Improving Global Quality of Life
Improving Global Quality of Life
Improving Global Quality of Life
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9.13.2 Preheat<br />
Preheating is carried out in the welding <strong>of</strong> HSLA steel mainly for the prevention <strong>of</strong> hydrogen induced<br />
cracking. As is generally accepted, the hydrogen cracking is controlled by three factors: (i) hydrogen content,<br />
(ii) residual tensile stress, and (iii) sensitivity <strong>of</strong> microstructure to the cracking. The preheat reduces the<br />
cooling rate <strong>of</strong> the weld thermal cycle, and lowers the hydrogen content <strong>of</strong> the weld metal by increasing the<br />
released hydrogen content during the cooling process <strong>of</strong> the weld thermal cycle. Since the residual stress<br />
(ii) increases with the base metal strength, a higher preheat temperature is required for the welding <strong>of</strong> the<br />
high strength steel. It exposes the welder, however, to severe working conditions and raises the cost for the<br />
welding process, which in some cases leads to insufficient work or careless mistakes that may cause serious<br />
trouble or accidents afterwards. In order to avoid these, counter measures to factors (i), (ii), and (iii) listed<br />
above are necessary.<br />
TIG and MIG welding have the advantage <strong>of</strong> low hydrogen content compared with those processes using<br />
flux, though they are not suitable for high welding heat inputs.<br />
9.13.3 Residual stress<br />
As for the residual stress, it should be noted that the γ → α transformation <strong>of</strong> the steel weld metal is<br />
accompanied with dilatation sufficient to relieve a significant part <strong>of</strong> the tensile stress generated during<br />
the cooling process <strong>of</strong> the weld thermal cycle, provided that it occurs at temperatures close to room<br />
temperatures. The effect <strong>of</strong> the weld metal with a low transformation temperature on the reduction <strong>of</strong><br />
the tensile residual stress was already proved by Shiga et al. Its effect on the hydrogen induced cracking,<br />
however, remains unclear. In particular, the retained austenite, which is usually introduced into steels after<br />
a transformation at lower temperatures, will have important effects; i.e. the retained austenite has higher<br />
solubility and lower diffusivity <strong>of</strong> hydrogen than ferrite and martensite, and so can act as a trapping site <strong>of</strong><br />
hydrogen, which reduces the mobility <strong>of</strong> hydrogen in the weld. This effect can contribute to the prevention<br />
<strong>of</strong> hydrogen induced cracking by retarding the hydrogen accumulation at spots where the residual tensile<br />
stress is concentrated. It is, however, also pointed out that the retained austenite may have a detrimental<br />
effect on the hydrogen induced cracking, if it ejects hydrogen when transforming to martensite by stress<br />
assisted transformation or subzero treatment. Thus, better understanding <strong>of</strong> the effect <strong>of</strong> retained austenite<br />
on the behaviour <strong>of</strong> hydrogen is necessary in order to utilise the weld metal with a low transformation<br />
temperature for the steel with high strength.<br />
Since the microstructure consisting <strong>of</strong> bainite and martensite mentioned above also involves the greater<br />
amount <strong>of</strong> retained austenite than those <strong>of</strong> the acicular ferrite, the effect <strong>of</strong> the retained austenite on the<br />
hydrogen behaviour must be taken into account for the development <strong>of</strong> the weld metal for the steel <strong>of</strong> more<br />
than 780 MPa classes in general. Several authors reported that the hydrogen induced cracking occurred in<br />
the weld metal in the arc-welded joint <strong>of</strong> the HSLA steel <strong>of</strong> more than 780 MPa classes, while it occurred in<br />
the HAZ in those <strong>of</strong> the steels <strong>of</strong> 580 MPa class or less. Only little information, however, is available about<br />
the mechanism or controlling factor <strong>of</strong> the hydrogen induced cracking in the weld metal, which is a subject<br />
to be investigated further.<br />
It was already reported that the reduction in welding residual stress by the use <strong>of</strong> the weld metal with<br />
low transformation temperature could improve the weld fatigue strength for the steel <strong>of</strong> less than<br />
580 MPa classes. We can also expect an improvement <strong>of</strong> fracture toughness by the retained austenite<br />
present abundantly in the weld metal with low transformation temperature. It is known well that the<br />
retained austenite with a suitable chemical composition undergoes the stress-induced transformation at<br />
the ambient temperature. This transformation is accompanied with transformation-induced plasticity and<br />
relieves the stress concentration at the crack tip, increasing the fracture toughness. Thus one can expect<br />
various beneficial effects <strong>of</strong> the weld metal with low transformation temperature on the mechanical<br />
properties <strong>of</strong> the weld. In addition to the adverse effect on the hydrogen induced cracking as suggested<br />
138 <strong>Improving</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Quality</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Life</strong> Through Optimum Use and Innovation <strong>of</strong> Welding and Joining Technologies