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IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report, November 2009 than in integrated heat exchangers. Therefore, scaling may not cause a great problem. Integrated heat exchangers on the other hand can be blocked completely by lime formation if the temperatures in the store are high and hard potable water is used. Some manufacturers recommend limiting the temperature in the store to e.g. 60°C which avoids scaling. In that case, the system cannot be used for solar cooling application anymore because temperatures well above 60°C are needed for the coo ling machine. Therefore, a big question mark has to be put behind systems with integrated heat exchangers for domestic hot water preparation and a small question mark for tank-in-tank systems. For both system types experiences with installed systems will show whether they are suitable for integration of solar cooling or not. TYPE OF STORAGE TANK B/D Well stratified tank C Natural convection (Tank not well straftified) M AUXILIARY HEAT MANAGEMENT CATEGORY Mixed Mode S Internal HX: # 12 ? Separate tank: # 13, 14, 19 External HX: # 15 Internal HX: # 16, 17 Tank-in-tank: # 10, 18 ? ? ? ? Fig. 6: Remaining 13 solar combisystems (from IEA SHC Task 26) after excluding all those that are not suitable for integration of solar cooling 2.4 Other Features Relevant for Solar Cooling Integration After having described different solar combisystems without cooling function we now need to look at topics that are important for solar cooling into applications but are not relevant for the solar combisystem for heating only. 2.4.1 Possibility to Reduce Tank Size for Summer Operation If the store size of the solar combisystem is relatively large, it may be necessary to reduce the tank size in summer to ensure that cooling operation can start relatively early in the day without having to heat the entire storage tank to high temperatures first. This can be done by including an extra outlet at mid height of the storage tank that is used in summer. Of course this outlet can also be used in winter to reach temperatures for space heating operation faster. This second outlet can be an additional integrated heat exchanger or an additional page 12
IEA SHC Task 38 Solar Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Subtask A Report, November 2009 outlet to the external heat exchanger with a mixing valve. This feature is already included in system # 10, 12 and 18 but could also be included in other systems if necessary. 2.4.2 Stratification in the Tank According to the high temperature level, low temperature lift and high mass flow needed to drive solar cooling machines, principally a new volume above the DHW preparation could be placed in the store. This would lead to a strong increase of the storage volume. Therefore in summer normally the whole storage volume is used for solar cooling and DHW preparation needs to be mixed down to lower temperatures. The auxiliary heat remains on the upper part of the store, as the power of the heater should be sufficient for driving the cooling machine and the DHW production. Additionally DHW production is for e.g. office buildings the smaller part compared to space heating, so the main focus of the hydraulics for summer operation can be laid on the cooling part. This is maybe different in hotels, where the DHW demand can be significantly higher. Here a solar preheating zone for DHW in the bottom of the tank may be used. In this case, stratifiers for the solar inlet may be used to allow preheating of the water at low temperatures and automatically switching back to the high temperature level for solar cooling. In spring and autumn, where DHW production, space heating and cooling may occur in the same time periods, the optimization of the volumes has to be done by simulation. 2.4.3 High-flow / Low-flow In most cases a collector field connects several single collectors. These collectors can be either connected in series or in parallel; mainly combinations of the two forms of connection are used. To assure turbulent flow and therefore a high heat transfer rate in each collector tube, the volume flow through each collector should be kept above a certain level. On the other hand the volume flow should not be too high in order to avoid unnecessary pressure drop and therefore high electricity demand for the circulation pumps. By connecting the collectors in series, the total mass-flow through the whole collector field is usually reduced (low-flow) and the temperature rise in the collector is increased. The advantage of this is that hot water can be supplied quickly. The disadvantage is a higher thermal loss of the absorber to the environment, which is due to the larger temperature difference. The pump electricity demand decreases due to the lower level of total mass flow in the collector loop but increases due to the higher pressure drop in the collectors. The higher pressure loss of collectors connected in series can be overcome partly by sizing the collector loop pipes bigger and therefore lower the pressure losses in these tubes. When connecting in series, there is a more regular flow through the collector area due to a higher driving pressure drop over the field. The hydraulic layout has to be adjusted to the total mass flow. Low-Flow systems normally use stratification units in the tank in order to prevent mixing the hot temperature from the collector fluid with colder temperature at the inlet of the store. High-flow installations with collector areas below 15 m² are most often combined with internal heat exchangers in the storage tank. For bigger fields external heat exchangers with fixed inlets are used. There can be two or more internal heat exchangers or pairs of inlets located at different heights in the storage tank to allow stratification even with high-flow systems. page 13
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80 70 Temperature (°C) 60 50 40 3
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Power (kW) 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13
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79 Spain Private House Olivares-Sev
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Questionnaire for Owners of Small-S
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Grundprinzip Solare Wärme thermisc
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- Leistungsvergleich von verfügbar
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Subtask A: Pre-engineered systems f
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Abb. 3: Das Bürogebäude in St. Sc
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Liste der Systeme im Monitoring von
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IEA Solar Heating and Cooling Programm - NachhaltigWirtschaften.at

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