Improving Global Quality of Life

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New discoveries tend to be in deepwater (>300 m) harsh environments (both climate and product-wise) Transportation of fuels will become of increasing strategic importance. These challenges for exploitation necessitate the wide-spread use of new materials, both in terms of strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance. With novel materials, or materials combinations, comes the requirement for reliable, enduring and cost-effective joining methods as the key enabling technologies for their successful introduction. IIW’s position as a worldwide expert network contributes significantly to the dissemination of relevant know-how and experience. Of particular relevance are: new developments in high-productivity arc welding, especially for pipelines; repair technologies; advanced manufacturing concepts; power beam and hybrid processes; and dissimilar materials joining. In addition to the needs and challenges for joining processes, there is the requirement for the safe through-life performance of offshore structures. Hence, in this sector, improved weldability and life-long structural integrity of new high strength materials and welded advanced structures operating in extreme service conditions will continue to be key issues in future applications. 9.1.1 Energy consumption and power generation The Exxon forecasts of the energy consumption per energy source (Figure 9.2) and region (Figure 9.3) and as well the development of light vehicle fleet (Figure 9.4) show a very high growth in Asia and specially in China. The economic drivers such as gross domestic product and population are the main ones. Oil and gas remain predominant Total energy Other energy Wind & solar MBDOE 350 80 MBDOE 4 Average Growth / Yr 2000 - 2030 300 1.6% 11.1% 60 3 250 1.6% Wind & Solar 200 1.8% 40 2 Other 1.3% 150 Coal 1.8% Biomass, 100 12.4% 20 MSW Gas 1.9% 1 50 Hydro Oil 1.4% 1.4% Wind 9.5% Nuclear 0 0 0 Solar 1980 2005 2030 1980 2005 2030 1980 2005 2030 Figure 9.2 Forecast of the energy consumption per energy source (Note: MBDOE stands for million barrels per day of oil equivalents) (Reproduced courtesy: ExxonMobil) 1 9 S The energy demand will increase 50% by 2030. 80% of energy demand growth is forecast to be in non-OECD countries. Oil, gas and coal will remain predominant energy sources with roughly an 80% share of total energy. Wind power has a high annual growth 11.1% and it is attracting a lot of interest and very ambitious investments plans are set. There are experts, however, judging these as unrealistic. Instead, there are beliefs that investment in nuclear power will be more acceptable even with the recent problems in Japan. This will definitely result in increased demand for R&D in materials and processes to meet the stricter requirements for quality and safety. 84 Improving Global Quality of Life Through Optimum Use and Innovation of Welding and Joining Technologies
9 Needs and challenges of major industry sectors for future applications North America Europe Asia Pacific MBDOE MBDOE MBDOE 60 60 60 50 50 50 3.6% 40 Average Growth / Yr 40 40 2.7% 30 2000 - 2030 0.8% 30 30 3.7% Other 20 20 20 Nuclear 1.0% 3.9% 0.7% 10 Gas 10 2.4% 10 Coal 0.1% 0 Hydro Oil 0 0 1980 2005 2030 1980 2005 2030 1980 2005 2030 Figure 9.3 Power generation regional split - Coal will be the dominating energy source in Asia Pacific (Reproduced courtesy: ExxonMobil) In Asia Pacific, coal demand continues to grow rapidly, as with other energy types, at just over 3 % per year. This growth will be reinforced by Asia Pacific’s massive coal resources. In Asia Pacific, however, the fleet is expected to nearly quadruple up to 2030. The energy demand in Asia Pacific and India will force the extraction of gas and oil, which must be increased. Figure 9.5 is showing the distribution of reserves. The energy sector and especially wind power generation is growing in importance depending on the firm commitment by governments to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Wind power grew with 19% year 2006 but corresponds only to 3% of the total electrical power generation. The capacity for nuclear power is also expanded and there are 45 plants under construction worldwide. One of the major concerns is the storage of the radioactive waste. Detailed investigations on how to solve this task is ongoing in many countries. Which joining process is most suitable; FSW, EB or TIG to close the canisters for the waste? Light Duty Fleet North America Europe Asia Pacific 2.4% Million 500 Million 500 Million 500 .5% olar 400 300 200 Average Growth / Yr 2000 - 2030 1.2% Hybride Diesel 400 300 200 0.9% 400 300 200 4.7% 100 Gasoline 100 100 0 0 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2000 2010 2020 2030 2000 2010 2020 2030 Figure 9.4 An impressing growth of the vehicle fleet in Asia Pacific (Reproduced courtesy: ExxonMobil) Through Optimum Use and Innovation of Welding and Joining Technologies Improving Global Quality of Life 85
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Improving Global Quality of Life Th
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Foreword Dr Baldev Raj Mr Chris Sma
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In alphabetical order (Continued) D
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6.3 Job, skill, career and competen
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9.6.3 Welding processes and challen
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Executive summary “ Welding is an
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Editors’ Preface Improving Global
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Scope and objectives 1 an important
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Welding industry 2.in the world 2.1
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2.2 Today’s welding industry and
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2 Welding industry in the world IIW
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3.welding Signifi cance of and join
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3.3 Welding and joining in sustaina
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An example of the value of welding
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16 Improving Global Quality of Life
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4. Needs and challenges in welding
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Welding thick walled steel componen
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The trend towards light-weight desi
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Up-to-date, titanium alloys have be
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Needs for weight reduction in aircr
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Finally, testing of welds will be e
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As another most important item, the
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In order to make the developments i
Page 48 and 49: Reduction and/or elimination of dis
Page 50 and 51: 5. Needs and challenges in welding
Page 52 and 53: The productivity in EB welding has
Page 54 and 55: The potential applications are for
Page 56 and 57: 5.2 Higher automation, productivity
Page 58 and 59: In submerged arc welding one can re
Page 60 and 61: From a practical perspective, the n
Page 62 and 63: Acceptance levels are not included
Page 64 and 65: 5.5 NDT and structural health monit
Page 66 and 67: IIW can help companies to get their
Page 68 and 69: 6. Needs and challenges in health,
Page 70 and 71: welder against Cr6 is a very import
Page 72 and 73: is considerable national concern fo
Page 74 and 75: important in meeting needs with res
Page 76 and 77: 7. Legal codes, rules and standardi
Page 78 and 79: In national or regional legal codes
Page 80 and 81: 7.4.2 Optimum laws Laws applying in
Page 82 and 83: IIW needs to help ISO and others cl
Page 84 and 85: structures. It is unlikely in the s
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Page 88 and 89: 8. Needs and challenges for global
Page 90 and 91: infrastructure to develop multiple
Page 92 and 93: Table 8.1 Key actions and key activ
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Page 96 and 97: 9.7.1 Hot topics ..................
Page 100 and 101: Proved reserves at end 2004 Trillio
Page 102 and 103: easily weldable, the life expectanc
Page 104 and 105: 9.1.3 Hot topics Reducing negative
Page 106 and 107: Following these codes assures initi
Page 108 and 109: 9.1.5 Hot topics Development and up
Page 110 and 111: 9.1.8 Power - Renewable Rising fuel
Page 112 and 113: 9.2.2 Production using joining tech
Page 114 and 115: still sometimes an unanswered quest
Page 116 and 117: 2. To an increasing extent, joining
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Page 120 and 121: 9.3.2 Hot Topics The following issu
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Page 124 and 125: technology based on the existing pi
Page 126 and 127: general investment climate, includi
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Page 130 and 131: Globalisation: PEI is operating in
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Page 134 and 135: On the other hand, when looking at
Page 136 and 137: 9.7.2 Welding in the minerals proce
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Page 142 and 143: implementation of smart systems. In
Page 144 and 145: 9.9.2 Hot topics Raising and enforc
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While items and directions may vary
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9.11.2 Hot topics In spite of these
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9.13.2 Preheat Preheating is carrie
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The electronic products industry se
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Portable power: In the Portable Pow
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the HRI report which accounted for
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9.16.2 Joining live tissues and coa
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(material removal, welding, surface
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Furthermore, in the field of dissim
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9.20 Small and medium enterprises
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and assessment. Multi-material desi
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0. Short, medium and long-term stra
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10.3.2 Typical hot topics In the me
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10.4 Long-term strategic agenda IIW
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162 Improving Global Quality of Lif
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[16] Mayr P et al., “Long-term cr
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IIW White Paper - Edition 2012 ISBN
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