IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at
IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report A2, November 2009 5. Selection guide In the following tables a comparative characterization is given, summarizing the technical discussion in the previous sections. solar thermal sub‐system solar collector function or main characteristic additional information accumulation of solar heat flat plate collector cost efficient robust, reliable vacuum‐tube collector low thermal losses high collector efficiency, low collector area required concentrating collector optimum efficiency for direct radiation high collector efficiency, suitable for double‐effect chiller heat exchanger separation of hydraulic loops with anti‐freeze liquid in solar loop negative impact on thermal performance due to driving temperature difference without measures for freeze‐protection required pure water as solar heat carrier or drain back system or water‐glycol mixture directly supplied to sorption chiller heat storage storage of surplus solar heat storage 1 storage 2 storage 3 direct link between collector and heat consumer no bypass, all hot water flows pass through storage not applicable simple construction, reduced flow facilitates stratification simple construction, decouples volume flows, no parasitic flows storage 4 charging and discharging section‐wise switching valves for selction of heat storage section storage 5 exact stratification gravity loading system storage 6 charging and discharging section‐wise switching valve for selction of heat storage section storage 7 charging and discharging section‐wise switching valve for activation of addional storage volume storage 8 enhanced storage capacity adjustment of storage volume by supplementary installation of storage tanks storage 9 latent heat storage: maximum storage density operation with characteristic temperatures for loading and unloading DHW (domestic hot weater) DHW 1 tap water heating not applicable DHW 2 not applicable DHW 3 external heat exchanger instantaneous tap water preparation DHW 4 external tap water storage storage covers load peaks backup auxiliary heat source parallel hot water boiler parallel installation, loading of heat storage possible serial hot water boiler serial installation, boosts hot water supply temperature, no loading of heat storage without page 15
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report A2, November 2009 heat rejection sub‐system main cooler wet cooling open wet cooling closed dry cooling function or main characteristic guarantees transfer of reject heat under all ambient conditions best cooling capability, theoretic limit: wet bulb temperature good cooling capability, increased cooling water temperature due to additional heat transfer reliable, trouble‐free operation. only sensible cooling: elevated cooling water temperature additional information low cooling water temperature, consequently low driving hot water temperature for sorption chiller. water make‐up required, risk of legionella infection and fog formation. water make‐up required, risk of legionella infection and fog formation. requires higher driving hot water temperature for sorption chiller. For water/LiBr chiller not applicable in hot climates. swimming pool re‐utilization of the reject heat increasing cooling water temperature due to limited storage capacity ground heat exchanger heat transfer to surface ground layer high installation effort, low parasitc power demand borehole heat transfer to deep ground high installation effort, low parasitc power demand well heat transfer to ground water high installation effort, low parasitc power demand heat exchanger separation of hydraulic loops with without auxiliary cooler avoids intake of pollutants from open cooling loop re‐utilization of the reject heat without DHW preheating tap water heating substitutes fresh heat (solar heat or fossil fuel) AHU heat transfer to exhaust air of AHU replaces dry air‐cooler latent heat storage (PCM) storage of waste heat facilitates application of dry air‐cooler even in hot climates swimming pool heating of pool water via heat exchanger substitutes fresh heat (solar heat or fossil fuel) heat exchanger separation of hydraulic loops with separation from water/glycol loop without page 16
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<strong>IEA</strong> SHC Task 38 <strong>Solar</strong> Air Conditioning <strong>and</strong> Refriger<strong>at</strong>ion Subtask A Report A2, November 2009<br />
he<strong>at</strong> rejection sub‐system<br />
main cooler<br />
wet cooling open<br />
wet cooling closed<br />
dry cooling<br />
function<br />
or main characteristic<br />
guarantees transfer of reject he<strong>at</strong> under all<br />
ambient conditions<br />
best cooling capability, theoretic limit: wet<br />
bulb temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
good cooling capability, increased cooling<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure due to additional he<strong>at</strong><br />
transfer<br />
reliable, trouble‐free oper<strong>at</strong>ion. only<br />
sensible cooling: elev<strong>at</strong>ed cooling w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure<br />
additional<br />
inform<strong>at</strong>ion<br />
low cooling w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure,<br />
consequently low driving hot w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure for sorption chiller. w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
make‐up required, risk of legionella<br />
infection <strong>and</strong> fog form<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er make‐up required, risk of legionella<br />
infection <strong>and</strong> fog form<strong>at</strong>ion.<br />
requires higher driving hot w<strong>at</strong>er<br />
temper<strong>at</strong>ure for sorption chiller. For<br />
w<strong>at</strong>er/LiBr chiller not applicable in hot<br />
clim<strong>at</strong>es.<br />
swimming pool re‐utiliz<strong>at</strong>ion of the reject he<strong>at</strong> increasing cooling w<strong>at</strong>er temper<strong>at</strong>ure due<br />
to limited storage capacity<br />
ground he<strong>at</strong> exchanger he<strong>at</strong> transfer to surface ground layer high install<strong>at</strong>ion effort,<br />
low parasitc power dem<strong>and</strong><br />
borehole he<strong>at</strong> transfer to deep ground high install<strong>at</strong>ion effort,<br />
low parasitc power dem<strong>and</strong><br />
well he<strong>at</strong> transfer to ground w<strong>at</strong>er high install<strong>at</strong>ion effort,<br />
low parasitc power dem<strong>and</strong><br />
he<strong>at</strong> exchanger<br />
separ<strong>at</strong>ion of hydraulic loops<br />
with<br />
without<br />
auxiliary cooler<br />
avoids intake of pollutants from open<br />
cooling loop<br />
re‐utiliz<strong>at</strong>ion of the reject he<strong>at</strong><br />
without<br />
DHW prehe<strong>at</strong>ing tap w<strong>at</strong>er he<strong>at</strong>ing substitutes fresh he<strong>at</strong> (solar he<strong>at</strong> or fossil<br />
fuel)<br />
AHU he<strong>at</strong> transfer to exhaust air of AHU replaces dry air‐cooler<br />
l<strong>at</strong>ent he<strong>at</strong> storage (PCM) storage of waste he<strong>at</strong> facilit<strong>at</strong>es applic<strong>at</strong>ion of dry air‐cooler even<br />
in hot clim<strong>at</strong>es<br />
swimming pool he<strong>at</strong>ing of pool w<strong>at</strong>er via he<strong>at</strong> exchanger substitutes fresh he<strong>at</strong> (solar he<strong>at</strong> or fossil<br />
fuel)<br />
he<strong>at</strong> exchanger<br />
separ<strong>at</strong>ion of hydraulic loops<br />
with<br />
separ<strong>at</strong>ion from w<strong>at</strong>er/glycol loop<br />
without<br />
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