique developed by the JAMSTEC. 

In FY, two rounds of experiments were made 

at the Sabi river dam (Siobara Power Plant, Tokyo 

Electric Power Company, Inc.) in September and 

December by using the riser models and other experimental 

system designed and manufactured in the previous 

year. (See Fig. .) In these experiments, the 

underwater behaviors of the riser models were 

Fig. 5 Experiment at the Sabi river dam 

observed by a Video camera mounted on an aluminum 

framework for instrumentation. However, sufficiently 

stable experiments could not be conducted under the 

influence of disturbances such as dam wind and water 

currents, some of the observed data indicated the 

motion of the riser models nearly at the resonance 

point. 

Preparatory Works for the "Deep-Sea 

Drilling Vessel" Operations 

(1) Study on the Pre-drilling Site Survey for Riser 

Drilling Operation 

The scientific drilling target for the "Deep-Sea 

Drilling Vessel" will be set at difficult drilling environments 

which can not be achieved by the current 

ODP's riserless technology. The riser vessel is built to 

drill deep even through hydrocarbon bearing layers, 

complex and disturbed lithology and so forth. In order 

to secure safety and efficient drilling operation in such 

environment, it is imperative to carry out the Predrilling 

Site Survey that is to collect environmental 

data at the drilling site(s), including high resolution 

seismic survey, topography of the sea bottom and 

other geotechnical survey, meteorological and marine 

conditions. Especially, the prediction of geohazards 

that are latent below the seafloor will play a key role 

for the riser drilling operation. The successful operations 

will not be achieved without the best operation 

planning which contains the proper precautions 

against such hazards. 

In FY, " Study on the Pre-drilling Site Survey 

for Riser Drilling Operation" was conducted. This 

study focused on; () operation hazards that were 

experienced in the deepwater drilling, () mechanism 

how and where do they grow as the hazards, () magnitude 

or scale of risk caused by the hazard and, () 

survey technology and equipments to predict those 

hazards. 

108


OD21 

As the result, the characteristics of operation hazards 

in deepwater drilling were well identified and, "a 

draft standard of Pre-drilling Site Survey for Riser 

Drilling" was prepared. 

(2) Study on the Shake down and Drilling Trials 

before the International Operation 

JAMSTEC proposed to set certain time window to 

carry out the Shake down of the riser vessel and 

Drilling Trials before the commencement of 

International Operations (April, ) for IODP. This 

time window (approx.. year between ship delivery 

and international operations) is provided for the 

enhancement of JAMSTEC's capability in the riser 

ship operations as well as the science operations 

through the quality training. This proposal was discussed 

and recognized among the Japanese and international 

IODP related committees. 

In , " Study on the Shake down and Drilling 

Trials before the International Operations " was conducted. 

As the result, the basic draft of ship operation 

training curriculum and preliminary drilling plans 

including both riser and riserless operations at various 

site settings were prepared. 

Concerning the science services, the study and 

review group () made an through investigation on the 

ODP/TAMU science services; () prepared draft summary 

of the necessary science service personnel and 

structure as well as training curriculum for the OD 

science service personnel. 

Promotion of Deep Sea Drilling Project 

(1) Establishment of domestic research system 

To promote Ocean Drilling in the st Century (or 

OD Program) mainly using the Deep-sea Drilling 

Vessel, the Office of OD Program has made efforts 

to establish the vessel development and operation systems 

as well as the research system using the vessel, in 

partnership and cooperation with the ministries and 

agencies concerned, universities, research institutions 

and other organizations. As the secretariat for the 

OD Advisory Committee, the OD Program 

Department, together with the Oceanographic 

Research Institute, the University of Tokyo, carries 

out a variety of support activities. 

The OD Advisory Committee was established to 

collect and review comments and requests on the 

OD Program from researchers and experts in the 

geoscience and related fields, and reflect them on the 

Program. It has carried out its activities since its 

first meeting in April . In FY, the OD 

Advisory Committee held the th (June ), the th 

(October ) and the th (February , ) meetings. 

The OD Advisory Committee has technical divisions 

to discuss special matters. In FY, in addition 

to the technical divisions of research promotion 

and on-board research equipment, the OD Advisory 

Committee made new discussion of a shore-based 

facility to study functions necessary for the shorebased 

facility as a core research center for the OD 

Program. Furthermore, the Committee established a 

Working Group to collect comments on the reports of 

US drilling vessel's conceptual design in Japan. 

The Office of OD Program has published the 

OD Newsletters (Nos. to ) and organized the 

OD Promotion Campaigns to give the information 

on the OD Program to domestic researchers. In 

FY, the OD Promotion Campaigns were organized 

in universities to explain the OD Program 

directly to more than students and researchers. In 

these campaigns, many students and researchers represented 

zealous expectations for this Program. In addition, 

the Committee conducted inquiries (in July 

and January ) to comprehend the requests 

and needs for the OD Program from researchers in 

the geoscience and life science fields. 

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OD21 

(2) Establishment of international project promotion 

system 

The Japan Marine Science and Technology Center 

(JAMSTEC) is scheduled to start a new Integrated 

Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) in October . The 

Japanese OD Program using mainly the Deep-sea 

Drilling Vessel and the Ocean Drilling Program 

(ODP) led by the U.S.A will be integrated into the 

IODP led by Japan and U.S.A. and using the Japanese 

riser drilling vessel and the US riserless drilling vessel. 

To launch into the new IODP, the JAMSTEC has 

made various efforts in the International Working 

Group (IWG), the IODP Planning sub-Committee 

(IPSC) to establish a partnership or cooperation system 

with the other countries interested. The countries 

and international organizations that expressed intention 

of participating in the IODP as of the end of 

FY are: Japan, U.S.A., United Kingdom, 

Germany, France, EU, Canada, China, and the 

European Consortium (formed by Belgium, Denmark, 

Finland, Iceland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, 

Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ireland and Italy). 

The IWG is a committee made up by the representatives 

of scientific policy making organizations to make 

discussions on the realization of the IODP. The IWG 

has been promoting IODP scientific planning and discussing 

issues of technologies, organization and funding 

for the implementation of the IODP. The Center 

has dispatched its staff member to the IWG Support 

Office (Washington D.C., U.S.A.) established jointly 

by Japan and U.S.A in November to support the 

activities by the IWG and the IPSC. 

The IODP Plannig sub-committee (IPSC) is a scientist 

and engineer level international committee that 

reviews the IODP scientific, technological and operational 

projects from the general viewpoint. The Office 

of OD Program has sent its representatives to this 

Committee as committee members and conducted 

activities to make the Japanese intentions reflected in 

the IODP. 

110


Research Support Activities 


Operation overview 

The Computer and Information Department(CID) was established in when the former Technical 

Information Services and the former Scientific Computing Division were consolidated and reorganized into 

the present organization. The purpose of the establishment was to efficiently manage and provide information 

on the JAMSTEC's research achievements irrespective of types of media, such as publications, Web-based 

activities and observation data. The CID has the following main operations: ) Information Service, consisting 

of book collection/management, publishing and technological counseling; ) Data Management, consisting 

of processing/quality management of ocean observation data, and development and management of databases; 

and ) Scientific Computing operate servers, workstations and super-computers and technical support to 

researchers, and management and designing of networks. 

CID's major activities are as follows: 

Information Service 

Collection, management, provision, and storage of information on marine science and technology 

Technical on marine science and technology 

Editing and consultation publishing 

Data Management 

Quality management technologies, including accuracy and precision increase of ocean observation data 

Development and management of databases on various oceanographic data 

Scientific Computing, processing and storage of observation data 

Scientific Computing 

Management and operation of computer systems and networks 

Analysis of various data using computers 

Research on advanced computer technologies 

Information Service 

(1) Collection, management and provision of books, 

journals, etc. 

CID extensively collects, categorizes/organizes and 

stores ocean related books, journals and technical 

reports. It also extended its registration on the information 

management and provision system (ILIS/X-EL) to 

provide a database service entitled "JAMSTEC Book 

Search Retrieval Service," which enables users to 

search data using the Internet. 

In addition, the section works toward establishing an environment 

where users can easily utilize the library data 

through holding library management conferences. 

111




Table 1 Books 

Type 

Japanese books 

Foreign books 

Donated books 

Total 

Number in stock 

10,523 

4,472 

488 

15,483 

Newly purchased 

1,020 

434 

84 

1,538 

Table 2 Journals 

Type 

Japanese journals 

Foreign journals 

Total 

Number in stock 

559 

273 

832 

Newly subsribed 

35 

11 

46 

Table 3 JAMSTEC related publications 

Type 

Newly published 

Periodical 

Consigned research report 

Commissioned research report 

Others 

Total 

28 kinds 

0 

0 

7 kinds 

34 kinds 

hensive, academic and international, it is necessary to 

maintain the collaborative relationships between 

domestic and overseas organizations to collect information 

on oceans. 

) Domestic activities 

(a) CID participated in the "Domestic Group for 

Exchange Oceanographic Data" (Hydrographic 

Department, Maritime Safety Agency), an association 

for oceanographic data in Japan, to collect information 

on the status of publication of ocean-related materials 

in Japan and publication by international organizations. 

(b) The section vigorously participated in the 

"Kanagawa Prefecture Information Department's 

Workshop" (Shinshiken), a study group exchanging 

information on morgues of companies and public 

institutions in Kanagawa Prefecture, to collect the latest 

information on the improvement of operating CID. 

(c) The section attended the "Technical Library 

Managers and Administrators Seminar" organized by 

Technical Libraries Council, a group of technical 

libraries, to collect the latest information on the 

improvement of operating CID. 

(2) Collection of domestic/foreign information 

The oceans, representing a vast area of the earth, are 

an area most of which is still unknown to humans. It is 

obvious that as opposed to the past, oceanic research 

and development cannot be conducted by a single 

organization or nation alone. Cooperation with domestic 

and overseas research organizations or governmental 

cooperation between nations has become essential. 

In addition, needs for information on JAMSTEC's 

R&D and other efforts are becoming more complicated 

and diversified, and the volume of information on 

marine science and technologies are also increasing. 

In particular, as R&D efforts are increasingly compre- 

) International activities 

There is an international trend toward grasping the 

actual state of the oceans, which cover % of the surface 

of the earth and which have little accepted human 

access, in cooperation with other nations in order to 

correspond to the increasing social needs such as those 

concerning global environment. Therefore, given such 

circumstances, the section has been conducting information 

collection activities on the ground that it is 

necessary to keep informed of moves by major countries 

or major research institutes in the U.S.A. and 

Europe, international institutions, and international 

research programs. 

(a) Management/provision of IOC publications 

IOC (Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission) 

112




has been established with the purpose of promoting 

knowledge on natural phenomena of oceans and marine 

resources. JAMSTEC became the second organization in 

Japan to receive publications by IOC in . 

Up-to-date information on IOC's publications JAM- 

STEC has obtained are regularly published in 

JAMSTEC's newsletter "Natsushima." 

(b) IAMSLIC (International Association of Aquatic and 

Marine Science Libraries and Information Centers) 

IAMSLIC was founded in with the aim to 

exchange information on marine science, and approx. 

organizations from countries in the world have 

joined IAMSLIC. JAMSTEC, the only Japanese 

organization that has entered IAMSLIC, has been a 

member of the association since . JAMSTEC 

attended the th annual general meeting held at 

Woods Hall in the U.S.A. in September to 

exchange information with other attending nations. 

(c) ASFA (Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts) 

ASFA is a public database of comprehensive 

marine science and technologies promoted by UN 

organizations (with FAO being the secretariat). CID 

has introduced inputting equipment to help building 

the ASFA database. JAMSTEC provides support by 

presenting English abstracts of "JAMSTEC Journal of 

Deep Sea Research" and "Report of Japan Marine 

Science and Technology Center." 

(d) Information on International Institutions and 

International Research Programs 

Considering that current information on international 

institutions and international research programs 

is important in determining a large framework of 

future marine science research, the CID continued its 

effort to obtain relevant information. 

(3) Editing and publishing of various publications 

In order to broadly communicate JAMSTEC's 

research achievements and promote knowledge about 

oceans, CID edited and published the publications 

shown in Table in . In addition, the section 

deployed professional staff and equipment (Macintosh 

G) to conduct DTP by some software (QuarkExpress, 

PageMaker, Photoshop, Illustrator, etc.), making it 

possible to issue high-quality publications more 

speedily. 

(4) Research/information services 

CID provides various pieces of information to users 

inside/outside JAMSTEC so that they can effectively 

utilize materials or information. 

) Books / journals 

(a) Publishes updates on new arrival journals on 

JAMSTEC's newsletter "Natsushima." 

(b) Changed the new arrival journal contents service 

from the conventional paper to digital information 

so that those contents can be read online. 

) Internal/external databases 

(a) Providing "JAMSTEC Book Search Service" 

database. 

(b) Searching information on literature not included 

in JAMSTEC's holdings by the use of external 

databases. 

(c) Providing information on specific themes using 

JICST's (Jst Information Center for Science and 

Technology) SDI service twice a month. 

) Current information 

(a) Provides information on newspaper articles on 

oceans in the form of "Newsletter" on an everyday 

basis. 

(b) Providing an index of newspaper articles on 

oceans in the form of "Newspaper Information 

on the Sea" on the homepage. 

(c) Temporarily providing information on conferences 

and exhibitions on the homepage. 

(d) Publishing information of IOC publications in 

113




Table 4 Publications by JAMSTEC 

Title of publication 

Report of Japan Marine Science and 

Technology Center 

JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea 


Collected Abstracts No.4 for JAMSTEC 

Journal of Deep Sea Research No.14 to 

No.16 

JAMSTEC 


(Japanese version) 


(English version) 

Content 

Journal of academic theses on research 

achievements 

Journal of academic theses on achievements 

of deep ocean research 

Summary of the above (Japanese and 

English) 

Educational journal on oceanic information 

Business report (Japanese) 

Business report (English) 

Issue in fiscal 1999 

Volumes 40 and 41 

Volumes 15 and 16 

Volume 4 

Volumes 43, 44, 45, and 46 

Fiscal 1998 version 

Fiscal 1998 version 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Database title 

JOIS 

STN International 

GSEARCH 

DIALOG 

NACSIS 

AIREX 

ASFA 

Table 5 External Databases Currently Available 

Outline 

Information on literature and research themes on science and 

technologies (Japanese and English) 

More than 200 international databases are available (English) 

Contact for Japanese/overseas databases (Japanese and 

English) 

Approx. 450 databases are available (English) 

Database for supporting academic research activities (Japanese 

and English) 

System for operating space literature by Japanese organizations 

and NASA (Japanese and English) 

International literature search system for fisheries (English) 

JAMSTEC's newsletter "Natshushima" and the 

Oceanographic Society of Japan bulletin "Sea 

Research" on an occasional basis. 

(b) Service as contact for marine science and 

technologies to provide consultation/advice in 

response to inquiries from outside JAMSTEC. 

) Reference service, etc. 

(a) Providing reference service for books, journals 

and materials in holdings. 

(5) JAMSTEC homepage 

Planned and implemented redesigning of the 

Japanese and English pages so that desired informa- 

114




tion can easily be read, thus making the homepage 

more attractive to general users. The purpose was to 

further promote JAMSTEC's information distribution 

efforts utilizing JAMSTEC's homepage in the corresponding 

fiscal year. 

In addition, the section produced and opened to the 

public a movie on activities of JAMSTEC's research 

vessels and submersibles. 

Data Management 

(1) Oceanographic data management 

In accordance with the "Guidelines for Making 

Open to the Public JAMSTEC's Observation Data," 

CID has been working on the building of the data 

management structure aimed at regularly managing 

and improving the quality of observation data acquired 

through oceanographic observation and deep sea 

research activities by JAMSTEC's research vessels 

such as "Mirai" since fiscal . 

In fiscal , in order to enhance the data management 

structure, the section increased the staff from 

to people and continued managing observation data 

from shared use of Mirai as in the previous year, and 

started to make the observation data open to the public 

on the "R/V MIRAI Data Web" (see Fig ) in accordance 

with policy for handling data/samples and 

results obtained using the "Mirai" Equipment. 

The number of accesses to the "R/V MIRAI Data 

Web" for downloading data exceeded , in 

months since launch. Major users of the web page are 

listed in Table . Regarding the achievement of observation 

using Mirai, as a result of calculation based on 

reports on achievement announcement already submitted, 

a total of seminars and thesis contributions 

were held/made by researchers inside/outside JAM- 

STEC by the end of . Details of these activities 

are now published on the R/V MIRAI Web and updated 

as necessary. 

In addition, as part of quality management of observation 

data acquired from shared use of Mirai, CID 

conducted quality management of data to be made 

public, collective management of calibration for CTD 

sensors installed on Mirai, and research on the history 

of inspecting dissolved oxygen contents. 

The section collectively managed research data on 

topography, gravity and magnetic force data obtained 

with multi-narrow echo depth sounders aboard Kairei 

and other vessels, and built data sets on topography to 

be registered in the "Seafloor mapping Database" 

Fig. 1 Example of "R/V MIRAI Data Web" page 

115




shown on the following page. Also, to help produce a 

research navigation plan of JAMSTEC and adjust fishing, 

the section started to provide bathymetric map production 

service for visualizing and providing the above 

data and coordinate data of geophysic-based observation 

data (Fig ). 

The section also participated in the "Nauru 

Table 1 Institutions using open data on Mirai 

Ministry of Home Affairs Housing and Environment, 

Maldive 

NODC/NOAA 

Northern Kentucky University 

University of Bucharest 

University of Cambridge 

IPRC/UH,soest 

Meteorological Agency 

Tsurumi Seiki Co., Ltd. 

Mitsubishi Material Corporation 

Workshop" to conduct research on policy in handing 

observation data on the international interrelation 

between oceans and the atmosphere. 

(2) Database management 

The CID has been developing databases for properly 

managing and providing data obtained at JAM- 

STEC. These databases will open to the public via the 

Internet. Regarding those databases that have been 

developed individually, the section is developing an 

integrated type of database to be made public so that 

data can horizontally be searched and provided. 

Those databases under development include: a ship 

prerations database, ocean observation database, deep 

seafloor image database, JAMSTEC meta database, 

database for library management, and seafloor mapping 

database. Of them, those databases which were 

developed or improved this fiscal year are indicated 

below. 

Note: Institutions whose use of data on Mirai was registered 

on the R/V MIRAI Web 

Fig. 2 "Request for Provision of Bathymetric maps" page and "Written Request for Provision of Bathymetric maps" 

116




) JAMSTEC Meta database 

This database is being developed so that the data 

held by JAMSTEC can horizontally be searched and 

provided through a single interface. With this database, 

users can perform various forms of data search 

without noticing the operation and attribute of each 

database. The development has been scheduled with 

the completion by the end of fiscal . This fiscal 

year, details of the design were determined and the 

web interface and the graph output function were partially 

developed. 

) Seafloor mapping database 

This database is used to process sounding data 

acquired with multi-narrow beam echo sounder 

(MNBES) "SEA BEAM" aboard Mirai, Kairei, 

Yokosuka, and Kaiyo, and manage and provide 

acquired bathymetric maps and whale-eye maps. It can 

be searched and dumped on the screen through 

the web interface. The interface has been developed 

with capability of JAVA and VRML output. Figure 

shows a database example. 

) Ship operations database 

This database stores navigation data of vessels, 

research submarines, and unmanned vehicles operated 

by JAMSTEC. In fiscal , JAMSTEC developed a 

web version. This fiscal year, the web interface was 

improved for better operability of the database. Figure 

shows a database example. 

Scientific Computing 

(1) Earth simulator 

In recent years, global environment issues, such as 

global warming, are increasingly attracting public attention. 

In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to 

elucidate complicated phenomena. Also, in order to minimize 

damages by natural disasters, such as local meteorological 

disasters caused by global-scale phenomena and 

earthquakes caused by diastrophism, it is extremely 

important to elucidate the mechanism of these natural 

phenomena and forecast change of global environment. 

In an effort to achieve this, the Science and 

Technology Agency's Council for Aeronautics, 

Fig. 3 Seafloor mapping database screen 

Fig. 4 Ship operations database screen 

117




Electronics & Other Advanced Technologies held a 

meeting in July to set strategic goals with such 

themes as global warming forecast and climatic 

change forecast. The meeting produced a report indicating 

that in order to achieve these goals, it is important 

to conduct research with activities "Process 

(Basic Science) Research", "Observation Research," 

and "Simulation Research" balanced with each other. 

Based on this, the "Earth Simulator Project" was 

launched in fiscal as a project essential to build 

an infrastructure for Simulation Study. 

The Earth Simulator is an ultra-fast parallel computer 

system. Its conceptual design, basic design, element 

technology design, and prototype manufacturing and 

detail designing had initially been conducted by the 

National Space Development Agency of Japan and the 

Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (in fiscal 

, the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel 

Development Corporation). JAMSTEC has also participated 

in the project since March , starting with 

the system production phase. One year prior to this, 

JAMSTEC became responsible for building the Earth 

Simulator facilities in March . As the site for the 

Earth Simulator, the former site of Kanagawa 

Prefecture's industrial testing facility (Kanazawa district, 

Yokohama City) was selected and the construc- 

Cartridge Library 

System 

65m 

Processor 

Node Cabinets 

Earth Simulator 

Disks 

Interconnection 

Network 

Cabinets 

Seismic Isolation System 

Power Supply System 

Air Conditioning System 

50m 

Fig. 5 Image of Earth Simulator 

tion work was commenced at the end of October . 

The required performance of the Earth Simulator was 

determined on the ground that the simulator would ultimately 

be capable of driving an atmospheric general circulation 

model of an approx. km mesh. The logical 

maximum performance was set at more than TFLOPS 

with the total main memory being TB. Each calculation 

node consists of vector processors of GFLOPS 

and a GB shared memory, and calculation nodes 

are directly connected through a crossbar network. 

Accordingly, the total number of processors 

amounts to , units (= ). With miniaturization 

and energy saving, the sets of NEC SX-/ 

(footprint: m; power consumption: approx. 

kVA) currently in use at JAMSTEC are incorporated 

into a . m enclosure and the power consumption 

is reduced to approx. kVA. 

As next steps, the facilities will be completed within 

fiscal , the system will be carried in, installed and 

adjusted from fiscal , and then the system will 

start to be operated and managed by JAMSTEC in 

March . 

(2) Computer systems 

) Supercomputer system 

In order to scientifically elucidate environmental 

problems on a global scale, it is important to clarify 

the roles of vast oceans play. Accordingly, it is 

inevitable to elucidate various oceanic phenomena 

using a mathematical analysis method and forecast 

their movements using numeric models, not to mention 

precision observation with observation equipment. 

In efficiently promoting these research activities, 

it is essential to use super-fast computing equipment 

incorporated with a large-capacity storage 

device. In the fiscal budgeting, JAMSTEC's 

introduction of a supercomputer was approved, and 

the supercomputer system has been operating since 

March , . 

118




Fig. 6 Earth Simulator facilities 

(Research building, Simulator building, Chiller) 

In the supercomputer system, an aggregated type of 

magneto-optic disk device, high-speed disk array 

device, and front-end server are collected to the SX- 

/ through the HIPPI channel at transfer rate of 

Mbps, then connected to existing local area network 

via the FDDI switch (GIGAswitch). 

At the SC (Supercomputing ) held in Portland, 

Oregon, in November , the CID exhibited 

achievements of research activities using JAMSTEC's 

supercomputer. SC is an international conference 

and exhibition to display the latest computer technologies 

and results of calculations using supercomputers. 

It has annually been held since with participation 

of computer manufacturers and research institutes 

using supercomputers around the world. At the 

exhibition, institutes using supercomputers under 

supervision of the Science and Technology Agency 

participated in exhibition as the "STA HPC Group." 

At JAMSTEC's booth, we introduced the use of the 

supercomputer in the field of marine science and technologies, 

such as the results of numeric simulations, in 

the forms of panels, pamphlets and animated images. 

) Shared computer system 

At JAMSTEC, there have traditionally been a large 

number of software applications running on VMS. At 

the end of September , DEC's (Open VMS 

Alpha) VMS cluster environment system was updated 

to AlphServer and it has since been operative. 

In addition, Alpha Server is operated as a 

UNIX server running on Digital UNIX. Other systems 

include -node IBM SP, which was introduced in 

as a distributed memory type parallel computer. 

These share computer systems are used throughout 

JAMSTEC, and the number of registered e-mail users 

accounted for approx. as of end of fiscal . 

119




 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SK-4 

 

NEC 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IBM 

 

 

 

ONYX 

 

 

 

Fig. 7 JAMSTEC's computer system 

(3) Networks 

) JAMSTEC Networks 

At JAMSTEC, a full scale LAN was built in the 

Yokosuka Headquarters in fiscal , and branch 

line LANs were added in fiscal . In fiscal , a 

newly constructed building was connected to the 

LAN, and by the end of the year, buildings were 

connected to the LAN. This network consists of the 

FDDI switch (GIGAswitch) installed in the scientific 

computing building, Mbps FDDI trunk lines (optic 

cables) connecting buildings, and the branch lines of 

Ethernet (base-T/base-TX) within the buildings. 

Figure shows the networking connection between 

the Yokosuka Headquarters and other offices. Tokyo 

Branch was connected to the Yokosuka LAN since 

. Currently, it is connected with a private line at a 

total of kbps when combined with the Frontier 

Research Promotion Department. The Mutsu Branch 

was connected with the Yokosuka LAN in March 

, while the speed has increased with a private line 

at kbps since October . In October , the 

newly building at Shizuoka was also connected with 

the Yokosuka LAN through ISDN at kbps. 

The numbers of workstations and terminals connected 

to the LAN have been increasing, and as of the 

end of fiscal , the numbers accounted for approx. 

(servers and workstations), approx. PCs 

(Macintosh), approx. PCs (Windows, etc.), and 

approx. (X terminals). 

) Internet 

Internet access at JAMSTEC began with TISN 

(Todai International Science Network) in January 

. In October , JAMSTEC was connected 

with STAnet, which networks research institutes under 

supervision of the Science and Technology Agency, 

120




with a private line at kbps. In July , the line 

was extended to .Mbps, and the connection has 

been switched to IMnet since May . By using this 

high-speed line, communication of image data and 

animations which require broad communication bands 

can effectively be used. 

For transmitting data to the Internet, JAMSTEC has 

launched a WWW server since September and 

Tokyo Branch 

64kbps 128kbps 

Hamamatsu-cho bldg 

Shizuoka Branch 

Mutsu Branch 

128kbps 

Yokosuka Hq 

64kbps(ISDN) 

1.5Mbps 

Fig. 8 Network topology 

IARC(Alaska) 

IPRC(Hawaii) 

IGCR(Tokyo) 

IMnet 

Domestic 

Networks 

been operating JAMSTEC homepage. The URL is 

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/. The access count has drastically 

increased since July when a deep seafloor 

image database was presented on the Internet. Figure 

shows access counts at the WWW server by month. 

(4) Security 

JAMSTEC has established computer security since 

June by setting a firewall at the connection with 

the Internet. In March , JAMSTEC duplexed the 

firewall to establish a fault-tolerant system. In addition, 

the firewall's functions are streamlined each year 

while balancing services with security to solidify the 

firewall. 

JAMSTEC can now operate all computers inside 

the firewall. This has been made possible by shifting 

the operation of those services including web browsing 

service for the Internet, which were formerly 

managed by being incorporated into firewall functions 

for convenience, to managing them inside the firewall, 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 9 Access count of JAMSTEC WWW Server 

121




starting February . In addition, by monitoring to 

the web server, JAMSTEC has established a structure 

to promptly detect and handle any tampering with a 

web page. 

Regarding computer viruses, JAMSTEC has been 

able to detect a virus on the server where data flow by 

incorporating a virus check function to the server in 

March , thus to take measures to prevent viruses 

from being disseminated within the system. 

122


Training and Education Service 

Outline and results of training activities 

The Public Relations, Training and Education Division of the Japan Marine Science and Technology 

Center has carried out the diving-related training and education activities for the technicians and researchers 

engaged in diving and marine research activities to foster the human resources in these fields. At the same 

time, this Division has organized safety and health education courses for superintendents and other employees 

engaged in diving works as well as diving experience courses for untrained divers and beginners. On the 

other hand, it has carried out the other activities to enlighten students and teachers in senior high schools on 

the "marine science and technology" and spread the knowledge among them. 

In the business year, the Division organized two kinds of special training courses, "diving skill training" 

and "diving experience", and the "diving work supervision training" course, as in the previous year. In 

addition, the Division organized the "Science Camp '" for senior high school students as well as the 

"Marine Science School '" funded by the Japan Science and Technology Promotion Foundation for students 

and teachers in senior high schools. 

Special training courses 

(1) Diving skill training course 

This training course has been organized to make the 

participants learn the knowledge and basic skill of 

scuba diving for days (or days) in basic course. 

In the business year, this course was held with 

participants from organizations including the 

National Police Agency. 

general diving services, including the safety and 

health education related to diving services, the outline 

of saturation diving works, and the current situation of 

diving works in foreign countries. In the business 

year, this training course was held once with 

participants from organizations. 

(2) Diving experience course 

This course has been organized to make beginners 

experience the diving in a pool. In the business 

year, members in the Science and Technology 

Health Insurance Society participated to the scuba diving 

experience course held for days. 

Diving work supervision training course 

This training course has been organized for professional 

divers as well as employees in diving-related 

companies to provide a wide range of information on 

Photo 1 Lecture of diving gear 

123


Training and Education Service 

Science Camp '99 

The Science and Technology Agency, the Science 

and Technology Promotion Corporation and the Japan 

Science and Technology Promotion Foundation jointly 

organized the first Science Camp in the business 

year. In the business year, national testing and 

research organizations as well as corporations affiliated 

with the Science and Technology Agency jointly 

organized the Science Camp '. 

students ( boys and girls) in senior high 

schools and high professional schools participated to 

the Science Camp ' held for days and nights in 

August to . These participants were selected from 

applicants who submitted their essays. 

This Science Camp could introduce a variety of 

research and other activities carried out by the Center 

to the participants, and make them have practical 

experiences in the research field to enhance their interest 

in the marine science and technology activities. 

Marine Science School activities 

(1) Marine Science School 

The Center has organized the Marine Science 

School funded by the Japan Science and Technology 

Promotion Foundation since the business year. 

The objective of this School is to make students and 

teachers in senior high schools have a deeper understanding 

of the oceans in order to contribute to fostering 

the human resources necessary to develop the 

marine science and technology activities in the future. 

The Marine Science School is characterized by the 

fact that it gives an education to both students and 

teachers in senior high schools. In the business 

year, the Marine Science School was held three times 

for days and nights in the summer vacation for 

teachers () and students () in senior high schools. 

The participants primarily selected from Miyagi, 

Fukushima, Niigata, Fukuoka, Saga, Kagawa, 

Tokushima, Kochi and Ehime prefectures visited 

JAMSTEC headquarter in Yokosuka. The curriculum 

of this School included the results of research activities 

carried by the Center, the stories of researchers' 

experiences, and the practical training to make the participants 

have a deeper understanding of the oceans. 

(2) Marine Science and Technology School 

In the business year, the Marine Science and 

Technology School was opened for university students 

and graduate students as potential researchers on 

whose shoulders would rest the marine science 

research activities in the st century. This is a professional 

school established for the main purpose of 

explicating the possible causes for the global environment 

changes. students invited from all the regions 

in the country participated to this School opened for 

days and nights in each of the summer and winter 

vacations. They visited the "MIRAI", ocean and earth 

research vessel, to watch its marine science and technology 

research activities, participated to the oceanographic 

seminars, made information exchanges and 

built up an information network. 

Photo 2 Experience of hyperbaric environment 

124


Ship Operation Department 

The Japan Marine Science & Technology Center (JAMSTEC) has owned: two marine systems, "SHINKAI 

" and "SHINKAI "; a ,m class deep sea ROV "KAIKO", research vessel, the "KAIYO"; a 

deep-sea research vessel, the "KAIREI"; and an oceanographic research vessel, the "MIRAI". The marine 

system "SHINKAI " was a fleet manned research submersible the "SHINKAI ", a support vessel 

the "NATSUSHIMA" and a ROV "Dolphin-K". The marine system "SHINKAI " manned research 

submersible the "SHINKAI " and a support vessel the "YOKOSUKA". This Center has used these vessels 

and vehicles to conduct various researches and tests on marine science and technologies, including deepsea 

surveys and oceanographic observations. 

This Center has been mainly responsible for the direct operation, maintenance and servicing of the 

research submarines and unmanned underwater vehicles, and entrusted the operation and general servicing of 

the support vessel and research vehicles to marine service companies. 

The operation of vessels and vehicles in the business year will be summarized hereinafter. The 

"SHINKAI " made dive surveys in the Bays of SURUGA and SAGAMI, the Sea of ENSHU, the 

NANKAI Trough, the waters around the NANSEI Islands, the sea areas off the coast of SANRIKU and the 

east coast of HOKKAIDO, the Sea of Japan, the sea area surrounding the IZU - OGASAWARA Islands, and 

the Manus Basin near Papua New Guinea. 

ROV "Dolphin-K" not only made pre-dive surveys to confirm that the dive routes for the "SHINKAI 

" were safe, but also conducted dive surveys in the Bays of KAGOSHIMA, SAGAMI and SURUGA, 

the Sea of Japan, the open sea off the coast of SANRIKU, and the sea areas around IZU-OGASAWARA and 

NANSEI Islands. In addition, it participated in the search for H-rocket engine parts. 

Research vessel "KAIYO" made various researches and observations, including the "Tropical Pacific 

Ocean Climate Study" (TOCS), the "Equatorial Pacific Tomographic Observation", the research on the interaction 

between the heat/mass flux and the biosphere, and the oceanic crust dynamics research. 

"SHINKAI " made dive surveys in the Sea of Japan, the Japan Trench, the NANKAI Trough, and the 

waters around the Hawaiian Islands. This submersible accomplished the th dive in the waters around the 

Hawaiian Islands on the th of August. 

The support vessel "YOKOSUKA" sailed to support the dive of the "SHINKAI ", performed missions 

to conduct the testing of "UROVK" in the Japan Trench and the trial of the "R Robot" in real waters, and 

assisted in the search for H-rocket engine parts. In addition, this ship made the "Ocean Floor Dynamics 

Research" and carries out the "maintenance and servicing of the observing system on the isle OKINO-TOR- 

ISHIMA". 

ROV "KAIKO" made dive surveys in the Mariana Trench, the sea areas off the coasts of KUSHIRO and 

SANRIKU, the Japan Trench, the waters around the NANSEI Islands, the open sea areas off the coast of the 

BOSO Peninsula and the MUROTO Point, and the NANKAI Trough. In addition, this vehicle participated in 

the search for H-rocket engine parts. 

"KAIREI" supported the dive of the "KAIKO", and made surveys in the open sea off MIYAGI, the Japan 

Trench, the open sea off SHIKOKU, and the NANKAI Trough by using the on-board multi-channel reflection 

survey system. In addition, it conducted surveys in the Sea of Philippine Mariana and the Polynesian Sea 

125



by using such means as multi-narrow beam echo sounders, and sailed to make the emergency recovery of 

TRITON buoys. 

"MIRAI" made observations and researches on the "dynamics of the Pacific Ocean North subpolar-to-subtropical 

zone circulatory system" (in Japan's eastern waters), the "air-sea interaction" (in the Nauru waters), 

the "mass flux in high-latitude waters" (in the Pacific Ocean northwest area), the "polar waters" (in the Seas 

of Beaufort, Chukchi and Bering), the "primary production in the equatorial zone" (in the Pacific tropical 

equatorial waters), and the "Western Tropical Pacific Ocean" (in the Western Pacific Ocean equatorial 

waters). 

These vessels and vehicles were subjected to periodical servicing and inspection and various improvements 

were made in their performance. 

Operation of the "SHINKAI 2000/NATSUSHIMA" 

The support mother ship "NATSUSHIMA" made 

missions in the business year . The courses 

that the ship took are given in Table , and the waters 

in which it sailed are shown in Fig . 

The "SHINKAI " made dive missions, while 

the "Dolphin-K" carried out missions. 

The Dive survey projects were drawn up by The 

Annual Deep-sea Research Project Review 

Committee, discussed by the Deep-sea Research 

Project Implementation Committee, and implemented 

according to the annual schedule approved by the 

JAMSTEC Board of Directors. 

For the "SHINKAI ", missions and dives 

(including trial and training dives) were planned for 

the business year . In the year, the vessel actually 

made survey dives and trial and training dives, 

in total, in the Bays of SURUGA and SAGAMI, 

the Sea of ENSHU, the NANKAI Trough, the sea 

areas around the NANSEI and IZU-OGASAWARA 

Islands, the Sea of Japan off the east coast of 

HOKKAIDO, and the Magnus Basin. 

The "Dolphin-K" not only made trial dives, but 

also pre-dive surveys to confirm the safety of the diving 

routes for the "SHINKAI ", and research dives 

in the Bay of KAGOSHIMA, the waters around the IZU- 

OGASAWARA Islands, the Sea of Japan, the open sea 

off the coast of SANRIKU, and the Bay of SURUGA. 

In January , this vehicle made additional dives to 

search for H-rocket engine parts. As a result, it made 

dives in total in the business year . 

The vessel and vehicle were opened to the public 

at their ports of call, TSURUGA (July ), HAKO- 

DATE (August ). 

Operation of "SHINKAI 6500/YOKOSUKA" 

The support mother ship "YOKOSUKA" made 

missions in the business year . The courses that 

the ship took are given in Table , and the waters in 

which the ship sailed are shown in Fig . 

The vessel "SHINKAI " made dive missions, 

while the ship "YOKOSUKA" carried out missions 

alone. 

The dive survey projects were drawn up by The 

Annual Deep-sea Research Project Review 

Committee, discussed by the Deep-sea Research 

126



Project Implementation Committee, and implemented 

according to the annual schedule approved by the 

JAMSTEC Board of Directors. 

For the "SHINKAI ", missions and dives 

(including trial and training dives) were planned for 

the business year . In the year, the vessel actually 

performed survey and training dives and trial 

dives, in total, in the Sea of Japan, the Japan 

Trench, the NANKAI Trough, and the waters around 

the Hawaiian Islands. 

The "YOKOSUKA" carried out its own missions to 

conduct the demonstration tests on the unmanned 

underwater vehicle "UROV-K" (in the Japan Trench) 

and the "R Robot" (in the Bay of SURUGA and the 

Reef of MYOJIN), and the "Ocean Floor Dynamics 

Study" (in the sea areas around the IZU-OGA- 

SAWARA and Mariana Islands), and undertook the 

"maintenance and inspection of the observing system 

on the isle OKINO-TORISHIMA. 

These vessels were opened to the public at their port 

of call, Honolulu, Hawaii (August ). 

Operation of the "KAIREI/KAIKO" 

The deep-sea research vehicle "KAIREI" made 


the vehicle took are indicated in Table , and the 

waters in which it sailed are shown in Fig . 

The unmanned underwater vehicle "KAIKO" made 

trial and training missions, dive research missions, 

and oceanic crust dynamics research missions. The 

"KAIREI" carried out missions alone. 

The "KAIKO" made trial and training dives, and 

research dives in the open sea off the coast of 

SANRIKU, the Japan Trench, the waters around the 

NANSEI Islands, the sea off the Point of MUROTO, 

and the NANKAI Trough. 

The oceanic crust dynamics researches were conducted 

by using a multi-channel reflection survey system 

and ocean bottom seismometers in the open sea 

off SHIKOKU, the NANKAI Trough, the open sea off 

MIYAGI, and the Japan Trench. 

The "KAIREI" conducted surveys by using its onboard 

observing equipment in the Philippine Mariana 

and Polynesian waters. In addition, it sailed to make 

the emergency recovery of TRITON buoys. 

Operation of the "KAIYO" 

The ocean investigation ship "KAIYO" has a special 

hull (semi-submerged catamaran), and presents many 

advantages such as a large working deck space with a 

small amount of pitching and rolling. As a result, this 

ship is applicable to a variety of oceanographic 

researches. It made missions in the business year 

. The courses that the ship took are shown in Table 

, and the waters in which it sailed are shown in Fig . 

The "KAIYO" performed missions to conducted 

"observations by using an ocean acoustic tomography 

system" (in the Mid Tropical Pacific waters), and to 

carry out the "development of an observing technology 

and the observations and researches on the air-sea 

interaction (TOCS)" (in the Western tropical pacific 

waters). 

It carried out mission to conduct the "multiple 

reflection sound field measuring tests" (in the 

NANKAI Trough). 

In addition, the "KAIYO" performed deep-sea 

research missions in the Bay of SAGAMI, the waters 

around the NANSEI Islands and the open sea off the 

coast of SANRIKU, including deep-sea towing and 

researches by using a "Deep Tow" and multi-narrow 

beam echo sounders. It also carried out missions to 

conduct oceanic crust dynamics surveys by using a 

multi-channel reflection survey system and ocean bottom 

seismometers (OBSs). 

The ship was opened to the public at its port of call 

SEKINEHAMA (in the period of July to ). 

127



Operation of the "MIRAI" 

The ocean and earth research vessel "MIRAI" made 


the vessel took are indicated in Table , and the waters 

in which it sailed are shown in Fig . 

This research vessel performed missions to conduct 

oceanographic observations and researches, 

including the "researches on mass flux at high latitudes", 

the "observations and researches on the 

dynamics of the Pacific Ocean North subpolar-to-subtropical 

zone circulation system", the "observations 

and researches on the air-sea interaction", the "observations 

and researches on the mass flux in high latitude 

waters", the "observations and researches on the 

Arctic Ocean", the "observations and researches on 

the primary production in the equatorial zone" and the 

"observations and researches on the Western Tropical 

Pacific Ocean". 

This vessel was opened to the public at OHARAI 

(May ), TSURUGA (July ) and SHIMIZU (August ). 

SHIP NAME 

NATSUSHIMA 

NT99-04 

SHINKAI 2000 

Table 1 

Operations Schedule of SV "NATSUSHIMA" in 1999 Fiscal year 

JAMSTEC 

Apr.99 May. Jun. 

NT99-05,06 

NT99-07 

NT99-08 

NT99-09 

DOLPHIN-3K 

SHINKAI 2000 

DOLPHIN-3K SHINKAI 2000 

Support operation Support operation 

Support operation Support operation Support operation 

2 7 11 18 20 15 21 

Sagami bay Sagami bay 

Kgoshima b Nansei Islands 

Suruga bay Nankai Trough 

Iheiya 

Enshu Nada 

Nansei Islands 

4 6 12 14 

Izu ogasawara 

Sagami bay 

Izu ogasawara 

SHIP NAME 

NATSUSHIMA 

12 

Jul. Aug. Sep. 

NT99-10 

DOLPHIN-3K 

Support operation 

NT99-11 

SHINKAI 2000 


NT99-12 

DOLPHIN-3K 


NT99-13 

DOLPHIN-3K 


15 24 26 28 3 11 12 18 22 

Toyama bay 

off Oki Island 

Toyama bay, off Hokkaido, off Sanriku off Sanriku Suruga bay 

Enshu Nada 

Nankai Trough 

SHIP NAME 

NATSUSHIMA 

NT99-14 

SHINKAI 2000 


Suruga bay 

Nankai Trough 

Sagami bay 

Oct. Nov. Dec. 

NT99-15 

SHINKAI 2000 

cruising Support operation 

cruising Annual inspection 

16 20 3031 26 27 8 

Manus basin 

SHIP NAME 

NATSUSHIMA 

DOLPHIN-3KUnmanned Remotely operated vehicle 

SHINKAI 2000Deep sea research submersible (Manned) 

Jan.00 Feb. Mar. 

Cruising 

NT00-01 

SHINKAI 2000 


cruising 

NT00-02 

DOLPHIN-3K 


NT00-03 

DOLPHIN-3K 


24 28 8 9 

papua newguinea 

21 22 4 10 

Suruga bay 

18 24 

Suruga bay 

Nankai Trough 

Sagami bay 

Sagami bay 

128



SHIP NAME 

YOKOSUKA 

Operations Schedule of SV "YOKOSUKA" in 1999 Fiscal year 


Annual inspection 

Table 2 

Multi-narrow 

beam test 

2 21 31 

4 

YK99-05 

SHINKAI 6500 


Japan sea, off Sanriku, Japan trench 

JAMSTEC 

SHIP NAME 

YOKOSUKA 

YK99-06 

UROV-7K 


7 8 

Japan trench 


cruising 

YK99-07 

SHINKAI 6500 


YK99-08 

SHINKAI 6500 


18 21 25 30 23 26 

Hawaii islands area 

Hawaii islands area 

SHIP NAME 

YOKOSUKA 

cruising 

7 


YK99-09 

SHINKAI 6500 


YK99-10 

AUV(R-one)Test 


18 22 2 16 30 

Nankai trough 

Myojin knoll 

SHIP NAME 

YOKOSUKA 

YK99-11 

Research sea floor dynamics 

PhilippineMariana area 


YK00-01 

Research sea floor dynamics 

19 21 21 29 

PhilippineMariana area 

YK00-02 

SHINKAI 6500 



SHINKAI 6500Deep sea research submersible (Manned) 

AUVAutonomous Underwater Vehicle 

SHIP NAME 

KAIYO 

Table 3 

Operations Schedule of RV "KAIYO" in 1999 Fiscal year 


KY99-03 

Multichannel Seismic Profiler(MCS) 

Annual inspection 


23 28 

Nankai trough, off Muroto 

JAMSTEC 

SHIP NAME 

KAIYO 

4 

8 

KY99-04 

Long-term dep sea 

floor observatory 

off Sanriku 

Sagami bay 


KY99-05 

MCS 


YK99-06 

Reserch on material cycle in the ocean 

VENUS Project 

16 20 24 28 25 29 

Japan trench, off Miyagi 


SHIP NAME 

KAIYO 


KY99-08 

KY99-09 

KY99-10 

Development of acoustic Tropical pacific ocean climate studies(TOCS) 

Ocean Acoustic Tomography 

date transmission system 

5 10 

Suruga bay 

Western tropical pacific area 

24 27 

Nnkai Trough 

Mid tropical pacific area 

SHIP NAME 


KAIYO 

Annual Inspection 

18 2 31 

VENUSVersatile eco-monitorring network by undersea cable system 

129



SHIP NAME 

KAIREI 

KR99-02 

KAIKO 


Operations Schedule of RV "KAIREI" in 1999 Fiscal year 


KR99-03 

KAIKO 


Table 4 

KR99-04 

MCS 


JAMSTEC 

KR99-05 

TRITON buoy recovery 

2 9 10 26 6 10 14 27 

off kushiro 

Japan trench 

Shikoku 

Western tropical pacific area 

off sanriku 

Nankai trough 

SHIP NAME 

KAIREI 

KR99-06 

KAIKO 


1 

off Boso 

Mariana trench 

14 


KR99-07 

KAIKO 


KR99-08 

MCS 


21 12 17 16 21 


Japan trench 

off Miyazaki 

SHIP NAME 

KAIREI 

KR99-09 

KAIKO 




KR99-10 

KR99-11 

Bathymetric survey 

KAIKO 


17 

KR99-12 

20 

Philippine basin 

3 8 

Nankai trough 

12 16 

Polynesia 

Mariana trench 

off Muroto 

Izu ogasawara 

SHIP NAME 

KAIREI 


KR99-12 

Bathymetric, geological 

and geophysical survey 


Polynesia area 

KR00-01 

KAIKO 

Spport operation 

3 7 13 23 

31 


KAIKOUnmanned Remotely operated vehicle 

MCSMultichannel Seismic Profiler 

TRITONTriangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network 

OBSOcean Bottom Seiamograph 

SHIP NAME 

MIRAI 

Table 5 

Operations Schedule of RV "MIRAI" in 1999 Fiscal year 


MR99-K02 

observational Studies on 

the Material Cycle in the 


High Latitude Sea 

1 27 8 31 8 

Northwestern 

North Pacific 

JAMSTEC 

SHIP NAME 

MIRAI 

MR99-K03 


Air-Sea interaction 

Western 

Equatorial 

Pacific Ocean 


MR99-K04 

The Subtropical Gyre and 

the Subpolar Gyre in the 

North Pacific Ocean 

20 23 

19 24 

Kuroshio Extentions 

MR99-K05 

Observational Studies in 

the Arctic Ocean 

Bering Sea 

Chukchi Sea 

Beaufort Sea 

SHIP NAME 

MIRAI 


MR99-K06 


the Western Tropical 

pacific Ocean 

MR99-K07 


Primary Productivity in the 

Equatorial Pacific Ocean 

6 13 20 21 26 

Western Pacific Ocean 

Equatorial waters 


SHIP NAME 

MIRAI 


MR00-K01 

Observational Studies on 

the Material Cycle in the 

High Latitude Sea 

MR00-K02 


the western Tropical 

pacific Ocean 

5 8 15 25 

Northwestern 

Pacific Ocean 

Western pacific ocean 


130



120˚ 

125˚ 

130˚ 

135˚ 

140˚ 

145˚ 

150˚ 

155˚ 

160˚ 

40˚ 

NT 99-10 

NT 99-11 

40˚ 

NT 99-12 

NT 99-13,14 

NT 99-06 

NT 99-05 

NT 99-08 

NT 00-01 

NT 99-04 

NT 00-02,03 

NT 99-09 

NT 99-16 

20˚ 

NT 99-07 

20˚ 

0˚ 

NT 99-15 

0˚ 

120˚ 

125˚ 

130˚ 

135˚ 

140˚ 

145˚ 

150˚ 

155˚ 

160˚ 

 

131



120˚E 

140˚ 

160˚ 

180˚ 

160˚W 

40 

YK99-05 

YK99-06 

40˚ 

YK99-09 

YK99-10 

 

YK00-02,03 

YK99-11 

20˚ 

 

YK00-01 

 

 

YK99-07,08 

20˚ 

0˚ 

0˚ 

120˚E 

140˚ 

160˚ 

180˚ 

160˚W 

 

 

 

132



120˚E 

140˚E 

160˚E 

180˚ 

160˚W 

40˚N 

20˚N 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40˚N 

20˚N 

 

0˚ 

 

0˚ 

20˚S 

 

20˚S 

120˚ E 

140˚E 

160˚E 

180˚ 

160˚W 

 

 

 

 

133



40˚ 

Research on deep-sea ecosystem (off Sanriku) 

Long-term deep sea floor observatory (Sagami bay) 

Development of Acoustic data transmission system 

(Suruga bay, Nankai Trough) 

MCS Support operation (off Sanriku, off Shikoku) 

20˚ 

VENUS Project (Nansei Islands) 

Tropical pacific ocean climate studies 

(Western tropical pacific area) 

0˚ 

Ocean Acoustic Tomography 

(Mid tropical pacific area) 

120˚ 140˚ 160˚ 180˚ 160W˚ 

 

134



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

135



Research vessels, submersibles and ROVs of JAMSTEC 

Support vessel "Natsushima" 

Length : 

Grosstonnage : 

Speed : 

Complement : 

67.4 m 

1,533 T 

12 knots 

55 persons 

Manned research submersible 

"Shinkai 2000" 

Length : 

9.3 m 

Max, depth capability : 2,000 m 

Speed : 

3 knots 

Complement : 

3 persons 

ROV "Dolphin 3K" 

Length : 

Max, depth capability : 

Speed : 

2.9 m 

3,300 m 

3 knots 

Support vessel "Yokosuka" 

Length : 


Speed : 

Complement : 

105.2 m 

4,439 T 

16 knots 

60 persons 

Manned research submersible 

"Shinkai 6500" 

Length : 

9.5 m 

Max, depth capability : 6,500 m 

Speed : 

2.5 knots 

Complement : 

3 persons 

Research vessel "Kaiyo" 

Length : 


Speed : 

Complement : 

61.5 m 

3,176 T 

13 knots 

60 persons 

ROV "Kaiko" 

Length : 


Speed : 

3.1 m (Vehicle) 

11,000 m 

2 knots 

Deep sea research vessel 

"Kairei" 

Length : 

105 m 


4,628 T 

Speed : 

16 knots 

Complement : 

60 persons 

Oceanographic research vessel 

"Mirai" 

Length : 

128.6 m 


8,687 T 

Speed : 

16 knots 

Complement : 

80 persons 

ROV "Hyper Dolphin" 

AUV "Urashima" 

Length : 


Speed : 

3.0 m 

3,000 m 

3 knots 

Length : 


Speed : 

9.7 m 

3,500 m 

3 knots 

136


Mutsu Branch 

Outline of Activities by Mutsu Branch 

The Mutsu Branch was opened as the first local office of the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center 

(JAMSTEC) in October , to support the smooth operation of the oceanographic research vessel 

"MIRAI". In October , this vessel was launched into service from its home port of Sekinehama in the 

city of Mutsu. 

The Mutsu Branch will carry out the following activities for the time being: 

The operation of the facilities and equipment necessary for the research activities carried out by the 

R/V"MIRAI"; 

The public relations to support the smooth operation of the R/V"MIRAI"; and 

Other activities necessary to operate the Mutsu Branch. 

(1) Operation of facilities and equipment 

The R/V"MIRAI" has made a wide range of observations 

in the Pacific and Indian Oceans to collect data 

and samples necessary to contribute to the researches 

made for explicating the global climate change mechanism. 

The principal mission of this vessel is to install 

and recover the ocean observing buoy system "TRI- 

TON" that will be deployed in the western equatorial 

zone and the middle- and high-latitude zones of the 

Pacific Ocean. It is expected that the buoy system 

"TRITON" will exercise its power to clarify the actual 

state of the worm core ring that was found closely 

related to the El niño phenomenon. 

The observing equipment servicing facilities are 

used to carry out various works including the servicing, 

storage of ocean observing buoys, the calibration 

of sensors, and the reception, processing and management 

of buoy data. 

The sample analysis building is used to process the 

ocean data observed by the TRITON and the 

R/V"MIRAI", and analyze and store the collected 

samples. A seawater preproccessing system (that pretreats 

the seawater necessary to determine the radioactive 

carbon by means of an accelerator mass spec- 

N 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 1 Layout of Research Facilities at Mutsu Branch 

137


Mutsu Branch 

trometer) is operated in this building. 

The Mutsu Guest House provides a good environment 

to the researchers who visit the Mutsu Branch 

to get on board the "MIRAI", make cooperative 

researches, and take training courses. This building 

contains mainly researchers' rooms, a large conference 

room (having a capacity of persons), a seminar 

room, lounge and cafeteria. 

The General Affairs Division of the Mutsu Branch 

rented a building from the Japan Atomic Energy 

Research Institute, and used it as an office building. 

(See Fig .) 

Servicing of Mutsu Branch's Facilities and 

Equipment 

(1)Buildings 

The Mutsu Branch refurbished the office building to 

fill up the shortage of spaces caused by the increasing 

amount of tasks and personnel. The Japanese-style 

room and a part of the rest room on the first floor were 

remodeled into a conference room and a space for preliminary 

meeting. 

Table gives the more detailed information about 

the refurbished Mutsu Branch facilities. 

(2)Public relations 

To provide the smooth service of the R/V"MIRAI", 

it is indispensable to obtain a full understanding and 

cooperation from the citizens in the city of Mutsu where 

the home port of the vessel is located. The main objective 

of the public relations developed by the Mutsu 

Branch is to disseminate the results and dreams of 

R & D efforts made by JAMSTEC among the citizens, 

especially the young people of the next generation. 

To attain this objective, the welcome ceremony for 

the "KAIYO", ocean research vessel, was held in the 

Port of Sekinehama, the city of Mutsu on the th and 

th of July in , and the vessel was opened to the 

public. The number of visitors was . 

At the same time, a lecture and film-projecting 

meeting was held by inviting an ex-pilot of a research 

submarine as lecturer. The number of participants was 

. 

In addition, deep-sea georama and other models as 

well as the pictures of sea bottom stations and other 

equipment were exhibited as a part of the JAMSTEC's 

results of research activities in the Mutsu Science and 

Technology Museum (operated by the Japan Atomic 

Energy Research Institute and located next to the 

Mutsu Branch site) to enhance the public's understanding 

of marine research activities. 

(2) Equipment 

The plankton storage room on the first floor of the 

sample analysis building was remodeled into a suite of 

rooms equipped with high-resolution ICP mass spectrometers 

(Photo ). This new suite of rooms has been 

used to make high-accuracy element analyses on the 

sedimentary and other samples collected by the 

"MIRAI", ocean and earth research vessel and used 

for researches on mass flux and paleoenvironment. 

This suite of rooms for ICP mass spectrometry is 

made up by rooms; an entrance room with the air 

shower booth, an ICP-MS room complying with the 

clean-room specifications (Class ), and a 

machinery room with air-conditioning system. The 

ICP-MS room contains a simple booth of Class . 

In addition, two plasma displays were installed in 

the large conference room on the second floor of the 

Mutsu Guest House to improve the functions of the 

audiovisual equipment. The lobby next to the conference 

room was equipped with a monitor so that the 

visitors could view lectures being made in the conference 

room. 

138


Mutsu Branch 

Table 1 Status of Research Facilities and Equipment at Mutsu Branch 

Building name Specifications Total space (m 2 ) Year of preparation Remarks 

Observation Equipment 

and Machinery and 

Maintenance Shop 

3-storey steel frame construction, 

partially ventilated 

3,046.26 1995-1996 

Administration building 2-storey ferro-concrete building 

521.90 1996 

2-storey ferro-concrete 

building 

Sample Analysis Facility 2-storey ferro-concrete building 

1,942.59 1996-1997 

3-storey steel frame construction, 

1-storey 

Mutsu Guest House 1,547.42 1998 

tower 

Photo 1 High-resolution ICP mass spectrometers 

139


Appendix A 

Research Achievements 

1Executive Director 

1 HOTTA Hiroshi 

Challenge to the Deep Space, Popular science Series, Vol., SHOKABO Publishing Co.,Ltd. 

2 KINOSHITA Hajimu 

Reach for Earth's Mantle! (OD aims at km bsf), Newton 

3 KINOSHITA Hajimu 

Scientific Ocean Drilling and Environment Change, J.Marin Acoustic Soc. Jpn 

2Deep Sea Research Department 

1FUJIE Gou, SATO Toshinori, KASAHARA Junzo, KORESAWA Sadayuki, MOCHIZUKI Kimihiro, HINO 

Ryota, SUYEHIRO Kiyoshi 

Heterogeneous crustal structure and seismic activities off Sanriku. 

Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting 

2FUJIOKA Kantaro, SAKAMOTO Izumi 

Structure of the Izu-Bonin Arc 

Res. Rep. Kanagawa prefect. Mus. Nat. Hist. 

3FUJIWARA Toshiya, KINOSHITA Hajimu, MORIJIRI Rie 

Magnetic structure of the southern Boso Peninsula and its implications for the formation of the Mineoka Ophiolite Belt, 

Earth, Planets and Space 

4FUJIWARA Toshiya, YAMAZAKI Toshitsugu (GSJ), JOSHIMA Masato (GSJ) 

Geomagnetic vector anomaly of the southern Lau Basin and Havre Trough, American Geophysical Union, Fall 

Meeting (poster session) 

5FUJIWARA Toshiya, MATSUMOTO Takeshi, Peter B. Kelemen (WHOI), Michael G. Braun (WHOI), 

JOSHIMA Masato (GSJ), John F. Casey (Univ. Houston), TAKEUCHI Akira (Toyama Univ.), and Georges M. 

Ceuleneer (CNRS OMP, Toulouse) 

Bathymetry, Geomagnetic and Gravity Anomalies of the Mid- Atlantic Ridge between N and N, American 

Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 

6FUJIWARA Toshiya 

Review of geophysical studies in the Izu-Bonin Arc 

Symposium "Izu-Bonin Arc" on Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History 

7FUJIWARA Toshiya, MATSUMOTO Takeshi, Peter B. Kelemen, Michael G. Braun, John F. Casey, Georges M. 

Ceuleneer, JOSHIMA Masato, TAKEUCHI Akira 

Bathymetry, geomagnetic and gravity anomalies of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the 'N Fracture Zone 

Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting (poster session) 

8FUJIWARA Toshiya, MATSUMOTO Takeshi, Peter B. Kelemen (WHOI), Michael G. Braun (WHOI), 

JOSHIMA Masato (GSJ), John F. Casey (Univ. Houston), TAKEUCHI Akira (Toyama Univ.), Georges M. 

Ceuleneer (CNRS) 

Bathymetry, Geomagnetic and Gravity Anomalies of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between N and N 

Fall Meeting of Seismological Society of Japan (poster session) 

9FUJIWARA Toshiya, MATSUMOTO. T, KOBAYASHI. KYAMAZAKI. T (GSJ), J. Delteil (Univ. Nice), 

E. Ruellan (CNRS)ABE. S (CRIEPI), AOKI. M (NMJ), G. Buffet (Univ. Nice), J. Etoubleau (IFREMER), P. A. 

JarvisTAKAHASHI. N JOSHIMA. M (GSJ)MURAKAMI. F (GSJ)KULA. T, KUMAGAI. H (ERI), 

140


Appendix A 


NISHIZAWA. A (JHD), A. Pelletier (CNRS), C. de Ronde (Univ.Otago)I. C. Wright (NIWA) 

Report of the "Yokosuka" Lau-Havre Trough cruise 

Mid-Ocean Ridge Workshop held in ORI Univ. Tokyo 

10HATTORI Mutsuo, OKANO Masaharu 

In situ sea bottom gamma ray measurement at cold water seep and hot thermal vent environment 

Oceanographycal Society of Japan 

11HIRATA Kenji, AOYAGI Masaru, MORITA Shigehiko, FUJISAWA Itaru, MIKADA Hitoshi, KAIHO Yuka, 

IWASE Ryoichi, KAWAGUCHI Katsuyoshi, SUGIOKA Hiroko, SUYEHIRO Kiyoshi, KINOSHITA Hajimu 

Development of Cable- Connected Real- Time Seafloor Seismic Observatory, AGU Fall Meeting (poster session) 

12HIRATA Kenji, JAMSTEC Long-term Deep Seafloor Observation and Research Project Team 

development of the cable-connected real-time seafloor seismic observatory (JAMSTEC No. system) 

earth and planetary science joint-meeting 

13HIRATA Kenji, JAMSTEC Long-term Deep Seafloor Observation and Research Project Team 

Deep-tow camera survey of the continental margine off Fukushima, Japan - results of KY--FKS cruise - 

earth and planetary science joint-meeting 

14IRYU Yasufumi (Tohoku Univ.), MATSUDA Hiroki (Kumamoto Univ.), MACHIYAMA Hideaki 

The results of shallow-water carbonate drilling by Ocean Drilling Program 

Chikyu Monthly 

15ISHIDA Mitsuo, SAKAMOTO Izumi 

Geomagnetic structures of the submarine caldera located between Hachijyojima Is. and Aogashima Is., Northern part of 

the Izu- Ogasawara Arc, International union of geodesy and geophsics 

16IWASE Ryoichi, MOMMA Hiroyasu, MITSUZAWA Kyohiko and KAWAGUCHI Katsuyoshi 

LONG TERM DEEP SEAFLOOR MONITORING AT COLD SEEPAGE SITE OFF HATSUSHIMA ISAND IN 

SAGAMI BAY, The nd General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 

17IWASE Ryouichi, JAMSTEC Long-term Deep Seafloor Observation and Research Project Team 

Cable-connected piggyback observatory off Hatsushima Island / Deployment and recovery of pop-up OBS by using deeptow 

camera 


18Jiren Xu, KONO Yoshiteru 

Stress Field and its Tectinic Implication of Nankai Subduction Zone, Japan Deduced from Hypocentral Data and Focal 

Mechanism Solutions, Workshop on Recurrence of Great Interplate Earthquakes and its Mechanism (poster session) 


Seismogenic Stress Field and its Tectonics in and around the Nankai Trough, Japan, American Geophisical Union 

Fall Meeting (poster session) 

20Jiren Xu, Zhixin Zhao (Kawasaki Geological Engineering Co. LTD.), OIKE Kazuo (Kyoto Univ.)Earthquake 

Mechanisms and Seismogenic Stress Field in East Asia, International Workshop on Seismotectonics at the Subduction Zone 


Seismogenic Stress Field and its Tectonics in the Eastern and the Western Regions of the Nankai Trough, Japan 

Fall Meeting of Seismological Society of Japan (poster session) 

22JOSHIMA Masato, FUJIWARA Toshiya, MATSUMOTO Takeshi, TAKEUCHI Akira 

component geomagnetic field measurements near the sea-floor of MAR around the Cape Verde Fracture Zone 


141


Appendix A 


23KAIHO Yuka, B. L. N. Kennett 

Some requirments of broadband OBS observation for body waves structure of upper mantle beneath ocean region 


24KAIHO Yuka, B. L. N. Kennett 

P, S body waves upper mantle structure beneath Australian region from travel time analysis and turning point approximation 


25KANO Akihiro (Hiroshima Univ.), MACHIYAMA Hideaki 

Depositional history of Middle Cambria sponge mounds of northern Iran, th Int. Symp. Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera 

(poster session) 

26KANO Akihiro (Hiroshima Univ.), SAKAI Saburo (Hiroshima Univ.), MACHIYAMA Hideaki 

The results of shallow-water carbonate drlling by Ocean Drilling program 

27KAWAGUCHI Katsuyoshi, KINOSHITA Hajimu, HIRATA Kenji and IWASE Ryouichi 

CABLE- CONNECTED OCEAN BOTTOM OBSERVATION NETWORKS IN JAPAN, International Union of Geodesy 

and Geophysics (IUGG ) (poster session) 

28KAWAMURA Toshio (miyagi Univ. Education), MACHIYAMA Hideaki, Jian-wei Sheng (Nanjin Inst. Geol. 

Paleont., Academia Sinica), EZAKI Yoichi (Osaka City Univ.) 

Uppermost Permian sponge-bryozoa-microbial mounds? in the South Kitakami Terrane 

Annual Meeting of the Paleont. Soc. Japan 

29MACHIYAMA Hideaki, EZAKI Yoichi (Osaka City Univ.), KAWAMURA Toshio (Miyagi Univ. Education), 

YOSHIDA Kohki (Shinshu Univ.) 

COMPARISON OF MIDDLE PERMIAN CORAL REEF WITH CALCISPONGE MOUND:IMPLICATIONS FOR 

THE FORMATION OF RUGOSE CORAL REEF, th Int. Symp. Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera (poster session) 

30MACHIYAMA Hideaki, MATSUDA Hiroki, IRYU Yasufumi 

Scientific drillings on reefs and carbonate platforms: their recent progress and future 


31MACHIYAMA Hideaki, KITAZATO Hiroshi (Shizuoka Univ.), FUJIOKA Kantaro 

Sedimentary environment and its emplacement of the large limestone mass at the landward slope of the Palau Trench 

th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan (poster session) 

32MATSUDA Hiroki (Kumamoto Univ.), HOYANAGI Kohichi (Shinshu Univ.), IRYU Yasufumi (Tohoku Univ.), 

SAITO Yoshiki (Geol. Surv. Japan), MACHIYAMA Hideaki 

Introduction - shallow-marine drillings 


33MIKADA Hitoshi, KAGIYAMA Tsuneomi 

Underground structure of Kirishima Volcanoes revealed by explosion experiments Volcanoes in a tensile stress field , 

American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 

34MIKADA Hitoshi 

Imaging of Geophysical Logging Data - Its past and future - 

Geophysical Exploration, Vol. , No. 

35MITSUZAWA Kyohiko 

Real- time measurement of deep sea currents off Cape Muroto, The IEEE Sixth Working Conference on Current 

Measurement 

36MITSUZAWA Kyohiko, FUJIOKA Kantaro 

142


Appendix A 


A long-term observation on an environment of hydrothermal field at the Southern East Pacific Rise 


37MITSUZAWA Kyohiko, FUJIOKA Kantaro, URABE Tetsuro 

Long-term deep seafloor observation at Southern East Pacific Rise 

-First long-term multiple observation at oceanic ridge- 

Symposium ' "Science and Technology for Tomorrow -Results of research based on Science and Technology Special 

Coordination Fund for Promoting Science and Technology-" 

38MITSUZAWA Kyohiko, Deep seafloor research and observation team 

Deep currents at the landward slope of Nankai Trough, off Cape Muroto 

-Observation results of ADCP of Long-term deep sea floor observatory- 

Fall Meeting of Oceanographic Society of Japan 

39MITSUZAWA Kyohiko, FUJIOKA Kantaro, URABE Tetsuro 

Observation results of the long-term deep seafloor observatory "Manatee" 

-RM, RM site, Southern East Pacific Rise- 

Workshop of mid-ocean ridge researches, ORI, University of Tokyo 

40MITSUZAWA Kyohiko 

Time changes of hydrothermal activities at Southern East Pacific Rise 

Symposium ' "Science and Technology for Tomorrow -Results of research based on Science and Technology Special 

Coordination Fund for Promoting Science and Technology-" 

41SAKAMOTO Izumi, FUJIWARA Toshiya 

Geological and petrographical characteristics of the Sofugan Tectonic Line, Izu- Ogasawara Arc, International union of 

geodesy and geophsics 

42SAKAMOTO Izumi, FUJIWARA T., MURAKAMI F., ISHIDA M., 

Topographical and geologicak characters of submarine caldera located between Hachijyojima Is. and Aogashima Is., Izu- 

Ogasawara Arc., International union of geodesy and geophysics 

43SAKAMOTO Izumi, FUJIOKA Kantaro 

Description of basement rocks from the Izu-Ogasawara Arc 

Res. Rep. Kanagawa prefect. Mus. Nat. Hist. 

44SAKAMOTO Izumi, HORIUCHI Seiji, FUJIOKA Kantaro 

Geological characteristics of Sofugan Tectonic Line, Izu-Ogasawara Arc 

Geological Society of Japan 

45SAKAMOTO Izumi, Yong-Ui Kim 

Petrographical characteristics of volcanic rocks sampled from Kosyu Seamount, northern part of Sikoku Basin 

Journal of school of Marine Science & Technolgy Tokai University 

46SAKAMOTO Izumi 

Bathymetrical and geological characteristics of South-hachijyo Knoll-Geological feature of submarine dyke complex- 

THE VOLCANOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 

47SOH Wonn, MATSUDA Hiroki (Kumamoto Univ.), MACHIYAMA Hideaki, UJIIE Yurika (ORI, Univ. Tokyo) 

Ocean Drilling in the st Century - present and future in relation to sedimentology 

48TAKAHASHI Narumi, KODAIRA S., NAKANISHI A., MIURA S., J-O. Park, HIGASHIKATA T., IWASAKI T., 

HIRATA N., SAKA M., INOUE Y., TAUE K., KIMURA S. 

Seismic investigation for the velocity strucuture around off-Ashizuri and western Shikoku 

143


Appendix A 



49YAMAMOTO Genjyu (Tokai Univ), SAKAMOTO Izumi 

Volcanic stratigraphy of Takakusayama formation in the Shizuoka prefecture 

Journal of the School of Marine Science & Technology Tokai University 

50YAMAMOTO Genjyu (Tokai Univ), SAKAMOTO Izumi 

Chemical composition of clinopyroxene in the basaltic rocks of the Nishiyatsushiro Group and Ryuso Group in the South 

Fossa Magna 

Jour.of the School of Marine Science and Technology Tokai Univ. 

51YAMAMOTO Hiroaki, Jacob B. U. Halorsen, MIKADA Hitoshi, WATANABE Shinichi 

Fracture Imaging using from sonic reflections and mode conversion. 

Expanded Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of SEG 

3Marine Technology Department 

1AOKI Taro, MURASHIMA Takashi, TUKIOKA Satoshi, NAKAJYOU Hidehiko, IDA Tadahiko 

Development of Deep Sea Free Swimming ROV UROVK, OCEANS 

2AOKI Taro 

Development of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle 

Senpaku Gijyutsu Kyokai CO., LTD 

3KYO Masanori, F.N. Spiess, J. Hildebrand, C. deMoustier 

Marine Physical Laboratory Borehole Reentry System: design and Operations. 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography Reference series, -, Jan. ' 

4KYO Masanori 

Long Term Borehole Observatory 

Advanced Marine Science and Technology Society, Spring Meeting ', S, -, May '. 

5KYO Masanori, F.N. Spiess, J. Hildebrand, C. deMoustier 

Borhole Observatory and Experiment by Reseach Vessel Commonly Used for Ocean and Geoscience. 

Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, Sa, Jun.'. 

6KYO Masanori 

The Third Frontier -Research beneath the Sea Floor- 

Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, Jul '. 

7KYO Masanori 

Marine Physical Laboratory Borehole Reentry System: Lead-In Package, Packer, Logging Tool & Water Sampler 

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Physical Laboratory, Tech Memo, No., Mar. '. 

8MIYAZAKI Eigo 

OD Deepwater Riser Drilling Technology 

Advanced Marine Science and Technology Society 

9MIYAZAKI Eigo 

Technological Aspect of Scientific Shallow Water Drilling 


10MOMMA Hiroyasu 

Comprehensive Deep Seafloor Monitoring System off Cape Muroto, Western Japan 

IUGG (International Union of Geodesy & Geophysics) General Assembly , 

144


Appendix A 


11MOMMA Hiroyasu, KAWAGUCHI Katsuyoshi, IWASE Ryoichi 

A New Approach for Long-Term Seafloor Monitoring and Data Recovery 

ISOPE (International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers) , 


Present and Future of Long Term Deep Seafloor Observation 

Marine Future Technology Society Meeting, 


Ocean Observation by Whale 

JAMSTEC, 


From Deep Sea Monitoring to Long Term Observation 

Nippon Marine Enterprises Marine Safety Meeting, 


Development of JAMSTEC/Deep Tow System and Search Operation ofArtificial Objects, JAMSTEC 

Advanced Marine Science & Technology Society, Spring Meeting, 

16MOMMA Hiroyasu, FUJIWARA Noriyuki, KAWAGUCHI Katsuyoshi, IWASE Ryoichi, SUZUKI Shinichiro, 

KAIHO Yuka, KINOSHITA Hajimu 

Comprehensive Seafloor Observation System 

JAMSTECJDSR Vol., 


Development of JAMSTEC/Deep Tow 

Japan Deep Sea Technology Society Autumn Meeting, 


A short history of the JAMSTEC / Deep Tow 

Japan Deep Sea Technology Association 

19MURASHIMA Takashi, AOKI Taro, NAKAJOH Hidehiko, TSUKIOKA Satoshi (JAMSTEC), ASAO Yoshihisa 

(SUMITOMO) 

Optical Communication System for Expendable Fiber Optics ROV UROVK System, ISOPE 

20MURASHIMA Takashi 

Deep Sea ROV with Thin Cable, "UROVK" 

rd Underwater Technology Forum 

21NAKAMURA Toshiaki, KANAIZUMI Tomoyoshi, NAKANO Iwao, TSUBOI Tomohiro (Oki Electric Industry 

Co., Ltd.), YOSHIKAWA Takashi (Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd.) 

A Hz giant magnetostrictive source for monitoring of global ocean variability, Proceedings of the International 

Symposium on Acoustic Tomography and Acoustic Thermometry 

22NAKAMURA Toshiaki, KANAIZUMI Tomoyuki, FUJIMORI Hidetoshi, NAKANO Iwao, Kurt Metzger, Bruce Howe 

Simultaneous transmission of five transceivers by the use of multiple M sequences in the Central Equatorial Pacific 

tomography experiments., IUGG' 

23NAKAMURA Toshiaki, KANAIZUMI Tomoyuki, FUJIMORI Hidetoshi, NAKANO Iwao, Kurt Metzger 

On the received noise of teh tomography experiments in the Central Equatorial Pacific. 

The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Ultrasonics 

24NAKAMURA Toshiaki 

145


Appendix A 


Applications of underwater sound sources and hydrophones on ocean observation 

Smart actuator/sensor committee 

25OCHI Hiroshi, AMITANI Yasutaka, SHIMURA Takuya, SAWA Takao 

The Acoustic Digital Data Communication System Using FSK Modulation. 

Proceedings of Meeting of The Marine Acoustics Society of Japan 

26WADA Kazuyasu 

Core Sampling System 

Advanced Marine Science and Technology Sciety 

27WADA Kazuyasu 

Development of the ,m ROV "KAIKO" -conquest of ultimate environment 

The Piping Engineering 

28WASHIO Yukihisa, OSAWA Hiroyuki, NAGATA Yoshinori, FUJII Fuminori, FURUYAMA Hiroki, FUJITA 

Toshisuke 

The Offshore Floating Type Wave Power Device "Mighty Whale" Open Sea Tests, The nd Jiont Meeting of the Coastal 

Environment Science and Technology (CEST) Panel of UJNR 

29WASHIO Yukihisa 

Offshore Floating Wave Power Device "Mighty Whale" 

Bulletin of Japanese Association for Coastal Zone Studies, Vol. No. 


Wave Power Generation/from "kaimei" to "Mighty Whale" 

Bulletin on the Marine Engineering Society v-n 


Wave Power Generation / From "Kaimei" to "Mighty Whale" 

The Marine Engineering Society in Japan 


Offshore Floating Type Wave Energy Device "Mighty Whale" 

Journal of the CHUBU branch of JSAE 


The Offshore Floating Type Wave Energy Device. "Mighty Whale" Overview of The Prototype and The Open Sea Tests. 

The Society of Naval Architects of Japan 

34YAMAMOTO Ryosuke, TANAKA Nobukazu, OSAWA Hiroyuki, WASHIO Yukihisa, YAGIHASHI Kiyotomo, 

ISHII Ken-ichi 

Experimentnal and Analytical Study of Drawing up Deep Seawater With Air-Lift Pump 

Meeting of JADOWA in Imari (JADOWA : The Japan Association of Deep Ocean Water Applications) 

4Ocean Research Department 

1ANDO Kentaro, KURODA Yoshifumi 

TRITON salinity measurements, Proceedings of the Seventh Session of the TAO Implementation Panel 


In- situ salinity measurement from TRITON buoys in the western Tropical Pacific, ADEOS & ADEOS II Joint 

Symposium / Workshop 


146


Appendix A 


Variability of surface salinity and temperature in the western Tropical Pacific 

Fall Meeting of Oceanographic Society of Japan (poster session) 

4AOYAMA Michio, KAWANO T., SAITO C., J. Vander Plicht, KATAGIRI M. 

Radiocarbon measurements in southern Philippine Basin Water along WOCE WHP PRS, PR and PR, WOCE- 

AIMS Tracer Workshop 

5AOYAMA Michio (MRI), KAWANO T., SAITO C, J. Plicht (centrum voor Isotopen Onderaoek), KATAGIRI M. 

(KANSO) 

Radiocarbon measurements in southen Philippine Basin Water along WOCE WHP PRS, PR and PR, WOCE- AIMS 

Tracer Workshop 

6Bo Qiu, Ming Mao, KASHINO Yuji 

Intraseasonal variability in the Indo- Pacific Throughflow and the regions surrounding the Indonesian Seas, Journal of 

Physical Oceanography 

7FUJIMORI Hidetoshi, NAKANO Iwao, NAKAMURA Toshiaki, KANAIZUMI Tomoyuki, KAMOSHIDA 

Takashi, KAYA Akio 

Tomography experiments in the central Equatorial Pacific () - Analysis of seawater temperature plofile and estimation error - 

The Marine Acoustics Society of Japan 

8HASE Hideaki, Jong- Hwan Yoon (Kyusyu Univ.) 

The current structure of the Tsushima Warm Current along the Japanese coast, The Tenth PAMS/JECSS Workshop 

9HONDA Makio, MURATA Akihiko, KUMAMOTO Yuichiro, KUSAKABE Masashi, YAMAMOTO Hideki 

Biological carbon pump and dissolved carbonate chemistry in the Northwestern North Pacific, International symposium 

of CO 

in the ocean 

10HONDA Makio, Steven J. Manganini (WHOI), HONJO Susumu (WHOI) 

Biogeochemical cycles in the sea of Okhotsk: Sediment trap experiment in the temporarily ice bound large marginal sea, 


11HONDA Makio, KUSAKABE Masashi, SUGAWARA Katsutoshi 

Biological pump in the Northwestern North Pacific - preliminary results of sediment trap experiment at stations KNOT, 

N, and N - 


12INOUE Y. Hisayuki, ISHII M., MATUEDA H., SAITO S., AOYAMA M., TOKIEDA T., MIDORIKAWA T., 

NEMOTO K., KAWANO T., ASANUMA I., ANDO K., YANO T., MURATA A. 

Distributions and variations in oceanic carbonate system in surface waters of the central and western equatorial Pacific 

during the / El Niño event., nd international syposium on CO 

in the Oceans 

13INOUE Y. Hisayuki (MRI), ISHII M. (MRI), MATSUEDA H. (MRI), SITO S. (MRI), TOKIEDA T. (MRI), 

KAWANO T., ASANUMA I., MURATA M., ANDO K., KURODA Y. 

Variation on pCO 

of the central and western equatorial Pacific In / 


14IMAMURA Masahiro (CRIEPI), SHITASHIMA Kiminori (CREPEI), KAWANO Takeshi 

Distribution of N 

O in the coust of Japan and the equatorial Pacific 

Spring Meeting of Oceanographic Society of Japan 

15ISHIDA Akio, KASHINO Yuji, MITSUDERA Humio, KADOKURA Teruaki 

On the dynamics of the Tsuchiya jets in a high resolution OGCM, Equatorial Theoretical Panel Meeting to honor Taroh 

Matsuno 

147


Appendix A 


16ISHII Masao (MRI), TOKIEDA T. (MRI), SAITO S. (MRI), MATSUEDA H. (MRI), INOUE Y. H (MRI), 

KAWANO T. 

Zonal Distribution of TC and its regulating factor in the central and western equatorial Pacific 


17KANAIZUMI Tomoyuki, NAKAMURA Toshiaki, FUJIMORI Hidetoshi, NAKANO Iwao, Kurt Metzger, KAYA Akio 

Tomography experiments in the central Equatorial Pacific () 

- Simultaneous transmission by multiple M-sequence signals - 


18KASHINO Yuji, WATANABE Hidetoshi, Banbang Herunadi, AOYAMA Michio, Djoko Hartoyo 

Current variability at the Pacific entrance of the Indonesian Throughflow, Journal of Geophysical Research (ocean) 

19KASHINO Yuji, Eric Firing, Peter Hacker (University of Hawaii), Albert Sulaiman and Lukiyant (BPPT) 

Observation of the Indonesian Throughflow in and around the Celebes Sea, American Geophysical Union, Fall 

Meeting 

20KASHINO Yuji, Eric Firing, Peter Hacker, Sulaiman, Lukiyanto 

Ocean Circulation in the Celebes Sea 


21KATSUMATA Masaki, Nauru99 "MIRAI" Observation Group 

A case study of Mesoscale Convective System observed on June , during the Nauru IOP 

Meteorological Society of Japan, Fall Meeting 

22KIKUCHI Takashi, WAKATSUCHI Masaaki, IKEDA Motoyoshi 

A numerical investigation of the transport process of dense shelf water from a continental shelf to a slope, Journal of 

Geophysical Research - Oceans - Vol., No.C 

23MATSUMOTO Kazuhiko, ASANUMA Ichio, KAWANO Takeshi, OKANO Hirofumi, SAKOH Hiroaki (Marine 

Works Japan), KOBAYASHI Fujio (Marine Works Japan) 

Light absorbance and the properties of phytoplankton in the equatorial Pacific 

Fall meeting of the oceanographic society of Japan 

24MATSUMOTO Takehiro (MWJ), KANDA Reiko (MWJ), MUNEYAMA Kei (MWJ), ANDO Kentaro, 

KAWANO Takeshi, TAKATSUKI Yasushi 

Drift of SBE/ temperature and salinity sensors 


25MURAKI Hiroaki (Hokkaido Tokai Univ.), KUSAKABE Masashi, HARADA Naomi, NAKAMURA Toshio 

(Nagoya Univ.) 

Particulate flux for last years in the northwestern North Pacific 

Summaries of Researchs Using AMS at Nagoya University 

26NAGAHAMA Tetsuya (MWJ), ANDO Kentaro, USHIJIMA Norifumi, KURODA Yoshifumi 

On the calibration of conductivity and temperature sensor (type SBE) 


27NAKAMURA Tomohiro (Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute), AWAJI Toshiyuki, HATAYAMA 

Takaki, AKITOMO Kazunori, TAKIZAWA Takatoshi, KONO Tokihiro (Hokkaido National Fisheries Research 

Institute), KAWASAKI Yasuhiro (Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute)and FUKASAWA Masao 

(School of Marine Science and Technology). 

The generation of large - amplitude unsteady lee waves by subinertial K tidal flow: a possible vertical mixing mechanism 

148


Appendix A 


in the Kuril Straits, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 

28NAKAMURA Toshiaki, KANAIZUMI Tomoyuki, FUJIMORI Hidetoshi, NAKANO Iwao, Kurt Metzger 

Tomography experiments in the Central Equatorial Pacific. 

- Selection of multiple M-Sequence Signals - 

The Acoustical Society of Japan 

29NAKANO Iwao, NAKAMURA Toshiaki, FUJIMORI Hidetoshi, KANAIZUMI Tomoyuki, Gang Yuan, Bruce Howe 

Tomography experiments in the central Equatorial Pacific () 


30NAKANO Iwao, FUJIMORI Hidetoshi, KIMURA Junichi 

The eye of typhoon and its related sea level change observed at Okino-Tori Sima 


31NISHINO Shigeto, Thermohaline- and Eddy - 

Driven Circulation in the Atlantic Water Layer of the Canada Basin, Arctic Climate Change Workshop / International 

Arctic Reserch Center 

32NISHINO Shigeto 

Circulation of the Atlantic water in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean. 

Spring Meeting of Oceanographic Society of Japan (poster session) 

33NISHINO Shigeto, TAKIZAWA Takatoshi, HATAKEYAMA Kiyoshi, SHIMADA Koji, KIKUCHI Takashi 

The present and fuure activities on the study of the Arctic Ocean in JAMSTEC 

IARC liaison conference - Science meeting for the Arctic climate - 

34SAITO Shu, TOKIEDA T. (MRI), ISHII M. (MRI), INOUE Y. H (MRI), KAWANO T. 

pH measurement in the central and western equatorial Pacific 


35SHIMADA Koji 

Summer Bering Sea Water in the Canada Basin, Arctic Climate Change workshop 

36SHIMADA Koji 

Warm subsurface water events found on the Northwind Ridge and in the Barrow Canyon, SHEBA / FIRE Workshop 


37SHIMADA koji, HATAKEYAMA Kiyoshi, TAKIZAWA Takatoshi 

Seasonal and interannual variability of the subsurface water temperature in the western Arctic Ocean (Western Arctic 

Subsurface Mode Water?) 


38SHIMADA koji, HATAKEYAMA Kiyoshi, NAKAMURA Toru, TAKIZAWA Takatoshi, KOYAMA Noboru, R. 

Krishfield, HONJO Susumu 

Ocean circulation in the Arctic Ocean - Results of Ice-Ocean Environmental Buoy (IOEB) and HX observations - 


39SHIMADA Koji, HATAKEYAMA Kiyoshi, KIKUCHI Takashi, NISHINO Shigeto, TAKIZAWA Takatoshi 

Summer Bering Sea Water in the Canada Basin 

NIPR Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology (poster session) 

40YONEYAMA Kunio, David B. Parsons 

A proposed mechanism for the intrusion of dry air into the Tropical Western Pacific region, Journal of the Atmospheric 

Sciences 

149


Appendix A 


41YONEYAMA Kunio, Nauru99ers 

A summary of the R/V MIRAI Nauru cruise 

Meteorological SOciety of Japan Fall meeting 

42YONEYAMA Kunio, Nauru99ers 

Charcteristics on the atmosphere and ocean of the Tropical Western Pacific during the R/V MIRAI Nauru Cruise 

Meteorological Society of Japan Fall Meeting 

43Yuan Gang, NAKANO Iwao, FUJIMORI Hidetoshi, NAKAMURA Toshiaki, KAMOSHIDA Takashi, and KAYA Akio 

Tomographic measurements of the Kuroshio Extension meander and its associated eddies, Geophysical Research Letters 

5Marine Ecosystems Research Department 

1FUJIKURA Katsunori, KOJIMA Shigeaki, TAMAKI Kensaku, MAKI Yonosuke, James Hunt, OKUTANI 

Takashi 

The deepest chemosynthesis- based community yet discovered from the hadal zone, m deep, in the Japan Trench, 

Marine Ecology Progress Series 

2ICHIKAWA Tadafumi, KATO Satoshi, NAKATA Kaoru 

Usefulness of plankton for the automatic measurement of zooplankton biomass in the Oyashio and the transition zone 

Bulletin of National Resarch Insitute of Fisheries Science 

3KUDO Kimiaki 

Coral rehabilitation 

New Coastal Engineering in Global Environment 

4KUDO Kimiaki 

A scenario of improving waters by activating ecosystems 

Nagasaki Interbusiness Plaza 

5KUDO Kimiaki 

Performance-estimation of the surface-bottom-water mixing diffuser and the Omura-bay simulator 

nd Forum of Nagasaki Science and Technology 

6KUROYAMA Junji, NAKASHIMA Toshimitsu, TOYOTA Takayoshi, TSUTSUI Hiroyuki, YOSHIZAWA Takuya 

The Present State of the Coral Reef Environment in Okinawa Sekisei 

Lagoon and the Effect of a Typhoon. 

The Oceanographic Society of Japan, The Spring Meeting,. 

7MIYAKE Hiroshi 

The life and environment of moon-jelly, Aurelia aurita 

Japan Research Group of Marine fouling Organisms 

8MIYAKE Yuji 

The life and environment of moon-jelly, Aurelia aurita 

Japan Research Group of Marine Fouling Organisms 

9MOHRI Motohiko, TAYA Yasushi, NARAKI Nobuo, YAMAGUCHI Hitoshi, KAWANISHI Naomi 

Subjective symptoms of divers during nitrox saturation dives, Japanese Journal of Physiology 

10MOHRI Motohiko, TAYA Yasushi, NARAKI nobuo, YAMAGUCHI Hitoshi, KAWANISHI Naomi 

Fatigue complains during N-O Saturation Dives 

th meeting of the Physiological Society of Japan 

11MOHRI Motohiko, NARAKI Naobuo, TAYA Yasushi, YAMAGUCHI Hitoshi, KAWANISHI Naomi 

150


Appendix A 


Sleep patterns in H 

-O 

Saturation Dives 

The h Annual Meeting of the Physiological Society of Japan (poster session) 

12MOHRI Motohiko 

Ocean Biometerology 

Jpn. J. Biometero. 

13MOHRI Motohiko 

The status quo of Scientific diving in Japan and Nitrox 

Nitrox Diving in Kobe 

14NAGANUMA Takeshi (Hiroshima Univ.), C. Julius Meisel (Acculab Inc.), WADA Hideki (Shizuoka Univ.), 

KATO Yukihiro (Hydrographic Department, MSA), TAKEUCHI Akira, (Toyama Univ.) FUJIKURA Katsunori, 

NAKA Jiro, FUJIOKA Kantaro 

Sea- floor fissures, biological communities and sediment fatty acids of the Northern Okushiri Ridge, Japan Sea: 

Implications for possible methane seepage, The Island Arc 

15OKAMOTO Mineo, MOHRI Motohiko, TAKEUCHI Hirotsugu 

Health of coral - Sensitive bio- indicator of global & local environmental changes, Health and Environment Project 

16OKAMOTO Mineo 

Quantatative measurement of coral reef at Sekisei lagoon 

Open seminar in workshop for scientific diving among Japan 

17OKUTANI Takashi, FUJIKURA Katsunori, KOJIMA Shigeaki 

Two New Hadal Bivalves of the Family Thyasiridae from the Plate Convergent Area of the Japan Trench, VENUS 

18SATO Hiroyuki, MOHRI Motohiko 

Brain activities in hyperbaric environment 

The h Annual Meeting of the Physiological Society of Japan (poster session) 

19SEO yoojin, MATSUMOTO Kazuya, Youngman Park, MOHRI Motohiko, MATSUOKA Sigeaki 

Sleep patterns during -m nitrox saturation dives 

Psych.& Clin. Neurosci. 

20SHIRAKI Keizo (University of Occupational and Environmental Health, SAGAWA Sueko, John R. Claybaugh 

and MOHRI Motohiko 

Renal and endocrine adaptation at hyperbaria, Adaptation Biology and Medicine (Vol.) eds. by K. B. Pnadolf, N. Takeda 

and P. K. Singal, Narosa Publishing House, New Dehli, India 

21TAKEDA Mamoru, TANIMOTO Takeshi, IKEDA Mizuho, NISHIKAWA Toshimi, KAWANISHI Naomi, 

MOHRI Motohiko, SHIMIZU Tsuyoshi, MATSUMOTO Shigeji 

Changes in c-fos expression induced by noxious stimulation in the trgeminal spinal nucies caudalis and CI spinal neuron 

of rats after hyperbaric exposure 

Arch,Histol. Cytol. 

22TOYOTA Takayoshi 

New and renewable resources "deep seawater" 

Aurora, No. 

23YAMAGUCHI Hitoshi, MOHRI Motohiko, SHIRAKI Keizo 

Evaluation of cutaneous insensible water loss during hyperbaric exposure in humans, Aviation, Space, and Environmental 

Medicine, vol., No. 

24YAMAUCHI Katsuya, TORII Riko, ENDO Yutake, SAGAWA Sueko, TSUTSUI Yuka, YAMAGUCHI Hitoshi, 

MOHRI Motohiko, SHIRAKI Keizo 

151


Appendix A 


Sensitivity of adrenaline receptor in hyperbaric environment ( atm abs.) 

The Physiological Society of Japan 

6Frontier Research Program for Deep-Sea Extremophiles 

1ABE Fumiyoshi 

Fluorescent analysis under high pressure and pressure effects in yeast 

Material Technology 

2ABE Fumiyoshi, KATO Chiaki 

Baro- (Piezo-) physiology, Superbugs in Deep Sea Environment, Springer-Verlag Tokyo. 

3DEGUCHI Shigeru, Björn Lindman 

Novel Approach for the Synthesis of Hydrophobe Modified Polyacrylamide. Direct N-Alkylation of Polyacrylamide in 

Dimethyl Sulfoxide, th SPSJ International Polymer Conference 

4DEGUCHI Shigeru, Björn Lindman 

Novel Approach for the Synthesis of Hydrophobe Modified Polyacrylamide 

nd Symposium on Colloid and Surface Chemistry 

5FUJII Shinsuke, NAKASONE Kaoru and HORIKOSHI Koki 

Cloning of two cold shock genes, cspA and cspG, from the deep-sea psychrophilic bacterium Shewanella violacea 

strain DSS, FEMS Microbiology Letters 

6FUJIOKA Kantaro, CHIBA. H, MASUDA. H, and MEGATRAIN Group 

Two Different Types of Hydrothermal Systems in the Atlantic Ocean 


7FUJIOKA Kantaro, OKINO K., KANAMATSU T., OHARA Y., HARAGUCHI S. and ISHII T. 

An enigmatic extinct spreading center in the West Philippine backarc basin unveiled, th International Conference on 

Asian Marine Geology 

8FUJIOKA Kantaro, OKINO K., KANAMATSU T., OHARA Y. and T.Hilde 

Morphology and origin of the world's deepest area in the Southern Mariana Trench, th International Conference on 

Asian Marine Gelogy 

9HIRAYAMA Hisako, KOBAYASHI Hideki, INOUE Akira, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Increased cell surface hydrophilicity of Pseudomonas putida IH- as a mechanism for organic solvents tolerance., 

American Society for Microbiology (poster session) 

10HIRAYAMA Hisako, TAKAMI Hideto, KOBAYASHI Hideki, KOBATA Kuniko, INOUE Akira, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Cloning of terminal oxidase gene in respiratory chain related to toluene-tolerance in Pseudomonas putida IH-. 

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry 

11IIZASA K., Fiske. R. S, ISHIZUKA O., YUASA M., HASHIMOTO J., ISHIBASHI J., NAKA J., HORII Y., 

FUJIWARA Y., IMAI A., and KOYAMA S. 

A Kuroko-Type Polymetallic Sulfide Deposit in a Submarine Silicic Caldera., Science 

12IKEGAMI Akihiko, NAKASONE Kaoru, KATO Chiaki, USAMI Ron, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Analysis of trans-acting factors in the upstream region of a pressure regulated operon in barophilic Shewanella violacea 

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry (poster session) 

13KATO Chiaki 

BACTERIA UNDER PRESSURE, Society of General Microbiology, th Ordinaly Meeting 

14KATO Chiaki 

152


Appendix A 


MOHAMMAD HASSAN QURESHI, MITSUNORI YAMADA, KAORU NAKASONE, RON USAMI, KOKI 

HORIKOSHI, Properties and pressure regulation of quinol oxidase from Shewanella violacea strain DSS, American 

Society for Microbiology, th General Meeting (poster session) 

15KATO Chiaki 

Baro- (Piezo-) philes, Superbugs in Deep Sea Environment, Springer-Verlag Tokyo. 

16KATO Chiaki 

Molecular Analyses of the Sediment and Isolation of Extremely Barophiles from the Deepest Mariana Trench 

In: "Superbugs in Deep Sea Environment", Springer-Verlag Tokyo. 

17KATO Chiaki 

Challenge to the Subsurface Microbes from the Deep-Sea Microbes. 

-Study the the Hyper-Pressure Environments in the Subsurface from the Dee-Sea High Pressure Environments- 

th Meeting of Seismological Society of Japan 

18KATO Chiaki, M. H. Qureshi, YAMADA M., NAKASONE K., HORIKOSHI K. 

High Pressure Response to Respiratory Proteins in Deep-sea Baro (Piezo)-philic Bacteria., Intenational Conference on 

High Pressure Science and Technology 

19KATO Chiaki, Mohammad H. Qureshi 

Pressure Response in Deep-sea Piezophilic Bacteria, Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 

20KATO Chiaki, YANAGIBAYASHI Miki, NOGI Yuichi, Lina Li 

Changes in the microbial community in Japan Trench sediment from a depth of , m during cultivation without 

decompression, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 

21KATO Chiaki, Lina Li, FUJII Shinsuke, SATO Takako and HORIKOSHI Koki 

A PRESSURE REGULATED PROTEIN FROM DEEP-SEA PIEZOPHILIC BACTERIUM, MORITELLA JAPONICA, 

LOCATED IN OUTER MEMBRANE LAYER, th international conference on cellular engineering 

22KATO Chiaki, M. Hassan Qureshi, YAMADA Mitsunori, NAKASONE Kaoru, USAMI Ron, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Pressure regulation of quinol oxidase expression in Barophilic Shewanella violacea. 

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotecnology, and Agrochemistory (poster session) 

23KATO Chiaki, LI Lina, SATO Takako, FUJII Shinsuke, HORIKOSHI Koki 

A novel pressure regulated outer membrane protein, Omp-HP, from deep-sea piezophilic bacterium, Moritella japonica 

nd annual meeting of the molecular society of Japan (poster session) 

24KANEKO Hiroyuki, OBUCHI Kaoru, TUJII Kaoru, AIZAWA Masuo, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Differential Scanning Calorimetry Study on the Inner Membrane Lipids of Barotolerant 

Pseudomonas sp. Grown Under Various Conditions 

nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Biochemical Society (poster session) 

25KAWATO Yasuyuki, MATSUSHITA I. Sachiko, MIWA Tetsuya and FUJISHIMA Akira 

Two-dimensional ordered arrays using fine particles on wettability-controlled substrates. 

th National Meeting of the Chemical Society of Japan 

26KOBAYASHI Hideki, TAKAMI Hideto, HIRAYAMA Hisako, KOBATA Kuniko, USAMI Ron, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Outer membrane changes in a toluene-sensitive mutant of toluene-tolerant Pseudomonas putida IH-,Journal of 

Bacterioloy 

27KOBAYASHI Hideki, TAKAMI Hideto, NAGAHAMA Takahiko, KOBATA Kuniko 

Properties of halotolerant (halophilic) bacteria isolated from deep sea sediment. 

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotecnology, and Agrochemistry annual meeting 

153


Appendix A 


28KOYAMA Sumihiro, AIZAWA Masuo 

Hydrostatic Pressure Induced Interleukin- and - Production by Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts.,AIRAPT- 

29KOYAMA Sumihiro, MIWA Tetsuya, AIZAWA Masuo 

Mechanisms of Hydostatic Pressure Induced IL - and - in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts 

The Society for Bioscience and Bioengineering, Japan 

30KOYAMA Sumihiro, MIWA Tetsuya, AIZAWA Masuo 

Hydrostatic Pressure Effects of Interleukin - and - Production on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts 

31KOYAMA Sumihiro 

Regulation Mechanisms of Calcium Ion Signaling Induced Cellular Function 

Chemistry and Chemical Industry 

32KOYAMA Sumihiro 

Molecular mechanisms of calcium ion signaling stimulated cellular function 

Chemistry and Chemical Industry 

33LI Lina, KATO Chiaki, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Bacterial diversity in deep-sea sediments from different depths, Biodiversity and Conservation 

34LI Lina, Guenzennec J., Nichols P., Henry P., YAGAGIBAYASHI M., Kato C. 

Microbial Diversity in Nankai Trough Sediments at a Depth of , m., Journal of Oceanography 

35LI Lina, KATO Chiaki, NOGI Yuichi, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Study of an outer membrane protein regulated by high pressure in the barophilic bacterium, Moritella 

japonica.,Intenational Conference on High Pressure Science and Technology 

36LI Lina, KATO Chiaki 

Microbial Diversity in the Sediments Collected from Cold-Seep Areas and from Different Depths of the Deep-Sea, 

Superbugs in Deep Sea Environment, Springer-Verlag Tokyo. 

37LI Lina, KATO Chiaki, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Microbial diversity in sediments collected from the deepest cold-seep area, the Japan Trench, Marine Biotechnology 

38LI Lina, KATO Chiaki, NOGI Yuichi, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Analysis of outer membrane protein regulated by pressure in barophilic Moritella japonica. 

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotecnology, and Agrochemistry (poster session) 

39MASKAWA Junichi (Fukuyama Heisei Univ.), TAKEUCHI Toshiki (Univ. of Tokushima), MAKI Kazuo (Kao 

Co.), TSUJII Kaoru, TANAKA Toyoichi (MIT) 

Theory and numerical calculation of pattern formation in shrinking gels, The Journal of Chemical Physics 

40MASUI Noriaki, KATO Chiaki 

New Method of Screening for Pressure-sensitive Mutants at High Hydrostatic Pressure, Bioscience, Biotechnology, 

Biochemistry 

41MATSUSHITA I. Sachiko, MIWA Tetsuya, Donald A. Tryk and FUJISHIMA Akira 

Mesoporous TiO 

surface prepared using two-dimensional array-based template., ' Asian Conference on 

Electrochemistry 

42MATSUSHITA I. Sachiko (The Univ.of Tokyo), YAGI Yoshie (The Univ.of Tokyo), MIWA Tetsuya, Donald A. 

Tryk (The Univ.of Tokyo), KODA Takao (Japan Woman's Univ.) and FUJISHIMA Akira (The Univ.of Tokyo) 

LIGHT PROPAGATION IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPHERICAL ARRAYS, nd Asian Photochemistry Conference, 

Taejon, Korea 

43MATSUSHITA I. Sachiko, YAGI Yoshie, MIWA Tetsuya, KODA Takao and FUJISHIMA Akira 

154


Appendix A 


Light Propagation in Quasi Two-dimemsional Photonic Crystals 

Meeting of Society of Photographic Science and Technology of Japan 

44MATSUSHITA I. Sachiko, MIWA Tetsuya, FUJISHIMA Akira 

Light propagation in multilayers of two-dimensional spherical arrays. 


45MATSUSHITA I. Sachiko, YAGI Yoshie, MIWA Tetsuya, KODA Takao and FUJISHIMA Akira 

Light Propagation in Polystyrene Particles Array 

KAST Seminar "New Development and Materials of Photonics" 

46MITRA sohirad, KOYAMA Sumihiro, MIWA Tetsuya, and AIZAWA Masuo 

FIRST REPORT OF TISSUE CULTURE CELL LINES SURVIVING UNDER EXTREMELY HIGH HYDROSTATIC 

PRESSURE, th International conference on cellular engineering 

47MIWA Tetsuya, SATO Takako, KATO Chiaki, AIZAWA Masuo and HORIKOSHI Kouki 

BEHAVIOUR OF ESCHERICHIA COLI UNDER HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE, th International Conference 

on Cellular Engineering 

48MIWA Tetsuya, KOYAMA Sumihiro, YANAGIDA Yasuko (Tokyo Institute of Technology), KOBATAKE Eiry 

(Tokyo Institute of Technology) and AIZAWA Masuo (Tokyo Institute of Technology) 

SURVIVAL OF MOUSE T-L CELLS AND TRIGGER POINT OF HSP- PROMOTER ACTIVITY UNDER 

HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ENVIRONMENT, th International Conference on Cellular Engineering (poster 

session) 

49MIWA Tetsuya, AIZAWA Masuo 

Electrolysis of Water under High Hydraulic Pressure, th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Inc. Fall 

Meeting of The Electrochemical Society of Japanwith technical cosponsorship of The Japan Society of Applied Physics 

50MIWA Tetsuya, FUJISHIMA Akira 

Structures and photoreaction of the molded surfaces using particles array films 

th Open Symposium of Precision Polymers and Nano-organized Systems 

51MIWA Tetsuya, MATSUSHITA I. Sachiko and FUJISHIMA Akira 

Character and Structure of TiO Films Using Particles Film 

Newsletter, The Division of Colloid and Surface Chemistry 

52MIWA Tetsuya 

Application of highly oriented coating of fine particles for photoreaction. 

Personal Exchange Program (..) Meeting of the U.S.-Japan Cooperative Photoconversion and 

Photosynthesis Program 

53MIWA Tetsuya, KOYAMA Sumihiro, YANAGIDA Yasuko, KOBATAKE Eiry, AIZAWA Masuo 

Tissue culture under extremely high pressure environment-expression of HSP- promoter in mous T-L cell 

The Chemical Society of Japan 

54MIWA Tetsuya, KOYAMA Sumihiro, Mitra Sohirad and AIZAWA Masuo 

Survival of tissue culture cells under deep-sea environment of extremely high pressure. 

th Meeting of The Biophysical Society of Japan (poster session) 

55MURASE Yasuyuki (Kao Corp.), ONDA Tomohiro (Kao Corp.), TSUJII Kaoru, TANAKA Toyoichi (MIT) 

Discontinuous Binding of Surfactants to a Polymer Gel Resulting from a Volume Phase Transition, Macromolecules 

56NAGAHAMA Takahiko 

Kluyveromyces nonfermentans sp. nov., a new yeast species isolated from the deep sea.,International Journal of 

155


Appendix A 


Systematic Bacteriology 

57NAGAHAMA Takahiko, HAMAMOTO Makiko, NAKASE Takashi, HORIKOSHI Koki 

New Rhodotorula species isolated at ,m depth in Palau Trench 

Japan Society for Bioscience,Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry (poster session) 

58NAKASONE Kaoru, IKEGAMI Akihiko, KATO Chiaki, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Cloning and Characterization of RNA polymerase sigma F actor Binding to the Pressure-regulated Operon in Deep-sea 

Baro (Piezo)-philic Bacterium, International Conference on High Pressure Science and Technology 

59NAKASONE Kaoru, IKEGAMI Akihiko, KATO Chiaki, USAMI Ron, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Analysis of cis-elements of the pressure-regulated operon in the deep-sea barophilic bacterium Shewanella violacea 

strain DSS, FEMS Microbiology Letters 

60NAKASONE Kaoru, IKEGAMI Akihiko, KATO Chiaki and HORIKOSHI Koki 

MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF HIGH PRESSURE RESPONSE IN A DEEP-SEA PIEZOPHILIC BACTERIUM, 

th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CELLULAR ENGINEERING 

61NAKASONE Kaoru, TAKAMI Hideto 

Structural analysis of transcriptional apparatus in alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans strain C- 

The Frontier of Genome Research on Microorganisms- (poster session) 

62NOGI Yuichi, KATO Chiaki, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Studies on the characteristics of extremely barophilic bacteria isolated from Mariana Trench and their systematic placement. 

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry annual meeting 

63Ralf Grote (Technical Univ. Hamburg-Harburg), LI Lina, TAMAOKA Jin, KATO Chiaki, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Garabed Antranikian, Thermococcus siculi sp. nov., a Novel Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Isolated from a Deep-Sea 

Hydrothermal Vent at the Mid-Okinawa Trough, Extremophiles 

64Susan Grant (University of Leicester), William D. Grant (University of Leicester), Brian E. Jones (Genencor 

International BV), KATO Ciaki, LI Lina 

Novel archaeal phylotypes from an east African alkaline saltern.,Extremophiles 

65TACHIBANA Shinichirou, TATSUMA Tetsu, FUJISHIMA Akira and MIWA Tetsuya 

Diffusion of Radicals Over the TiO 

Photocatalytic Film 

th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society 

66TACHIBANA Shinichirou, TATSUMA Tetsu, MIWA Tetsuya and FUJISHIMA Akira 

Evaluation of Diffused Radicals Over the TiO 

Photocatalytic Film 

th CSJ National Meeting 

67TAKAI Ken, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Genetic Diversity of Archaea in Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Environments, Genetics 

68TAKAI Ken, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of archaeal intron-containing genes coding for rRNA obtained from a deep-subsurface 

geothermal water pool, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 

69TAKAI Ken, SUGAI Akihiko, ITOH Toshihiro, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a Barophilic Hyperthermophilic Archaeon from a Deep-sea 

Hydrothermal Vent Chimney, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 

70TAKAMI Hideto 

Isolation and Characterization of Micoorganisms from Deep-sea Mud, Extremophiles in Deep-sea Environment 

(Springer-Verlag) 

156


Appendix A 



Genetic Analysis of Facultatively Alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-, Extremophiles in deep-sea Environment 

(springer-Verlog) 

72TAKAMI Hideto, TAKAKI Yoshihiro, NAKASONE Kaoru, SAKIYAMA Tokuki, MAENOGo, SASAKI Rumie, 

HIRAMA Chie, FUJI Fumie and MASUI Noriaki 

Genetic analysis of the chromosome of alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-, Extremophiles 

73TAKAMI Hideto, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Genome analysis of facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-, European Congress on biotechnology 

74TAKAMI Hideto, KOBATA Kuniko, NAGAHAMA Takahiko, KOBAYASHI Hideki, INOUE Akira, and 

HORIKOSHI Koki 

Biodiversity in deep-sea sites located near the south part of Japan, Extremophiles 

75TAKAMI Hideto, NAKASONE Kaoru, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Genome analysis of facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-, Tigr Genomic Science Series Conference 

76TAKAMI Hideto, TAKAKI Yoshihiro, NAKASONE Kaoru, HIRAMA Chie, INOUE Akira, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Sequence analysis of a kb region including the major ribosomal protein gene clusters from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C- 

, Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 

77TAKAMI Hideto, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Reidentification of facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. C- to Bacillus halodurans, Bioscience, Biotechnology and 

Biochemistry 

78TAKAMI Hideto, MASUI Noriaki, NAKASONE Kaoru, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Replication Origin Region of the Chromosome of Alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-, Bioscience, Biotechnology, 

and Biochemistry 

79TAKAMI Hideto, NAKASONE K., TAKAKI Y., MAENO G., SAKIYAMA T., SASAKI R., HIRAMA C., MASUI N., 

FUJI F., HORIKOSHI Koki 

GENOME ANALYSIS OF ALKALIPHILIC BACILLUS HALODURANS AND ITS COMPARISON WITH BACIL- 

LUS SUBTILIS, th Conference on Small Genome (p) 

80TAKAMI Hideto, TAKAMI H., NAKASONE K., TAKAKI Y., MAENO G., SAKIYAMA T., SASAKI R., 

HIRAMA C., MASUI N., FUJI F., HORIKOSHI K. 

GENOME ANALYSIS OF ALKALIPHILIC BACILLUS HALODURANS AND ITS COMPARISON WITH BACIL- 

LUS SUBTILIS, th Conference on Small Genomes 

81TAKAMI Hideto, NOGI Yuichi, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Reidentification of the keratinase-producing facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. AH- as Bacillus halodurans 

Extremophiles 

82TAKAMI Hideto, NAKASONE Kaoru, SAKIYAMA Tokuki, SASAKI Rumie, TAKAKI Yoshihiro, HIRAMA 

Chie, FUJI Fumie, MAENO Go, MASUI Noriaki, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Genome analysis of facultatively alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C- 

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Agrochemistry 


Genomeanalysis of Alkaliphilice Bacillus halodurans c- (Challenge for Furthur Useful Application) 

nd Work Shop (Frontiear for Microbial Genome Study) 

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 

84TAKAMI Hideto, NAKASONE Kaoru, HORIKOSHI Koki 

157


Appendix A 


Comparative study on genomic structure between alkaliphilic B. halodurans and B. subtilis 

The Melecalar Biology Society of Japan 

85TATSUMA Tetsu (Univ. of Tokyo), TACHIBANA Shinichiro (Univ. of Tokyo), MIWA Tetsuya and FUJISHIMA 

Akira (Univ. of Tokyo) 

Remote Bleaching of Methylene Blue by TiO 

Photocatalysts, Joint International Meeting, th Meeting of The 

Electrochemical Society, Inc., Fall Meeting of The Electrochemical Society of Japan with technical cosponsorship 

of The Japan Society of Applied Physics 

86TSUJII Kaoru, HAYAKAWA Masaki, ONDA Tomohiro, TANAKA Toyoichi 

A Novel Hybrid Material of Polymer Gels and Bilayer Membranes, th SPSJ International Polymer Conference (IPC ) 

87TSUJII Kaoru, HAYAKAWA Masaki, ONDA Tomohiro, TANAKA Toyoichi 

A Novel Hybrid Material of Polymer Gels and Bilayer Membranes, th Pacific Polymer Conference 

88TUJII Kaoru 

Frontier Reseach Program for Deep-Sea Environment Japan Marine Science and Technology Center 

Protein/Nucleic Acid and Enzyne 

89TSUJII Kaoru, MURASE Yasuyuki, ONDA Tomohiro, TANAKA Toyoichi 

Interactions of Polymer Gel with a Dye and a Solvent 

The Annual Meeting of Colloid and Surface Chemistry Division, The Chemical Society of Japan 

90TUJII Kaoru 

Creation of Functional Materials by Controlling Mesoscopic Structures 

Autumn Meeting of The Chemical Society of Japan 

91YAGI Yoshie, MATSUSHITA I. Sachiko, MIWA Tetsuya, KOUDA Takao and FUJISHIMA Akira 

Light propagation in Singlelayers of two-dimensional spherical arrays. 


92YANAGIBAYASHI Miki, KATO Chiaki, HORIKOSHI Koki 

Cloning and analysis of color producing genes from barophilic Shewanella violacea. 

Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotecnology, and Agrochemistry (poster session) 

7Frontier Research Program for Subduction Dynamics 

1HIGASHIKATA Toshihiko, TSURU Tetsuro, KODAIRA Shuichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, Jin-Oh Park, KIDO 

Yukari, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KONO Yoshiteru 

Density structure in the subduction zone -Based on the data obtained from R/V "KAIREI" - 


2HIRANO Satoshi, Phil R. Cummins, KANEDA Yoshiyuki 

Effects of Slab Geometry on Forearc Crustal Deformation 


3HIRANO Satoshi, OGAWA Yujiro, KAWAMURA Kiichiro 

Vertical Changes of Magnetic Fabrics and Microtextures of Unlithified Sediments: ODP Leg B, Site A 

Annual Meeting of the th Geological Society of Japan (poster session) 

4HIRANO Satoshi, CHIBA Jun-ich (Univ. Tsukuba) and TSURU Tetsuro 

Back Stop and Fault Scarp on the Landward Slope off Sanriku Japan Trench: Preliminary Results of Shinkai Dive # 

Seismological Society of Japan Fall Meeting (poster session) 

5Jin-Oh Park, TSURU Tetsuro, KODAIRA Shuichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KINOSHITA 

158


Appendix A 


Hajimu, KONO Yoshiteru 

A subducting seamount beneath the Nankai accretionary prism off Shikoku, southwestern Japan, Geophysical Research 

Letters 

6Jin-Oh Park, TSURU Tetsuro, KODAIRA Shuichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, KIDO Yukari, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, 

KINOSHITA Hajimu, KONO Yoshiteru 

Structure of the western Nankai Trough subduction zone from seismic reflection data: A seamount subducted, 

Proceedings of workshop on recurrence of great interplate earthquakes and its mechanism 

7Jin-Oh Park, TSURU Tetsuro, KODAIRA Shuichi, NAKANISHI Ayako, TAKAHASHI Narumi, HIGASHIKATA 

Toshihiko, MIURA Seiichi, KIDO Yukari, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KINOSHITA Hajimu, KONO Yoshiteru 

Multi-channel seismic reflection study in the Nankai Trough off Cape Ashizuri of Shikoku, Japan Earth and 

Planetary Science Joint Meeting (poster session) 

8Jin-Oh Park, TSURU Tetsuro, KODAIRA Shuichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, KIDO Yukari, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, 

KINOSHITA Hajimu, and KONO Yoshiteru 

Structure of the western Nankai Trough subduction zone: Results from multi-channel seismic reflection survey, 

International Symposium on the Comparative Study of Different Subduction Zones (poster session) 

9Jin-Oh Park, TSURU Tetsuro, KODAIRA Shuichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KINOSHITA 

Hajimu, and KONO Yoshiteru 

New seismic reflection images of the Nankai subduction zone off southwestern Japan from JAMSTEC cruise: Seamount 

subduction and seismic thrust fault, Society of Exploration Geophysicists (Poster session) 

10Jin-Oh Park, TSURU Tetsuro, KODAIRA Shuichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KONO Yoshiteru 

Seismic structure and stratigraphy of the Nankai forearc wedge off Shikoku, southwestern Japan, American Geophysical 

Union (poster session) 

11Jin-Oh Park, TSURU Tetsuro, KODAIRA Shuichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, NAKANISHI Ayako, MIURA Seiichi, 

KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KONO Yoshiteru 

Seismic Structure and Stratigraphy of the Nankai Trough off Shikoku, southwest Japan, International Workshop on 

Seismotectonics at the Subduction Zone Seismotectonics 

12Jin-Oh Park, TSURU Tetsuro, TAKAHASHI Narumi, KODAIRA Shuichi, NAKANISHI Ayako, MIURA Seiichi, 

KANEDA Yoshiyuki 

UNDERPLATING AND DEWATERING IN THE NANKAI SEISMOGENIC ZONE, The th International Symposium 

on Deep Seismic Profiling of the Continents and their Margins (poster session) 

13J.O.Park, TAKAHASHI Narumi, NAKANISHI Ayako 

Structure of the western Nankai seismogenic zone and ocean drilling 


14KAMEYAMA Masanori, David A. Yuen (Univ. of Minnesota), KARATO ShunIchiro (Univ. of Minnesota) 

Thermal-Mechanical Effects of Low-Temperature Plasticity (the Peierls Mechanism) on the Deformation of a 

Viscoelastic Shear Zone, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 

15KAMEYAMA Masanori, OGAWA Masaki 

Transitions in thermal convection with strongly temperature-dependent viscosity in a wide box 


16KANEDA Yoshiyuki 

Research for deep structure in Western Nankai 

Science technology in the future 

159


Appendix A 


17KIDO Yukari, TSURU Tetsuro, Jin-Oh Park, HIGASHIKATA Toshihiko, TAKAHASHI Narumi, KODAIRA 

Shuichi, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KONO Yoshiteru 

Three-dimensional crustal and potential model work flow off Sanriku and Shikoku, Japan Earth and Planetary Science 

Joint Meeting (poster session) 

18KIDO Yukari, TSURU Tetsuro, Jin-Oh Park, HIGASIKATA Toshihiko, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KONO Yoshiteru 

Development of Frontier Data Base System and its Application, Geoinformatics 

19KIDO Yukari, HIGASHIKATA Toshihiko, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, FUJIOKA Kantaro, KONO Yoshiteru, SATO 

Hiroshi (ORI, Univ. of Tokyo) and MACHIDA Shiki (ORI, Univ. of Tokyo) 

Geophysical features along subducted plate off Nankai trough to the eastern Shikoku, Seismological Society of Japan 


20KIDO Yukari 

Gravity data and its archive in Jamstec 

Symposium of Geoscience of Gravity Field for st Century, Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo 

21KIDO Yukari, TSURU Tetsuro, Jin-Oh Park, HIGASHIKATA Toshihiko, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KONO 

Yoshiyuki 

Development of Frontier Database System and its Application 

Geoinformatics 

22KIDO Yukari 

Geophysical features of Nankai trough to the eastern Shikoku 

Ocean Floor Geoscience Seminar, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo 

23KIDO Yukari 

Magnetic anomalies along the subduction zone 

Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planets and Space Sciences Fall Meeting 

24KODAIRA Shuichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, Jin-Oh Park, MOCHIZUKI Kimihiro, SHINOHARA Masanao, 

KIMURA Shozo 

Wide-angle OBS survey crossing a co-seismic slip zone of the Nankaido Earthquake, International Symposium on 

the Comparative Study of Different Subduction Zones (poster session) 

25KODAIRA Shuichi, J.-O. Park, TAKAHASHI N., MOCHIZUKI K., SHINOHARA M., KIMURA S. 

Wide-angle OBS survey crossing a co-seismic slip zone of the Nankaido Earthquake, Proceedings of International 

Workshop on Recurrence of Great Interplate Earthquakes and its Mechanism 

26KODAIRA Shuichi, Jin-Oh Park 

Structure of the western Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone 


27KODAIRA Shuichi, TSURU T., TAKAHASHI N. 

Application of a pre-stack depth migration for wide-angle ocean-bottom seismic data observed closely deployed receivers 


28KODAIRA Shuichi, TSURU Tetsuro, TAKAHASHI Narumi, J.O.Park, NAKNISHI Ayako, MIURA Seiichi, 

KANEDA Yoshiyuki, KONO Yoshiteru, KINOSHITA Hajimu 

Structure of arc/ocean transition and its relation to seismogenic zones 


29MIURA Seiichi, KODAIRA S., NAKANISHI A., TSURU T., TAKAHASHI N. (JAMSTEC), HASEMI A. 

(Yamagata Univ.), HIRATA N. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), KANEDA Y., KONO Y. (JAMSTEC) 

160


Appendix A 


Seismic velocity structure of Japan Trench off Fukushima fore arc region, Northeastern Japan, using controlled source, 

American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting (poster session) 

30MIURA Seiichi, NAKANISHI Ayako, KODAIRA Shuichi, TSURU Tetsuro, SHIMOYAMA Mio, HASEMI Akiko, 

HIRATA Naoshi, KANEDA Yoshiyuki 

Seismic velocity structure off-Fukushima fore arc region using controlled source 


31MIURA Seiichi, KODAIRA S., NAKANISHI A., TSURU T., TAKAHASHI N. (JAMSTEC), SHIMOMAYA M., 

HASEMI A. (Yamagata Univ.), HIRATA N. (ERI, Univ. of Tokyo), KANEDA Y., KONO Y. (JAMSTEC) 

Seismic velocity structure in the offshore Fukushima forearc region using controlled source () 

The Seismological Sosiety of Japan Fall Meeting (poster session) 

32NAKANISHI Ayako, MIURA Seiichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, Jin-Oh Park, HIGASHIKATA Toshihiko, 

KANEDA Yoshiyuki, HIRATA Naoshi, IWASAKI Takaya, NAKAMURA Masao, SAKA Mamoru, KATO 

Wataru 

Crustal structure across the dislocation area for the Tonankai earthquake, Nankai Trough off Kii Pen., obtained from OBS 

survey 


33NAKANISHI Ayako, MIURA Seiichi, TAKAHASHI Narumi, Jin-Oh Park, HIGASHIKATA Toshihiko, 

KANEDA Yoshiyuki, HIRATA Naoshi (ERI.Univ. of Tokyo) IWASAKI Takaya (ERI.Univ. of Tokyo) 

NAKAMURA Masao (ERI.Univ. of Tokyo) 

Crustal structure across the coseismic slip area for the Tonankai Earthquake 

Seismological Society of Japan (poster session) 

34OBANA Koichiro, KATAO Hiroshi, ANDO Masataka (DPRI, Kyoto Univ.) 

Development of a seafloor positioning system with GPS-acoustic link 


35Phil R. Cummins, KANEMORI Hiroo 

Slip distributions for the Tonankai and Nankaido earthquakes evaluated using teleseismic waveform modelling 

THE SECOND EU-JAPAN WORKSHOP ON SEISMIC RISK 

36Phil R. Cummins, KANEDA Yoshiyuki, HIRANO Satoshi 

FEM Modeling of Subduction Deformation in the Nankai Trough, General Assembly of the International Union of 

Geodesy and Geophysics 


Deep crustal structure and crustal deformation modeling 



Subduction Zone Geometry and Earthquake Deformation in the Nankai Trough 

International Symposium on the Comparative Study of Different Subduction (poster session) 


Subduction zone earthquakes and slip along thrusts in the accretionary prism 

Workshop on Seismic Coupling at Subduction Zones (poster session) 


Slab Structure and Postseismic Asthenospheric Flow in Subduction Zones, Proceedings of the ERI Symposium on 

Numerical Simulation for Crustal Activity Prediction 

161


Appendix A 


41Phil R. Cummins, HIRANO Satoshi, KANEDA Yoshiyuki 

Gravitational effects and stress in subduction zones, Japan Earth and Planetary Joint Metting (poster session) 

42Phil R. Cummins, KANEDA Yoshyuki, HIRANO Satoshi 

Subduction Zone Structure and Earthquake Deformation in the Nankai Trough, Proceedings of the International 

Symposium on the Comparative Study of Different Subduction 

43TSURU Tetsuro, J.O. Park, TAKAHASHI N., KODAIRA S., KIDO Y., HIRANO S., KANEDA Y., KONO Y. 

Tectonic structures at the Japan Trench off Sanriku from MCS reflection data 


44TSURU Tetsuro, J.-O. Park, TAKAHASHI N., KODAIRA S., MIURA S., KIDO Y., KANEDA Y., KONO Y. 

Consideration on tectonic feature and seismogenic zone at the Japan Trench (part ) 

Siciety of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan 

45TSURU Tetsuro, J.-O. Park, TAKAHASHI N., KODAIRA S., MIURA S., KIDO Y., KANEDA Y., KONO Y. 

Tectonic features of the plate boudary around the Japan Trench off Miyagi obtained by seismic reflection data 

Seismological society of japan 

46TSURU Tetsuro, J.-O. Park, TAKAHASHI N., KODAIRA S., KIDO Y., KANEDA Y. and KONO Y. 

Consideration on the updip limit of seismogenic zone of interplate earthquakes off Sanriku area from seismic reflection data 

The Supercomputing conference (poster session) 

47TSURU Tetsuro, Jin-Oh Park, TAKAHASHI Narumi, KODAIRA Shuichi, KIDO Yukari, KANEDA Yoshiyuki 

and KONO Yoshiteru 

Tectonic structures along the plate boundary at the Japan Trench off Sanriku obtained by seismic reflection imaging, 

American Geophysical Union (poster session) 

48KIDO Yukari, SUYEHIRO Kiyoshi and KINOSHITA Hajimu, Rifting and Spreading of the Continental 

Margin--- Results of two-year JCCP project of South China Sea, SEAS (Science of East Asian Seas) symposium 

8Frontier Research System for Global Change 

1Alexander Kazmin 

SEASONAL TO DECADAL VARIABILITY IN THE LARGE-SCALE OCEANIC FRONTAL ZONES REVEALED 

FROM SATELLITE DATA, XXIV General Assembly of European Geophysical Society, the Hague, Netherlands 

2Daqing Yang, Barny Goodison, ISHIDA Shig, Thilo Gunther 

Bias Correction of Daily Precipitation Measurement for Greenland, Journal of Geophysical Research 

3Daqing Yang, OHATA Tetsuo 

River Ice Characteristics and the Associated Low-Flows of Siberian Rivers, IUGG, IAHS Workshop 

4Daqing Yang, Esko Elomma, Thilo Gunther, Valentin Golubev, Boris Sevruk, Henning Madsen, Janja Milkovic 

Wind-induced Precipitation Undercatch of the Hellmann Gauges, Nordic Hydrology 

5Daqing Yang 

Quantification of precipitation measurement discotinuity induced by wind shields on national gauges, Water Resources 


6Daqing Yang, Barry E. Goodison, OHATA Tetsuo 

Bias correction of gauge-measured precipitation data: methods and results, Third International Scientific Conference on 

the Global Energy and Water Cycle, Beijing, 

7FUJIWARA Toshiya 

The study of multi-decadal variability in the Atlantic Ocean by a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, EU-Japan Workshop 

162


Appendix A 


on Climate Change ' 

8HONDA Meiji, NAKAMURA Hisashi, UKITA Jinro 

On the relationship between Aleutian and Icelandic lows during winter 

Spring Meeting of Meteorological Society of Japan 


Seasonal Dependence and Time Evolution of the Interannual Seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic Lows, th 

Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics 

10HONDA Meiji, NAKAMURA Hisashi 

Dynamic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Atmospheric Response to Okhotsk Sea-Ice Extent Anomalies, th 

Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics 

11HONDA Meiji 

Response of Atmospheric circulation to Anomalous Sea-Ice Extent in the Sea of Okhotsk, EU-Workshop / Symposium on 

Climate Change 


Interannual Seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic Lows: Late Winter Atmospheric Bridge between the North 

Pacific and North Atlantic, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 


Seasonal dependence and time evolution of the interannual seesaw between the Aleutian and Icelandic lows 

monthly meeting "long-term forecast and atmospheric general circulation" 

14HONDA Meiji, NAKAMURA Hisashi 

The Aleutian-Icelandic seesaw and Arctic Oscillation 

Fall Meeting of Meteorological Society of Japan 

15IKEDA Motoyoshi 

Hypersensitive Decadal Oscillations in the Arctic / subarctic Climate, Arctic Climate Change workshop 


Hypersensitive Decadal Oscillations in the Coupled Atmosphere - Ice - Ocean System of the Arctic / Subarctic Regions 

IUGG' 


Reconstruction of Subsurface Geochemical Fields Using Assimilation of Upper Ocean Data., International Union of 

Geodesy and Geophysics Symposium 

18IKEDA Motoyoshi, SUZUKI F. (Institute of Applied Technology, Tokyo, Japan), OBA T. (Graduate School of 

Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University) 

A Box Model of Glacial-interglacial Variability in the Japan Sea, J.Oceanogr., , - 

19Jia Wang, IKEDA Motoyoshi, Francois Saucier, and Zedong Zhang 

A Theoretical, Two-Layer, Reduce-Gravity Model for Descending Dense Water Flow on Continental Slopes, Journal of 

Physical Oceanography 

20Jia Wang, IKEDA Moto (Hokkaido Univ.), Francois Sucier (Maurice Lamontage Institute), Zedong Zhang (IARC) 

A Theoretical, Two-Layer, Reduced-Gravity Model for Descending Dense Water Flow on Continental Shelves/Slopes, 

American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 

21Jia Wang, R. Mo, Z. Gao, Z. Yin, M. Chen 

Sensitivity study of coastal plumes, Acta Oceanologica Sinica 

22Jia wang, IKEDA Motoyoshi 

163


Appendix A 


Arctic Oscillation and Arctic Sea-Ice Oscillation, Geophysical Research Letters 

23Jia Wang (IARC-Frontier), Ren J. C., Shen I. F., Tao M. D (Fudan University Shanghai, China) 

The instability of non-hydrostatic stratified flows, Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B, (), - China Ocean Press, 

Beijing - Printed in China 

24KITAUCHI Hideaki 

Non-hydrostatic Ocean Model in the Arctic, American Geophysical Union 

25KUBA Naomi, IWABUCHI Hironobu (Tohoku Univ.), MARUYAMA Kenichi, HAYASAKA Tadahiro, TAKEDA 

Takashi (Nagoya Univ.) 

Effect of aerosols on the optical properties of a layer cloud 

Meteorological Society of Japan 

26KUBA Naomi, IWABUCHI Hironobu (Tohoku Univ.), MARUYAMA Kenichi, HAYASAKA Tadahiro, TAKEDA 

Takashi (Nagoya Univ.) 

The effect of cloud condensation nuclei on the optical properties of a layer cloud. 

Meteorological Society of Japan (poster session) 

27KUBA Naomi 

Cloud-microphysical model with Bin method 

Mesoscale meteorology workshop 

28MANABE Syukuro, Ronald J. STOUFFER 

The role of thermohaline circulation in climate, TELLUS A-B () 

29MANABE Syukuro 

Natural and anthropogenic variation of a coupled model climate: Implication for the detection of global warming, Abdus 

Salam International Conference for Thyeoretical Physics 


Global Climate Change in Pacific Area, The Asian and Pacific University Presidents' Conference 


Natural and anthoropogenic variation of climate: Implication for the detection of global warming, International 

Conference on Climate Change and Variability -Past, Present and Future (CCV) 


Role of Orography in Simulated Asian Climate, Monsoon Sumposium, Dec -, Honolulu, Hawaii 

33MANABE Syukuro, Ronald. J. Stouffer 

The role of thermohaline circulation in climate, Tellus Rossby- Special Issue 

34MANABE Syukuro, Ronald J. Stouffer 

Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/NOAA, Are Two Modes of Thermohaline Circulation Stable?,Tellus 


The role of thermohaline circulation in abrupt climate change, EU-Japan Workshop on Climate Change ' 


Global Warming: Past, Present and Future 

Kagaku Iwanami 

37MASUMOTO Yukio 

Interannual variation of the Indonesian throughflow and its relation to large-scale variability of the upper-layer conditions 

in the eastern Indian Ocean and the western tropical Pacific Ocean 


164


Appendix A 


38MINOBE Shoshiro 

Interactions amongs Pentadecadal, bidecadal and interannual variability over the North Pacific with its implification of 

Arctic climate change.,The Arctic Climate Workshop at IARC 


Interdecadal modulation of interannual atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Pacific, Norht Pacific Marine 

Science Organization 


Resonance in bidecadal and pentadecadal climate oscillations over the North Pacific: Role in climatic regime shifts, 

Geophysical Research letters, , - 

41MINOBE Shoshiro, N. Mantua 

Interdecadal modulation of interannual atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Pacific, Progress in 

Oceanography, , - 

42NAKAMURA Hisashi, HONDA Meiji, UKITA Jinro 

SEASONAL DEPENDENCE AND TIME EVOLUTION OF THE INTERANNUAL SEESAW BETWEEN THE 

ALEUTIAN AND ICELANDIC LOWS, IUGG ' 

43NAKAMURA Hisashi, IZUMI Takuya 

INTERANNUAL AND DECADAL CHANGES IN POLEWARD HEAT TRANSPORT BY THE EAST ASIAN WIN- 

TER MONSOON AND PACIFIC STORMTRACK, IUGG' 

44NAKAMURA Hisashi 

Time Evolution of Summertime Upper-Level Blocking Associated with the surface Okhotsk High, th Conference on 

Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics 

45NAKAMURA Hisashi, IZUMI Takuya 

Out-of-Phase Relationship between the Interannual Fluctuations in Poleward Heat Transport by the East Asian Winter 

Monsoon and Pacific Stormtrack, th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics 

46NAKAMURA Hisashi, HONDA Meiji 

GCM Experiments of atmospheric response to SST and sea-ice anomalies in the Northwestern Pacific, Workshop on 

Extratropical SST Anomalies 

47NAKAMURA Hisashi, HONDA Meiji 

Observed atmospheric anomalies in association with decadal SST and interannual sea-ice anomalies over the 

Northwestern Pacific, Workshop on Extratropical SST Anomalies 

48NAKAMURA Hisashi, Alexander Kazmin 

THE NORTH PACIFIC DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND OCEANIC FRONTS, IUGG' 

49NAKAMURA Hisashi 

Influence of DICE (Decadal/Interdecadal Climate Events) upon wintertime weather conditions over Japan 

kagaku Iwanami 

50NAKAMURA Kozo, Zhe-Min Tan 

A Nonhydrostatic Numerical Modeling Study of Mesoscale Convective Systems along the Baji Front over Kyushu, Japan 

on July , Third International Scientific Conference on the global energy and water cycle (poster session) 

51OHFUCHI Wataru, KANAMITSU Masao 

Indentification of barotropic and baroclinic --day disturbances in Northern Hemisphere stream function fields, EU- 

JAPAN Workshop on Climate Change ' 


165


Appendix A 


Barotropic and baroclinic --day disturbances in Northern Hemisphere stream function fields from the NCEP / NCAR 

Reanalysis, nd International Conference on Reanalyses 


Barotropic and baroclinic disturbances in the --day bandpass Filtered Northern Hemisphere stream function fields 


54OHFUCHI Wataru 

Variability of the atmospheric general circulation in an idealized simulation of the NCAR CCM 


55OHHASHI Yasuaki, YAMAZAKI Koji 

Variability of the Eurasian Pattern and Its Interpretation by Wave Activity Flux 

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 

56Ronald J. Stouffer, MANABE Syukuro 

Response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide: sensitivity to the rate of 

increase, Journal of Climate 

57R. T. Wetherald (NOAA), MANABE Syukuro 

Detectability of summer dryness caused by greenhouse warming, Climate Change 

58Saji N. Hameed, B. N. Goswami, P. N. Vinayachandran, YAMAGATA Toshio, IIZUKA S. 

The Unusual Indian Ocean warm event of - signs of coupled instabilities?, TROPMET- (Indian Meteorological 

Society) 

59Saji N. Hameed, B. N. Goswami, P. N. Vinayachandran & YAMAGATA T. 

A Dipole Mode in the tropical Indian Ocean, Nature 

60Shin Kyung-Hoon, IKEDA Motoyoshi, TANAKA Noriyuki, S Noriki (Hokkaido University) 

Carbon cycle studied with fatty acids biomarkers and a mixed layer model, Ninth Annual V.M. Goldschmidt conference and 

Geochemical modeling workshop 

61S. K. Behera, R. Krishnan & YAMAGATA T. 

Unusual ocean-atmosphere conditions in the tropical Indian Ocean, Geophysical Research Letter 

62S. K. Behera, P. S. Salvekar, D. W. Ganer 

Sensitivity of the Surface forcing to the north Indian Ocean SST, TROPMET ' by Indian Meteorological Society 

63S. K. Behera, R. Krishnan, YAMAGATA T. 

Anomalous air-sea interaction in the southern tropical Indian Ocean, Equatorial Theoretical Panel Meeting 

64S. K. Behera, R. K. Krishnan, MASUMOTO Y., Vinayachandran P. N., YAMAGA T. 

Variability in the Indian Ocean and its relationship to ENSO, Science of Climate (La Jolla Advanced-Tropics Research 

School ') 

65TACHIBANA Y. 

Discharge of the Amure River and sea Ice extents in the Okhotsk Sea, GEWEX Meeting, Beiging 

66TACHIBANA Yoshihiro 

A Positive Feedback Mechanism Between The Okhotsk Sea Ice and the Aleutian L, IUGG' 

67TANAKA Hiroshi 

Positive Feedback between Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Baroclinic Instability in Planetary Waves, American Geophysical 

Union, Fall Meeting 

68TANAKA L. H. 

Analysis of interannual variability of polar vortex and Arctic oscillation, IARC Climate Workshop 

166


Appendix A 


69TANAKA Noriyuki, KAWAMURA, SEIMIYA, UKITA 

Title: Experimental determination of oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation during sea ice formation, Gordon 

Research Conference 

70TANAKA Noriyuki, TANAKA N., KAWAMURA T., SEIMIYA Y. and UKITA J. 

Experimental determination of oxygen and hydrogen isotope fractionation during sea ice formation, Gordon Research 

conference 

71TANIMOTO Youichi and NAKAI Satoshi 

A Climate Jump and a Modulation of Decadal Variability in Sea Surface Temperature field in the North Pacific 

GEKKAN KAIYOU 

72TANIMOTO Youichi, Shang Ping Xie 

Inter-hemispheric decadal variations in the Atlantic 


73TANIMOTO Youichi 

Possible mechanisms of decadal oscillation in ocean-atmosphere system 

A special symposium on the annual meeting of Suisan-Kaiyou Gakkai 

74USHIYAMA Tomoki, SEKO Hiroshi, NAKAMURA Kozo, YOSHIZAKI Masanori 

Numerical simulation of precipitation system observed in northern Kyushu on , July 

- comparison of ARPS and NHM (Non-Hydrostatic Model of MRI-JMA)- 


75UZUKA Naoaki, WATANABE Shuichi, TSUNAGAI Shizuo (Hokkaido University) 

Role of diatoms in the production of DMS observed in Funka Bay, Japan 

Second International Symposium on Biological and Environmental chemistry of DMS (P) and Related Compounds 

76Vinayachandran P. N 

Upper Layer Circulation in the Bay of Bengal during Summer Monsoon, CREAMS 

77Vinayachandran P. N, MASUMOTO Yukio, MIKAWA Tetsuya, YAMAGATA Toshio 

The Southwest Monsoon Current in the Bay of Bengal, Spring Meeting of Oceanographic Society of Japan 

78Xie, S.-P. (Hokkaido University), TANIMOTO Youichi, NOGUCHI H., MATSUNO T. 

How and why climate variability differs between the tropical Atlantic and Pacific, Geophysical Research Letters, 

79Xinyu Guo, MIYAZAWA Y., FUKUDA H., YAMAGATA T. 

Volume Transport through the straits of the Japan Sea, CREAMS 

80Xinyu Guo, FUKUDA Hisashi, MIYAZAWA Yasumasa, YAMAGATA Toshio 

A one-way nested model for the Kuroshio simulation, Spring Meeting of Oceanographic Society of Japan 

81YABUKI Hironori 

Glacier Flow Speed and Variation in Khumb Glacier at East Nepal 

-The analysis using the satellite image- 

The Himalaya workshop th anniversary commemorat 

82YAMAZAKI Koji, SHINYA Yasuhiro 

Analysis of the Arctic Ossillation simulated by AGCM, Arctic Climate Change workshop 

83YAMAZAKI Koji, SHINYA Yasuhiro 

Analysis of the Arctic Oscillation simulated by AGCM, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 

84YAMAZAKI Koji (Hokkaido University), SHINYA Yasuhiro (Hokkaido University) 

Analysis of the Arctic Oscillation Simulated by AGCM, Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan 

167


Appendix A 


85YAMAZAKI Koji (Hokkaido University), SHINYA Yasuhiro (Hokkaido University) 

Analysis of the Arctic Oscillation Simulated by AGCM, Journal of Meteorological Society of Japan 

86YOSHIMURA Jun 

How does greenhouse warming affect tropical cyclone frequency? - Simulation using a high-resolution climate model-, 

Science & Technonews Tsukuba 

87YOSHIMURA Jun, SUGI Masato, NODA Akira (MRI) 

Tropical cyclone frequency simulated by the JMA global model 

- Why does it decrease due to greenhouse warming? - 


9Research Support Department 

1KURODA Yoshifumi 

TRITON buoy real time data transmission via ARGOS, ARGOS News letter 

2MIKAGAWA Toshinobu, FUKUI Tsutom 

, meter class deep sea ROV KAIKO and underwater operations, ISOPE (International Society of Offshore and 

Polar Engineers) 

3YAMANO Toyotsugu, SHIDARA Fumiro 

PC Free-ware for Radiation Facility Assessments 

The th Annual Meeting on Radioisotopes in the Physical Science and Industries 

10Computer and Information Office 

1NAOI Jun 

JAMSTEC Database Server 

GOIN (Global Observation Information Network) Workshop 

2TSUCHIYA Toshio 

TSUCHIYA Toshio. et al. about persons. 

Ultra sonic handbook (in Japanese) 

MARUZEN CO., LTD 

3TSUCHIYA Toshio 

Acoustic Instruments in Deep Water Search for Sunken Ship, Sea Technology (April 

4TSUCHIYA Toshio, OCHI Hroshi, NAOI Jun, SHIBATA Katsura 

Evaluation of the Performance of Deep Sea Survey Sonars by Results of Search for a Sunken Ship, Japanese Journal of 

Applied Physics (JJAP) 

11Mutsu Branch 

1ASANUMA Ichio, MATSUMOTO Kazuhiko, KAWANO Takeshi, Marlon Lewis (Dalhousie Univ.) 

Blooming Mechanism off Lombok Strait, International Symposium on Ocean Color Remote Sensing and Carbon Flux 

2ASANUMA Ichio, MATSUMOTO KazuhikoKAWANO Takeshi 

Phytoplankton primary productivity model using satellite data 


3INOUE Y. H. (MRI), MATSUEDA H. (MRI), TOKIEDA T. (MRI), SAITO S. (MRI), ASANUMA Ichio, 

KAWANO Takeshi, MURATA Akihiko, Variations in CO 

outflux from the central and western equatorial Pacific, 

168


Appendix A 


International Symposium on Ocean Color Remote Sensing and Carbon Flux 

4Marlon Lewis (Dalhousie Univ.), ASANUMA Ichio 

Interannual Variability in the Optical Characteristics of the Equatorial Pacific:Consequences for the Upper Ocean Heat 

Budget, International Symposium on Ocean Color Remote Sensing and Carbon Flux 

5SASAOKA Akimasa, SAITOH Sei-ichi, ASANUMA Ichio 

Time-series analysis of the chlorophyll distribution in the northwestern Pacific. 


6SASAOKA Kosei (Hokkaido Univ.), SAITOH Sei-ichi (Hokkaido Univ.), ASANUMA Ichio, HONDA Makio, 

IMAI Keiri (JST), SAINO Toshiro (Nagoya Univ.) 

Ocean Variability of Japan JGOFS time series station KNOT and its adjacent waters, northwestern North Pacific observed 

by OCTS and SeaWiFS during -, International Symposium on Ocean Color Remote Sensing and Carbon Flux 

169


Appendix B 

Organization Chart 


Director 

Kiyoshi SUEHIRO 


Director 

Toshisuke FUJITA 


Director 

Masahiro ENDO 

Chairman 

Hiroshi OHBA 

President 

Takuya HIRANO 

Executive 

Director 

Masato CHIDIYA 

Hiroshi HOTTA 

Hajimu KINOSHITA 

Kimio YOKOTA 

Yukio HAGIWARA 

Akinobu KASAMI 

Auditor 

Hideo NARITA 


Director 

Motohiko MOHRI 

Administration Department 

Director 

Yasuaki HASEGAWA 

Finance and Contracts Department 

Director 

Shin-ichi TAKAYAMA 

Planning Department 

Director 

Joichi TAKAGI 


Director 

Akihiro FUJITA 


Director 

Takeaki MIYAZAKI 

Private Industries relations Office 

Manager 

Mitsunori NISHIDA 


Manager 

Toshio TSUCHIYA 

Mutsu Branch 

Director 

Hideki ITO 

170


Appendix C 

Scientific & Technical Staff 

Shin-ichi ISHII 

Scientific Adviser to the President 

Yoshiaki TOBA 


Mikihiko MORI 


Takashi OKUTANI 


Toshiyuki NAKANISHI 

Technological Adviser 


Kiyoshi SUEHIRO 

Director 

No.1 Group 

Wataru AZUMA 

Senior Scientist 

Jiro NAKA 

Associate Scientist 

Takeo TANAKA 


Masaru AOYAGI 

No.2 Group 

Ei-ichi KIKAWA 


Toshiya KANAMATSU 

Hideaki MACHIYAMA 

No.3 Group 

Takeshi MATSUMOTO 


Kyohiko MITSUZAWA 

Ryoichi IWASE 

Katsuyoshi KAWAGUCHI 

Toshiya FUJIWARA 

No.4 Group 

Hitoshi MIKADA 


Kenji HIRATA 

Yuka SATOH 

Narumi TAKAHASHI 


Toshisuke FUJITA 

Director 

Hiroyasu MONMA 

Research Supervisor 

No.1 Group 

Shin-ichi TAKAGAWA 

Senior Engineer 

Yoshifumi SHIBAMIYA 

Associate Engineer 

Koji HIRATA 


Masanori KYO 


Eigo MIYAZAKI 

Kazuyuki WADA 

Yusuke YANO 

Hiroyuki INOUE 

Hiroshi MATSUOKA 

Osamu TSUKAMOTO 

Shuichi OHNISHI 

Yoshihei ABE 

Fumiaki MORIMOTO 

No.2 Group 

Yasutaka AMITANI 


Toshiaki NAKAMURA 


Hiroshi OCHI 

Takuya SHIMURA 

Takao SAWA 

No.3 Group 

Taro AOKI 

Senior Engineer 

Kenkichi TAMURA 


Satoshi TSUKIOKA 

Takashi MURASHIMA 

Hidehiko NAKAJO 

Tadahiko IDA 

No.4 Group 

Yukihisa WASHIO 


Hiroyuki OHSAWA 

Fuminori FUJII 

Yoshinori NAGATA 


Department 

Masahiro ENDO 

Director 

No.1 Group 

Keisuke MIZUNO 


Kentaro ANDO 

Yuji KASHINO 

Yasushi TAKATSUKI 

Hideaki HASE 

No.2 Group 

Iwao NAKANO 


Hidetoshi FUJIMORI 

Akio ISHIDA 

Yasushi YOSHIKAWA 

Hirofumi YAMAMOTO 

Takaki HATAYAMA 

Tomoyuki KANAIZUMI 

No.3 Group 

Takatoshi TAKIZAWA 


Kiyoshi HATAKEYAMA 

Shin-ya KAKUTA 

Koji SHIMADA 

Takashi KIKUCHI 

Shigeto NISHINO 

Masuo HOSONO 

No.4 Group 

Yasunori SASAKI 


171


Appendix C 


Kunio YONEYAMA 

Masaki KATSUMATA 

Noboru KOYAMA 

No.5 Group 

Masashi KUSAKABE 


Makio HONDA 

Akihiko MURATA 

Shigeto NAKABAYASHI 

Naomi KOBAYASHI 

Takeshi KAWANO 

Kazuhiko MATSUMOTO 

Hirofumi OKANO 

Hajime KAWAKAMI 

Yuichiro KUMAMOTO 


Department 

Motohiko MOHRI 

Director 

Kimiaki KUDO 


No.1 Group 

Toshimitsu NAKASHIMA 


Hitoshi YAMAGUCHI 


Takayoshi TOYOTA 


Hitoshi NAKAMURA 

Yasuo FURUSHIMA 

Junji KUROYAMA 

No.2 Group 

Jun HASHIMOTO 


Katsunori FUJIKURA 

Yoshihiro FUJIWARA 

Shinji TSUCHIDA 

Hiroyuki TSUTSUI 

No.3 Group 

Mineo OKAMOTO 


Nobuo NARAKI 


Satoshi KATO 

Hirotsugu TAKEUCHI 

Susumu MORITA 

Takao SATO 

Frontier Research Program for 

Deep-sea Extremophiles 

Koki HORIKOSHI 

Director-General 

Masuo AIZAWA 

Program Director 

Hiroshi IMANAKA 

Adviser 

Toshio TAKAGI 

Adviser 

Akira FUJISHIMA 

Adviser 

Akira INOUE 


Kantaro FUJIOKA 

Head of Research Team 

Mitsuko TANIMURA 

Biological Response Research Team 

Masuo AIZAWA 


Tetsuya MIWA 

Hiroyuki KANEKO 

Sumihiro KOYAMA 

Metabolism and Adaptation Research 

Team 

Chiaki KATO 


David Mclean Roberts 

Adviser 

Yuichi NOGI 

Takahiko NAGAHAMA 

Takako ITO 

Akihiko IKEGAMI 

Genome Analysis Research Team 

Kaoru TSUJII 


Hideto TAKAMI 

Chie HIRAMA 

Nobuaki MASUI 

Hisako HIRAYAMA 

Yoshihiro TAKAGI 

Kaoru NAKASONE 

Hideki KOBAYASHI 

Tetsushi KOMATSU 

Fumiyoshi ABE 

Tokuki SAKIYAMA 

Shigeru DEGUCHI 

Rossitza Gueorguieva Alargova 

Dimitar Kostadinov Alargov 

Akemi HIDESHIMA 

Go MAENO 

Rumie SASAKI 

Frontier Research Program for 

Subduction Dynamics 

Yoshiteru KONO 


Yoshiyuki KANEDA 


Shuichi KODAIRA 

Sub-Group Leader 

Satoshi HIRANO 

Jin-o PARK 

Phil R. CUMMINS 

Yukari KIDO 

Tetsuro TSURU 

Sei-ichi MIURA 

Ayako YAMADA 

Masanori KAMEYAMA 

Takane HORI 

Koichiro OBANA 

Toshihiko HIGASHIKATA 

Toshitaka BABA 

Yukiyo KOSUMI 

172


Appendix C 


Frontier Research System for 

Global Change 

Taro MATSUNO 


Shin-ichi ISHII 

Executive Assistant to the Director- 

General 

Roger Lukas 

Adviser 

Emi SUMIYA 

Yuka NAKAO 

Satoshi HATTORI 

Yuhri YASUNAKA 

Climate Variations Research Program 

Toshio YAMAGATA 


Hisashi NAKAMURA 

Group Leader 

Hirofumi SAKUMA 

Group Leader 

Alexander G. Ostrovskiy 

Group Leader 

Yukio MASUMOTO 


Youichi TANIMOTO 


Hisashi FUKUDA 

Takashi KAGIMOTO 

Hisashi OZAWA 

Akiharu HONDA 

Ichiro YASUDA 

Yasumasa MIYAZAWA 

Aya ITO 

Naoto IWASAKA 

Shozo YAMANE 

Masato FURUYA 

Saji N. HAMEED 

Swadhin Kumar BEHERA 

Anguluri Suryachandra RAO 

Ashok KARUMURI 

Yuko KANBE 

Kaori KITTA 

Hideharu SASAKI 

Hydrological Cycle Research Program 

Tetsuzo YASUNARI 


Yoshihiro FUKUSHIMA 

Group Leader 

Tetsuo OHHATA 


Takeshi OHTA 

Rikiei SUZUKI 

Kenji NAKAMURA 

Kazuhisa TSUBOKI 

Masanori YAMASAKI 

Yasushi FUJIYOSHI 

Yasuhisa KUZUHA 

Junpei KUBOTA 

Kozo NAKAMURA 

Naomi KUBA 

Yuji KODAMA 

Toshio KOIKE 

Minjao LU 

Taikan OKI 

Tetsuya HIYAMA 

Masakazu SUZUKI 

Takeshi YAMAZAKI 

Ma XIEYAO 

Harumi AKIBA 

Global Warming Research Program 

Shukuro MANABE 


Yasuhiro YAMANAKA 

Group Leader 

Ayako ABE 

Group Leader 

Tatsuo MOTOI 


Akio ISHIDA 


Yoshiharu IWASA 

Teruyuki NISHIMURA 

Raghavan KRISHNAN 

S. Lan SMITH 

Wataru OHFUCHI 

Quanzhen GENG 

Jun YOSHIMURA 

Michio KISHI 

Masako YASUKAWA 

Tomonori SEGAWA 

Maki NOGUCHI 

Atomospheric Composition Research 

Program 

Hajime AKIMOTO 


Masa-aki TAKAHASHI 

Group Leader 

Takakiyo NAKAZAWA 

Group Leader 

Toshimasa OHHARA 


Manish NAJA 

Misa ISHIZAWA 

Ecosystem Change Research Program 

Yoshifumi YASUOKA 


Toshiro SAINO 

Group Leader 

Integrated Modeling Research Program 

Yoshio KURIHARA 


Hirofumi TOMITA 

Motohiko TSUGAWA 

Masaki SATOH 

Yukio TANAKA 

Hidemi MUTSUDA 

Xiao FENG 

Chie MIKAMI 

Shinji MATSUMURA 

Naoko MOTOSUGI 

Keiko TAGUCHI 

Research at the International 

Pacific Research Center (IPRC) 

Toshio YAMAGATA 


Fumio MITSUDERA 

Group Leader 

Takuji WASEDA 

173


Appendix C 


Tomohiko TOMITA 

L.M.JAMESON 

Research at the International 

Arctic Research Center (IARC) 

Motoyoshi IKEDA 


Roger COLONY 

Group Leader 

Jia WANG 


Eisho KITAUCHI 

Hiroshi TANAKA 

Koji YAMAZAKI 

Noriyuki TANAKA 

Shoshiro MINOBE 

Yoshihiro TACHIBANA 

Tsuyoshi WAKAMATSU 

Masayuki TAKAHASHI 

Naoaki UZUKA 

Shin Kyung HOON 

Jun TAKAHASHI 

Kyoko IIZUKA 

Frontier Observational Research 

System for Global Change 

Taro MATSUNO 


Mitsuo HAYASHI 

Executive Assistant to the Director- 

General 

Climate Variations Observational 

Research Program 

Kensuke TAKEUCHI 


Hiroshi ISHIDA 


Arata KANEKO 


Hisayuki KUBOTA 

Masanori KONDA 

Hydrological Cycle Observational 

Research Program 

Tetsuzo YASUNARI 


Hiroshi UEDA 

Group Leader 

Manabu YAMANAKA 

Group Leader 

Atsushi NUMAGUCHI 


Hironori YABUKI 


Tsutomu KADOTA 


Geng BIAO 


Jun-ichi HAMADA 

Kohnosuke SUGIURA 

Tomoki USHIYAMA 

Tian Shao-Fen 

Kazuyoshi SUZUKI 

Hiroyuki ENOMOTO 

Kimpei ICHIYANAGI 

Observational Research at the 

International Arctic Research 

Center (IARC) 

Motoyoshi IKEDA 


Hiroshi HATTORI 

Nozomu TAKEUCHI 

Computer and Information 

Department 

Jun NAOI 

Hideaki SAITOH 

Mutsu Branch 

Ichio ASANUMA 


Naokazu AHAGON 

Chizuru SAITOH 

174


Appendix D 

Support Staff 

Administration Department 

Yasuaki HASEGAWA 

Director 

Yasuo TANAKA 

Deputy Director 

Tada-aki SOEJIMA 

Administration Division Manager 

Yasushi TAYA 

Public Relations Division Manager 

Hiromasa TACHIBANA 

Personnel Division Manager 

Koji KITAGAWA 

Safety Control Division Manager 

Finance and Contracts Department 

Shin-ichi TAKAYAMA 

Director 

Nobuharu OMOTE 


Tadashi TAKE 

Finance and Accounting Division 

Manager 

Yoshiharu FUJISAKI 

Contracts Division Manager 

Planning Department 

Joichi TAKAGI 

Director 

Hiroshi FUJITA 


Hitoshi HOTTA 

Planning Division Manager 

Masao WADA 

International Affairs Division 

Manager 

Yoji HOSOKAWA 

Program Management Division 

Manager 

OD21 Program Department 

Hiroshi FUJITA 

Director 

Frontier Research Promotion 

Department 

Akihiro FUJITA 

Director 

Hiroshi INOUE 

Research Program Planning 

Division Manager 

Katsuhiko HAYASHI 

Research Program Management 



Takeaki MIYAZAKI 

Director 

Mishihiko KATO 


Mishihiko KATO 

Research Support Coordination 


Fumiro SHIDARA 

Facilities and Equipment Division 

Manager 

Masahiko IDA 

Ship Operations Division Manager 

Kazunori TOMIYASU 

Ship Maintenance and Repairs 


Submersible Operations Team 

of SHINKAI 6500 

Yoshiji IMAI 

Operation Manager 

Kikuo HASHIMOTO 

Deputy Operation Manager 

Shin-ichi SUZUKI 

Haruhiko HIGUCHI 

Yoshitaka SASAKI 

Yoshinobu NANBU 

Tetsuji MAKI 

Satoshi OGURA 

Kazuki IIJIMA 

Itaru KAWAMA 

Tsuyoshi YOSHIUME 

Tetsuya KOMUKU 

Masanobu YANAGITANI 

Remotely Operated Vehicle 

Operations Team 

Tsutomu FUKUI 

Operation Manager ROV 

Toshinobu MIKAGAWA 

Computer and Information 

Department 

Toshio TSUCHIYA 

Manager 

MUTSU BRANCH 

Hideki ITO 

Director 

Ken–ichi TAKAHASHI 

General Affairs Division Manager 

Akitoshi SHIMURA 

Facilities and Maintenance 


Private Industries relations Office 

Mitsunori NISHIDA 

Manager 

175


Appendix E 

Budget 

Revenues 

FY 1984 

FY 1985 

FY 1986 

FY 1987 

FY 1988 

FY 1989 

FY 1990 

FY 1991 

FY 1992 

FY 1993 

FY 1994 

FY 1995 

FY 1996 

FY 1997 

FY 1998 

FY 1999 

Government 

Non Government 

Other 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 

Expenses 

FY 1984 

FY 1985 

FY 1986 

FY 1987 

FY 1988 

FY 1989 

FY 1990 

FY 1991 

FY 1992 

FY 1993 

FY 1994 

FY 1995 

FY 1996 

FY 1997 

FY 1998 

FY 1999 


Support 

Ship operation 

Salary and other 

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 

176

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